575:, regarding the identity of the official that created the work, the Court held that the Commission, as the sole author of the work (since the annotations prepared by LexisNexis pursuant to the work-for-hire agreement), qualifies as a legislator. They held that the Commission functions as an arm for the Georgia Legislature and its work thus falls under the sphere of "legislative authority". In order to hold this they noted that the Commission was composed predominantly of legislators and received funding designated by the law for the legislative branch. Finally, it was the legislature itself that approved and merged the annotations with the statutory provisions and published the OCGA "by authority of the state".
423:, demanding that the OCGA be taken offline. Public.Resource.Org asserted in its defense that since the state has chosen to make the Official Code of Georgia Annotated the official and authoritative code of the entire state, the Code should not be subject to copyright law, and should be freely available for all citizens to read and access. The code also holds, in denoting the annotated code as the "official code," that authorship and copyright remains with the State and not with the publisher. In the lawsuit, Georgia further alleged that Malamud's actions reflected a "strategy of terrorism". State representative
34:
606:
policy reasons that justify the
Federal Government's decision to forfeit copyright protection for its own proprietary works, does not suggest an intent to displace the already narrow government edicts doctrine with respect to the States. The doctrine does not apply to non-lawmaking officials, leaving States free to assert copyright in the vast majority of expressive works they produce, such as those created by their universities, libraries, tourism offices, and so on.
991:
1770:
759:
disallowing copyright would result in the creation of an "economy-class" or sub par version of the Code, that would not contain these important annotations. This is because without the means of recuperating the resources spent on research for the annotations, this mechanism of contracting third parties to make annotations available at a fraction of a cost would cease to exist.
340:, available to the public for free and not protected by copyright. This doctrine is rooted in the Copyright Act's 'authorship' requirement and posits that officials empowered to speak with the force of law cannot be the authors of the works they create in the course of their official duties. Based on the principle, the law must be free for publication to all.
288:" (OCGA). On April 27, 2020, the Court ruled 5–4 that the OCGA cannot be copyrighted because the OCGA's annotations were "authored by an arm of the legislature in the course of its legislative duties"; thus the Court found that the annotations fall under the government edicts doctrine and are ineligible for copyright.
427:, Chairman of the Code Revision Commission, issued a statement explaining that "the OCGA contains two separate and distinct types of content... the law itself... ancillary material, such as cross references, case annotations, editor's notes, law reviews, etc. Such ancillary material is expressly not law."
435:
into law” and lacked “the force of law.” As a result it held that PRO did not " its burden of proving fair use, and entitled to partial summary judgment" and entered a permanent injunction requiring PRO to cease its distribution activities and to remove the digital copies of the OCGA from the internet.
667:
the Court never categorically prohibited the States from holding copyrights as authors or assignees and merely stated that the State fell outside the scope of the Act because it was not a "resident" or "citizen of the United States," (which were the statutory requirements for "authorship" back then).
613:
Additionally, contrary to
Justice Thomas' dissent and the State of Georgia's contention that the government edicts doctrine lacks textual footing, the Court stated that the doctrine has textual footing by way of the "authorship" requirement. Specifically, Congress' enactment of the 1976 Copyright Act
775:
While observing that annotations created by judges are not copyrightable while those created by legislators are, she highlights the difference between the roles of the two – while the judiciary is assigned the duty of interpretation and application of the law, and at times making applicable law, the
762:
It highlights the fact that the majority's decision fails to provide clarity on whether the factors which it used to classify the
Commission as adjunct to the legislature (membership, funding etc) are exhaustive or illustrative and whether some factors possess more weightage when deciding whether to
605:
The Court also rejected the contention that the US Copyright
Statute while excluding "work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties" from copyright protection, does not establish a similar rule for the States. The Court held that the
585:
The Court rejected the argument by the State of
Georgia that the annotations are copyrightable by virtue of §101 of the US Copyright Statute since it specifically lists "annotations" among the kinds of works eligible for copyright protection. They ruled that this provision refers only to annotations
785:
the annotations are not created contemporaneously with the statutes and merely a commentary on the statutes that have already been enacted. This sets the OCGA annotations apart from uncopyrightable legislative materials like committee reports, generated before a law’s enactment, and tied tightly to
473:
As a result the Court stated that the people are "constructive authors" of the law and judges and legislators are merely draftsman that are exercising authority delegated to them. Thus, the court found that "the annotations in the OCGA, while not having the force of law, are part and parcel of the
434:
ruled in favor of the state. It acknowledged that the annotations in the OCGA presented “an unusual case because most official codes are not annotated and most annotated codes are not official" and therefore that these annotations were eligible for copyright protection since they were “not enacted
375:
agreement with
Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., a division of the LexisNexis Group, to prepare annotations. The Georgia government asserted that it held copyright to the OCGA; further, Georgia's legislature exempted itself from the state's open records law. While the state claimed that the OCGA is
672:
stated "hether the State could take out a copyright for itself, or could enjoy the benefit of one taken out by an individual for it, as the assignee of a citizen of the United States or a resident therein, who should be the author of a book, is a question not involved in the present case, and we
1527:
OCGA §1–1–7 states that "ll historical cita tions, title and chapter analyses, and notes set out in this Code are given for the purpose of convenient reference and do not constitute part of the law."; Section 1–1–1 provides that "he statutory portion of the codification of
Georgia laws . . . is
798:
annotations are given for the purpose of convenient reference by the public and aim to inform the citizenry at large. Merely because they are considered to be merged with the statutory provisions does not render the annotations to be more than explanatory, referential, or commentarial material.
758:
The opinion also highlights the difficulties in implementing the decision of the majority since nearly all States with annotated codes contract with private parties to make annotations who are almost invariably under the supervision of the legislative or judicial branch officers. It states that
609:
The State of
Georgia also contended on policy grounds that the purpose of the Copyright Act is to promote the creation and dissemination of creative works and without such protection many states will be unable induce private parties to assist in the preparation of affordable annotated codes for
581:
regarding the nature of work, the Court held that the
Commission creating the annotations is in the "discharge" of its legislative duties. Although the annotations are not enacted into law through bicameralism and presentment, the preparation of the annotations is under an act of "legislative
662:
was decided, i.e., in the 19th century, much before multiple revisions made to the
Copyright Act. At the time, copyright protection was extended for books, maps, prints, engravings, musical and dramatic compositions, photographs, and works of art. It notes that judicial opinions were starkly
710:
They state that it is incorrect to hold that without access to annotations readers will be unable to understand the true meaning of the law and the status of the law. This is because, users may directly access court decisions themselves to understand the above. Inability to access the OCGA,
590:
and the Commission, serving in its official capacity, cannot serve as an author due to the government edicts doctrine. They clarified that §101 protects annotations in case they are prepared by a private party or non-lawmaking officials. This is elucidated by distinguishing the decision in
458:
noting that "the judicially established rule... still prevent copyright in the text of state laws... and similar official documents". The Court also identified three factors that would determine whether authorship in a work is constrictively attributable to that of the people, namely:
447:
unanimously reversed the previous ruling, finding that the OCGA is "intrinsically public domain material" and that its annotations "clearly have authoritative weight in explicating and establishing the meaning and effect of Georgia's laws". The Court relied on the case of
505:
Oral arguments were held on December 2, 2019, at which many of the justices focused on the role of the legislature in approving the annotated statutes for publication, questioning whether this made the annotations equivalent to legislation, which cannot be copyrighted.
693:
annotations do not embody the will of the people since the General Assembly does not enact statutory annotation under its legislative power(they do not pass through the processes of bicameralism and presentment). They also do not create any binding legal obligations.
771:
The opinion notes that not every work produced by legislators is ineligible for copyright protection and that the government edicts doctrine shields only works that are (1) created by judges and legislators (2) in the course of their judicial and legislative duties.
392:", noting that "he law books were kept behind a locked door, and we had to ask for special permission to view them. Some volumes were as much as six years out of date." Additionally, LexisNexis's website displays only the statutory code and not the annotations.
2867:
559:
The Majority held that copyright protection does not extend to the annotations contained in Georgia's official annotated code. The route taken to hold this was the "government edicts doctrine". Like the 11th Circuit, they cited the SCOTUS decision in
454: (1888), in which the Supreme Court articulated the government edicts doctrine by finding that "there can be no copyright in the opinions of the judges, or in the work done by them in their official capacity as judges", and a report from the
4029:
566:(1888) and extend the same logic as they applied to legal binding and non-bind material created by judges, to non-binding, non-authoritative and explanatory legal materials created by a legislative body vested with the authority to make law.
601:
where the Court permitted a reporter to hold copyright in explanatory materials he had added to the judgements, such as headnotes, syllabi, tables of contents, on the grounds that he did not have authority to speak with the force of law.
650:
The opinion states that the majority incorrectly interpreted precedents and that they did not attempt to examine the root and context of the precedents. The opinion notes that while precedents establish that judicial opinion cannot be
706:
while copyrighting judicial opinions and statutes would be contrary to fair notice of the laws, i.e., the legal presumption that every citizen is aware of the law, the same does not apply to annotations since they are non-binding.
639:
Justice Thomas holds that regulations cannot be copyrighted, but accompanying notes lacking legal force can be. The opinion states that the majority opinion was flawed on the following precedential and textual grounds.
2007:
2464:
5435:
4726:
3989:
625:
The Court finally observes that a decision allowing copyright protection for anything merely falling short of being classified as a statute or a judicial opinion would result in First Amendment concerns.
2544:
2512:
736:
while the Act excludes protection for works prepared by an officer or employee of the Government, the Act does not prohibit protection to works of state governments or works prepared at their behest.
5868:
3965:
663:
different from this list of works because they are legally binding, reflect the application of the rule of law, and in turn represent the implementation of the will of the people. They note that in
5715:
5427:
1974:
6055:
5710:
4162:
1828:
535:: he noted that, binding law or not, official works of the Georgia legislature could not be copyrighted, as they could deprive citizens of knowledge of those laws and their corollaries. Justice
1649:
5419:
943:
4566:
5159:
5079:
1934:
684:
limited its application by concluding that “no ground of public policy” justified denying a state official a copyright "cover the matter which is the result of his intellectual labor."
4518:
3268:
501:
Whether the government edicts doctrine extends to—and thus renders uncopyrightable—works that lack the force of law, such as the annotations in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated.
431:
300:
1885:
6609:
5403:
4734:
2939:
2488:
1881:
1832:
1485:
5086:
1938:
3899:
1067:
5281:
489:
to the government's appeal; on June 24, 2019, the Supreme Court agreed to review the case (No. 18-1150). The Court heard oral arguments in the case on December 2, 2019.
6143:
5926:
894:
748:
the Act provides that an author may hold a copyright in "material contributed" in a derivative work, "as distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work."
5642:
5411:
4878:
4846:
4526:
2153:
517:
404:
399:
purchased a 186-volume hard copy of the OCGA (at a cost of over $ 1,000; the cost is just below $ 400 for Georgia residents) and published the contents on the website
5526:
5443:
2683:
6453:
6039:
5034:
4534:
4130:
2237:
420:
1010:
2963:
2245:
1584:
444:
304:
6242:
5950:
5903:
5863:
5371:
4955:
4902:
4606:
4287:
3997:
3198:
2996:
2312:
2060:
6266:
6194:
6119:
6031:
4250:
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2416:
1706:
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1499:
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1402:
847:
82:
6274:
4830:
4416:
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3252:
3166:
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2787:
2576:
1477:
610:
widespread distribution. The Court however states that it cannot decide this matter and that the Congress is the right body to decide such a policy issue.
1282:
5363:
4742:
4453:
2851:
6258:
4462:
4312:
2472:
865:
1098:
6298:
5451:
5122:
4766:
4702:
4005:
814:
359:
The OCGA contains both the official statutes as well as annotations. The annotations explain and expound upon the statutes and contain "summaries of
582:
authority". The fact that the commentary and case laws in the annotations are approved by the legislature shows that they deemed it to be relevant.
6338:
5635:
5138:
4980:
4934:
4502:
4013:
2560:
2120:
6202:
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2707:
6614:
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5678:
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1814:
3103:
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they do not exclude the notes prepared by an official court reporter published together with reported opinions from copyright protection.
6378:
6111:
5795:
5628:
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4242:
4114:
4082:
3773:
3148:
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2189:
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Who's Afraid of the Common Law? Georgia V. Public.Resource.Org and the Supreme Court's Recent "Straightforward" Copyright Jurisprudence
1304:
6624:
6362:
4510:
4408:
3651:
3635:
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1075:
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385:
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2328:
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legislature on the other hand is assigned the role of making laws, instead of construing the statutes after they are enacted.
6485:
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2296:
509:
On April 27, 2020, the Court ruled in a 5-to-4 decision, that Georgia does not have copyright over its annotated legal code.
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6354:
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3907:
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2627:
2456:
2408:
1802:
1650:
Long Live the Common Law of Copyright!: Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. and the Debate over Judicial Role in Copyright
1325:
6509:
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6071:
5753:
5684:
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4918:
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4021:
3728:
3671:
2432:
959:
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6314:
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6047:
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5662:
5651:
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4266:
4146:
4037:
2875:
2859:
2424:
2376:
1966:
1905:
1852:
1811:
1574:
1557:
1537:
1358:
510:
482:
478:
349:
285:
273:
38:
1039:
352:(OCGA) is assembled by a state entity called the Code Revision Commission (the Commission) and is the official law of
6370:
6162:
4758:
4630:
4470:
3821:
3805:
3659:
2811:
2763:
2651:
2528:
730:
the Act does not define the word "author" and neither does it make any reference to the government edicts doctrine.
5857:
5603:
4798:
4710:
4486:
4336:
2400:
2384:
2360:
869:
1726:
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4202:
3936:
3190:
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2320:
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1234:
1169:
724:
They highlight four indications within the text of the Copyright Act to support their reading of the precedents:
307:
reversed the ruling. Both Georgia and PRO appealed to the Supreme Court, which heard arguments in December 2019.
711:
therefore, only deprives readers of these additional functions and not the underlying legal information itself.
5672:
3393:
2971:
2803:
2336:
2205:
792:
annotations are descriptive rather than prescriptive and contain the views of the author on the given statute.
411:, which oversees the OCGA's copyright, threatened to sue Malamud for copyright infringement over this posting.
6418:
6386:
6322:
5823:
5331:
3919:
3712:
3618:
3091:
2568:
2080:
474:
law. They are so enmeshed with Georgia's law as to be inextricable... They are therefore uncopyrightable".
6594:
6525:
6493:
5846:
5834:
5505:
4178:
3182:
2819:
2368:
1256:
944:"Georgia Claims Its Annotated Laws Are Covered by Copyright, Threatens Carl Malamud for Publishing the Law"
66:
1661:
700:
unlike judges and legislators, the creators of annotations are incentivised by copyright law and profits.
6572:
6007:
5005:
4774:
4098:
3582:
2723:
2496:
2128:
360:
1455:
6306:
5058:
4550:
2392:
2304:
2149:
895:"'If you don't know what the law is, can you obey it?': Ga. fights to keep state laws off the internet"
779:
Justice Ginsburg held that the annotations in the OCGA are not done in a legislative capacity because:
419:
In 2015, Georgia's Code Revision Commission filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against PRO in the
6554:
6402:
5811:
5547:
5539:
5050:
4392:
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3744:
2947:
2899:
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2181:
5828:
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5232:
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4138:
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2072:
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1735:
408:
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5703:
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4352:
3765:
3736:
2279:
2213:
2165:
2035:
2003:
1618:
1102:
5698:
5579:
4862:
4662:
4582:
3861:
3781:
3606:
3446:
3228:
2931:
2907:
1762:
1686:
Copyright Law Cannot Copyright Law Georgia v. Public Resource Org, Inc., 140 S. Ct. 1498 (2020)
569:
The Court adopted the following framework to apply the government edicts doctrine as follows:
6619:
6330:
6178:
5779:
5763:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5555:
5018:
4073:
3813:
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3462:
3413:
3288:
3128:
3120:
3066:
3028:
2843:
2675:
2440:
2344:
1710:
1627:
1593:
1503:
1481:
1434:
1406:
851:
77:
1099:""First Principles" Reaffirmed in Denial of Copyright Protection for Georgia Annotated Code"
721:
The decision also questions the origins and the validity of the government edicts doctrine.
5758:
5587:
5484:
5026:
4886:
4622:
4598:
4558:
3518:
3385:
3236:
2229:
2019:
1744:
1630:
1596:
1437:
1409:
843:
424:
364:
353:
333:
299:(PRO). The state of Georgia filed a lawsuit in 2015. In March 2017, a federal court in the
277:
1528:
enacted and shall have the effect of statutes enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia."
8:
6565:
5991:
5304:
5248:
5224:
4494:
3502:
3486:
3470:
3321:
3220:
2827:
2691:
1897:
1788:
1494:
1397:
986:
808:
562:
536:
450:
400:
296:
192:
91:
1780:
1717:
927:
125:
6063:
5999:
5294:
5208:
5200:
5130:
4718:
4186:
3789:
3590:
3494:
3478:
3361:
3353:
3260:
3244:
3010:
2779:
2221:
2101:
2056:
1506:
1425:
1044:
597:
1489:
1381:
1283:"Argument analysis: Justices debate copyrightability of state legislative annotations"
687:
The opinion distinguishes judicial opinions and statutes from annotations as follows:
5959:
5693:
5620:
5497:
5347:
5106:
5042:
4590:
4384:
4304:
4053:
3422:
3401:
3297:
3174:
3075:
2955:
2715:
2536:
2288:
1860:
1685:
1472:
1333:
5158:
6544:
6218:
5975:
5667:
5323:
5192:
5098:
4814:
4670:
4638:
4122:
3430:
3313:
3136:
3053:
2659:
2619:
2603:
2173:
2113:
1950:
1578:
1362:
1128:
978:
455:
140:
384:
were "unable to find a complete set of current law books at three branches of the
6445:
6346:
6234:
6087:
5967:
5563:
5277:
4854:
4654:
4210:
3438:
3369:
3345:
3305:
3158:
2883:
2635:
2611:
2480:
2266:
1982:
1913:
1561:
1545:
1541:
544:
532:
520:
228:
208:
184:
161:
Legal annotations that are created by legislatures are ineligible for copyright.
6210:
5459:
5387:
5240:
5176:
4870:
3853:
3337:
3329:
3276:
3083:
2923:
1958:
540:
329:
196:
134:
Code Revision Comm'n for Gen. Assembly of Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
6588:
6549:
5379:
5114:
4727:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
4376:
3990:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
3889:
3510:
3377:
3210:
3112:
1844:
1774:
1337:
1309:
372:
337:
634:
371:
articles, legislative histories and repeals". The Commission entered into a
5256:
4045:
3966:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
2513:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
548:
528:
513:
396:
292:
220:
204:
176:
5869:
WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
1753:
1195:
103:
5716:
Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States
3020:
1975:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
983:
969:(Court Filing), no. 1:15-cv-02594, Docket 1, N.D.G.A., July 21, 2015
524:
216:
122:
5711:
Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
2545:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
1326:"Georgia Can't Copyright Its Entire State Code, the Supreme Court Rules"
3948:
2643:
1662:
Expanding the Public Domain after Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org., Inc.
1286:
486:
377:
368:
148:
4567:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
4163:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1132:
622:' interpretation of the phrase "author" into the 1976 Copyright Act.
281:
144:
2868:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
866:"Federal court: Let people probe the depths of Georgia law for free"
4519:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
3269:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
1459:
931:
742:
the Act notes that annotations are copyrightable derivative works.
129:
284:—works that lack the force of law, such as the annotations in the
253:
Thomas, joined by Alito; Breyer (all but Part II–A and footnote 6)
5078:
1880:
1773:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1014:
898:
432:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
389:
381:
325:
5004:
4735:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
1011:"U.S. high court to rule on scope of copyright for legal codes"
33:
4030:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
3900:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
2148:
551:
joined and Breyer joined except for Part II-A and footnote 6.
4527:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
1068:"Rep. Johnnie Caldwell Issues Statement on Copyright Lawsuit"
4879:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
4847:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
967:
Code Revision Commission et al. v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
766:
477:
The state assembly of Georgia appealed this decision to the
1305:"Georgia Loses Legal Code Copyright Clash at Supreme Court"
1040:"Accused of 'Terrorism' for Putting Legal Materials Online"
137:
2684:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
958:
2002:
1810:
1608:
Brief for State of Arkansas et al. as Amici Curiae 16–17.
635:
Justice Thomas joined by Justice Alito and Justice Breyer
463:
the identity of the public official who created the work;
321:
57:
Georgia, et al., Petitioners v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
6454:
Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.
4535:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
4131:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
421:
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
5572:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2964:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2313:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
2246:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1585:
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
917:
915:
614:
with the word "author", the same phrase interpreted by
445:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
245:
Roberts, joined by Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh
6610:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
6243:
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
5904:
Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act
5864:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
5650:
3998:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
3199:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
1033:
1031:
835:
833:
831:
403:. In response, the State of Georgia, specifically the
6267:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
6195:
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.
6032:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
5483:
4251:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
4091:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
3167:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
2417:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
2100:
2055:
893:
Keefe, Brendan; Basye, Lindsey (September 20, 2019).
6275:
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
4831:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
4417:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
3958:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
3253:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
3052:
2892:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
2577:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
1827:
1004:
1002:
1000:
912:
888:
886:
367:, summaries of important court rulings, excerpts of
303:
ruled in the state's favor, after which in 2018 the
4743:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
4607:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
2265:
1028:
954:
952:
828:
497:
The Court accepted the case to decide the question:
6259:Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.
4463:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
4313:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
2995:
2473:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
1933:
1090:
990:
5123:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
4767:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
4703:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
4503:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
4006:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
3008:
2788:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
1188:
1150:
1124:Code Revision Comm’n v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
1059:
997:
923:Code Revision Comm'n v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
883:
119:Code Revision Comm'n v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
6586:
6339:Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
5276:
5139:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
4981:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
4935:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
4014:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
3559:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
2561:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
2465:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
2121:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
1298:
1296:
949:
6203:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
6104:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
5525:
5436:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
4903:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
4679:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
4235:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
2708:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
1518:See Ga. Const., Art. III, §1, 5; Art. V §2 ¶4.
6462:Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.
6299:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
6016:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
5452:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
4911:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
4615:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
4401:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
4321:International News Service v. Associated Press
3846:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
3838:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
3705:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3567:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
857:
815:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
763:deem an oversight body a legislative adjunct.
481:. Both PRO and the state of Georgia urged the
5679:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices
5636:
4965:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
4807:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
4329:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
4171:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
2836:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1796:
1689:, 47 Mitchell Hamline L. Rev. 977 (2021).
1293:
658:The opinion illustrates the context in which
438:
3929:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3774:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
3644:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
680:the Court, while accepting the principle in
547:filed another dissenting opinion with which
6379:Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha
6024:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
5796:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
5396:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
4433:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
4243:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
4115:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
4083:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
3878:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
2756:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
2521:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
469:the process by which the work was produced.
6395:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
6251:American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.
5643:
5629:
4751:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
2700:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
2553:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
1803:
1789:
1162:
892:
430:On March 23, 2017, a federal court in the
6363:Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
4511:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
4409:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
3689:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
3652:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
3636:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
3628:Straus v. American Publishers Association
3535:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
1646:
1224:, 139 S. Ct. 2746 (2019).
1096:
767:Justice Ginsburg joined by Justice Breyer
516:authored the majority opinion, joined by
272:, No. 18-1150, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), is a
6096:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4823:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
4543:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
4297:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
4219:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3527:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
2740:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
2449:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
2190:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
1653:, 121 Colum. L. Rev. Forum 1 (2021).
1065:
414:
388:, including the main branch in downtown
5984:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
5853:Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998
5428:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
4839:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
4155:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
3870:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
3830:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
3455:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
2585:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
2505:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
2329:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
2198:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
1677:, 67 J. Copyright Soc'y 397 (2020).
1658:
668:The opinion observes that the Court in
6587:
6518:Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.
6291:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
6187:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
6171:Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.
6080:Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.
5887:Family Entertainment and Copyright Act
4791:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
4687:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
4441:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
4107:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
2748:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
1682:
1323:
1317:
1097:Bukrinsky, Katie (November 29, 2018).
1037:
863:
629:
539:filed a dissenting opinion, joined by
132:2017); reversed and remanded sub nom.
6615:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
6486:RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.
5624:
5596:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
5524:
5482:
5356:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
5275:
5157:
5077:
5003:
4927:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
4895:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
4695:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
4479:United States v. General Electric Co.
4259:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
4227:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
4062:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
3982:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
3051:
2994:
2772:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
2668:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
2297:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
2264:
2147:
2099:
2054:
2001:
1932:
1882:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
1879:
1826:
1784:
1462: 1898)., (CA6 1898) (Harlan, J.)
1420:
1418:
1392:
1390:
1377:Harrison. Co. v. Code Revision Comm'n
1302:
1008:
21:2020 United States Supreme Court case
16:2020 United States Supreme Court case
6502:Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC
6478:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
6355:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
6128:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
5420:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
4361:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
4275:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
3974:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
3908:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
3697:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3551:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
3543:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2916:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
2628:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
2457:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
2409:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
1703:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
1384:, 330, 260 S.E.2d 30, 34 (1979).
1280:
1235:"Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org Inc"
1221:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
1196:"Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org Inc"
1170:"Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org Inc"
840:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
586:that represent an original work of "
315:
269:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
27:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
6510:Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.
6411:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
6283:Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.
6144:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith
6072:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
5754:International Copyright Act of 1891
4973:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
4919:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
4195:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
4022:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
3729:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
3672:International Copyright Act of 1891
2433:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
1670:
1303:Rubin, Jordan S. (April 27, 2020).
1066:Caldwell, Johnnie (July 21, 2015).
554:
363:opinions, advisory opinions by the
13:
6470:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena
6315:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation
6227:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.
6136:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
6048:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
5818:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
5652:Copyright law of the United States
4783:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
4147:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
4038:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
2876:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
2860:National League of Cities v. Usery
2425:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
2377:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
1967:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1906:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1853:Department of Commerce v. New York
1640:
1415:
1387:
1249:
350:Official Code of Georgia Annotated
286:Official Code of Georgia Annotated
151:. granted, 139 S. Ct. 2746 (2019).
39:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
6636:
6605:United States Supreme Court cases
6371:Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.
6163:Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.
4799:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
4759:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
4631:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
4471:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
3822:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
3806:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
3660:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
2764:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
2652:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
2529:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
1713:___ (2020) is available from:
1695:
1281:Mann, Ronald (December 3, 2019).
864:Rankin, Bill (October 24, 2018).
376:easily accessible via libraries,
6625:United States copyright case law
6120:Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com
6112:Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands
5858:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
5604:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
4711:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
4487:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
4337:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
2401:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
2385:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
2361:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
2321:Swift & Co. v. United States
1768:
989:
870:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
32:
6560:Home Recording Rights Coalition
5217:Garner v. Board of Public Works
4345:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
4203:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
3575:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
2804:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
2353:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
1611:
1602:
1567:
1551:
1531:
1521:
1512:
1465:
1443:
1369:
1351:
1324:Liptak, Adam (April 27, 2020).
1274:
1227:
1213:
1138:
1116:
676:The opinion also notes that in
291:Litigation began in 2013 after
6600:2020 in United States case law
5673:United States Copyright Office
3394:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
2337:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
2206:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
937:
673:refrain from considering it."
618:, implicitly incorporates the
336:, are considered to be in the
1:
6419:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
6387:Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.
6323:NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute
5824:Copyright Renewal Act of 1992
5404:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
5332:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
3920:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3713:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3619:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
3191:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
3092:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2569:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
2489:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
2081:United States v. Munoz-Flores
1038:Liptak, Adam (May 13, 2019).
821:
786:the task of law-formulation.
310:
6526:Hachette v. Internet Archive
6494:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.
5847:Copyright Term Extension Act
5835:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
5506:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
4179:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
3183:Schillinger v. United States
2820:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
2369:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
1763:Supreme Court (slip opinion)
1009:Wolfe, Jan (June 24, 2019).
928:244 F. Supp. 3d 1350
386:Fulton County Public Library
301:Northern District of Georgia
280:extends to—and thus renders
276:case regarding "whether the
7:
6008:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
5006:Necessary and Proper Clause
4775:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
4099:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
3583:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
2724:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
2497:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
2129:Clinton v. City of New York
802:
492:
479:United States Supreme Court
466:the nature of the work; and
274:United States Supreme Court
10:
6641:
6307:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
5412:City of El Paso v. Simmons
5059:United States v. Kebodeaux
4551:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
2812:Henderson v. United States
2393:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
2305:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
2150:Taxing and Spending Clause
1754:Oyez (oral argument audio)
439:Ruling of the 11th Circuit
343:
278:government edicts doctrine
261:Ginsburg, joined by Breyer
6540:
6437:
6403:Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc
6154:
5949:
5940:
5919:
5896:
5879:
5812:Visual Artists Rights Act
5804:
5788:
5772:
5731:
5724:
5658:
5548:Virginia v. West Virginia
5534:
5520:
5492:
5478:
5315:
5292:
5288:
5271:
5171:
5160:No Bills of Attainder or
5153:
5093:
5073:
5051:United States v. Comstock
5013:
4999:
4953:
4451:
4393:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
4285:
4072:
3947:
3918:
3888:
3798:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
3755:
3745:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
3670:
3617:
3412:
3287:
3209:
3147:
3102:
3065:
3061:
3047:
3004:
2990:
2948:United States v. Morrison
2900:New York v. United States
2796:North American Co. v. SEC
2732:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
2595:
2278:
2274:
2260:
2182:Springer v. United States
2160:
2143:
2109:
2095:
2067:
2050:
2014:
1997:
1945:
1928:
1892:
1875:
1839:
1822:
1665:, 61 IDEA 328 (2021).
443:On October 18, 2018, the
380:for Atlanta news channel
257:
249:
241:
236:
170:
165:
160:
155:
114:
109:
99:
72:
62:
52:
45:
31:
26:
6573:You Wouldn't Steal a Car
5829:Audio Home Recording Act
5340:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5233:Barr v. City of Columbia
5185:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4943:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
4575:Graham v. John Deere Co.
4369:KVOS v. Associated Press
4139:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
3937:Dowling v. United States
3721:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
3681:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
3599:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2073:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
2028:United States v. Johnson
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1647:Shyamkrishna Balganesh,
409:Georgia General Assembly
405:Code Revision Commission
361:state attorney general's
5910:Music Modernization Act
5841:No Electronic Theft Act
5704:Section 108 Study Group
5444:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
4647:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
4425:Goldstein v. California
4353:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
3766:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3737:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2972:Taylor v. United States
2280:Dormant Commerce Clause
2214:United States v. Butler
2166:Hylton v. United States
2036:Gravel v. United States
2004:Speech or Debate Clause
1705:, No. 18-1150,
1619:Massachusetts v. Mellon
1103:The National Law Review
46:Argued December 2, 2019
6555:Don't Copy That Floppy
6310:(9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)
6056:Quality King v. L'anza
5699:Register of Copyrights
5580:New Jersey v. New York
5035:Sabri v. United States
4863:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
4663:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
4583:United States v. Adams
3862:De Sylva v. Ballentine
3782:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
3607:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
3447:Schreiber v. Sharpless
3229:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
2940:Jones v. United States
2932:United States v. Locke
2908:United States v. Lopez
2238:Sabri v. United States
503:
320:In the United States,
295:published the OCGA on
48:Decided April 27, 2020
6331:BMG Music v. Gonzalez
6179:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
5780:Copyright Act of 1976
5764:Copyright Act of 1909
5749:Copyright Act of 1870
5744:Copyright Act of 1831
5739:Copyright Act of 1790
5556:Virginia v. Tennessee
5019:McCulloch v. Maryland
4074:Copyright Act of 1976
3814:Douglas v. Cunningham
3757:Copyright Act of 1909
3463:Thornton v. Schreiber
3414:Copyright Act of 1870
3289:Copyright Act of 1831
3067:Copyright Act of 1790
3029:Juilliard v. Greenman
2844:Katzenbach v. McClung
2676:Hoke v. United States
2441:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
2345:Edwards v. California
1129:906 F.3d 1229
1078:on September 23, 2019
499:
415:District court ruling
5759:Printing Act of 1895
5588:Virginia v. Maryland
5485:Import-Export Clause
5372:Stone v. Mississippi
5027:Lambert v. Yellowley
4887:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
4623:Gottschalk v. Benson
4599:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
4559:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
3519:Bolles v. Outing Co.
3386:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2230:South Dakota v. Dole
2020:Kilbourn v. Thompson
1261:www.supremecourt.gov
1257:"Docket for 18-1150"
1176:. September 13, 2019
1157:Code Revision Comm’n
1145:Code Revision Comm’n
645:Precedential Grounds
425:Johnnie Caldwell Jr.
365:State Bar of Georgia
334:edicts of government
6595:Public.Resource.Org
6566:Nimmer on Copyright
6449:(C.C.D. Mass. 1841)
5992:Banks v. Manchester
5305:Hepburn v. Griswold
5249:Kansas v. Hendricks
5225:De Veau v. Braisted
4495:Altvater v. Freeman
3503:Belford v. Scribner
3487:Thompson v. Hubbard
3471:Banks v. Manchester
3322:Stevens v. Gladding
3221:Pennock v. Dialogue
3149:Patent infringement
2828:Boynton v. Virginia
2692:Hammer v. Dagenhart
1898:Powell v. McCormack
1495:Banks v. Manchester
1398:Banks v. Manchester
1382:244 Ga. 325
987:current docket view
809:Edict of government
630:Dissenting opinions
563:Banks v. Manchester
537:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
451:Banks v. Manchester
401:Public.Resource.Org
297:Public.Resource.Org
193:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
6064:Eldred v. Ashcroft
6000:Callaghan v. Myers
5540:Florida v. Georgia
5295:Legal Tender Cases
5209:Samuels v. McCurdy
5201:Hawker v. New York
5131:Boumediene v. Bush
4719:Dickinson v. Zurko
4187:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3790:Manners v. Morosco
3591:Scribner v. Straus
3495:Higgins v. Keuffel
3479:Callaghan v. Myers
3362:Higgins v. Keuffel
3354:Callaghan v. Myers
3261:Egbert v. Lippmann
3245:Cochrane v. Deener
3104:Patent Act of 1793
3011:Legal Tender Cases
2780:Wickard v. Filburn
2222:Helvering v. Davis
2102:Presentment Clause
2057:Origination Clause
1829:Enumeration Clause
1812:U.S. Supreme Court
1426:Callaghan v. Myers
1330:The New York Times
1045:The New York Times
598:Callaghan v. Myers
518:Associate Justices
181:Associate Justices
6582:
6581:
6536:
6535:
6489:(W.D. Wash. 2000)
5960:Wheaton v. Peters
5936:
5935:
5694:Copyright Catalog
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5516:
5515:
5498:Brown v. Maryland
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5364:Bronson v. Kinzie
5348:Ogden v. Saunders
5267:
5266:
5149:
5148:
5107:Ex parte Merryman
5083:Suspension Clause
5069:
5068:
5043:Gonzales v. Raich
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4591:Brenner v. Manson
4385:Buck v. Gallagher
4305:Ferris v. Frohman
4054:Iancu v. Brunetti
3423:Perris v. Hexamer
3402:Mifflin v. Dutton
3298:Wheaton v. Peters
3237:O'Reilly v. Morse
3175:Rowell v. Lindsay
3076:Wheaton v. Peters
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2956:Gonzales v. Raich
2852:Maryland v. Wirtz
2716:Gold Clause Cases
2537:Granholm v. Heald
2289:Brown v. Maryland
2256:
2255:
2139:
2138:
2091:
2090:
2046:
2045:
1993:
1992:
1924:
1923:
1871:
1870:
1861:Trump v. New York
1473:Wheaton v. Peters
1456:91 F. 129
316:Government edicts
265:
264:
6632:
6545:Berne Convention
6521:(C.D. Cal. 2015)
6473:(M.D. Fla. 1993)
6465:(N.D. Cal. 1986)
6427:Naruto v. Slater
6219:Whelan v. Jaslow
5976:Trade-Mark Cases
5947:
5946:
5729:
5728:
5668:Copyright Clause
5645:
5638:
5631:
5622:
5621:
5522:
5521:
5480:
5479:
5324:Fletcher v. Peck
5290:
5289:
5273:
5272:
5193:Ex parte Garland
5155:
5154:
5099:Ex parte Bollman
5075:
5074:
5001:
5000:
4815:Bilski v. Kappos
4671:Diamond v. Diehr
4639:Dann v. Johnston
4123:Stewart v. Abend
3431:Trade-Mark Cases
3314:Stephens v. Cady
3137:Evans v. Hettich
3063:
3062:
3054:Copyright Clause
3049:
3048:
3006:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2660:Champion v. Ames
2620:Paul v. Virginia
2604:Gibbons v. Ogden
2276:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2174:Collector v. Day
2145:
2144:
2114:Pocket Veto Case
2097:
2096:
2052:
2051:
1999:
1998:
1951:Ex parte Siebold
1935:Elections Clause
1930:
1929:
1877:
1876:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1659:Debora Halbert,
1654:
1652:
1634:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1451:Howell v. Miller
1447:
1441:
1422:
1413:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1074:. Archived from
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
995:
993:
992:
981:
976:
974:
964:
956:
947:
941:
935:
925:
919:
910:
909:
907:
905:
890:
881:
880:
878:
876:
861:
855:
837:
555:Majority opinion
543:, while Justice
456:Copyright Office
305:Eleventh Circuit
166:Court membership
36:
35:
24:
23:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6532:
6529:(S.D.N.Y. 2023)
6513:(S.D.N.Y. 2013)
6505:(S.D.N.Y. 2010)
6497:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
6481:(S.D.N.Y. 1999)
6457:(E.D.N.Y. 1973)
6446:Folsom v. Marsh
6433:
6430:(9th Cir. 2018)
6422:(9th Cir. 2015)
6406:(9th Cir. 2013)
6390:(9th Cir. 2012)
6374:(9th Cir. 2010)
6366:(2nd Cir. 2008)
6358:(9th Cir. 2006)
6350:(2nd Cir. 2006)
6347:Blanch v. Koons
6342:(2nd Cir. 2006)
6334:(7th Cir. 2005)
6318:(7th Cir. 2003)
6302:(5th Cir. 2002)
6294:(9th Cir. 2001)
6286:(1st Cir. 2000)
6278:(9th Cir. 2000)
6262:(9th Cir. 1997)
6254:(2nd Cir. 1995)
6238:(2nd Cir. 1992)
6235:Rogers v. Koons
6230:(5th Cir. 1988)
6214:(9th Cir. 1986)
6198:(7th Cir. 1983)
6190:(9th Cir. 1978)
6182:(4th Cir. 1978)
6174:(9th Cir. 1970)
6150:
6088:Golan v. Holder
5968:Baker v. Selden
5942:
5932:
5915:
5892:
5875:
5800:
5784:
5768:
5720:
5654:
5649:
5619:
5610:
5564:Wharton v. Wise
5530:
5512:
5488:
5466:
5311:
5284:
5278:Contract Clause
5263:
5167:
5145:
5089:
5065:
5009:
5008:of Section VIII
4987:
4956:trademark cases
4949:
4855:Kappos v. Hyatt
4655:Parker v. Flook
4447:
4288:copyright cases
4281:
4267:Allen v. Cooper
4211:Golan v. Holder
4068:
3943:
3914:
3884:
3751:
3666:
3613:
3439:Merrell v. Tice
3408:
3370:Holmes v. Hurst
3346:Baker v. Selden
3306:Backus v. Gould
3283:
3205:
3159:Evans v. Jordan
3143:
3098:
3057:
3056:of Section VIII
3035:
3000:
2999:of Section VIII
2978:
2884:EEOC v. Wyoming
2636:Kidd v. Pearson
2612:Passenger Cases
2591:
2481:Maine v. Taylor
2270:
2269:of Section VIII
2267:Commerce Clause
2252:
2156:
2135:
2105:
2087:
2063:
2042:
2010:
1989:
1983:Moore v. Harper
1941:
1920:
1914:Cook v. Gralike
1888:
1867:
1835:
1818:
1809:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1698:
1671:Joseph P. Liu,
1643:
1641:Further reading
1638:
1637:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1556:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1470:
1466:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1423:
1416:
1395:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1322:
1318:
1301:
1294:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1036:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
998:
972:
970:
962:
957:
950:
942:
938:
921:
920:
913:
903:
901:
891:
884:
874:
872:
862:
858:
838:
829:
824:
805:
769:
716:Textual Grounds
637:
632:
557:
545:Clarence Thomas
533:Brett Kavanaugh
521:Sonia Sotomayor
495:
441:
417:
346:
330:court decisions
318:
313:
282:uncopyrightable
229:Brett Kavanaugh
219:
209:Sonia Sotomayor
207:
195:
185:Clarence Thomas
95:
89:
88:140 S. Ct. 1498
47:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6638:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6506:
6498:
6490:
6482:
6474:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6414:(2d Cir. 2015)
6407:
6399:
6398:(2d Cir. 2012)
6391:
6383:
6382:(2d Cir. 2011)
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6326:(2d Cir. 2004)
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6270:(2d Cir. 1998)
6263:
6255:
6247:
6246:(2d Cir. 1992)
6239:
6231:
6223:
6222:(3d Cir. 1986)
6215:
6211:Fisher v. Dees
6207:
6206:(3d Cir. 1983)
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6166:(2d Cir. 1964)
6158:
6156:
6155:Appeals courts
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6060:
6052:
6044:
6040:Feist v. Rural
6036:
6028:
6020:
6012:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5964:
5955:
5953:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5682:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5648:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:Compact Clause
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:Sveen v. Melin
5456:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5388:Block v. Hirsh
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5300:
5298:
5286:
5285:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5241:Teague v. Lane
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5177:Calder v. Bull
5172:
5169:
5168:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5014:
5011:
5010:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4871:Gunn v. Minton
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3854:Mazer v. Stein
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3338:Paige v. Banks
3334:
3330:Little v. Hall
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:Voss v. Fisher
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3129:Evans v. Eaton
3125:
3121:Evans v. Eaton
3117:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3084:Paige v. Banks
3080:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3002:
3001:
2997:Coinage Clause
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2924:Reno v. Condon
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:of Section VII
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1959:Smiley v. Holm
1955:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1736:Google Scholar
1697:
1696:External links
1694:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1610:
1601:
1566:
1558:17 U.S.C.
1550:
1538:17 U.S.C.
1530:
1520:
1511:
1464:
1442:
1414:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1316:
1292:
1273:
1248:
1226:
1212:
1187:
1161:
1159:, 906 at 1233.
1149:
1147:, 906 at 1239.
1137:
1115:
1089:
1058:
1027:
996:
948:
936:
911:
882:
856:
854:___ (2020)
826:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
811:
804:
801:
768:
765:
756:
755:
719:
718:
648:
647:
636:
633:
631:
628:
556:
553:
541:Stephen Breyer
494:
491:
471:
470:
467:
464:
440:
437:
416:
413:
345:
342:
317:
314:
312:
309:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
234:
233:
232:
231:
197:Stephen Breyer
182:
179:
174:
168:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
116:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
87:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:Full case name
50:
49:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6637:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6574:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Uruguay Round
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5951:Supreme Court
5948:
5945:
5939:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687: →
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5641:
5639:
5634:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:Smyth v. Ames
5377:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5166:of Section IX
5165:
5163:
5162:Ex post facto
5156:
5152:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:Ex parte Endo
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:Habeas corpus
5076:
5072:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:Gibbs v. Buck
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:Patent misuse
3887:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:Brady v. Daly
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:Brady v. Daly
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:Patentability
3208:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:Tyler v. Tuel
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
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2678:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2586:
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2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
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2562:
2558:
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2538:
2534:
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2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
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2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
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2490:
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2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
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2459:
2458:
2454:
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2435:
2434:
2430:
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2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
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2402:
2398:
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2374:
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2370:
2366:
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2350:
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2334:
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2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
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2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
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2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
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2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:Utah v. Evans
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1775:public domain
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1727:CourtListener
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1683:Andy Taylor,
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:§ 103(b)
1576:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492: (1834);
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1363:§ 201(b)
1360:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1310:Bloomberg Law
1306:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1205:September 23,
1201:
1197:
1191:
1180:September 23,
1175:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1108:September 23,
1104:
1100:
1093:
1082:September 23,
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1051:September 23,
1047:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1020:September 23,
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
988:
985:
980:
968:
961:
955:
953:
945:
940:
933:
929:
924:
918:
916:
904:September 23,
900:
896:
889:
887:
875:September 23,
871:
867:
860:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
832:
827:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
800:
797:
793:
791:
787:
784:
780:
777:
773:
764:
760:
754:
753:Policy issues
751:
750:
749:
747:
743:
741:
737:
735:
731:
729:
725:
722:
717:
714:
713:
712:
708:
705:
701:
699:
695:
692:
688:
685:
683:
679:
674:
671:
666:
661:
656:
654:
646:
643:
642:
641:
627:
623:
621:
617:
611:
607:
603:
600:
599:
594:
589:
583:
580:
576:
574:
570:
567:
565:
564:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
511:Chief Justice
507:
502:
498:
490:
488:
484:
483:Supreme Court
480:
475:
468:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
453:
452:
446:
436:
433:
428:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
373:work-for-hire
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
341:
339:
338:public domain
335:
331:
327:
323:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:Case opinions
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:Chief Justice
172:
171:
169:
164:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
105:
104:Oral argument
102:
98:
93:
85:
84:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
40:
30:
25:
19:
6620:Promulgation
6564:
6524:
6516:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6468:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6438:Lower courts
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6273:
6265:
6257:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6225:
6217:
6209:
6201:
6193:
6185:
6177:
6169:
6161:
6142:
6134:
6127:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6062:
6054:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6022:
6014:
6006:
5998:
5990:
5982:
5974:
5966:
5958:
5677:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5529:of Section X
5504:
5496:
5487:of Section X
5458:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5303:
5293:
5257:Smith v. Doe
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5161:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5080:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4454:patent cases
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4060:
4052:
4046:Matal v. Tam
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3935:
3927:
3906:
3898:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3027:
3019:
3009:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2154:Section VIII
2127:
2119:
2079:
2071:
2034:
2026:
2018:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1702:
1633: (1923).
1617:
1613:
1604:
1599: (1991).
1583:
1569:
1553:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1509: (1888).
1493:
1471:
1467:
1450:
1445:
1440: (1888).
1424:
1412: (1888).
1396:
1376:
1371:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1308:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1237:. Scotusblog
1229:
1220:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1131:, 1254 (
1123:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1071:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1043:
1018:. Retrieved
977:– via
971:, retrieved
966:
939:
922:
902:. Retrieved
873:. Retrieved
859:
839:
813:
795:
794:
789:
788:
782:
781:
778:
774:
770:
761:
757:
752:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
727:
726:
723:
720:
715:
709:
703:
702:
697:
696:
690:
689:
686:
681:
677:
675:
669:
664:
659:
657:
652:
649:
644:
638:
624:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
596:
592:
587:
584:
578:
577:
572:
571:
568:
561:
558:
549:Samuel Alito
529:Neil Gorsuch
514:John Roberts
508:
504:
500:
496:
476:
472:
449:
442:
429:
418:
397:Carl Malamud
394:
358:
347:
319:
293:Carl Malamud
290:
268:
267:
266:
224:
221:Neil Gorsuch
212:
205:Samuel Alito
200:
188:
177:John Roberts
133:
118:
110:Case history
81:
56:
18:
5943:and rulings
5164:Laws Clause
3021:Knox v. Lee
2061:Section VII
1582:; see also
1544:; see also
1135: 2018).
1072:House Press
960:"Complaint"
934: 2017).
651:copyrighted
588:authorship"
525:Elena Kagan
378:journalists
217:Elena Kagan
123:F. Supp. 3d
6589:Categories
5941:Precedents
5087:Section IX
3949:Lanham Act
2644:In re Debs
2008:Section VI
1939:Section IV
1833:Section II
1562:§ 101
1546:§ 105
1542:§ 101
1287:SCOTUSblog
1174:SCOTUSblog
842:, No.
822:References
678:Callaghan,
487:certiorari
369:law review
311:Background
63:Docket no.
5663:17 U.S.C.
5282:Section X
1815:Article I
1575:17 U.S.C.
1359:17 U.S.C.
1343:April 27,
1338:0362-4331
1241:March 22,
1133:11th Cir.
485:to grant
395:In 2013,
332:, all as
145:11th Cir.
92:L. Ed. 2d
73:Citations
5927:CASE Act
5732:Pre-1976
5725:Statutes
3892:case law
3213:case law
3151:case law
1817:case law
1701:Text of
1631:447, 488
1597:340, 359
1460:6th Cir.
1438:617, 647
1410:244, 253
1266:June 26,
973:July 25,
932:N.D. Ga.
803:See also
493:Decision
326:statutes
242:Majority
130:N.D. Ga.
100:Argument
5860:(1998)
1718:Cornell
1015:Reuters
899:11Alive
844:18-1150
790:Second,
746:Fourth,
734:Second,
698:Second,
579:Second,
407:of the
390:Atlanta
382:11Alive
354:Georgia
344:Context
258:Dissent
250:Dissent
156:Holding
147:2018);
67:18-1150
6147:(2023)
6139:(2021)
6131:(2020)
6123:(2019)
6115:(2017)
6107:(2014)
6099:(2013)
6091:(2012)
6083:(2010)
6075:(2005)
6067:(2003)
6059:(1998)
6051:(1994)
6043:(1991)
6035:(1984)
6027:(1975)
6019:(1908)
6011:(1908)
6003:(1888)
5995:(1888)
5987:(1884)
5979:(1879)
5971:(1879)
5963:(1834)
5929:(2020)
5912:(2018)
5906:(2014)
5889:(2005)
5849:(1998)
5843:(1994)
5837:(1994)
5831:(1992)
5820:(1990)
5814:(1990)
5607:(2018)
5599:(2009)
5591:(2003)
5583:(1998)
5575:(1985)
5567:(1894)
5559:(1893)
5551:(1871)
5543:(1855)
5509:(1951)
5501:(1827)
5463:(2018)
5455:(1987)
5447:(1983)
5439:(1983)
5431:(1978)
5423:(1977)
5415:(1965)
5407:(1935)
5399:(1934)
5391:(1921)
5383:(1898)
5375:(1880)
5367:(1843)
5359:(1837)
5351:(1827)
5343:(1819)
5335:(1819)
5327:(1810)
5316:Others
5308:(1870)
5260:(2003)
5252:(1997)
5244:(1989)
5236:(1964)
5228:(1960)
5220:(1951)
5212:(1925)
5204:(1898)
5196:(1866)
5188:(1819)
5180:(1798)
5142:(2020)
5134:(2008)
5126:(2001)
5118:(1944)
5110:(1861)
5102:(1807)
5062:(2013)
5054:(2010)
5046:(2005)
5038:(2004)
5030:(1926)
5022:(1819)
4984:(2020)
4976:(1938)
4968:(1915)
4954:Other
4946:(2019)
4938:(2017)
4930:(2016)
4922:(2015)
4914:(2015)
4906:(2014)
4898:(2014)
4890:(2013)
4882:(2013)
4874:(2013)
4866:(2013)
4858:(2012)
4850:(2012)
4842:(2011)
4834:(2011)
4826:(2011)
4818:(2010)
4810:(2008)
4802:(2007)
4794:(2007)
4786:(2007)
4778:(2006)
4770:(2006)
4762:(2006)
4754:(2005)
4746:(2002)
4738:(2001)
4730:(1999)
4722:(1999)
4714:(1998)
4706:(1997)
4698:(1996)
4690:(1990)
4682:(1989)
4674:(1981)
4666:(1980)
4658:(1978)
4650:(1976)
4642:(1976)
4634:(1973)
4626:(1972)
4618:(1971)
4610:(1969)
4602:(1969)
4594:(1966)
4586:(1966)
4578:(1966)
4570:(1965)
4562:(1964)
4554:(1964)
4546:(1964)
4538:(1961)
4530:(1950)
4522:(1950)
4514:(1948)
4506:(1945)
4498:(1943)
4490:(1942)
4482:(1926)
4474:(1916)
4466:(1908)
4452:Other
4444:(1975)
4436:(1974)
4428:(1973)
4420:(1968)
4412:(1962)
4404:(1960)
4396:(1949)
4388:(1939)
4380:(1939)
4372:(1936)
4364:(1934)
4356:(1932)
4348:(1931)
4340:(1923)
4332:(1919)
4324:(1918)
4316:(1914)
4308:(1912)
4300:(1911)
4286:Other
4278:(2020)
4270:(2020)
4262:(2019)
4254:(2019)
4246:(2017)
4238:(2014)
4230:(2014)
4222:(2013)
4214:(2012)
4206:(2010)
4198:(2005)
4190:(2003)
4182:(2001)
4174:(1998)
4166:(1998)
4158:(1996)
4150:(1994)
4142:(1994)
4134:(1991)
4126:(1990)
4118:(1989)
4110:(1985)
4102:(1985)
4094:(1984)
4086:(1977)
4065:(2020)
4057:(2019)
4049:(2017)
4041:(2014)
4033:(2014)
4025:(2003)
4017:(2003)
4009:(2001)
4001:(2001)
3993:(1999)
3985:(1995)
3977:(1992)
3969:(1987)
3961:(1982)
3940:(1985)
3932:(1941)
3911:(1942)
3903:(1917)
3881:(1973)
3873:(1964)
3865:(1956)
3857:(1954)
3849:(1952)
3841:(1943)
3833:(1940)
3825:(1939)
3817:(1935)
3809:(1931)
3801:(1923)
3793:(1920)
3785:(1917)
3777:(1914)
3769:(1911)
3748:(1911)
3740:(1911)
3732:(1909)
3724:(1909)
3716:(1908)
3708:(1908)
3700:(1907)
3692:(1903)
3684:(1896)
3663:(1979)
3655:(1948)
3647:(1941)
3639:(1939)
3631:(1913)
3610:(1912)
3602:(1909)
3594:(1908)
3586:(1908)
3578:(1908)
3570:(1908)
3562:(1907)
3554:(1907)
3546:(1907)
3538:(1903)
3530:(1903)
3522:(1899)
3514:(1899)
3506:(1892)
3498:(1891)
3490:(1889)
3482:(1888)
3474:(1888)
3466:(1888)
3458:(1884)
3450:(1884)
3442:(1881)
3434:(1879)
3426:(1879)
3405:(1903)
3397:(1903)
3389:(1899)
3381:(1899)
3373:(1899)
3365:(1891)
3357:(1888)
3349:(1879)
3341:(1872)
3333:(1856)
3325:(1854)
3317:(1853)
3309:(1849)
3301:(1834)
3280:(1885)
3272:(1885)
3264:(1881)
3256:(1878)
3248:(1876)
3240:(1853)
3232:(1851)
3224:(1829)
3202:(1938)
3194:(1913)
3186:(1894)
3178:(1885)
3170:(1885)
3162:(1815)
3140:(1822)
3132:(1822)
3124:(1818)
3116:(1810)
3095:(1908)
3087:(1872)
3079:(1834)
3032:(1884)
3024:(1871)
2975:(2016)
2967:(2012)
2959:(2005)
2951:(2000)
2943:(2000)
2935:(2000)
2927:(2000)
2919:(1996)
2911:(1995)
2903:(1992)
2895:(1985)
2887:(1983)
2879:(1981)
2871:(1981)
2863:(1976)
2855:(1968)
2847:(1964)
2839:(1964)
2831:(1960)
2823:(1951)
2815:(1950)
2807:(1949)
2799:(1946)
2791:(1944)
2783:(1942)
2775:(1942)
2767:(1941)
2759:(1940)
2751:(1938)
2743:(1937)
2735:(1936)
2727:(1935)
2719:(1935)
2711:(1935)
2703:(1923)
2695:(1918)
2687:(1914)
2679:(1913)
2671:(1911)
2663:(1903)
2655:(1895)
2647:(1895)
2639:(1888)
2631:(1885)
2623:(1869)
2615:(1849)
2607:(1824)
2596:Others
2588:(2023)
2580:(2019)
2572:(2018)
2564:(2015)
2556:(2008)
2548:(2007)
2540:(2005)
2532:(1994)
2524:(1994)
2516:(1994)
2508:(1992)
2500:(1992)
2492:(1989)
2484:(1986)
2476:(1984)
2468:(1983)
2460:(1982)
2452:(1981)
2444:(1980)
2436:(1978)
2428:(1978)
2420:(1977)
2412:(1977)
2404:(1976)
2396:(1970)
2388:(1967)
2380:(1959)
2372:(1954)
2364:(1951)
2356:(1945)
2348:(1941)
2340:(1935)
2332:(1925)
2324:(1905)
2316:(1886)
2308:(1852)
2300:(1829)
2292:(1827)
2249:(2012)
2241:(2004)
2233:(1987)
2225:(1937)
2217:(1936)
2209:(1922)
2201:(1916)
2193:(1895)
2185:(1881)
2177:(1871)
2169:(1796)
2132:(1998)
2124:(1983)
2116:(1929)
2084:(1990)
2076:(1911)
2039:(1972)
2031:(1966)
2023:(1881)
1986:(2023)
1978:(2015)
1970:(1995)
1962:(1932)
1954:(1879)
1917:(2001)
1909:(1995)
1901:(1969)
1864:(2020)
1856:(2019)
1848:(2002)
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1745:Justia
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1622:,
1588:,
1577:
1560:
1540:
1498:,
1488:)
1476:,
1458: (
1454:,
1429:,
1401:,
1380:,
1361:
1336:
1127:,
930: (
926:,
846:,
796:Third,
783:First,
740:Third,
728:First,
704:Third,
691:First,
682:Banks,
665:Banks,
531:, and
328:, and
227:
225:·
223:
215:
213:·
211:
203:
201:·
199:
191:
189:·
187:
136:, 906
121:, 244
5920:2020s
5897:2010s
5880:2000s
5805:1990s
5789:1980s
5773:1970s
1709:
1626:
1592:
1502:
1480:
1433:
1405:
984:PACER
979:Recap
963:(PDF)
850:
670:Banks
660:Banks
620:Banks
616:Banks
595:from
593:Banks
573:First
115:Prior
80:___ (
5685:CARP
1884:and
1711:U.S.
1628:U.S.
1594:U.S.
1504:U.S.
1486:Pet.
1482:U.S.
1435:U.S.
1407:U.S.
1345:2020
1334:ISSN
1268:2019
1243:2020
1207:2019
1200:Oyez
1182:2019
1110:2019
1084:2019
1053:2019
1022:2019
975:2017
906:2019
877:2019
852:U.S.
348:The
322:laws
149:cert
141:1229
138:F.3d
126:1350
90:206
83:more
78:U.S.
76:590
5689:CRB
5280:of
5085:of
2152:of
2059:of
2006:of
1937:of
1886:III
1831:of
1707:590
1624:262
1590:499
1507:244
1500:128
1490:591
1484:(8
1431:128
1403:128
848:590
94:732
6591::
1478:33
1417:^
1389:^
1332:.
1328:.
1307:.
1295:^
1285:.
1259:.
1198:.
1172:.
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1070:.
1042:.
1030:^
1013:.
999:^
965:,
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885:^
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1655:.
1564:.
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1245:.
1209:.
1184:.
1112:.
1086:.
1055:.
1024:.
994:)
982:(
946:.
908:.
879:.
653:,
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