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329:. The river essentially bisects the city into north and south. The river exhibits many of the classic morphological features associated with meandering streams; Lucy Park, an expansive city green space, occupies a large meander bend near downtown and the Tanglewood subdivision surrounds an oxbow lake. The upstream waters of the Wichita River are impounded for flood control and reservoir capacity.
452:, his brother-in-law Joseph Kemp, and the Lake Wichita Irrigation and Water Company to alleviate flooding and provide irrigation water for local farms and municipal water for Wichita Falls. The lake is recharged from the Holliday Creek watershed and from irrigation conduits from Lake Diversion. The original lake covered 2,200 acres with a maximum capacity of 14,000
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below the surface, closely correlated with topography. The water is likely sourced in coarse sands and gravels 10-19' below the surface. Dry holes in this same area contain no typically sand-gravel layers within the first 22 feet. The horizontal distribution of this shallow aquifer is irregular; dry holes may be adjacent to those with water yields.
421:, Texas. During low flow periods, this salty water is piped 23 miles to Truscott Brine Lake, where the water is contained for eventual evaporation. An additional low-water inflatable dam has been installed on the Middle Fork of the Wichita River, but a pipeline to Truscott Lake has not yet been completed.
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is a near-parallel drainage system to the south of
Wichita River and a tributary to the Red River, emptying into the Red about 20 miles downstream of the Wichita River. The Little Wichita River drains the regions to the south and east of the Wichita Falls city limits, and its waters are impounded in
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and 40 miles upstream of
Wichita Falls, Lake Kemp was developed in 1924 to alleviate persistent flooding issues downstream and to provide irrigation and drinking water for the city and the adjacent farming areas. The elevation of Lake Kemp is 1,142 feet asl and contains 245,308 acre feet (80 billion
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The
Seymour aquifer may be locally confined under clay-rich soils and sediments. In the southern part of the city, the distribution and nature of the aquifer is consistent with one hosted by Pleistocene and/or Holocene fluvial channel deposits. The depth to water (hydrostatic head) averages 14 feet
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The region is largely underlain with shallowly west-dipping strata, but a significant uplifted block is found in the subsurface immediately north of
Wichita Falls. This block, locally known as the Red River uplift, may be part of an uplifted system that extends eastward, joining the Muenster Arch.
478:
This lower lake in the Little
Wichita River watershed is located 15 miles southeast of Wichita Falls on the western edge of Clay County. The most recently built of the region's large reservoirs, it was impounded in 1965 following a prolonged legal battle and the eventual relocation of the residents
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Seymour aquifer groundwater once fed the Cedar
Springs Pools, a popular recreational public swimming facility in the 1930s and 40s. The two pools were located between Taft Boulevard and Robin Lane north of Hampstead Rd. in the southern part of Wichita Falls. Long-time residents have vivid memoirs
406:, Tulsa District. The lake covers a surface area of 3,146 acres with 24 miles of shoreline. The lake has a normal storage of 107,000 acre-feet, a maximum capacity of 116,200 acre-feet of water with a maximum discharge rate of 35,400 cubic feet per second. The lake drains a 26-square mile area.
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counties, 71 miles upstream from
Wichita Falls. Lake Diversion sits at an elevation of 1,053 feet above sea level, has a surface area of 3,133 acres, and a maximum depth of 35 feet. The lake serves to alleviate flooding, and a source of water for the Dundee fish hatchery, and as an irrigation
456:
of water. In 1995, the city constructed a new spillway that was 4.7 feet lower than the previous spillway. as part a flood control project on
Holliday Creek. The current lake now covers 1,224 acres to a maximum depth of 8 feet at its deepest spot. Because of its shallow nature, this lake is
144:
Several correlated sandstone units crop out in the immediate region. These dominate the region adjacent to the
Seymour Highway, on the slopes to the south of the Wichita River (locally known as "the bluffs"). The Texas Atlas of Geology mapped these as ss6. Most outcrops are buff-colored,
189:
deposition by the 1987 Texas Atlas of
Geology. Gravels are granule-to-cobble size, with clasts of angular to well-rounded quartzite, quartz, and chert from distal sources and lesser fragments of local strata. The sands are orange-brown to tan, fine- to coarse-grained with preserved soils.
282:
Groundwater in Wichita Falls is drawn from the Seymour aquifer or from alluvial aquifers associated with local streams. Groundwater withdrawals are limited to individual property owners and do not feed into the municipal supply for the city of Wichita Falls. However, the nearby city of
497:
This upper lake on the Little Wichita River watershed is located approximately 18 miles southwest of Wichita Falls, in Archer County. Constructed in 1945, the lake is at an elevation of 1,014 feet above sea level, has a surface area of 6,200 acres, and has a maximum capacity of 106,000
409:
This project is aimed at controlling chloride and other salinity components in the Wichita River watershed. There are naturally occurring salt springs in the area. The salt springs result from the percolation of groundwater through Permian strata rich in
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of West Texas record a contemporaneous shallow inland sea. The resulting topography provided northeast-to-southwest gradients for stream flow and sediment movement. The sediments deposited by the Permian streams of North-Central Texas were likely reworked
531:
Ziegler, A.M., Hulver, M.L. and Rowley, D.B., 1997, Permian World Topography and Climate. In: Late Glacial and Postglacial Environmental Changes – Pleistocene, Carboniferous- Permian and Proterozoic, Ed. I.P. Martini, pp. 111–146. Oxford University Press,
64:
erosion removed the younger rocks, exposing the current strata. Exposures of sediments indicate that northeast-flowing streams locally deposited silts, clays, sands, and some gravels on the Permian rocks. These are subsequently modified by modern
121:
The Petrolia Formation (of the Late Wolfcampian-Leonardian systems) dominates the exposed Permian strata in Wichita falls, as mapped by the 1987 Texas Atlas of Geology. The map describes the formation as 360–400 feet of weakly or unstratified
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streams that deposited sands in channels and silts and clays on the surrounding floodplains. Calcium-carbonate rich soils concurrently developed adjacent to these streams. These were likely buried by further Permian sedimentation and then
157:, others well cemented. Locally, there appears to be three prominent layers of sandstone separated by mudstone. Because of variable erosion rates, each influences topography by forming ledges and benches, and in places may form
514:
with a potential of 27,000 acre-feet per year by 2050 to provide 77,003 acre-feet of additional water storage by the year 2060. The total capital costs to develop this additional water resource are $ 383 million.
550:
Brown, L.F., Jr (1973) Pennsylvanian rocks of North-Central Texas: an introduction. In: Pennsylvanian Depositional Systems in North-Central Texas, Ed. L.F. Brown, Jr,, Bur. Econ. Geol. Guidebook, 14, 1–9.
487:(74 billion gallons), and sits at 926 feet above sea level Wichita Falls is authorized by the Texas Water Development Board to utilize up to 45,000 acre-feet of water annually for municipal purposes
141:"conglomerate" with vertebrate fossils. In general the entire package is only weakly lithified, perhaps indicating that the region was not appreciably covered by a thick package of younger strata.
640:
Haynie, M.M., Burke, G.F., Baldys, S., 2011, "Chloride Control and Monitoring Program in the Wichita River Basin, Texas, 1996-2009", United States Geological Survey Fact Sheet #2011-3018
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Hentz, T. F., and Brown, L. F., Jr., 1987, Wichita Falls–Lawton sheet: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Geologic Atlas of Texas, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.
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Duffin, G., L., and Beynon, B.E., 1992, Evaluation of Water Resources in Parts of the Rolling Prairies Region of North-Central Texas, Texas Water Development Board, Report 337, 93 p.
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Oriel, S., Myers, D.A. and Crosby, E.J., 1967, Paleotectonic investigations of the Permian system in the United States. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 515, Chapter C, 80 pp.
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lenses. The formation increases in mudstone content upsection. Sandstone lenses contain terrestrial fossils of plants, vertebrates, and footprints. The unit contains
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Langdon, J., "City Realizes Dreams of Potable Water From Lake Kemp with Reverse Osmosis Plant", Times Record News, Wichita Falls, Texas, September 27, 2008.
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Sandstone channel in mudstone as exposed along Wiley Road, west of Wichita Falls. The buff-colored rock preserves numerous fluvial sedimentary structures.
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source, feeding a 135-mile network of irrigation canals that extend to the east side of Wichita Falls (Wichita County Water Improvement District #2).
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are the products of one ancient period of deposition with a modest amount of recent and modern alteration. In all cases, the strata are products of
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McGregor, W., Hancock-White, K., and Oswald, R., 2011, Texoma Water Resources, unpublished student report, Midwestern State University Geosciences.
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Howell, M., "After 15 years, Lake Wichita is Slowly Reaching Its New Potential", Times Record News, Wichita Falls, Texas, August 19, 2010.
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Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2008, "FEMA Flood Insurance Study for Wichita County," FEMA Flood Insurance Study Number 48485CV000A.
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Authorized in 1974, and completed in 1987, a 5-foot tall inflatable collection dam was constructed across the South Wichita River near
287:, located 15 miles north of (and down hydraulic gradient from) Wichita Falls relies in part on this aquifer for municipal supply.
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Petroleum resources were discovered in the region in the early 1900s, and the area remains a locus of exploration and production.
85:, a super-continental land mass. Nearby uplifts and mountainous regions, such as the Muenster Arch and Red River Uplift, the
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materials from Middle Pennsylvanian stream and fan-delta sediments proximal to the Ouachita foldbelt and Muenster Highlands.
436:, Texas, to the north edge of Wichita Falls. It is impounded at the southern edge of Wichita Falls to form Lake Wichita.
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gallons) at its maximum capacity. The lake has 100 miles of shoreline, some of which is used for housing and recreation.
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and partly in Archer County, this lake at 971 feet above sea level was developed in 1901 by the entrepreneur
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http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/library/Chloride%20Control%20-%20Wichita%20River%20Basin/library/fs-110-00.pdf
161:-like landforms. In and around the city, these occur roughly at 960, 1000, and 1060 feet above sea level.
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Lake Kemp was used as a source of drinking water through the 1950s but lost popularity because of its
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709:"LAKE ARROWHEAD," Handbook of Texas Online Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
696:"LAKE WICHITA," Handbook of Texas Online Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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101:, providing elevated topography to the north and east during the Permian. The rocks of the
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613:"LAKE KEMP," Handbook of Texas Online Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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geologic period, North-Central Texas was a part of the western coastal zone of equatorial
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system Additionally, Lake Kemp provides water to the American Electric Power Company in
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Pleistocene and/or early Holocene quartzite and other hard-stone gravels on soil surface.
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Lake Ringgold is a proposed reservoir site on the Little Wichita River near the city of
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and older strata in the subsurface and are thought to be contemporaneous with the
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The rocks found in and around Wichita Falls result from southwesterly-flowing
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483:. It has a drainage area of 832 square miles, a maximum capacity of 228,000
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Texas Water Development Board, 2012, Water for Texas 2012, State Water Plan
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http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/state_water_plan/2012/2012_SWP.pdf
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Texas Water Development Board, 2002, "Volumetric Survey of Lake Arrowhead".
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medium-grained, well-sorted quartzose sandstones. These exhibit extensive
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water treatment and is now processing water from Lake Kemp through this
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is a tributary to the Wichita River that originates south of Dundee in
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currently only used for recreation and not as a municipal reservoir.
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two lakes that feed the Wichita Falls municipal water system.
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662:"Truscott Brine Lake" Army Corps of Engineers website, 1999,
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Up to 30 feet of fluvial deposits of unconsolidated gravel,
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Located on the southern edge of the city limits, partly in
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http://findlakes.com/truscott_brine_lake_texas~tx05996.htm
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http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rol47
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http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rol11
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http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rol85
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http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rol46
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roughly 25 miles southwest of its confluence with the
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Wichita River watershed and adjacent streams and lakes
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on valley slopes, and local wind-blown sand and silt.
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http://findlakes.com/lake_diversion_texas~tx01011.htm
337:Lake Diversion was impounded in 1924 in northwest
402:Truscott Brine Lake was completed in 1987 by the
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18:Geology of Wichita Falls, Texas
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153:features. Some deposits are
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649:FindLakes website, 2011,
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390:Truscott Brine Lake
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350:Lake Kemp
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