31:
446:
other species of cockroaches do. This protects the eggs from certain classes of predation. Then, after hatching, nymphs largely survive by consuming excretions and molts from adults, thereby establishing their own internal microbial populations and avoiding contact with most insecticidal surface treatments and baits. One effective control is insect growth regulators (hydroprene, methoprene, etc.), which act by preventing molting, thus prevent maturation of the various instars. Caulking baseboards and around pipes may prevent the travel of adults from one apartment to another within a building.
361:
within a few hours it turns pink, progressively darkening until, some 48 hours later, it attains the dark red-brown of the shell of a chestnut. The ootheca has a keel-like ridge along the line where the young emerge, and curls slightly towards that edge as it completes its maturation. A small percentage of the nymphs may hatch while the ootheca is still attached to the female, but the majority emerge some 24 hours after it has detached from the female's body. The newly hatched 3-mm-long black nymphs then progress through six or seven
44:
435:
1462:
Kemena, Carsten; Kremer, Lukas P. M.; Lee, Sandra L.; Lopez-Ezquerra, Alberto; Mallet, Ludovic; Monroy-Kuhn, Jose M.; Moser, Annabell; Murali, Shwetha C.; Muzny, Donna M.; Otani, Saria; Piulachs, Maria-Dolors; Poelchau, Monica; Qu, Jiaxin; Schaub, Florentine; Wada-Katsumata, Ayako; Worley, Kim C.; Xie, Qiaolin; Ylla, Guillem; Poulsen, Michael; Gibbs, Richard A.; Schal, Coby; Richards, Stephen; Belles, Xavier; Korb, Judith; Bornberg-Bauer, Erich (2018).
427:, meaning they prefer confined spaces, and they are small compared to other pest species, so they can hide within small cracks and crevices that are easy to overlook, thereby evading humans and their eradication efforts. Conversely, the seasoned pest controller is alert for cracks and crevices where it is likely to be profitable to place baits or spray surfaces.
302:, the German cockroach occasionally appears by day, especially if the population is crowded or has been disturbed. However, sightings are most frequent in the evening, when someone suddenly brings a light into a room deserted after dark, such as a kitchen where they have been scavenging. When excited or frightened, the species emits an unpleasant odor.
445:
Another problem in controlling German cockroaches is the nature of their population behavior. Though they are not social and practice no organized maternal care, females carry oothecae of 18-50 eggs (average about 32) during incubation until just before hatching, instead of dropping them as most
360:
in her abdomen. The abdomen swells as her eggs develop, until the translucent tip of the ootheca begins to protrude from the end of her abdomen, and by that time the eggs inside are fully sized, about 1/4 inch long with 16 segments. The ootheca, at first translucent, soon turns white and then
1461:
Harrison, Mark C.; Jongepier, Evelien; Robertson, Hugh M.; Arning, Nicolas; Bitard-Feildel, Tristan; Chao, Hsu; Childers, Christopher P.; Dinh, Huyen; Doddapaneni, Harshavardhan; Dugan, Shannon; Gowin, Johannes; Greiner, Carolin; Han, Yi; Hu, Haofu; Hughes, Daniel S. T.; Huylmans, Ann-Kathrin;
453:
consequence of pest control by poisoned sugar baits, a strain of German cockroaches has emerged that reacts to glucose as distastefully bitter. They refuse to eat sweetened baits, which presents an obstacle to their control, given that baits are an economical and effective means of control.
415:
The German cockroach is resistant to 42 active ingredients from most major groups of synthetic insecticides such as organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, and phenyl pyrazoles. German cockroach resistance was first observed with
430:
To be effective, control measures must be comprehensive, sustained, and systematic; survival of just a few eggs is quite enough to regenerate a nearly exterminated pest population within a few generations, and recolonization from surrounding populations often is very rapid, too.
283:. They can survive outside as well, though they are not commonly found in the wild. In cold climates, they occur only near human dwellings, because they cannot survive severe cold. However, German cockroaches have been found as
355:
The German cockroach reproduces faster than any other residential cockroach, growing from egg to reproductive adult in roughly 50 – 60 days under ideal conditions. Once fertilized, a female German cockroach develops an
369:
is such a hazardous process that nearly half the nymphs die of natural causes before reaching adulthood. Molted skins and dead nymphs are soon eaten by living nymphs present at the time of molting.
255:
in distribution, occurring as a household pest on all continents except
Antarctica, and on many major islands, as well. It accordingly has been given various names in the cultures of many regions.
591:, is particularly numerous. These chemoreceptors possibly allow the German cockroach to detect a broad range of chemical cues from toxins, food, pathogens, and pheromones.
209:, typically about 1.1 to 1.6 cm (0.43 to 0.63 in) long. In color it varies from tan to almost black, and it has two dark, roughly parallel, streaks on the
807:
Qian Tang, Edward L. Vargo, Intan Ahmad, Theodore A. Evans (2024) Solving the 250-year-old mystery of the origin and global spread of the German cockroach,
1234:
Heal, Ralph E.; Nash, Kenneth B.; Williams, Michele (1 April 1953). "An
Insecticide-Resistant Strain of the German Cockroach from Corpus Christi, Texas".
895:
1774:
1839:
105:
1529:
247:
slightly over 2000 years ago. The cockroach's sensitivity to cold might reflect its origin from such warm climates, and its spread as a
638:
American cockroaches can fly short distances, usually starting from high places, but real flight is uncommon, despite popular belief.
214:
1748:
1065:"Rapid evolutionary responses to insecticide resistance management interventions by the German cockroach ( Blattella germanica L.)"
241:
in
Northeast Africa, but recent evidence indicates that it actually originated in South Asia or Southeast Asia, and diverged from
1800:
994:
kalahariensis(Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the South
African Hedgehog,Atelerix frontalis(Erinaceidae) in South Africa".
1442:
1412:
974:
944:
896:"The insects and arachnids of Canada, part 14, The Grasshoppers, Crickets, and related insects of Canada and adjacent region"
879:
792:
748:
721:
694:
1805:
1025:
1921:
237:
Previously thought to be a native of Europe, the German cockroach later was considered to have emerged from the region of
1916:
1709:
221:
has wings, it can barely fly, although it may glide when disturbed. Of the few species of cockroach that are domestic
667:
1727:
333:. In famine conditions, they turn cannibalistic, chewing at each other's wings and legs. The German cockroach is an
1878:
583:. The relatively large genome (2.0 Gb) harbours a very high number of proteins, of which most notably one group of
1911:
1844:
1740:
178:
899:
1665:
923:(Linnaeus, 1767) (Insecta: Blattaria) en la Región de Magallanes. Boletín de Biodiversidad de Chile, 5: 50-55.
821:
Menasria, Taha; Moussa, Fatima; El-Hamza, Souad; Tine, Samir; Megri, Rochdi; Chenchouni, Haroun (April 2014).
1826:
1589:
1539:
990:
Amin, Omar M.; Heckmann, Richard A.; Halajian, Ali; El-Naggar, Atif; Tavakol, Sareh (2014). "Description of
579:
1787:
1629:
1624:
1611:
1050:
343:
321:, sugars, and fatty foods. Where a shortage of foodstuff exists, they may eat household items such as
251:
pest since ancient times has resulted from incidental human transport and shelter. The species now is
43:
1883:
1261:
Tang, Qian; Bourguignon, Thomas; Willenmse, Luc; De
Coninck, Eliane; Evans, Theodore (1 March 2019).
1179:
Tang, Qian; Bourguignon, Thomas; Willenmse, Luc; De
Coninck, Eliane; Evans, Theodore (1 March 2019).
252:
1535:
1521:
1818:
811:. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(22) e2401185121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2401185121
229:, and to the casual observer, the two appear nearly identical and may be mistaken for each other.
1320:(2013). "Changes in Taste Neurons Support the Emergence of an Adaptive Behavior in Cockroaches".
1779:
1551:
770:. College Park, Maryland: Maryland State College of Agriculture Extension Service. p. 135.
30:
1432:
964:
782:
765:
334:
1525:
1402:
934:
738:
711:
684:
158:
1603:
1063:
Fardisi, Mahsa; Gondhalekar, Ameya D.; Ashbrook, Aaron R.; Scharf, Michael E. (2019-06-05).
1906:
1870:
1683:
1616:
1598:
1475:
1329:
1274:
1192:
1076:
588:
263:
The German cockroach occurs widely in human buildings, but is particularly associated with
1363:
8:
1675:
409:
1479:
1333:
1278:
1196:
1080:
823:"Bacterial load of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) found in hospital environment"
620:
Dependent on several factors, including temperature (significantly), sex, and nutrition.
248:
225:, it probably is the most widely troublesome example. It is very closely related to the
1496:
1463:
1353:
1298:
1216:
1156:
1129:
1105:
1064:
1029:
847:
822:
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473:
243:
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38:
1865:
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1501:
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1408:
1345:
1302:
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1220:
1208:
1161:
1110:
1092:
970:
940:
875:
852:
788:
744:
717:
690:
663:
1357:
872:
Handbook of Pest
Control: The Behavior, Life History, and Control of Household Pests
1655:
1491:
1483:
1337:
1282:
1243:
1200:
1151:
1141:
1100:
1084:
1003:
842:
838:
834:
657:
600:
378:
1852:
268:
222:
1831:
1735:
1722:
1088:
709:
629:
German cockroaches can glide, especially males, but powered flight is uncommon.
584:
338:
288:
1487:
1286:
1204:
1900:
1714:
1574:
1294:
1212:
1128:
Zhu, F; Lavine, L; O'Neal, S; Lavine, M; Foss, C; Walsh, D (6 January 2016).
1096:
174:
1341:
1262:
1247:
1180:
1505:
1349:
1165:
1146:
1114:
856:
424:
382:
299:
276:
125:
1792:
963:
Rust, Michael K.; Owens, John M.; Reierson, Donald A. (30 November 1994).
1857:
1813:
1761:
1583:
434:
736:
1753:
1642:
1317:
450:
330:
311:
264:
115:
1766:
1464:"Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality"
1130:"Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems"
1051:
http://museumpests.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/German-Cockroach.pdf
1696:
577:
The genome of the German cockroach was published in
February 2018 in
417:
314:
292:
284:
210:
206:
135:
95:
75:
55:
1545:
710:
William J. Bell; Louis M. Roth; Christine A. Nalepa (26 June 2007).
1701:
1637:
1568:
1007:
390:
280:
238:
1260:
1178:
439:
366:
357:
202:
1688:
1460:
1062:
767:
Bulletin No. 8: Insects and
Rodents Injurious to Stored Products
682:
658:
Alan
Weaving; Mike Picker; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn (2003).
362:
318:
85:
65:
989:
932:
272:
1315:
1263:"Global spread of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica"
1181:"Global spread of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica"
1404:
Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology
377:
The German cockroach is very successful at establishing an
326:
322:
291:. Similarly, they have been found as far south as southern
958:
956:
820:
1127:
457:
217:
from behind the head to the base of the wings. Although
953:
1407:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54.
933:
Gary R. Mullen; Lance A. Durden (27 September 2002).
737:
Xavier Bonnefoy; Helge Kampen; Kevin Sweeney (2008).
713:
Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior, and Natural History
683:John A. Jackman; Bastiaan M. Drees (1 March 1998).
381:in buildings, and is resilient in the face of many
966:Understanding and Controlling the German Cockroach
405:sexual maturity attained within several weeks, and
962:
730:
1898:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1233:
926:
651:
1456:
1454:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
676:
287:("tenants") of human buildings as far north as
1426:
1424:
763:
1451:
1369:
784:Pests of Stored Foodstuffs and their Control
317:. They are attracted particularly to meats,
1421:
919:Faúndez, E. I. & M. A. Carvajal. 2011.
743:. World Health Organization. pp. 35–.
703:
275:, and institutional establishments such as
1019:
1017:
969:. Oxford University Press. pp. 388–.
258:
29:
1495:
1155:
1145:
1104:
863:
846:
740:Public Health Significance of Urban Pests
689:. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 28–.
603:, a sex pheromone of the German cockroach
402:the ability to hide in very small refuges
1400:
983:
433:
1434:Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health
1430:
1053:Museumpests.net Accessed July 15, 2015}
1014:
774:
1899:
1401:Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005).
869:
660:Field Guide to Insects of South Africa
458:Comparison of three common cockroaches
1550:
1549:
874:. Franzak & Foster. p. 114.
781:Hill, Dennis S. (30 September 2002).
686:A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects
365:before becoming sexually mature, but
1741:d9b233cb-33e2-4788-ad2e-c983ab3fbd53
780:
1316:Wada-Katsumata, A.; Silverman, J.;
1023:
534:(at 25–30 °C (77–86 °F))
13:
529:(at 22–30 °C (72–86 °F))
524:(at 24–35 °C (75–95 °F))
408:adaptation and resistance to some
14:
1933:
1515:
1431:Bassett, W.H. (12 October 2012).
936:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
493:18–29 mm (0.71–1.14 in)
490:13–16 mm (0.51–0.63 in)
939:. Academic Press. pp. 33–.
764:Cory, EN; McConnell, HS (1917).
496:29–53 mm (1.1–2.1 in)
42:
1309:
1254:
1227:
1172:
1121:
1056:
1044:
913:
888:
662:. New Holland Publishers, Ltd.
632:
623:
614:
372:
350:
1673:Cockroach Species File (new):
1663:Cockroach Species File (old):
1468:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1236:Journal of Economic Entomology
839:10.1179/2047773214Y.0000000136
814:
801:
787:. Springer. pp. 145–146.
757:
512:20–29 °C (68–84 °F)
1:
645:
509:20–30 °C (68–86 °F)
506:15–35 °C (59–95 °F)
438:Female German cockroach with
197:), colloquially known as the
580:Nature Ecology and Evolution
7:
1922:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1536:German cockroach fact sheet
1532:Featured Creatures Web site
827:Pathogens and Global Health
716:. JHU Press. pp. 33–.
594:
385:measures. Reasons include:
10:
1938:
1437:. Routledge. p. 317.
1089:10.1038/s41598-019-44296-y
344:Moniliformis kalahariensis
232:
1917:Insects described in 1767
1558:
1488:10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1
1287:10.1007/s10530-018-1865-2
1205:10.1007/s10530-018-1865-2
572:
164:
157:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
996:Comparative Parasitology
607:
399:short reproductive cycle
1342:10.1126/science.1234854
870:Mallis, Arnold (1982).
423:German cockroaches are
310:German cockroaches are
305:
259:Biology and pest status
1912:Household pest insects
1147:10.3390/insects7010002
442:
1248:10.1093/jee/46.2.385a
502:Preferred temperature
437:
396:prolific reproduction
1736:Fauna Europaea (new)
1267:Biological Invasions
1185:Biological Invasions
589:ionotropic receptors
16:Species of cockroach
1617:Blattella_germanica
1604:Blattella_germanica
1590:Blattella germanica
1560:Blattella germanica
1480:2018NatEE...2..557H
1364:summary at BBC News
1334:2013Sci...340..972W
1279:2019BiInv..21..693T
1197:2019BiInv..21..693T
1081:2019NatSR...9.8292F
921:Blattella germanica
809:Blattella germanica
518:Nymphal development
410:chemical pesticides
194:Blattella germanica
168:Blattella germanica
1069:Scientific Reports
1026:"Urban entomology"
479:American cockroach
474:Oriental cockroach
443:
393:in a human habitat
244:Blattella asahinai
1894:
1893:
1866:Open Tree of Life
1552:Taxon identifiers
1444:978-1-135-81033-7
1414:978-0-521-81253-5
1024:Ebeling, Walter.
976:978-0-19-534508-7
946:978-0-08-053607-1
881:978-0-942588-00-2
794:978-1-4020-0735-4
750:978-92-890-7188-8
723:978-0-8018-8616-4
696:978-1-4616-2291-8
570:
569:
335:intermediate host
215:anteroposteriorly
185:
184:
150:B. germanica
24:German cockroach
1929:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1834:
1832:NBNSYS0000006856
1822:
1821:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1547:
1546:
1522:German cockroach
1510:
1509:
1499:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1367:
1361:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:. Archived from
1021:
1012:
1011:
987:
981:
980:
960:
951:
950:
930:
924:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
898:. Archived from
892:
886:
885:
867:
861:
860:
850:
818:
812:
805:
799:
798:
778:
772:
771:
761:
755:
754:
734:
728:
727:
707:
701:
700:
680:
674:
673:
655:
639:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
601:Blattellaquinone
470:German cockroach
462:
461:
389:lack of natural
379:ecological niche
189:German cockroach
170:
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1853:Observation.org
1851:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1554:
1518:
1513:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1370:
1328:(6135): 972–5.
1314:
1310:
1259:
1255:
1232:
1228:
1177:
1173:
1126:
1122:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1032:on 17 July 2013
1022:
1015:
988:
984:
977:
961:
954:
947:
931:
927:
918:
914:
905:
903:
894:
893:
889:
882:
868:
864:
819:
815:
806:
802:
795:
779:
775:
762:
758:
751:
735:
731:
724:
708:
704:
697:
681:
677:
670:
656:
652:
648:
643:
642:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
597:
575:
544:Around 200 days
533:
528:
523:
460:
375:
353:
339:Acanthocephalan
308:
269:food processing
261:
235:
227:Asian cockroach
181:
172:
166:
153:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1723:Fauna Europaea
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1580:
1564:
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1556:
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1544:
1543:
1533:
1517:
1516:External links
1514:
1512:
1511:
1474:(3): 557–566.
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1443:
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1308:
1273:(3): 693–707.
1253:
1242:(2): 385–386.
1226:
1191:(3): 693–707.
1171:
1120:
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1013:
1008:10.1654/4664.1
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833:(3): 141–147.
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159:Binomial name
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1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
999:
995:
992:Moniliformis
991:
985:
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904:. Retrieved
900:the original
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556:Able to fly?
555:
550:90–706 days
539:
532:150–360 days
527:164–542 days
517:
501:
485:
465:
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444:
429:
425:thigmotactic
422:
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383:pest-control
376:
373:Pest control
354:
351:Reproduction
342:
309:
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271:facilities,
262:
253:cosmopolitan
242:
236:
219:B. germanica
218:
198:
193:
192:
188:
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167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
126:Blattellinae
18:
1907:Cockroaches
1814:NatureServe
1762:iNaturalist
1584:Wikispecies
1075:(1): 8292.
547:35–190 days
522:54–215 days
265:restaurants
249:domiciliary
122:Subfamily:
106:Blaberoidea
1901:Categories
1540:Penn State
906:2018-01-15
646:References
420:in 1952.
331:toothpaste
315:scavengers
312:omnivorous
285:inquilines
199:croton bug
116:Ectobiidae
76:Arthropoda
1542:Extension
1538:from the
1318:Schal, C.
1303:254284641
1295:1573-1464
1221:254284641
1213:1573-1464
1097:2045-2322
1002:: 33–43.
418:chlordane
391:predators
341:parasite
300:nocturnal
293:Patagonia
281:hospitals
207:cockroach
205:of small
144:Species:
137:Blattella
96:Blattodea
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1819:2.926584
1780:10891567
1638:BugGuide
1569:Wikidata
1506:29403074
1358:30957375
1350:23704571
1166:26751480
1140:(1): 2.
1115:31165746
857:24766338
595:See also
560:Uncommon
540:Lifespan
451:adaptive
319:starches
239:Ethiopia
213:running
211:pronotum
175:Linnaeus
112:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1754:1997215
1689:1074540
1666:1174627
1575:Q466194
1524:on the
1497:6482461
1476:Bibcode
1330:Bibcode
1322:Science
1275:Bibcode
1193:Bibcode
1157:4808782
1134:Insects
1106:6549143
1077:Bibcode
1036:17 July
848:4083176
440:ootheca
367:ecdysis
363:instars
358:ootheca
337:of the
298:Though
233:History
203:species
201:, is a
132:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
1884:994606
1806:102415
1767:121237
1728:402126
1715:101586
1702:BLTTGE
1676:859552
1630:201708
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573:Genome
449:As an
329:, and
273:hotels
1879:WoRMS
1871:48282
1858:26689
1775:IRMNG
1710:EUNIS
1656:5WLVY
1643:70688
1354:S2CID
1299:S2CID
1217:S2CID
608:Notes
466:Roach
223:pests
1845:6973
1840:NCBI
1801:ITIS
1793:9408
1749:GBIF
1697:EPPO
1625:BOLD
1530:IFAS
1502:PMID
1439:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1346:PMID
1291:ISSN
1209:ISSN
1162:PMID
1111:PMID
1093:ISSN
1038:2013
971:ISBN
941:ISBN
876:ISBN
853:PMID
789:ISBN
745:ISBN
718:ISBN
691:ISBN
664:ISBN
566:Yes
486:Size
327:glue
323:soap
306:Diet
279:and
187:The
179:1767
1827:NBN
1788:ISC
1684:EoL
1651:CoL
1612:AFD
1599:ADW
1492:PMC
1484:doi
1338:doi
1326:340
1283:doi
1244:doi
1201:doi
1152:PMC
1142:doi
1101:PMC
1085:doi
1004:doi
843:PMC
835:doi
831:108
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1528:/
1526:UF
1500:.
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1466:.
1453:^
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1371:^
1352:.
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1000:81
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563:No
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191:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
