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1272:). In front of the marble temple to which he is carried upwards are the probable figures of Virtue and Abundance; the three Graces offer the duke a crown of flowers, while Envy seeks to pull him down and a lion challenges him. The picture is an allegory of Buckingham's political aspirations and the forces that he saw as impeding him. Though the painting was destroyed in a fire in 1949, it was survived by a preparatory oil sketch now held in the National Gallery in London and by a copy of that sketch made by
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threatened to expose
Buckingham's growing, often clandestine, interests there. Knowing that the king had assured the Spanish ambassador that the Parliament would not be allowed to imperil a Spanish matrimonial alliance, he therefore surreptitiously instigated a conflict between the Parliament and the king over the Spanish Match, which resulted in the Parliament's premature dissolution in December 1621 and a hobbling of the Irish commission in 1622. Irish reforms introduced in 1623–24 by
1009:, but Parliament was disgusted and horrified at the thought of English Protestants fighting French Protestants. The plan only fuelled their fears of crypto-Catholicism at court. In the end, seven English ships were delivered to the French after much debate and were employed in the conflict, although they were essentially manned by French crews, as most of the English crews had refused to serve against their coreligionists and had disembarked in Dieppe. Following the successful
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all your other parts, which are more than ever one man had", "I desire only to live in the world for your sake" and "I will live and die a lover of you". Buckingham himself provides ambiguous evidence, writing to James many years later that he had pondered "whether you loved me now...better than at the time which I shall never forget at
Farnham, where the bed's head could not be found between the master and his dog".
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At thirty-five, which was then his age, he passed, with just title, for the handsomest gentleman and the most elegant cavalier of France or
England. The favourite of two kings, immensely rich, all-powerful in a kingdom which he disordered at his fancy and calmed again at his caprice, George Villiers,
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the Elder is equally elegant. There he is dressed in white brocade and white silk hose, wearing the Garter and standing in a decor of costly silks. Another full-length portrait by the same artist celebrates his succession as Lord High
Admiral in 1619. Here he wears three-quarter armour; on the right,
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During the course of the duke's incompetent leadership, Parliament twice attempted to impeach him. The king rescued him both times by dissolving
Parliament, but public feeling was so inflamed as a result that the duke was widely blamed as a public enemy. Eventually his physician, Dr. Lambe, popularly
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on its way back to Spain from the
American territories. However, the Spanish were forewarned by their intelligence and easily avoided the planned ambush. With supplies running out and men sick and dying from starvation and disease, the English limped home in disgrace. Public opinion blamed Buckingham
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into royal grants of monopoly, financial speculation and corrupt officials, Bacon was convicted of corruption and forced into retirement. Neither
Buckingham nor the King attempted to intervene on Bacon's behalf. Many of Buckingham's contemporaries believed he had sacrificed Bacon to save himself from
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In 1627, Buckingham led another expeditionary force to relieve La
Rochelle, once again attempting to aid the Huguenots rather than oppose them. To the remnants of the disastrous Cadiz expedition of 1625 were added newly pressed men, which allowed Buckingham to cobble together a force of around 6,000
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When
Parliament began its investigation into monopolies and other abuses in England, and later Ireland in 1621, Buckingham made a show of support to avoid action being taken against him. However, the king's decision to send a commission of inquiry to Ireland, which included parliamentary firebrands,
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Among the curiosities at
Newnham is the knife with which Felton stabbed the Duke of Buckingham _____ was good enough to show it to me and to explain through what channel it had come into the possession of her family. The knife is large has two blades pointing right and left and is a very formidable
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is not only of unparalleled magnificence, with a jacket encrusted with pearls which also hang in ropes across it, but may also contain a reference to his diplomatic coup that year in negotiating the marriage of the future Charles I. At his entry to the French Court, he is recorded as wearing a grey
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in which he was able to promote himself in a leading role. By appearing there as a dancer himself his grace of movement and beauty of body was put on show. By 1618 his elevation in rank allowed him to dance side by side with the royal heir, with whom his friendship developed through his tutoring of
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In a letter to Buckingham in 1623, the King ended with the salutation, "God bless you, my sweet child and wife, and grant that ye may ever be a comfort to your dear father and husband". Buckingham reciprocated the King's affections, writing back to James: "I naturally so love your person, and adore
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was signed between the city of La Rochelle and King Louis XIII on 5 February 1626, preserving religious freedom but imposing some guaranties against possible future rebellions. Moreover, the French made peace with the Spanish in April 1626, destroying any remaining hope of an Anglo-French alliance
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Although Buckingham's plan was tactically sound, calling for landing further up the coast and marching the militia army on the city, the troops were badly equipped, ill-disciplined, and poorly trained. Coming upon a warehouse filled with wine, they simply got drunk, and the attack had to be called
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by once again seizing the main Spanish port at Cádiz and burning the Spanish fleet in its harbour. Buckingham's past failures had provoked the Commons to refuse further levies of taxation to fund his extravagant adventures, but at the same time Parliament was intrigued by the prospect of dealing a
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The dukedom of Norfolk had been revived in 1553, but it lapsed again after Thomas Howard, the fourth Duke, was attainted of treason in 1572. The only dukes in early Stuart England were the King's sons, Prince Henry being Duke of Cornwall and his brother, Prince Charles, Duke of York. Buckingham,
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Such was the duke's unpopularity by this time that Felton was widely acclaimed as a hero by the public. A large number of poems celebrating Felton and justifying his action were published. Copies of written statements Felton carried in his hat during the assassination were also widely circulated.
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Historian David M. Bergeron claims "Buckingham became James's last and greatest lover" citing flowery letters that followed 17th-century styles of masculinity. Other scholars say there was no sexual relationship between the two, though at least one such assessment has been criticised as based on
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The servant of the murdered duke picked up the dagger, and sent it to the duchess, who was a Denbigh! "An odd present to make to his widow," was the quiet remark of my condescending informant, "but that such was the fact, can be established by documents in the possession of the family, that are
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adorned with pearls indicate the duke's dominion over the sea. Overhead, a winged allegory of Fame signals victory (which nevertheless evaded the commander in real life) with trumpet in hand. Privately Rubens noted Buckingham's "arrogance and caprice" and predicted that he was "heading for the
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on the isle of Ré, which was now controlled by royalist forces, but soon found himself trapped between the besieged forces and relief forces sent by Cardinal Richelieu. Realizing he risked annihilation, Buckingham abandoned the siege and fought his way back to his ships, but at a heavy cost:
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was engaged on his monumental work on the same theme. There he is similarly depicted as Lord Admiral with a military baton in his right hand. During the 1627 expedition that he led personally, Buckingham was recorded as sponsoring "an unprecedented campaign of intensive print propaganda".
1026:, the two men raising approximately £70,000 between them to pay for the men, food, and supplies out of their own pockets. Raising the money took time, and the troops looted the King's stores after going unpaid for 10 months. Finally arriving in France in the summer of 1627, Buckingham
1143:. Buckingham is clad in armour, enriched with crossed anchors and with an ermine cloak over it. He wears on his breast the chain and Great George pendant of the Garter and on his head a ducal coronet, summing up the principal steps in his brief career. He had died at the age of 35.
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Until King James died in 1625, Buckingham was the king's constant companion and closest advisor, enjoying control of all royal patronage. Buckingham used his influence to prodigiously enrich his relatives and advance their social positions, which soured public opinion towards him.
851:, 1616–22. Thence, he acquired control of the Irish customs farm (1618), dominated Irish patronage at court, particularly with the sale of Irish titles and honours, and (from 1618) began to build substantial Irish estates for himself, his family and clients—with the aid of a
1355:, the patron of the arts, the procession of whom is brought in his train to the presence of the king and queen in the guise of Apollo and Diana. In this validation of his artistic credentials, it is appropriate to remember that Buckingham had taken part in the masque
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while conducting the royal marriage negotiations in Paris in 1625 and commissioned two ambitious advertisements of his standing from the painter. The first of these was destined for the ceiling of his York House residence and depicts a masque-like theme in which
903:. The negotiations had long been stuck, but it is believed that Buckingham's crassness was key to the total collapse of the agreement, and they returned in a black mood. The Spanish ambassador asked Parliament to have Buckingham executed for his behaviour in
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You may be sure that I love the Earl of Buckingham more than anyone else, and more than you who are here assembled. I wish to speak in my own behalf and not to have it thought to be a defect, for Jesus Christ did the same, and therefore I cannot be blamed.
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district in London. When his son sold the area to developers, it was on condition that his father and titles were commemorated in naming the new streets. These were, accordingly, George Court, Villiers Street, Duke Street, Of Alley and Buckingham Street.
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After Buckingham's assassination, a large amount of satirical verse was circulated on the subject. Most of this reflected on how pride goes before a fall and the damage he had done to the kingdom, while several pieces commended John Felton's action.
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for yet another disaster, leading to serious political consequences. The Parliament of 1626 began the process of impeachment against Buckingham, causing King Charles to dissolve Parliament rather than risk a successful impeachment of his favourite.
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the hand of his captured betrothed. A mythical composition commissioned from Van Dyck later commemorates the actual marriage. In contrast to the former painting, this was highly unconventional at the time. The couple are pictured all but naked as
1299:. A summation of his career to date, it depicts Buckingham as Lord High Admiral of the fleet that is just visible in the background. Several other personal references are also incorporated. As Master of the King's Horses, he sits on a Spanish
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was sentenced to a fine of £2000 and the removal of his ears, after being overheard drinking to the health of Felton, and stating that Buckingham had joined King James in hell. However, these punishments were remitted after his father and
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behind a balustrade, is a shoreline with the fleet beyond. Buckingham's growing wealth was emphasised by the detail of his clothes. This is evident in the lovingly depicted lace about his collar and cuffs in the full-length portrait by
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Crop of Christopher and John Greenwood's 8 inch-to-mile map published in 1827 from an 1830 republication (click to view all), showing George Court, Villiers Street, Duke Street, Of Alley and Buckingham Street; some have since been
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plays Buckingham, in a prominent role as an ally of the main characters. The second film includes his assassination by Felton, but (following the original novel in this) depicts the killing as being orchestrated by the fictional
1166:(1624) as an extension of their anti-Spanish foreign policy. The duke and Prince Charles are acknowledged as figuring there as The White Duke and The White Knight, while very obvious depictions of the Spanish monarch and his
966:, a battle-hardened soldier who had won renown fighting on behalf of the Dutch against the Spanish. This choice of commander proved foolhardy, as while Cecil was a good soldier on land he had no knowledge of the sea.
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from a family of minor gentry. His ascent began notably in 1614 when, aged 21, he caught the attention of the king. His achievements include being knighted and climbing the ranks of nobility, eventually becoming the
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Villiers' influence extended beyond the king's favour; he played a significant role in political and military affairs, including the negotiation of royal marriages and leading military expeditions. His tenure as
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and de facto foreign minister was marked by a series of failed military campaigns, such as the ill-fated expedition to Cádiz, which damaged his reputation and public image. Buckingham's assassination in 1628 by
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without engaging the enemy. Thereafter, Buckingham tried to organise a third expedition, once again under his direct command, and was engaged in this enterprise when he was felled in Portsmouth by an assassin.
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Popular prints, often drawing on his painted portraits, particularly Miervelt's of 1625, had served to advertise Buckingham's position more broadly over the years. These now form part of the collection at the
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men. As Parliament was still refusing to appropriate funds for further adventures as long as Buckingham was in charge, and Buckingham himself was nearly bankrupt, he funded the force with help from Sir
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and never spoke more: but presently, plucking out the knife from himself, before he fell to the ground, he made towards the traitor two or three paces, and then fell against a table." The assassin was
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A series of more theatrical depictions heighten Buckingham's self-dramatisation and in certain cases make policy statements as well. Two of these are connected with his betrothal to and marriage with
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to deliver the required cannonry and musket balls. On this occasion, Buckingham himself was not in command. As experienced admirals were unavailable, Buckingham assigned command of the expedition to
641:, Earl of Somerset, saw an opportunity to displace Somerset and began promoting Villiers. Money was raised to purchase Villiers a new wardrobe, and intense lobbying secured his appointment as Royal
1188:'s portrait of 1616 records the start of his climb, showing him in the dress of a Knight of the Garter and emphasising the felicity of his stance and sumptuousness of dress. A 1619 portrait by
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on whom the king lavished affection and patronage. The extent to which the relationship between the two was sexual has been much discussed. James's nickname for Buckingham was "Steenie", after
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of France was announced, the choice of a Catholic was widely condemned. Buckingham, whose popularity had suffered a further setback, took a decision to help the rebellious Huguenot Admiral
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the prince in dance. "Command over his body had provided him with the privilege of commanding the moves of a future king". This culminated in connivance by his supporters in licensing
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off. The English army briefly occupied a small port further down the coast before re-boarding its ships. After the embarrassing fiasco at Cádiz, Cecil decided to try to intercept a
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blow to the international Catholic conspiracy, and the expedition was authorized. Yet even before the troops set sail the food prepared for the expedition was consumed awaiting the
1531:. How the dagger (if authentic) came to be at Newham Paddox was explained by it being recovered after the assassination and sent to Buckingham's widow, who was also living there.
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Many of these described Buckingham as effeminate, cowardly and corrupt, and contrasted him with Felton, who was held up as an example of manliness, courage and virtue. The son of
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from 1624 to 1655) declared Villiers "the handsomest-bodied man in all of England; his limbs so well compacted, and his conversation so pleasing, and of so sweet a disposition".
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that may be translated as "The Enigma of the World". Here, too, he was depicted surrounded by mythical figures. The black marble sculptures at each corner include
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on whom the king lavished affection and patronage. The pair were often accused of sodomy and most historians today believe the relationship was sexual in nature.
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Among other reliques of antiquity, I was shown by his lordship the dagger with which Felton stabbed the Duke of Buckingham: of this dagger I have annexed a sketch
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supposed to assert a diabolic influence over him, was mobbed in the streets and died as a result. Among the pamphlets issued afterwards was one that prophesied
583:(1570–1632), daughter of Anthony Beaumont of Glenfield, Leicestershire, was widowed early. She educated her son for a courtier's life and sent him to travel in
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Under the King's patronage, Villiers advanced rapidly through the ranks of the nobility, and his court appointments grew in importance. In April 1615 he was
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In 1628, during the political turmoil that culminated in his assassination, Buckingham commissioned another masque-like painting from Gerrit van Honthorst,
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in 1618. In gratitude, Bacon honoured Buckingham's many requests for favours from the court for friends and allies. Following an investigation by
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Speculation about the close relationship between king and favourite was not confined to Great Britain. It was carried back to France by the poet
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1291:(1625) is accounted "the finest state portrait of its date in England". The original was destroyed in a fire at the Le Gallais depository in
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velvet suit from which the loosely threaded pearls dropped to the ground as he advanced to make his bow to the queen, to the general wonder.
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Visions of the Courtly Body: The Patronage of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, and the Triumph of Painting at the Stuart Court
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1335:. At the same time martial statements were being made through this medium in support of Buckingham's foreign policy, as for instance in
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from 1615, in which he could exhibit his grace of movement and beauty of body, a recognised avenue to royal favour since the time of
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Duke of Buckingham, had lived one of those fabulous existences which survive, in the course of centuries, to astonish posterity.
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From 1616, Buckingham also established a dominant influence in Irish affairs, beginning with the appointment of his client, Sir
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Coast, David. "Rumor and 'Common Fame': The Impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham and Public Opinion in Early Stuart England."
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1605:(1959) goes so far as to make Buckingham's love for the French queen the main cause of his undoing. The duke also figures in
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against the Habsburgs and obviating any further need to make a show of siding with the French crown against the Huguenots.
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Poems and Songs Relating to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham and His Assassination by John Felton, 23 August 1628
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The life of John Milton: narrated in connexion with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of his time
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Perry, Curtis (2000). "The Politics of Access and Representations of the Sodomite King in Early Modern England".
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1637:(1996). There he and the then Prince of Wales are the subjects of an assassination attempt by Spanish plotters.
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Taylor, Gary (2013), "A Game at Chess: General Textual Introduction", in Taylor, Gary; Lavagnino, John (eds.),
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An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702
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in 1622. Buckingham's influence thus crucially sustained an aggressive Irish plantation policy into the 1620s.
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1652:, the Duke appears halfway through the novel as the object of Tradescant's love. Another historical fiction,
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1303:(a breed he introduced to Britain), lifting a baton as his horse rears on command. Beneath him, the sea god
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see footnote 2 = The Life, by Sir Henry Wotton, gives August 20th as the most likely date of his birth.....
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520:. Buckingham remained at the height of royal favour for the first three years of the reign of James's son,
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1660:(2004), is written from his killer's point of view as a final confession while awaiting execution in the
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Lord Francis Villiers (bef. 21 April 1629 – 7 July 1648), died in a skirmish at Kingston during the
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Villiers also commissioned portraits of himself as "a medium for the cultivation of his personal image".
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and disgrace in the violently anti-Spanish 1624 parliament—spurred on by Buckingham and Prince Charles.
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In April 1628, another English fleet was sent to relieve the Huguenots, this time under the command of
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Parliamentary scrutiny, as he had been liberally spending public funds and accepting gifts and bribes.
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collection of oriental books and manuscripts on its behalf, although his widow only transferred it to
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appealed to King Charles I. Felton was hanged on 29 November and his body was taken to Portsmouth for
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763:"highly speculative and possibly ahistorical assumptions about same-sex desire in the Renaissance."
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lobby, composed of official clients in Dublin. To the same end, he secured the creation of an Irish
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2592:"The roll-call of Westminster Abbey" Murray-Smith, E.T. p. 312: London; Smith, Elder & Co; 1903
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as well as dealing with the siege of La Rochelle and his assassination by Felton. He is described:
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4119:, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 1: 1618–29 (1721), pp. 302–358.
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Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham 1592–1628
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Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham 1592–1628
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then, was the first duke for nearly a century to have no trace of royal blood in his veins .
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Charles Villiers, Earl of Coventry (17 November 1625 – 16 March 1627), died in infancy.
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As a means of manoeuvring for political as well as court advancement, Villiers commissioned
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Bergeron, David M. (2002), "Writing King James's Sexuality", in Fischlin, Fortier (ed.),
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when Buckingham ascended to the peerage. With Buckingham's support, Bacon was appointed
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Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham
1808:"Filled with 'a number of male lovelies': the surprising court of King James VI and I"
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He headed further marriage negotiations, but when, in December 1624, the betrothal to
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Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture: A Companion to the Collected Works
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was recreated for him when he was negotiating abroad on the king's behalf. Since the
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3130:
823:
In his rise to power, Buckingham became connected with the philosopher and jurist
692:, with whom his friendship developed through his tutoring of the prince in dance.
4399:
4370:
4002:
Jowitt, C. (2004), "Massinger's The 'Renegado' (1624) and the Spanish marriage",
3823:
3445:
3364:
3201:
2039:
1909:
1661:
1590:
1550:
1520:
1488:
1469:
1336:
1162:
1140:
1106:
911:
895:
In 1623 Buckingham, now Lord Admiral and effective Foreign Minister, accompanied
832:
657:
599:
566:
434:
3898:
1371:
Buckingham with his wife Katherine Manners, their daughter Mary and son George.
997:, for English ships to aid Richelieu in his fight against the French Protestant
953:
to Spain in an attempt to reenact what he viewed as the glorious actions of Sir
907:, but Buckingham gained popularity by calling for war with Spain on his return.
3508:"George Villiers and Lady Katherine Manners (as Adonis and Venus – Image zoom)"
2995:
1618:
1610:
1508:
1500:
919:
868:
630:
575:, Leicestershire, on 20 August 1592, the second son of the minor gentleman Sir
532:
517:
323:
92:
3260:
4487:
3939:
3694:
3205:
George Villiers Duke of Buckingham, Collection of St John's College Cambridge
3069:
3035:
2035:
1905:
1785:
1653:
1626:
1562:
In the 1973 two-film, Anglo-American adaptation of the book –
1189:
1077:
954:
824:
812:
3899:"History of Newnham Paddox, in Rugby and Warwickshire – Map and description"
1717:
1227:, Buckingham is clearly recognisable standing at the centre, receiving from
3634:
3389:
1667:
2023–24 saw Buckingham featured in various filmed dramas. He was played by
1512:
1393:
1281:
1276:. Yet another Rubens portrait was rediscovered in 2017, when the painter's
1273:
720:
688:. Villiers' new rank allowed him to dance side by side with the royal heir
1262:
Minerva and Mercury conduct the Duke of Buckingham to the Temple of Virtue
934:, a famous German mercenary general, sent to the continent to recover the
2775:
1916:. Berkeley: University of California Press (published 1984). p. 49.
1598:
1516:
1124:
1002:
927:
899:, then Prince of Wales, to Spain for marriage negotiations regarding the
742:
650:
618:
Garter-encircled arms of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, KG, as
4036:
2760:
3989:
3534:
3084:
2709:
1793:
1672:
1575:
1487:
The duke's residence of York House occupied what eventually became the
1132:
1081:
1039:
1031:
altogether, Buckingham lost more than 5,000 men in the brief campaign.
827:. Bacon wrote letters of advice to the young favourite and drafted the
642:
343:
4017:
3805:
Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660
598:
well, spoke a little French, and overall became an excellent student.
3623:
Herbert, Edward (Lord Herbert of Cherbury) (1860), Lord Powis (ed.),
3173:
1739:
Bergeron, David M. (2002). "4: George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham".
1295:, Jersey, on 30 September 1949, but a sketch by Rubens is now in the
1292:
1131:
and Neptune, in reference to his military and naval exploits; on the
1110:
998:
738:
708:
634:
541:
513:
347:
32:
2851:
Lost Rubens portrait of James I's 'lover' is rediscovered in Glasgow
1777:
1625:(2007), although the main focus there is on other protagonists. The
594:
Villiers took to the training set by his mother: he could dance and
2964:
The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins
1507:
There are 18th and 19th century accounts of a dagger on display at
1389:
1136:
745:, who was said to have had "the face of an angel". Speaking to the
629:
In August 1614, at age twenty-one, Villiers caught the eye of King
572:
528:
319:
4050:
Parry, Mark. "The Bishops and the Duke of Buckingham, 1624–1626."
2977:
London Past and Present: Its History, Associations, and Traditions
1503:
of the dagger purportedly used by Felton to assassinate Buckingham
878:
3825:
The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603–42
3211:
3102:
Captain Alatriste: A swashbuckling tale of action and adventure,
2875:
Kimbell Art Museum: Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham
1629:
and Buckingham's part in it is made an episode in Spanish author
1339:'s equestrian portrait of the duke, executed at the same time as
1152:
595:
3296:
Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation
3272:
The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource:
3249:
Bellany, Alastair (2004), "Felton, John (died 1628), assassin",
2809:
The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court 1603–42
2609:
2545:
2356:
2212:
Matthieu Dupas, "La sodomie dans l’affaire Théophile de Viau",
1447:
1340:
1300:
1237:
904:
733:
Personal relationships of James VI and I § George Villiers
646:
1349:
The Liberal Arts presented to King Charles and Henrietta Maria
1325:
The Liberal Arts presented to King Charles and Henrietta Maria
485:
2938:
Cambridge Digital Library – University of Cambridge (Chinese)
1403:(before 30 March 1622 – November 1685), married firstly
1308:
1121:
3344:
2921:
2001:, vol. 5 (London: HMSO, 1995), pp. 202 no. 423, 206 no. 432.
1705:
926:'s enemies, defeating his objects in August 1625 and losing
3468:
2879:
2724:
2700:
2617:
1241:
993:
Buckingham then negotiated with the French Chief Minister,
704:
677:
2824:
National Gallery: The Apotheosis of the Duke of Buckingham
2517:
1139:
of the duke and his wife (who long survived him), cast by
540:. Villiers was the last in a succession of handsome young
3905:, Department of Geography of the University of Portsmouth
3674:
2944:
2685:
2574:
1088:
to the queen, "he turned about, uttering only this word,
479:
3552:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 49,
3338:
Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I
2340:
The Life and Times of George Villier, Duke of Buckingham
2234:
2016:
737:
Villiers was the last in a succession of handsome young
2789:
2748:
2147:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1539:
A fictionalised Buckingham is one of the characters in
1076:
The duke was stabbed to death on 23 August 1628 at the
2891:
2640:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2451:
2381:
2270:
2222:
2081:
2069:
2004:
1962:
1950:
3470:"George Villiers (1592–1628), 1st Duke of Buckingham"
3050:
2440:
2438:
2294:
2282:
2258:
2246:
2159:
1648:(1998), which has as its subject the famous gardener
1270:
The Duke of Buckingham Triumphing over Envy and Anger
1213:
Van Dyck's double portrait of Buckingham and Manners
726:
497:
488:
3986:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research,
3948:
The Routledge Companion to the Stuart Age, 1603–1714
3322:, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, p. 175,
2856:
2664:
1974:
1597:(1943) also deals with this period in France, while
482:
476:
3863:
The Parliament of 1624: Politics and Foreign Policy
3369:
Cambridge Digital Library – University of Cambridge
3001:
Picturesque Views on the Upper or Warwickshire Avon
2736:
2557:
802:
668:, he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Whaddon,
473:
19:For other people named 1st Duke of Buckingham, see
4033:Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance et Réforme
3605:
2490:
2435:
2317:. Amazon.com: Random House Inc. pp. 165–183.
1146:
922:to help; but the Navy only succeeded in attacking
2099:
1891:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 722–724.
1251:A miniature of the duke wearing the knight's sash
4485:
4103:"Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of"
3410:"Chapter 12 George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham"
3108:
2903:
1882:"Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of"
1476:after his death. With it came the first book in
4112:, vol. 4 (11th ed.), pp. 722–724
3841:
3422:"Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham"
3420:
3011:
2885:
2730:
918:. An ardent Protestant, Buckingham ordered Sir
879:Charles I, the Lord Admiral and foreign affairs
749:in 1617, James tried to clarify the situation:
4092:, vol. 4 (9th ed.), pp. 417–419
3808:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 23 ff,
3783:
2853:, Nicola Slawson, the guardian.com, 24-09-2017
2126:
1711:
579:(1550–1606) from his second wife. His mother,
3382:
3212:"Anthony van Dyck – The Continence of Scipio"
1875:
1723:
1289:Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham
1170:eventually brought about the play's closure.
811:Villiers as Lord High Admiral, a portrait by
3988:vol. 28, no. 116, (1950), pp. 160–168.
3828:, Manchester University Press, p. 142,
3255:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
2629:"Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey"
4083:"George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham"
4057:
4031:MacIntyre, Jean. "Buckingham the Masquer."
3919:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I
3676:"Large Image of the 1st Duke of Buckingham"
3319:King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire
3285:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
3017:
2975:Henry Benjamin Wheatley, Peter Cunningham,
2378:(Oxford University Press, 1959). pp. 61–63.
2103:King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire
1741:King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire
1221:in 1620. In Van Dyck's historical painting
1180:'s pearl-studded portrait of the duke, 1625
504:; 20 August 1592 – 23 August 1628), was an
182:16 September 1616 – 23 August 1628
4569:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
3888:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3711:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3666:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3460:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3294:, in Hunter, Michael Cyril William (ed.),
2990:
2988:
2133:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 314–315.
1480:to be added to the Library's collections.
1446:
1319:A mythological treatment of Buckingham in
48:
4639:Ambassadors of England to the Netherlands
3945:
3896:
3506:
3385:Surname Pronunciation: Vavasour to Woburn
3161:
3056:
2781:
2606:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey
2130:Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies
2022:
1848:. California State University, Chico: 16.
1466:Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
140:28 January 1619 – 23 August 1628
4042:
3984:French, Allen. "The Siege of Ré, 1627.”
3801:
3443:
3335:
3315:
3210:
3200:
3135:
2950:
2766:
2551:
2523:
2312:
2153:
2106:. University of Iowa Press. p. 98.
1738:
1534:
1494:
1366:
1362:
1314:
1266:The Apotheosis of the Duke of Buckingham
1246:
1208:
1172:
1086:Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester
1069:Let Charles and George do what they can,
1050:
977:
949:In 1625, Buckingham proposed to send an
882:
871:, were largely nullified by Middlesex's
806:
613:
84:4 January 1616 – 23 August 1628
4644:English people of the Thirty Years' War
4539:People assassinated in the 17th century
4494:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
4045:The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes
3954:
3916:
3750:
3728:
3719:
3693:
3622:
3487:
3340:, Detroit: Wayne State University Press
3289:
3252:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3248:
3141:
2994:
2985:
2897:
2715:
2646:
2568:
2457:
2387:
2362:
2337:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2165:
2087:
2075:
2034:
2010:
1968:
1956:
1832:
1743:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
1420:(30 January 1628 – 16 April 1687).
1418:George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
707:of Norfolk had lapsed in 1572 with the
459:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
398:George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
4486:
4001:
3925:
3873:
3772:
3584:
3229:
2835:
2658:
2580:
2300:
2288:
1071:The Duke shall die like Doctor Lambe.
3996:Charles II and the Duke of Buckingham
3860:
3821:
3779:, Macmillan and co., pp. 150–151
3640:
3547:
3407:
3090:
3068:
3034:
2862:
2795:
2754:
2742:
2670:
1985:
1904:
1800:
1763:
1583:, an agent of the principal villain,
1529:William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh
1028:besieged the fortress of Saint Martin
664:. In 1616, when he became the King's
4549:British and English royal favourites
4117:The impeachment of Buckingham (1626)
3618:from the original on 12 January 2022
3603:
3529:
3444:Fairholt, Frederick William (1850),
3114:
2909:
1757:
1359:at the start of his career in 1615.
637:. Opponents of the King's favourite
225:6 May 1622 – 23 August 1628
4589:Lord-lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
4554:Peers of England created by James I
4193:Custos Rotulorum of Buckinghamshire
3930:, Oxford University Press, p.
3604:Mann, Jessica (26 September 2004),
3565:
3181:from the original on 16 August 2023
2431:by Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper p. 289
1549:, which paints him as in love with
1468:, he had initiated the purchase of
1409:James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond
13:
4168:Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire
4058:Scott, John; Taylor, John (1828),
3968:
3722:Tudor and Stuart Britain 1471–1714
3142:Debruge, Peter (8 December 2023).
3018:Scott, John; Taylor, John (1828).
1826:
1464:During the duke's short tenure as
1411:and thirdly Colonel Thomas Howard.
1278:preparatory portrait of Buckingham
727:Relationship with James VI & I
713:Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
622:on his stall plate (N19/9) within
609:
394:Charles Villiers, Earl of Coventry
377:Katherine Manners, Baroness de Ros
269:31 May 1620 – 8 June 1620
170:Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire
14:
4695:
4544:People from the Borough of Melton
4534:17th-century Royal Navy personnel
4070:
3897:Southhall, Humphrey, ed. (2009),
3788:, London: Headline, p. 409,
3626:The Expedition to the Isle of Rhe
3276:"Felton, John (1595?–1628)"
1036:William Feilding, Earl of Denbigh
390:Mary Stewart, Duchess of Richmond
4654:Assassinated English politicians
4604:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
4524:17th-century English LGBT people
4100:; Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911),
4043:Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1951),
3903:A Vision of Britain through Time
3784:Montague-Smith, Patrick (1970),
3282:Dictionary of National Biography
3024:. Hunt and Clarke. pp. 71–.
1879:; Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911).
1687:The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan
1439:
1287:Rubens' other major commission,
1197:. and the head and shoulders by
1046:
803:Influence under James VI & I
699:in 1619, and in 1623 the former
469:
444:
4564:Lord high constables of England
4339:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
3724:(2nd ed.), London: Longman
3298:, Ashgate Publishing, pp.
3169:"The Three Musketeers – Milady"
3120:
3096:
3062:
3028:
2969:
2956:
2868:
2844:
2828:
2817:
2801:
2652:
2623:
2595:
2586:
2529:
2504:
2476:
2463:
2421:
2407:
2393:
2368:
2331:
2315:Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean
2306:
2201:Et ce sçavant Roy d'Angleterre,
2196:Desbaucha le jeune Hyacinthe...
2182:
2171:
2120:
2093:
2028:
1991:
1937:
1147:Self-promotion through the arts
4529:17th-century English diplomats
4039:, Covers his skill at dancing.
3428:, 20 June 2015, archived from
2811:, Manchester University 1981,
2500:by Roger Burrow Manning p. 119
2417:by Roger Burrow Manning p. 115
2342:. Amazon.com: Andesite Press.
2044:. Routledge (published 2014).
1898:
1869:
1852:
1732:
1351:. In this the duke is cast as
938:(1625), which had belonged to
793:And that learned English king,
516:and self-described "lover" of
16:English politician (1592–1628)
1:
4634:Deaths by stabbing in England
4599:Lord-lieutenants of Middlesex
4559:Lord high admirals of England
4514:17th-century English nobility
3733:, London: Routledge, p.
3585:Graham, Fiona (5 June 2008),
3196:
3079:perfectly to be relied upon."
2979:, Cambridge University 2011,
2206:Foutoit-il pas le Boukinquan?
1405:Charles Herbert, Lord Herbert
940:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
560:
524:, until he was assassinated.
4629:Burials at Westminster Abbey
4519:17th-century philanthropists
4276:Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex
3963:: Princeton University Press
3629:, London: Philobiblio Soc.,
3350:Cambridge University Library
3346:"History of the Collections"
3268:UK public library membership
3126:Reviewed by Mark Turbull in
2923:Cambridge University Library
2512:The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660
2471:The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660
2446:The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660
2376:The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660
2127:Timothy Murphy, ed. (2013).
1693:The Three Musketeers: Milady
1474:Cambridge University Library
1195:Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen
1178:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
1168:former ambassador in England
936:Electorate of the Palatinate
697:Lord High Admiral of England
676:. The next year he was made
213:Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex
7:
4307:Custos Rotulorum of Rutland
4062:, Hunt and Clarke, p.
3316:Bergeron, David M. (1999),
3074:The Life-Book of a Labourer
3040:The Life-Book of a Labourer
2338:Thomson, Katherine (2017).
1684:in the paired French films
1007:siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré
986:equestrian portrait, 1625,
796:Wasn't Buckingham his fuck?
662:Gentleman of the Bedchamber
402:Francis Villiers, 1628–1648
10:
4700:
4664:Dukes of Buckingham (1623)
4614:People murdered in England
3998:(The History Press, 2006).
3976:Journal of British Studies
3869:: Harvard University Press
3751:Manning, Roger B. (2006),
3641:Hille, Christiane (2012),
3514:(in Dutch), archived from
3290:Bellany, Alastair (2010),
2486:by Michael B. Young, p. 54
2100:David M. Bergeron (2002).
1120:. His lavish tomb bears a
1013:by the French forces, the
730:
564:
18:
4471:
4460:
4449:
4439:
4430:
4425:
4418:
4408:
4397:
4389:
4379:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4304:
4296:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4257:
4248:
4240:
4226:
4217:
4209:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4174:
4165:
4157:
4147:
4138:
4130:
4125:
3861:Ruigh, Robert E. (1971),
3680:National Portrait Gallery
3408:Dumas, Alexandre (2016),
2687:National Portrait Gallery
2498:An apprenticeship in arms
2415:An apprenticeship in arms
2313:Kritzler, Edward (2009).
2189:Apollon avec ses chansons
1833:Painter, Sean T. (2015).
1650:John Tradescant the Elder
1543:'s celebrated 1844 novel
1523:and Buckingham's sister,
1431:
1333:National Portrait Gallery
1116:Buckingham was buried in
1055:Drawing made in Paris by
916:Benjamin, Duke of Soubise
508:courtier, statesman, and
452:
440:
430:
409:
382:
372:
362:
355:Manner of death
354:
333:
306:
301:
297:
285:
273:
262:
255:
239:
229:
218:
211:
199:
186:
175:
168:
156:
144:
133:
126:
114:
102:
88:
77:
70:
66:
47:
30:
4594:Lord-lieutenants of Kent
4054:100.343 (2015): 640–666.
3946:Wroughton, John (2013),
3876:The Safeguard of the Sea
3802:Norbrook, David (2000),
3682:, 3 March 2017, NPG 3840
3474:National Maritime Museum
2702:National Maritime Museum
2403:Jack Alden Clarke p. 129
2365:, pp. 250–254, 266.
1699:
1603:Wife to Great Buckingham
1595:The Arm and the Darkness
1425:Second English Civil War
1255:Buckingham probably met
1224:The Continence of Scipio
1102:Alexander Gill the Elder
867:, Earl of Middlesex and
787:Debauched young Hyacinth
776:Au marquis du Boukinquan
4251:Lord Lieutenant of Kent
4203:The Earl of Bridgewater
4109:Encyclopædia Britannica
4098:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
4089:Encyclopædia Britannica
4078:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
3955:Zagorin, Perez (1999),
3874:Rodger, N.A.M. (1997),
3729:Lockyer, Roger (2014),
3720:Lockyer, Roger (1985),
3548:Gregg, Pauline (1984),
3543:. Inventory no. 405746.
2554:, pp. xviii–xxiii.
1888:Encyclopædia Britannica
1877:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
1201:. The 1625 painting by
695:Villiers was appointed
684:, then finally in 1623
257:Lord Lieutenant of Kent
206:The Earl of Bridgewater
4619:English murder victims
4452:Marquess of Buckingham
4393:The Earl of Nottingham
4364:The Earl of Shrewsbury
4213:The Earl of Nottingham
4178:The Earl of Montgomery
3978:55.2 (2016): 241–267.
3917:Stewart, Alan (2003),
3822:Parry, Graham (1981),
3786:Debrett's Correct Form
3773:Masson, David (1859),
3755:, OUP Oxford, p.
3607:"The popular murderer"
3540:Royal Collection Trust
3206:
1560:
1504:
1383:, the daughter of the
1381:Lady Katherine Manners
1376:
1327:
1252:
1219:Lady Katherine Manners
1214:
1181:
1074:
1060:
1015:Treaty of Paris (1626)
990:
892:
816:
760:
682:Marquess of Buckingham
626:
151:The Earl of Nottingham
37:The Duke of Buckingham
21:1st Duke of Buckingham
4669:Younger sons of earls
4624:Assassinated nobility
4584:Knights of the Garter
4187:Sir Francis Fortescue
4134:The Earl of Worcester
4005:Cahiers Élisabéthains
3878:, London, p. 356
3587:"To the manor bought"
3261:10.1093/ref:odnb/9273
3204:
2214:Les Dossiers du Grihl
1943:Kathryn A. Morrison,
1766:Renaissance Quarterly
1555:
1535:Fictional appearances
1498:
1370:
1363:Marriage and children
1318:
1250:
1212:
1203:Michiel van Miereveld
1176:
1066:
1054:
1011:recovery of Ré island
981:
942:, son-in-law of King
886:
810:
784:Apollo with his songs
758:, and I have George.
751:
701:dukedom of Buckingham
680:and in 1618 promoted
617:
571:Villiers was born in
527:Villiers was born in
109:The Earl of Worcester
4412:The Earl of Pembroke
4233:The Earl of Portland
3531:Gerrit van Honthorst
3414:The Three Musketeers
2886:milesbarton.com 2015
2731:WikiGallery.org 2017
2537:The Universal Review
1910:"5: Prince of Wales"
1865:. 1880. p. 181.
1680:in Britain, and by
1635:El Capitán Alatriste
1631:Arturo Pérez-Reverte
1565:The Three Musketeers
1546:The Three Musketeers
1373:Gerrit van Honthorst
1321:Gerrit van Honthorst
972:Spanish silver fleet
674:Knight of the Garter
604:Bishop of Gloucester
4674:English art patrons
4659:Earls of Buckingham
4403:south of the Trent
4383:The Earl of Rutland
4374:north of the Trent
4349:The Earl of Suffolk
4290:The Earl of Holland
4161:The Baron Ellesmere
4151:The Earl of Holland
4141:Master of the Horse
4060:The London Magazine
3994:Hanrahan, David C.
3950:, London: Routledge
3921:, London: Macmillan
3566:Gregory, Philippa,
3021:The London Magazine
2583:, pp. 150–151.
1842:The Chico Historian
1814:. 27 September 2017
1712:Montague-Smith 1970
1682:Jacob Fortune-Lloyd
1607:historical romances
1571:The Four Musketeers
1385:6th Earl of Rutland
1379:Buckingham married
666:Master of the Horse
518:King James VI and I
250:The Earl of Holland
121:The Earl of Holland
72:Master of the Horse
4649:Crime in Hampshire
4463:Earl of Buckingham
4433:Duke of Buckingham
4420:Peerage of England
4300:The Earl of Exeter
4286:The Earl of Dorset
4261:The Duke of Lennox
4126:Political offices
3535:"Apollo and Diana"
3207:
2798:, pp. 145 ff.
2757:, pp. 126 ff.
2539:, September 1824,
2535:"Ellis' Letters",
2526:, pp. xiv–xv.
2473:(1959). pp. 65–66.
2429:Europe's physician
2178:Text at Wikisource
1997:G. Dyfnallt Owen,
1669:Nicholas Galitzine
1585:Cardinal Richelieu
1574: –
1505:
1377:
1357:Mercury Vindicated
1328:
1297:Kimbell Art Museum
1280:was identified at
1253:
1215:
1182:
1160:'s notorious play
1061:
995:Cardinal Richelieu
991:
988:Kimbell Art Museum
944:James I of England
932:Ernst von Mansfeld
924:Cardinal Richelieu
893:
829:patent of nobility
817:
686:Duke of Buckingham
627:
624:St George's Chapel
538:Duke of Buckingham
510:patron of the arts
292:The Duke of Lennox
246:The Earl of Dorset
163:Board of Admiralty
4482:
4481:
4474:Viscount Villiers
4440:Succeeded by
4409:Succeeded by
4380:Succeeded by
4346:Succeeded by
4314:Succeeded by
4283:Succeeded by
4258:Succeeded by
4227:Succeeded by
4220:Lord High Admiral
4200:Succeeded by
4175:Succeeded by
4148:Succeeded by
4018:10.7227/CE.65.1.5
3835:978-0-7190-0825-2
3815:978-0-521-78569-3
3795:978-0-7472-0658-3
3766:978-0-19-926149-9
3744:978-1-317-87083-8
3559:978-0-520-05146-1
3518:on 5 January 2017
3396:on 15 August 2011
3309:978-0-7546-6654-7
3266:(Subscription or
2953:, pp. 36 ff.
2243:, pp. 20–21.
1947:(Yale, 2016), 92.
1677:Mary & George
1615:Charles, The King
1499:A 1795 sketch by
1470:Thomas van Erpe's
1257:Peter Paul Rubens
1118:Westminster Abbey
1057:Daniel Dumonstier
960:Board of Ordnance
772:Théophile de Viau
711:and execution of
670:Viscount Villiers
550:Lord High Admiral
456:
455:
367:Westminster Abbey
194:Francis Fortescue
128:Lord High Admiral
59:Peter Paul Rubens
4691:
4579:Knights Bachelor
4574:Diplomatic peers
4390:Preceded by
4361:Preceded by
4329:Preceded by
4324:Honorary titles
4297:Preceded by
4268:Preceded by
4241:Preceded by
4210:Preceded by
4185:Preceded by
4158:Preceded by
4131:Preceded by
4123:
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4113:
4105:
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4066:
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3690:
3689:
3687:
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3665:
3657:
3637:
3619:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3572:Philippa Gregory
3562:
3544:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3465:
3459:
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3439:
3437:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3401:
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3379:
3377:
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2832:
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2668:
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2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2633:p. 197: London;
2627:
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2599:
2593:
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2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
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2549:
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2474:
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2461:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2401:Huguenot warrior
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2374:Godfrey Davies,
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2329:
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2220:
2218:Paragraphs 57–58
2216:, January 2010,
2186:
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2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1999:HMC 75 Downshire
1995:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
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1902:
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1798:
1797:
1772:(4): 1054–1083.
1761:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1642:Philippa Gregory
1581:Milady de Winter
1521:Earls of Denbigh
1450:
1443:
1199:Anthony van Dyck
1158:Thomas Middleton
1135:lie bronze-gilt
964:Sir Edward Cecil
889:Paul van Somer I
865:Lionel Cranfield
717:Duke of Cornwall
500:
495:
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82:
52:
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4609:Villiers family
4484:
4483:
4477:
4466:
4455:
4445:
4443:George Villiers
4436:
4414:
4405:
4402:
4400:Justice in Eyre
4395:
4385:
4376:
4373:
4371:Justice in Eyre
4366:
4351:
4342:
4334:
4332:The Lord Zouche
4319:
4310:
4302:
4292:
4288:
4279:
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4244:The Lord Wotton
4236:
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4076:
4073:
4035:(1998): 59–81.
3971:
3969:Further reading
3908:
3906:
3881:
3880:
3852:
3850:
3849:, 12 April 2017
3847:WikiGallery.org
3836:
3816:
3796:
3767:
3745:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3683:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3612:Daily Telegraph
3595:
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3560:
3521:
3519:
3498:
3496:
3479:
3477:
3453:
3452:
3435:
3433:
3432:on 20 June 2015
3426:milesbarton.com
3399:
3397:
3373:
3371:
3365:"Chinese Works"
3355:
3353:
3352:, 10 April 2015
3330:
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3101:
3097:
3093:, "Chapter 12".
3089:
3085:
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3055:
3051:
3033:
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3016:
3012:
2996:Ireland, Samuel
2993:
2986:
2974:
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2957:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2920:
2916:
2910:RC & 405746
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1778:10.2307/2901456
1762:
1758:
1751:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1662:Tower of London
1623:Darling Jasmine
1591:Taylor Caldwell
1551:Anne of Austria
1541:Alexandre Dumas
1537:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1434:
1394:Baroness de Ros
1365:
1337:Willem de Passe
1323:'s allegorical
1264:(also known as
1163:A Game at Chess
1149:
1141:Hubert Le Sueur
1107:Archbishop Laud
1073:
1070:
1049:
1024:William Russell
912:Henrietta Maria
881:
833:Lord Chancellor
815:the Elder, 1619
805:
756:Christ had John
735:
729:
612:
610:Ascent at court
600:Godfrey Goodman
577:George Villiers
569:
567:Villiers family
563:
498:
472:
468:
462:
435:Villiers family
426:
417:George Villiers
405:
342:
338:
318:
312:
310:
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280:The Lord Wotton
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4509:Murder in 1628
4506:
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4356:Legal offices
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4071:External links
4069:
4068:
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4029:
3999:
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3967:
3966:
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3819:
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3794:
3781:
3770:
3765:
3748:
3743:
3726:
3717:
3695:Lockyer, Roger
3691:
3672:
3654:978-3050062556
3653:
3638:
3620:
3601:
3582:
3568:"Earthly Joys"
3563:
3558:
3550:King Charles I
3545:
3527:
3504:
3485:
3466:
3441:
3418:
3405:
3380:
3361:
3342:
3333:
3329:978-1587292729
3328:
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3246:
3227:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3160:
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3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3076:. p. 32.
3070:Neale, Erskine
3061:
3057:Southhall 2009
3049:
3042:. p. 31.
3036:Neale, Erskine
3027:
3010:
3004:. p. 79.
2984:
2968:
2962:Fairfield, S.
2955:
2943:
2929:
2914:
2902:
2900:, p. 219.
2890:
2878:
2867:
2865:, p. 142.
2855:
2843:
2827:
2816:
2807:Graham Parry,
2800:
2788:
2774:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2708:
2693:
2675:
2673:, p. 125.
2663:
2661:, p. 712.
2651:
2649:, p. 458.
2639:
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2594:
2585:
2573:
2556:
2544:
2528:
2516:
2514:(1959). p. 66.
2503:
2489:
2475:
2462:
2460:, p. 460.
2450:
2448:(1959). p. 65.
2434:
2420:
2406:
2392:
2390:, p. 115.
2380:
2367:
2355:
2349:978-3337589042
2348:
2330:
2324:978-0767919524
2323:
2305:
2303:, p. 356.
2293:
2291:, p. 357.
2281:
2279:, p. 309.
2269:
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2231:, p. 314.
2221:
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2209:
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2203:
2198:
2181:
2170:
2158:
2156:, p. 175.
2146:
2140:978-1135942410
2139:
2119:
2113:978-1587292729
2112:
2092:
2090:, p. 281.
2080:
2078:, p. 280.
2068:
2050:
2036:Lockyer, Roger
2027:
2025:, p. 221.
2023:Wroughton 2013
2015:
2013:, p. 279.
2003:
1990:
1988:, p. 113.
1973:
1971:, p. 268.
1961:
1959:, p. 264.
1949:
1936:
1922:
1914:King Charles I
1906:Gregg, Pauline
1897:
1868:
1851:
1825:
1799:
1756:
1750:978-1587292729
1749:
1731:
1716:
1714:, p. 409.
1703:
1701:
1698:
1619:Bertrice Small
1611:Evelyn Anthony
1536:
1533:
1527:, had married
1509:Newnham Paddox
1501:Samuel Ireland
1454:
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1433:
1430:
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1421:
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1412:
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1361:
1186:William Larkin
1148:
1145:
1111:public display
1067:
1048:
1045:
920:John Penington
880:
877:
869:Lord Treasurer
857:Court of Wards
845:Oliver St John
804:
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608:
565:Main article:
562:
559:
533:Leicestershire
522:King Charles I
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341:(aged 35)
337:23 August 1628
335:
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324:Leicestershire
317:20 August 1592
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36:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4696:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
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4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
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4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
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4476:
4475:
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4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4404:
4401:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4372:
4365:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4317:The Lord Noel
4309:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4277:
4270:In Commission
4266:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4231:(First Lord:
4229:In Commission
4222:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3958:
3957:Francis Bacon
3953:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3517:
3513:
3512:David Koetser
3509:
3505:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3131:12 March 2024
3129:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2951:Fairholt 1850
2947:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2783:David Koetser
2778:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2745:, p. 99.
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2704:& BHC2582
2703:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2631:Stanley, A.P.
2626:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Stanley, A.P.
2598:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2552:Fairholt 1850
2548:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2524:Fairholt 1850
2520:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2267:, p. 22.
2266:
2261:
2255:, p. 21.
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2168:, p. 22.
2167:
2162:
2155:
2154:Bergeron 1999
2150:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2053:
2051:9781317870821
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1925:
1923:9780520051461
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:Ronald Blythe
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:Spanish Match
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Mary Villiers
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1284:in Scotland.
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:Daniel Mytens
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Greyhound Inn
1072:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1047:Assassination
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
985:
980:
976:
973:
967:
965:
961:
956:
955:Francis Drake
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
901:Infanta Maria
898:
891:, before 1622
890:
885:
876:
874:
870:
866:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Francis Bacon
821:
814:
813:Daniel Mytens
809:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
757:
750:
748:
747:Privy Council
744:
740:
734:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:, and made a
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:at a hunt in
632:
625:
621:
616:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
568:
558:
556:
551:
545:
543:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
493:
465:
460:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
433:
429:
423:
422:Mary Beaumont
420:
418:
415:
414:
412:
408:
401:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
368:
365:
363:Resting place
361:
358:Assassination
357:
353:
349:
345:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
309:
305:
300:
296:
293:
290:
284:
281:
278:
272:
266:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
238:
235:In commission
234:
228:
222:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
198:
195:
191:
185:
179:
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
155:
152:
149:
143:
137:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
113:
110:
107:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
46:
42:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4472:
4461:
4450:
4431:
4427:New creation
4426:
4398:
4369:
4337:
4305:
4274:
4249:
4218:
4191:
4166:
4139:
4107:
4087:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4032:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3956:
3947:
3927:
3918:
3907:, retrieved
3902:
3875:
3862:
3851:, retrieved
3846:
3824:
3804:
3785:
3775:
3752:
3730:
3721:
3698:
3684:, retrieved
3679:
3643:
3625:
3611:
3596:22 September
3594:, retrieved
3590:
3575:, retrieved
3571:
3549:
3538:
3520:, retrieved
3516:the original
3511:
3497:, retrieved
3492:
3478:, retrieved
3473:
3446:
3434:, retrieved
3430:the original
3425:
3413:
3398:, retrieved
3394:the original
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3368:
3354:, retrieved
3349:
3337:
3318:
3295:
3280:
3250:
3239:, retrieved
3234:
3220:, retrieved
3215:
3183:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3110:
3104:Google Books
3098:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3064:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2946:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2905:
2898:Bellany 2010
2893:
2881:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2836:
2830:
2819:
2808:
2803:
2791:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2666:
2654:
2647:Lockyer 2014
2642:
2625:
2605:
2597:
2588:
2576:
2569:Bellany 2004
2547:
2536:
2531:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2492:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2458:Lockyer 2014
2453:
2445:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2395:
2388:Manning 2006
2383:
2375:
2370:
2363:Lockyer 1981
2358:
2339:
2333:
2314:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2277:Stewart 2003
2272:
2265:Zagorin 1999
2260:
2253:Zagorin 1999
2248:
2241:Zagorin 1999
2236:
2229:Stewart 2003
2224:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2166:Lockyer 1981
2161:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2102:
2095:
2088:Stewart 2003
2083:
2076:Stewart 2003
2071:
2062:
2055:. Retrieved
2040:
2030:
2018:
2011:Stewart 2003
2006:
1998:
1993:
1969:Stewart 2003
1964:
1957:Stewart 2003
1952:
1944:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1913:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1871:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1811:
1802:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1707:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1666:
1658:The Assassin
1657:
1646:Earthly Joys
1645:
1639:
1634:
1622:
1614:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1544:
1538:
1513:Warwickshire
1506:
1486:
1482:
1463:
1388:
1378:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1329:
1324:
1312:precipice".
1288:
1286:
1282:Pollok House
1274:William Etty
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1222:
1216:
1183:
1161:
1150:
1115:
1098:
1089:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1033:
1020:
992:
968:
948:
909:
894:
887:Portrait by
861:
842:
822:
818:
775:
769:
765:
761:
752:
736:
721:Duke of York
694:
655:
628:
593:
570:
546:
526:
458:
457:
339:(1628-08-23)
287:Succeeded by
264:
241:Succeeded by
220:
201:Succeeded by
177:
158:Succeeded by
135:
116:Succeeded by
79:
25:
4684:Cup-bearers
4504:1628 deaths
4499:1592 births
3416:, Gutenberg
2770:& 20047
2719:& 80501
2659:Taylor 2013
2635:John Murray
2614:John Murray
2581:Masson 1859
2301:Rodger 1997
2289:Rodger 1997
1929:30 December
1860:"The Eagle"
1617:(1963) and
1599:Hilda Lewis
1517:family seat
1407:; secondly
1125:inscription
1094:John Felton
1005:and in the
1003:La Rochelle
928:La Rochelle
873:impeachment
849:Lord Deputy
743:St. Stephen
651:Elizabeth I
639:Robert Carr
555:John Felton
512:. He was a
275:Preceded by
231:Preceded by
188:Preceded by
146:Preceded by
104:Preceded by
4679:LGBT peers
4488:Categories
4478:1616–1628
4467:1617–1628
4456:1618–1628
4437:1623–1628
4406:1625–1628
4377:1616–1619
4343:1625–1628
4311:1623–1628
4280:1622–1628
4224:1619–1628
4197:1617–1628
4172:1616–1628
4145:1616–1628
3647:, Berlin,
3270:required.)
3197:References
3091:Dumas 2016
2863:Parry 1981
2796:Hille 2012
2755:Hille 2012
2743:Hille 2012
2671:Hille 2012
2620:), p. 196.
1986:Hille 2012
1818:21 January
1673:miniseries
1671:in the TV
1576:Simon Ward
1133:catafalque
1082:Portsmouth
1040:Portsmouth
982:Study for
951:expedition
853:plantation
837:Parliament
739:favourites
731:See also:
643:Cup-bearer
589:John Eliot
561:Early life
542:favourites
344:Portsmouth
313:1592-08-20
4026:154505848
4012:: 45–53,
3961:Princeton
3940:922903742
3867:Cambridge
3476:, BHC2582
3400:9 October
3390:Debrett's
3185:16 August
3174:UniFrance
3115:Mann 2004
2484:Charles I
1945:Apethorpe
1786:0034-4338
1725:Debrett's
1633:'s novel
1293:St Helier
1090:villaine!
999:Huguenots
897:Charles I
709:attainder
690:Charles I
635:Apethorpe
620:quartered
514:favourite
441:Signature
431:Relatives
350:, England
348:Hampshire
265:In office
221:In office
178:In office
136:In office
97:Charles I
80:In office
33:His Grace
4080:(1878),
3909:15 April
3884:citation
3853:13 April
3707:citation
3701:, London
3697:(1981),
3686:13 April
3662:citation
3616:archived
3591:BBC News
3577:13 April
3522:13 April
3499:13 April
3480:13 April
3456:citation
3450:, London
3436:13 April
3374:13 April
3356:13 April
3241:13 April
3222:13 April
3179:Archived
3153:21 March
3128:Historia
3072:(1850).
3038:(1850).
2998:(1795).
2510:Davies,
2469:Davies,
2444:Davies,
2057:6 August
2038:(1984).
1908:(1981).
1459:renamed.
1390:suo jure
1387:, later
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