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288:(1851), explores the same theme of women's fulfilment, this time in an industrial setting, drawing on first-hand experience of the Manchester business world. It introduced the themes of education, creative invention, status in the workplace, and public philanthropy. The novel tells a number of different stories, connected by analogy, and some critics disliked such a fragmentary structure.
277:(1848), also questions the role of wife and mother, which are seen as unsatisfying and limiting. The life of the conventional woman, Alice, compares unfavourably with that of her half-sister Bianca, who works as an actress to support an insane mother. The character of Alice carries touches of Jane Carlyle, while Bianca is based clearly on another of Jewsbury's close friends,
252:(1845), tells of a girl who falls in love with a Catholic priest, causing him to lapse from his faith. The story carries a strong theme of doubt, not only about religious belief, but about marriage as a woman's prime destiny. It was initially rejected by the publisher, but later accepted after an intervention by Thomas Carlyle. It was an immediate success, and praised by the
168:), the daughter of Thomas Jewsbury (died 1840), a cotton manufacturer and merchant, and his wife Maria, née Smith, (died 1819). Her paternal grandfather, Thomas Jewsbury Sr (died 1799), had been a surveyor of roads, an engineer of canals and a philosophy student. In his will, he left the family four cottages, a warehouse, some land in Measham, and a large cash bequest.
328:. He once wrote to her, "Dear Miss Jewsbury, – I make no apology for addressing you thus, for I am a reader of yours, and I hope that I have that knowledge of you which may justify a frank approach.... If I could induce you to write any papers or short stories for I should, I sincerely assure you, set great store by your help, and be much gratified in having it."
488:, eight years her junior, who felt uneasy about his task of pressuring the Maoris to sell their land cheaply to the British, and returned to live in England. She made great efforts to promote him in the literary world, and even proposed marriage, but it seems that he began to sicken of her attentions and they drifted apart.
358:
Jewsbury was very much a moral critic. Her chief criterion was the ability of the characters to distinguish right from wrong, and this weighed with her more than the plot. For example, she disapproved of stories about an older man pining for a younger woman. She also disliked love scenes and domestic
228:
Jane and
Jewsbury weathered many disagreements, especially over the role of women, as Jane was a famously dutiful wife, who never considered a career of her own. However, the friendship lasted over 25 years; Jane attempted (unsuccessfully) to find suitors for Jewsbury, and Jewsbury nursed Jane
216:
Jewsbury destroyed the letters she received from Jane, as Jane had agreed to destroy
Jewsbury's, which her sudden death prevented her from doing. Early on, Jewsbury developed passionate feelings for Jane, as surviving letters reveal. On the other hand, early accounts of Jane reveal ambivalence
244:
Jewsbury was primarily a novelist of ideas and moral dilemmas, who sharply questioned the standard, idealised roles of wife and mother and promoted the spiritual value of work in a woman's life. She often made her female characters wiser and more capable than the male ones.
189:, and continued her studies in French, Italian and drawing in London in 1830–1831. Soon after returning to her family home, she began to suffer from depression, question her fate and express religious doubts. This change was reflected in her first novel,
343:. As most reviews were anonymous at that time, the exact total is unknown. Anonymity also set up an atmosphere of suspicion between authors and critics. Many of Jewsbury’s reviews were wrongly attributed to the novelist and non-fiction writer
471:, a powerful, notably mannish figure, whom she admired for her wide experience of life, which contrasted with Jane's dutiful domesticity (Jane Carlyle became jealous and upset about the relationship). Cushman was the model for Bianca in
181:. After their mother's early death, she helped to bring up the family until she married, but she herself died young of cholera. Geraldine then took care of her father until he died, and also of Frank until he married.
336:
Jewsbury is believed to have reviewed over 2000 books between 1846 and 1880, including novels, children's books, memoirs, biographies, histories, cookbooks and household management books, mainly for the weekly
184:
Her father's cotton business suffered from the War of 1812, and he became an insurance agent based in
Manchester. Geraldine was educated at a boarding school kept by the Misses Darbys at Alder Mills near
420:
Jewsbury was highly sociable, with many friends and literary partnerships, and able to find common ground with people of any class. Her growing prominence and unconventional personality, smoking and
481:, also known as Lady Morgan, had helped Jewsbury when she first arrived in London, and Jewsbury provided much unconditional friendship, eventually helping her to write her memoirs in old age.
144:. Jewsbury's romantic feelings for her and the complexity of their relations appear in Jewsbury's writings. She tried unsuccessfully to encourage her close friend
351:
discovered that an unfavourable review of her novel had been written by
Jewsbury, she included an unflattering caricature of her in one of her later books,
879:
508:. She was writing until the end of her life, her last report for Bentley being dated 9 September 1880. She left all her papers to the businessman and
236:
in her article on
Jewsbury’s letters to Jane. It also contributed to Jewsbury's appearance in print that Jane helped to edit her first two books.
126:(22 August 1812 – 23 September 1880) was an English novelist, book reviewer and literary figure in London, best known for popular novels such as
504:, after the death of Jane Carlyle in 1866. She herself contracted cancer in 1879, died in a private London hospital in 1880, and was buried in
221:
in 1843, Jane hesitated, finally admitting to
Carlyle: "'Why I am afraid that having her beside me from morning till night would be dreadfully
175:(1800), Thomas (1802), Henry (1803), Geraldine (1812), Arthur (1815) and Frank (1819). Maria Jane had literary interests and wrote for the
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She never married, but had close personal relationships with men and women, some carnal, some platonic, the most significant being with
225:" She complained of how Jewsbury was "always in a state of emotion! dropping hot tears on my hands, and watching me and fussing me".
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as "striking" and "clever", although other reviews were mixed. As a novel of scepticism, it can be classed with the work of
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to start a new life as an author after his disagreement with the New
Zealand government over Maori land rights.
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Carney, Karen (1996). "The
Publisher's Reader as Feminist: The Career of Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury".
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Heights: Writing, Friendship, Love: The
Jewsbury Sisters, Felicia Hemans, and Jane Welsh Carlyle
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Geraldine
Jewsbury's "Athenaeum" Reviews: A Mirror of Mid-Victorian Attitudes to Fiction
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Of her male companions, the most significant was a government official in New Zealand,
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Pettitt, Clare (1999). "Jewsbury, Geraldine 1812 – 1880". In Sage, Lorna (ed.).
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commissioned 17 stories from Jewsbury between 1850 and 1859, for his periodical
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303:, 1859) attracted less interest. Jewsbury also wrote two novels for children:
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859:. Gale virtual reference library. Cambridge University Press. p. 351.
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Cruikshank, Margaret (1979). "Geraldine Jewsbury and Jane Carlyle".
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towards Jewsbury. When Carlyle proposed that Jewsbury visit them at
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Gains and Losses: Novels of Faith and Doubt in Victorian England
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John Stores Smith, with whom she had had a strong relationship.
396:(1861), although turning down such later successful authors as
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Their relationship was studied by literary scholars, including
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for advice about a literary career. Invited to his home in
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About 1840, Jewsbury wrote to the eminent Scottish author
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novels in general. Popular authors she reviewed included
281:. This was the author's own favourite among her novels.
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that would become the deepest relationship of her life.
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1009:"Archival material relating to Geraldine Jewsbury"
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692:(2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 146–158.
856:The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English
730:The Politics of Story in Victorian Social Fiction
715:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 402–404.
378:Jewsbury also worked as a publisher's reader for
355:, although this appeared after Jewsbury's death.
196:
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521:
877:Wilkes, Joanne (2004). "Geraldine Jewsbury".
919:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
883:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
795:The Collected Writings of Geraldine Jewsbury
130:and reviews for the literary periodical the
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797:. Wiltshire: Adam Matthew Publications.
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541:Geraldine Jewsbury, Her Life and Errors
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309:Angelo, or, The Pine Forest in the Alps
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171:Thomas Jr and Maria had six children:
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629:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
836:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
566:Carlyle, J. B. W. (1 January 1990).
538:
543:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
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1095:19th-century English women writers
910:"Jewsbury, Geraldine Endsor"
666:. Stockholm: Almqvist Och Wiksell.
662:Fryckstedt, Monica Correa (1986).
16:English novelist and book reviewer
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989:Geraldine Jewsbury's review of
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305:The History of an Adopted Child
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250:Zoe: the History of Two Lives
191:Zoe: the History of Two Lives
128:Zoe: the History of Two Lives
1075:Burials at Brompton Cemetery
979:Resources in other libraries
955:Resources in other libraries
897:UK public library membership
793:Jewsbury, Geraldine (1994).
686:Victorian Periodicals Review
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229:through periods of illness.
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1031:(public domain audiobooks)
1025:Works by Geraldine Jewsbury
834:. Madison and Teaneck, NJ:
826:Cumming, Mark, ed. (2004).
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1050:English children's writers
711:Wolff, Robert Lee (1977).
572:The Carlyle Letters Online
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950:Resources in your library
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124:Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury
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297:The Sorrows of Gentility
1080:English women novelists
916:Encyclopædia Britannica
273:Jewsbury's next novel,
187:Tamworth, Staffordshire
140:, wife of the essayist
889:10.1093/ref:odnb/14815
872:Retrieved 22 June 2011
734:. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
612:Clarke, Norma (1990).
568:"JWC TO JEANNIE WELSH"
539:Howe, Susanne (1935).
291:Three further novels (
996:The Mill on the Floss
963:By Geraldine Jewsbury
754:Shirley Foster, p. 5.
422:wearing men's clothes
345:John Cordy Jeaffreson
156:Jewsbury was born at
106:Writer, book reviewer
1013:UK National Archives
616:. London: Routledge.
416:Friends and romances
260:Charlotte Mary Yonge
152:Family and education
1100:Victorian novelists
1060:People from Measham
1055:Writers from London
410:Frances Power Cobbe
255:Manchester Examiner
936:Geraldine Jewsbury
496:Jewsbury moved to
380:Hurst and Blackett
178:Manchester Gazette
931:Library resources
895:(Subscription or
866:978-0-521-66813-2
845:978-0-8386-3792-0
506:Brompton Cemetery
469:Charlotte Cushman
406:Margaret Oliphant
293:Constance Herbert
284:Her third novel,
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248:Her first novel,
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450:John Bright
426:George Sand
307:(1852) and
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388:Ellen Wood
173:Maria Jane
162:Derbyshire
115:Maria Jane
58:Derbyshire
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332:Reviewing
223:wearing'!
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698:20082916
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442:Browning
438:Rossetti
434:Kingsley
382:and for
311:(1855).
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117:(sister)
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347:. When
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