33:
15331:
3037:
newly thrown up by the sea which then became petrified? And if the above-mentioned Deluge had carried them to these places from the sea, you would find the shells at the edge of one layer of rock only, not at the edge of many where may be counted the winters of the years during which the sea multiplied the layers of sand and mud brought down by the neighboring rivers and spread them over its shores. And if you wish to say that there must have been many deluges in order to produce these layers and the shells among them it would then become necessary for you to affirm that such a deluge took place every year.
14132:
15325:
14121:
8489:
3152:(1713–1795) to include tertiary and quaternary divisions. These divisions were used to describe both the time during which the rocks were laid down, and the collection of rocks themselves (i.e., it was correct to say Tertiary rocks, and Tertiary Period). Only the Quaternary division is retained in the modern geologic time scale, while the Tertiary division was in use until the early 21st century. The Neptunism and Plutonism theories would compete into the early
17634:
15106:
4010:
3971:
15116:
8359:, events on other planets probably had little direct influence on the Earth, and events on Earth had correspondingly little effect on those planets. Construction of a time scale that links the planets is, therefore, of only limited relevance to the Earth's time scale, except in a Solar System context. The existence, timing, and terrestrial effects of the Late Heavy Bombardment are still a matter of debate.
3144:(1687–1784) and also used primary and secondary divisions for rock units. In this early version of the Plutonism theory, the interior of Earth was seen as hot, and this drove the creation of primary igneous and metamorphic rocks and secondary rocks formed contorted and fossiliferous sediments. These primary and secondary divisions were expanded on by
9673:(1), so to say – should not retain the name of alluvial deposits any more than the true and ancient tertiary deposits, from which they must also be distinguished.) However, on the very same page, Desnoyers abandoned the use of the term "Quaternary" because the distinction between Quaternary and Tertiary deposits wasn't clear. From p. 193:
367:(GSSA) is a numeric only, chronologic reference point used to define the base of geochronologic units prior to the Cryogenian. These points are arbitrarily defined. They are used where GSSPs have not yet been established. Research is ongoing to define GSSPs for the base of all units that are currently defined by GSSAs.
8438:
has been divided into two alternate time scales. The first time scale for Mars was developed by studying the impact crater densities on the
Martian surface. Through this method four periods have been defined, the Pre-Noachian (~4,500–4,100 Ma), Noachian (~4,100–3,700 Ma), Hesperian (~3,700–3,000 Ma),
4062:
The following table summarises the major events and characteristics of the divisions making up the geologic time scale of Earth. This table is arranged with the most recent geologic periods at the top, and the oldest at the bottom. The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of
3325:
The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent
3076:
When any given stratum was being formed, it was either encompassed at its edges by another solid substance or it covered the whole globe of the earth. Hence, it follows that wherever bared edges of strata are seen, either a continuation of the same strata must be looked for or another solid substance
309:
is a body of rock, layered or unlayered, that is defined between specified stratigraphic horizons which represent specified intervals of geologic time. They include all rocks representative of a specific interval of geologic time, and only this time span. Eonothem, erathem, system, series, subseries,
3472:
An international working group of the ICS on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphic subdivision have outlined a template to improve the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale based on the rock record to bring it in line with the post-Tonian geologic time scale. This work assessed the geologic history of the
3316:
books were published in 1982, 1989, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020. However, since 2013, the ICS has taken responsibility for producing and distributing the ICC citing the commercial nature, independent creation, and lack of oversight by the ICS on the prior published GTS versions (GTS books prior
3453:
is a proposed epoch/series for the most recent time in Earth's history. While still informal, it is a widely used term to denote the present geologic time interval, in which many conditions and processes on Earth are profoundly altered by human impact. As of April 2022 the
Anthropocene has not
4067:
Eon looks longer than the rest, it merely spans ~539 million years (~12% of Earth's history), whilst the previous three eons collectively span ~3,461 million years (~76% of Earth's history). This bias toward the most recent eon is in part due to the relative lack of information about events that
3036:
Of the stupidity and ignorance of those who imagine that these creatures were carried to such places distant from the sea by the Deluge...Why do we find so many fragments and whole shells between the different layers of stone unless they had been upon the shore and had been covered over by earth
370:
The numeric (geochronometric) representation of a geochronologic unit can, and is more often subject to change when geochronology refines the geochronometry, while the equivalent chronostratigraphic unit remains the same, and their revision is less common. For example, in early 2022 the boundary
3321:
books (2016 and 2020) are commercial publications with no oversight from the ICS, and do not entirely conform to the chart produced by the ICS. The ICS produced GTS charts are versioned (year/month) beginning at v2013/01. At least one new version is published each year incorporating any changes
3211:
pioneered the systematic division of rocks by stratigraphy and fossil assemblages. These geologists began to use the local names given to rock units in a wider sense, correlating strata across national and continental boundaries based on their similarity to each other. Many of the names below
3090:). While Steno's principles were simple and attracted much attention, applying them proved challenging. These basic principles, albeit with improved and more nuanced interpretations, still form the foundational principles of determining the correlation of strata relative to geologic time.
3308:
The establishment of the IUGS in 1961 and acceptance of the
Commission on Stratigraphy (applied in 1965) to become a member commission of IUGS led to the founding of the ICS. One of the primary objectives of the ICS is "the establishment, publication and revision of the ICS International
3677:, among others, while at the same time maintaining most of the previous chronostratigraphic nomenclature for the pertinent time span. As of April 2022 these proposed changes have not been accepted by the ICS. The proposed changes (changes from the current scale ) are italicised:
200:
Historically, regional geologic time scales were used due to the litho- and biostratigraphic differences around the world in time equivalent rocks. The ICS has long worked to reconcile conflicting terminology by standardising globally significant and identifiable stratigraphic
136:(IUGS), whose primary objective is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC) that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.
8407:), with the Imbrian divided into two series/epochs (Early and Late) were defined in the latest Lunar geologic time scale. The Moon is unique in the Solar System in that it is the only other body from which humans have rock samples with a known geological context.
9715:
From page 373: "La troisième, qui correspond à ce qu'on a déja appelé formation de la craie, sera désigné par le nom de terrain crétacé." (The third, which corresponds to what was already called the "chalk formation", will be designated by the name "chalky
3085:
Respectively, these are the principles of superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and cross-cutting relationships. From this Steno reasoned that strata were laid down in succession and inferred relative time (in Steno's belief, time from
3458:
voted in favour of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS for the establishment of the
Anthropocene Series/Epoch. Nevertheless, the definition of the Anthropocene as a geologic time period rather than a geologic event remains controversial and difficult.
8657:
Time spans of geologic time units vary broadly, and there is no numeric limitation on the time span they can represent. They are limited by the time span of the higher rank unit they belong to, and to the chronostratigraphic boundaries they are defined
756:) in origin. Most currently recognised series and subseries are named for their position within a system/series (early/middle/late); however, the ICS advocates for all new series and subseries to be named for a geographic feature in the vicinity of its
3543:
Refinement of geochronometric divisions of the
Proterozoic, Paleoproterozoic, repositioning of the Statherian into the Mesoproterozoic, new Skourian period/system in the Paleoproterozoic, new Kleisian or Syndian period/system in the Neoproterozoic.
9669:(What I would desire to prove above all is that the series of tertiary deposits continued – and even began in the more recent basins – for a long time, perhaps after that of the Seine had been completely filled, and that these later formations –
3488:
Three divisions of the
Archean instead of four by dropping Eoarchean, and revisions to their geochronometric definition, along with the repositioning of the Siderian into the latest Neoarchean, and a potential Kratian division in the Neoarchean.
3668:
was the last commercial publication of an international chronostratigraphic chart that was closely associated with the ICS. It included a proposal to substantially revise the pre-Cryogenian time scale to reflect important events such as the
299:
that deals with the relation between rock bodies and the relative measurement of geological time. It is the process where distinct strata between defined stratigraphic horizons are assigned to represent a relative interval of geologic time.
3255:
laid the ground work for radiometric dating, but the knowledge and tools required for accurate determination of radiometric ages would not be in place until the mid-1950s. Early attempts at determining ages of uranium minerals and rocks by
3989:
11310:
Gibbard, Philip L.; Bauer, Andrew M.; Edgeworth, Matthew; Ruddiman, William F.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Merritts, Dorothy J.; Finney, Stanley C.; Edwards, Lucy E.; Walker, Michael J. C.; Maslin, Mark; Ellis, Erle C. (15 November 2021).
12929:
Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Van
Couvering, John A.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Landing, Ed; Pratt, Brian R.; Owen, Donald E.; Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael (2009). "Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard".
9124:
Shields, Graham A.; Strachan, Robin A.; Porter, Susannah M.; Halverson, Galen P.; Macdonald, Francis A.; Plumb, Kenneth A.; de
Alvarenga, Carlos J.; Banerjee, Dhiraj M.; Bekker, Andrey; Bleeker, Wouter; Brasier, Alexander (2022).
9651:"Observations sur un ensemble de dépôts marins plus récents que les terrains tertiaires du bassin de la Seine, et constituant une formation géologique distincte; précédées d'un aperçu de la nonsimultanéité des bassins tertiares"
11360:
Head, Martin J.; Steffen, Will; Fagerlind, David; Waters, Colin N.; Poirier, Clement; Syvitski, Jaia; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cearreta, Alejandro; Jeandel, Catherine; Leinfelder, Reinhold (15 November 2021).
4071:
The content of the table is based on the official ICC produced and maintained by the ICS who also provide an online interactive version of this chart. The interactive version is based on a service delivering a machine-readable
205:
that can be used to define the lower boundaries of chronostratigraphic units. Defining chronostratigraphic units in such a manner allows for the use of global, standardised nomenclature. The ICC represents this ongoing effort.
9653:[Observations on a set of marine deposits more recent than the tertiary terrains of the Seine basin and constitute a distinct geological formation; preceded by an outline of the non-simultaneity of tertiary basins].
8387:. This process of dividing the Moon's history in this manner means that the time scale boundaries do not imply fundamental changes in geological processes, unlike Earth's geologic time scale. Five geologic systems/periods (
9677:(The fear of seeing my opinion in this regard be misunderstood or exaggerated, has made me abandon the word "quaternary", which at first I had wanted to apply to all deposits more recent than those of the Seine basin.)
116:) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as
8684:
The
Tertiary is a now obsolete geologic system/period spanning from 66 Ma to 2.6 Ma. It has no exact equivalent in the modern ICC, but is approximately equivalent to the merged Palaeogene and Neogene systems/periods.
231:
Biologic succession (where applicable) – This states that each stratum in a succession contains a distinctive set of fossils. This allows for a correlation of the stratum even when the horizon between them is not
177:(4.54 billion years). It chronologically organises strata, and subsequently time, by observing fundamental changes in stratigraphy that correspond to major geological or paleontological events. For example, the
17689:
286:
The GTS is divided into chronostratigraphic units and their corresponding geochronologic units. These are represented on the ICC published by the ICS; however, regional terms are still in use in some areas.
12863:
Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Langevin, Yves; Mustard, John F.; Poulet, François; Arvidson, Raymond; Gendrin, Aline; Gondet, Brigitte; Mangold, Nicolas; Pinet, P.; Forget, F.; Berthé, Michel (21 April 2006).
11410:
Zalasiewicz, Jan; Waters, Colin N.; Ellis, Erle C.; Head, Martin J.; Vidas, Davor; Steffen, Will; Thomas, Julia Adeney; Horn, Eva; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R. (2021).
5114:
and modern types of sharks appear in the sea. The revolution started by marine reptiles and sharks reaches its peak, though ichthyosaurs vanish a few million years after being heavily reduced at the
12203:
Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Berruyer, Camille; Mana, Sara (2017).
339:
is a subdivision of geologic time. It is a numeric representation of an intangible property (time). Eon, era, period, epoch, subepoch, age, and subage are the hierarchical geochronologic units.
4081:
382:(geochronologic units) was revised from 541 Ma to 538.8 Ma but the rock definition of the boundary (GSSP) at the base of the Cambrian, and thus the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian
2936:) observed rock beds with fossils of shells located above the sea-level, viewed them as once living organisms, and used this to imply an unstable relationship in which the sea had at times
3192:
via
Biblical chronology that was accepted at the time by western religion. Instead, using geological evidence, they contested Earth to be much older, cementing the concept of deep time.
724:
The names of geologic time units are defined for chronostratigraphic units with the corresponding geochronologic unit sharing the same name with a change to the latter (e.g. Phanerozoic
620:
Rocks representing a given chronostratigraphic unit are that chronostratigraphic unit, and the time they were laid down in is the geochronologic unit, i.e., the rocks that represent the
9837:
Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire: Or, A Description of the Strata and Organic Remains: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Plates of the Fossil Plants and Animals ...
10062:
3041:
These views of da Vinci remained unpublished, and thus lacked influence at the time; however, questions of fossils and their significance were pursued and, while views against
9412:
Remane, Jürgen; Bassett, Michael G; Cowie, John W; Gohrbandt, Klaus H; Lane, H Richard; Michelsen, Olaf; Naiwen, Wang; the cooperation of members of ICS (1 September 1996).
3236:
were held in high regard at the time due to their pre-eminence in physics and geology. All of these early geochronometric determinations would later prove to be incorrect.
3070:
When any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting on it was fluid and, therefore, when the lowest stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed.
13395:
8997:
Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Altermann, Wladyslaw; Beard, Brian L.; Hoffman, Paul F.; Johnson, Clark M.; Kasting, James F.; Melezhik, Victor A.; Nutman, Allen P. (2012),
15229:
10417:
Telluris Theoria Sacra: orbis nostri originen et mutationes generales, quasi am subiit aut olim subiturus est, complectens. Libri duo priores de Diluvio & Paradiso
13142:
12430:
10100:
15152:
12324:
Medlin, L. K.; Kooistra, W. H. C. F.; Gersonde, R.; Sims, P. A.; Wellbrock, U. (1997). "Is the origin of the diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction?".
3032:(1452–1519) would reinvigorate the relationships between stratification, relative sea-level change, and time, denouncing attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge':
11811:
El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Bekker, Andrey; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Mazurier, Arnaud; Hammarlund, Emma U.; et al. (2010).
11624:
Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.).
8477:
8461:
8448:
8418:
3957:
3949:
3656:
3648:
3429:
3415:
3403:
3387:
3366:
6058:
die out fully), brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, ammonoids (the goniatites die off fully), insects, parareptiles, synapsids, amphibians, and crinoids (only
4063:
each subdivision of time. As such, this table is not to scale and does not accurately represent the relative time-spans of each geochronologic unit. While the
3326:
era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline.
13501:
8613:
4956:, wiping out all non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs, most marine reptiles, many other vertebrates (e.g. many Laurasian metatherians), most cephalopods (only
13085:
3892:
Ma) – names are respectively for the Lomagundi–Jatuli δC isotopic excursion event spanning its duration, and for the (proposed) first fossil appearance of
8705:
Kratian time span is not given in the article. It lies within the Neoarchean, and prior to the Siderian. The position shown here is an arbitrary division.
4976:(avians) diversify rapidly into a number of lineages following the extinction event (while the marine revolution stops). Multituberculates and the first
3268:, and Arthur Holmes, would culminate in what are considered the first international geological time scales by Holmes in 1911 and 1913. The discovery of
2948:(384–322 BCE) who (with additional observations) reasoned that the positions of land and sea had changed over long periods of time. The concept of
8696:
Geochronometric date for the Ediacaran has been adjusted to reflect ICC v2023/09 as the formal definition for the base of the Cambrian has not changed.
8472:. Using this method, three periods were defined, the Phyllocian (~4,500–4,000 Ma), Theiikian (~4,000–3,500 Ma), and Siderikian (~3,500 Ma to present).
244:– Small fragments of one type of rock but embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming.
11979:
3228:
or orbital physics. These estimations varied from 15,000 million years to 0.075 million years depending on method and author, but the estimations of
12952:
11752:
El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Riboulleau, Armelle; Rollion Bard, Claire; Macchiarelli, Roberto; et al. (2014).
13063:
12653:
Chapter 3.1 the Early Archean Acasta Gneiss Complex: Geological, Geochronological and Isotopic Studies and Implications for Early Crustal Evolution
11735:
9710:
3061:
Niels Stensen, more commonly known as Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), is credited with establishing four of the guiding principles of stratigraphy. In
9760:
4068:
occurred during the first three eons compared to the current eon (the Phanerozoic). The use of subseries/subepochs has been ratified by the ICS.
6888:(collision between Laurentia, Baltica and one of the formerly small Gondwanan terranes) for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the
13422:
11168:
9497:
7691:
tapers off in North America. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000 ± 150 Ma. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920–850 Ma),
11233:
7108:
still persist and common. Cephalopods become dominant and common, with some trending toward a coiled shell. Anomalocarids decline. Mysterious
228:– Originally deposited layers of rock extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or being cut off by a different rock layer.
10466:"X. Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe "
9746:
Tableau des terrains qui composent l'écorce du globe ou Essai sur la structure de la partie connue de la terre . Par Alexandre Brongniart,...
3204:
9853:"XLIII.--On the Physical Structure of Devonshire, and on the Subdivisions and Geological Relations of its older stratified Deposits, &c"
2994:
by more than six centuries. Avicenna also recognised fossils as "petrifications of the bodies of plants and animals", with the 13th-century
740:(new life). Names of systems are diverse in origin, with some indicating chronologic position (e.g., Paleogene), while others are named for
16753:
16429:
16143:
15145:
13438:
12824:. Mars Express after 6 Years in Orbit: Mars Geology from Three-Dimensional Mapping by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Experiment.
8719:
3984:
350:
10070:
3814:
Ma) – named after the Pongola Supergroup, in reference to the well preserved evidence of terrestrial microbial communities in those rocks.
3224:
rates and sedimentary thicknesses or ocean chemistry, and physicists determining ages for the cooling of the Earth or the Sun using basic
17604:
8743:
8523:
4168:
3670:
2819:
728:
becomes the Phanerozoic Eon). Names of erathems in the Phanerozoic were chosen to reflect major changes in the history of life on Earth:
13454:
10046:
9414:"Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"
3309:
Chronostratigraphic Chart which is the standard, reference global Geological Time Scale to include the ratified Commission decisions".
2953:
133:
7711:(from holozoans) and terrestrial algal mats. Many endosymbiotic events concerning red and green algae occur, transferring plastids to
358:
which defines the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. (Recently this has been used to define the base of a system)
13494:
10994:
10548:
Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation
9228:
Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation
7021:
4542:
178:
7406:
of which wipe out many of the anomalocarids, artiopods, hyoliths, brachiopods, molluscs, and conodonts (early jawless vertebrates).
15683:
11467:
Bauer, Andrew M.; Edgeworth, Matthew; Edwards, Lucy E.; Ellis, Erle C.; Gibbard, Philip; Merritts, Dorothy J. (16 September 2021).
10565:
Principles of Geology: Being an Inquiry how for the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface are Referrable to Causes Now in Operation
9729:
Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern: ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde
8715:
7403:
6717:
ones, wipe out many acritarchs, corals, sponges, molluscs, trilobites, eurypterids, graptolites, brachiopods, crinozoans (e.g. all
780:
314:
is the scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments either through absolute (e.g.,
129:
13469:
15138:
14715:
14551:
12123:
12098:"Understanding the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum: Evaluation of Deuterium Values (δD) Related to Precipitation and Temperature"
11412:"The Anthropocene: Comparing Its Meaning in Geology (Chronostratigraphy) with Conceptual Approaches Arising in Other Disciplines"
3408:
8648:
It is now known that not all sedimentary layers are deposited purely horizontally, but this principle is still a useful concept.
8416:
3410:
5792:
4538:
2971:
12501:"Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split"
3354:
197:, GSSAs) are used to divide geologic time. Proposals have been made to better reconcile these divisions with the rock record.
15921:
14180:
13359:
13343:
13309:
13288:
13267:
13246:
13225:
13204:
13176:
13013:
12669:
11641:
11594:
11551:
11203:
11190:, The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol. 1, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 19–21,
11144:
11106:
11068:
10393:
9795:
9473:
9018:
8739:
8446:
6043:
5982:
evolve. The very large arthropods and non-tetrapod tetrapodomorphs go extinct. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs;
4809:. The multituberculates and leptictidans go extinct by the end of the epoch. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its
4699:
3643:
Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (Shield et al. 2021, ICS working group on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphy), shown to scale:
3534:
Ma) – moved from Proterozoic to end of Archean, no start time given, base of Paleoproterozoic defines the end of the Siderian
13412:
9602:
Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C.; the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (20 January 2010).
5947:
or Proto-Pacific also forms). End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. Hot and dry climate. A possible drop in oxygen levels.
17679:
17609:
16200:
15652:
13487:
10465:
9938:
7140:, killing off some cephalopods and many brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, graptolites, trilobites, bivalves, corals and
4867:
4027:
3484:
Their recommend revisions of the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale were (changes from the current scale are italicised):
3355:
13389:
764:. The name of stages should also be derived from a geographic feature in the locality of its stratotype or type locality.
209:
The relative relationships of rocks for determining their chronostratigraphic positions use the overriding principles of:
13101:
11869:
10092:
9188:
Nicolai Stenonis de solido intra solidvm natvraliter contento dissertationis prodromvs ad serenissimvm Ferdinandvm II ...
8755:
7934:
forms as the second undisputed earliest supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on
219:
11531:
6046:(252 Ma) occur one after another: more than 80% of life on Earth becomes extinct in the lattermost, including most
3356:
3296:
would finally allow for the accurate determination of radiometric ages, with Holmes publishing several revisions to his
16547:
8543:
3344:
13072:
12183:
16748:
16344:
15403:
13326:
13319:
13299:
13278:
13257:
13236:
13215:
12607:
Bowring, Samuel A.; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada".
11182:
Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. (2021), Benner, Susanne; Lax, Gregor; Crutzen, Paul J.; Pöschl, Ulrich (eds.),
10969:
10934:
10899:
10864:
10323:
10288:
10253:
8830:
8413:
8411:
6322:
4049:
3425:
3374:
3265:
3229:
363:
251:– Geologic features representing periods of erosion or non-deposition, indicating non-continuous sediment deposition.
194:
9514:
Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Piller, Werner E.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Harper, David A. T.; Finney, Stanley C. (1 March 2022).
8415:
3004:(c. 1200–1280) extending this into a theory of a petrifying fluid. These works appeared to have little influence on
16384:
11917:
8763:
7760:
6039:
3073:...strata which are either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to it were at one time parallel to the horizon.
13406:
10127:"The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals, and its application to the measurement of geological time"
8443:
8412:
8291:, 4,404 ± 8 Ma). Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth, forming the first oceans. Formation of
3424:
3351:
17339:
17057:
14665:
14320:
12439:
8593:
8134:
7137:
3396:
225:
32:
10131:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
9564:
6518:
in New Zealand tapers off. Some lobe finned fish called rhizodonts become abundant and dominant in freshwaters.
3363:
3220:
During the 19th century, the debate regarding Earth's age was renewed, with geologists estimating ages based on
17168:
15476:
14544:
8759:
8747:
7286:, when some animals started burrowing through the microbial mats (affecting some other animals as well). First
4073:
4031:
3411:
3362:
3352:
3348:
577:
is a non-hierarchical formal geochronology unit of unspecified rank and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic
10348:
9820:
On the Geological Structure of the Central and Southern Regions of Russia in Europe, and of the Ural Mountains
3400:
3385:
3381:
3364:
551:
and Quaternary. The use of subepochs as formal units in international chronostratigraphy was ratified in 2022.
17664:
16794:
16542:
15657:
11363:"The Great Acceleration is real and provides a quantitative basis for the proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch"
9604:"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma"
4965:
4762:
4658:
and closing the Tethys Ocean, while allowing a faunal interchange. At the same time, Afro-Arabia splits into
4514:
3717:
Ma) – both names allude to the Jack Hills Greenstone Belt which provided the oldest mineral grains on Earth,
3342:
3339:
3128:. This attribution to the 'Deluge', while questioned earlier by the likes of da Vinci, was the foundation of
1401:
17:
3473:
currently defined eons and eras of the pre-Cambrian, and the proposals in the "Geological Time Scale" books
3426:
3378:
3371:
3353:
3349:
3334:
16537:
14627:
12693:"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago"
8568:
8518:
7399:
4781:" etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families.
4623:
3413:
3149:
1478:
12983:
12007:
9691:[Observations on a trial geological map of France, the Low Countries, and neighboring countries].
3379:
3357:
3340:
3333:
17510:
17432:
16727:
16597:
16133:
15612:
15592:
15538:
15423:
15259:
14918:
13510:
12558:
Yoon, Hwan Su; Hackett, Jeremiah D.; Ciniglia, Claudia; Pinto, Gabriele; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2004).
10600:
8623:
8618:
8528:
3409:
3398:
3393:
3382:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3335:
547:. There are 37 defined epochs and one informal one. There are also 11 subepochs which are all within the
235:
160:
12559:
11704:
9072:
Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved".
8445:
8414:
6325:
occurs, initiating a dry climate which favors amniotes over amphibians. Amniotes diversify rapidly into
3412:
3397:
3391:
3359:
3358:
3343:
17669:
17437:
16937:
16917:
15944:
15279:
15264:
15202:
15181:
14270:
14250:
10197:"The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology: a historical overview"
10196:
9243:"International Commission on Stratigraphy - Stratigraphic Guide - Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units"
8583:
8435:
8318:
7968:
7133:
5543:
4445:
4331:
3455:
3395:
3384:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3167:
3145:
3042:
12817:
10859:. J. W. Cowie. Frankfurt a.M.: Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.
10852:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3345:
17442:
16927:
16899:
16511:
15914:
15433:
15244:
14981:
14830:
14710:
14260:
14173:
13030:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G.; Bleeker, Wouter; Laurens, Lucas, J. (June 2004).
7931:
6901:
6371:
4953:
4577:
4191:
3910:
3427:
3401:
3380:
3370:
3196:
3112:
The apparent, earliest formal division of the geologic record with respect to time was introduced by
2141:
241:
13418:
11574:
10710:
9775:
9689:"Observations sur un essai de carte géologique de la France, des Pays-Bas, et des contrées voisines"
8998:
8444:
7562:. Enigmatic vendozoans include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like
3337:
3212:
erathem/era rank in use on the modern ICC/GTS were determined during the early to mid-19th century.
17674:
17244:
17158:
16994:
16193:
14680:
13401:
11237:
9663:
9650:
8628:
8603:
8578:
8314:
8015:
7331:
4871:
4522:
3399:
3394:
3375:
3361:
2880:
617:
Period (geochronologic unit) is used in place of Lower Triassic Series (chronostratigraphic unit).
128:. The definition of standardised international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the
8339:
have sufficiently rigid structures to have preserved records of their own histories, for example,
7282:
sponges initially abundant, then vanish. Stromatolites replace them, but quickly fall prey to the
16932:
16882:
16669:
16516:
16165:
16014:
15693:
15471:
15373:
15289:
15284:
14936:
14587:
13783:
13778:
12651:
9899:
8780:
8776:
8558:
8296:
8085:
7984:
7801:
starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080–),
6391:
6218:
4907:
4895:
4875:
4432:
content reaches present-day levels while landmasses also reach their current locations (e.g. the
4303:
4020:
3338:
3285:
3017:
2944:. This view was shared by a few of Xenophanes' contemporaries and those that followed, including
2906:
2824:
2532:
2514:
2485:
2467:
2449:
2416:
761:
3392:
17684:
16832:
16633:
16379:
16278:
14290:
11812:
8356:
8247:
7798:
7684:
6889:
6059:
5728:
remained common in Gondwana, before being replaced by advanced gymnosperms. Many large aquatic
3978:
It has been suggested that the details about life in the "Major events" column of the table be
3360:
3188:. Their theories strongly contested the 6,000 year age of the Earth as suggested determined by
3129:
1445:
379:
238:– A rock feature that cuts across another feature must be younger than the rock it cuts across.
216:– Newer rock beds will lie on top of older rock beds unless the succession has been overturned.
9852:
9688:
9516:"Ratification of subseries/subepochs as formal rank/units in international chronostratigraphy"
8672:
Precambrian or pre-Cambrian is an informal geological term for time before the Cambrian period
5974:
in this period. In the mid-Permian, lycophytes are heavily replaced by ferns and seed plants.
5055:
proliferate (after developing many features since the Carboniferous), along with new types of
3317:
to 2013) although these versions were published in close association with the ICS. Subsequent
3100:
Strata laid down at the same time in different areas could have entirely different appearances
17211:
16434:
15846:
15119:
14751:
14696:
14650:
14635:
14280:
13162:
13057:
9704:
9601:
8608:
8051:
8043:
7992:
7987:
in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 Ma. Glenburgh Orogeny,
7704:
7700:
7622:
7375:
7367:
6909:
6694:
6111:
6035:
5940:
5780:
4703:
4388:
4384:
4307:
4165:
4077:
3847:
3674:
3419:
Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline)
3281:
3184:
3097:
Sequences of strata often become eroded, distorted, tilted, or even inverted after deposition
2888:
921:
544:
521:
383:
355:
12833:
12046:
11723:
9835:
6836:
diversify rapidly, becoming widespread and dominant. Cephalopods continue to flourish. True
562:
is the smallest hierarchical geochronologic unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic
17372:
17324:
17105:
16867:
16808:
16784:
16779:
16123:
16071:
15964:
15907:
15673:
15587:
15413:
15274:
15002:
14971:
14420:
14315:
14166:
12967:
12876:
12829:
12782:
12616:
12372:
12282:
12216:
12142:
12042:
12029:
Bartoli, G; Sarnthein, M; Weinelt, M; Erlenkeuser, H; Garbe-Schönberg, D; Lea, D.W (2005).
11943:
Cox, Simon J. D.; Richard, Stephen M. (2014). "A geologic timescale ontology and service".
11827:
11765:
11719:
11675:
11480:
11423:
10768:
10667:
10612:
10208:
10138:
9952:
9615:
9386:
9138:
9081:
8573:
8563:
7283:
6107:
5815:
except crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, and many ammonoids (including the whole
5768:
4903:
4335:
4244:
4161:
3766:
3208:
2937:
2920:, the broader concept that rocks and time are related can be traced back to (at least) the
1449:
563:
327:
319:
213:
73:
14145:
13048:
13031:
12337:
11995:
9580:
9430:
9413:
8941:
8924:
465:
is the second largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic
8:
17472:
17306:
17249:
17100:
17092:
17050:
16894:
16789:
16697:
16472:
16389:
16369:
16359:
16186:
15883:
15533:
15398:
15350:
14335:
14295:
11813:"Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago"
11010:
10830:
10813:
10012:
9995:
9943:
8368:
8027:
7960:
7696:
7610:
7594:
7590:
7379:
6519:
6278:
6271:
5206:
5178:
4891:
4615:
4510:
4473:
4418:
4295:
4240:
3979:
3162:
3080:
If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum.
3050:
3025:
3021:
3016:
to explain the origins of fossils and sea-level changes, often attributing these to the '
2986:
2368:
582:
386:(chronostratigraphic units) has not changed, merely the geochronometry has been refined.
273:
15219:
12971:
12880:
12786:
12620:
12376:
12286:
12220:
12146:
11831:
11769:
11679:
11530:
Bleeker, W. (17 March 2005), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (eds.),
11484:
11427:
11183:
10772:
10671:
10616:
10373:
10212:
10142:
9956:
9619:
9390:
9142:
9085:
7654:
still rare. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off. First uncontroversial
6884:
not as varied. Three minor extinction events. Some echinoderms go extinct. Beginning of
5538:
levels 3–4 times the present-day levels (1200–1500 ppmv, compared to today's 400 ppmv).
401:
Period, is defined as 201,400,000 years old with an uncertainty of 200,000 years. Other
17384:
17019:
16999:
16877:
16862:
16847:
16769:
16568:
16532:
16334:
16028:
15949:
15858:
15632:
15556:
15486:
14825:
14803:
14670:
14494:
14465:
14400:
14393:
13465:
13134:
12908:
12728:
12632:
12535:
12500:
12481:
12468:
12425:
12401:
12360:
12306:
12248:
11960:
11895:
11851:
11788:
11753:
11633:
11600:
11586:
11512:
11449:
11392:
11342:
11292:
11209:
11162:
10794:
10738:
10691:
10636:
10493:
10224:
10040:
9976:
9880:
9817:
Murchison; Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey; Verneuil; Keyserling, Graf Alexander (1842).
9787:
9754:
9603:
9545:
9491:
9164:
9097:
9010:
8954:
8553:
7865:
7574:
7371:
7244:
6885:
6706:
6515:
6023:
5772:
4899:
4887:
4215:
4187:
4157:
3688:
2967:
2902:
593:
units as they are based on previously defined stratigraphic units or geologic features.
315:
291:
265:
139:
While some regional terms are still in use, the table of geologic time conforms to the
77:
37:
12864:
12661:
12267:
12158:
12097:
4646:
and mammal families become recognizable. The last of the primitive whales go extinct.
3053:
shared da Vinci's views, and found the attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge' absurd.
543:
is the second smallest geochronologic unit. It is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic
17614:
17596:
17500:
17467:
16827:
16623:
16618:
16462:
16298:
16018:
15706:
15571:
15388:
14906:
14785:
14685:
14538:
14441:
14345:
13912:
13876:
13355:
13339:
13305:
13284:
13263:
13242:
13221:
13200:
13172:
13126:
13109:
13009:
12900:
12892:
12845:
12798:
12720:
12712:
12665:
12636:
12589:
12581:
12540:
12522:
12485:
12473:
12455:
12406:
12388:
12298:
12240:
12232:
11999:
11843:
11793:
11637:
11604:
11590:
11547:
11516:
11504:
11496:
11468:
11453:
11441:
11396:
11384:
11379:
11362:
11346:
11334:
11329:
11312:
11296:
11284:
11276:
11213:
11199:
11150:
11140:
11112:
11102:
11074:
11064:
11014:
10975:
10965:
10940:
10930:
10905:
10895:
10870:
10860:
10835:
10786:
10742:
10730:
10683:
10640:
10628:
10497:
10485:
10389:
10354:
10329:
10319:
10294:
10284:
10259:
10249:
10228:
10220:
10156:
10017:
9980:
9968:
9919:
9884:
9872:
9791:
9631:
9584:
9549:
9537:
9532:
9515:
9479:
9469:
9435:
9168:
9156:
9101:
9014:
8946:
8847:
8718:
International Chronostratigraphic chart (v2023/06). An indicates boundaries where a
8404:
8332:
7841:
7806:
7794:
7748:
7688:
7618:
7469:
7363:
7238:
7172:
6285:, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. First
6237:
6095:
6003:
5764:
5760:
5531:
5527:
4433:
4353:
3752:
3692:
3289:
3277:
3257:
3240:
3171:
3029:
2941:
2838:
2738:
2502:
586:
277:
202:
13138:
12912:
12865:"Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data"
12074:
11964:
11260:
10374:"2.27 the Prodromus to a Dissertation on a Solid Naturally Contained within a Solid"
8958:
2144:
in 1874 as a portmanteau of paleo- + Eocene, but on the surface from Greek παλαιός (
413:(kiloannum, thousand years), with the latter often represented in calibrated units (
17527:
17394:
17379:
17256:
17236:
17178:
17082:
17077:
17024:
16973:
16889:
16837:
16613:
16591:
16457:
16354:
16004:
15851:
15597:
15576:
15528:
15491:
15304:
15024:
15012:
14840:
14808:
14640:
14509:
14425:
14415:
14330:
14006:
13881:
13850:
13647:
13371:
The current version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart can be found at
13118:
13043:
12975:
12939:
12884:
12837:
12790:
12751:
12732:
12704:
12657:
12624:
12571:
12530:
12512:
12499:Žárský, Jakub; Žárský, Vojtěch; Hanáček, Martin; Žárský, Viktor (27 January 2022).
12463:
12447:
12443:
12396:
12380:
12341:
12333:
12310:
12290:
12252:
12224:
12150:
12050:
11991:
11952:
11855:
11835:
11783:
11773:
11727:
11683:
11629:
11582:
11539:
11488:
11431:
11374:
11324:
11268:
11191:
11006:
10825:
10798:
10776:
10722:
10695:
10675:
10620:
10477:
10381:
10216:
10146:
10007:
9960:
9911:
9864:
9783:
9623:
9576:
9527:
9425:
9394:
9146:
9127:"A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale"
9089:
9006:
8936:
8598:
8548:
8503:
8340:
8322:
8251:
8126:
8081:
7988:
7980:
7939:
7912:
7837:
7782:
7692:
7547:
7499:
7484:
7474:
7197:
6970:
6714:
6710:
6702:
6338:
6091:
5404:
5396:
5271:
5194:
5151:
4997:
4949:
4826:
4814:
4619:
4576:
Middle Miocene climate optimum temporarily provides a warm climate. Extinctions in
4449:
4276:
4211:
3700:
3261:
2756:
2714:
2689:
2181:
2157:
1506:
1382:
1112:
605:
subdivisions are used as the geochronologic equivalents of the chronostratigraphic
486:
434:
is the largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic
170:
156:
113:
11313:"A practical solution: the Anthropocene is a geological event, not a formal epoch"
11132:
10624:
10580:
10431:
9093:
3136:
theory in which all rocks precipitated out of a single flood. A competing theory,
877:
17522:
17505:
17462:
17452:
17344:
16957:
16922:
16909:
16872:
16819:
16677:
16572:
16506:
16467:
16304:
16053:
15582:
15561:
15393:
15365:
15130:
15086:
14951:
14928:
14896:
14848:
14835:
14798:
14780:
14410:
14405:
14106:
14102:
14098:
13975:
13871:
13809:
13704:
13673:
13642:
13473:
13449:
13426:
13350:
13334:
13194:
13166:
13100:; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (30 July 2004).
13097:
13003:
12656:, Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 15, Elsevier, pp. 127–147,
11778:
11543:
10563:
10546:
10448:
10385:
9818:
9727:
9374:
9226:
9186:
8588:
8533:
8508:
8344:
8198:
7943:
7771:
7579:
7543:
7010:
6905:
6897:
6893:
6739:
6690:
6686:
6658:
6309:. Variscan orogeny continues (these collisions created orogenies, and ultimately
6306:
6103:
6099:
6079:
6007:
5851:
5800:
5788:
5776:
5756:
5578:
5568:
5523:
5202:
5190:
5115:
5091:
5052:
5042:
5001:
4822:
4723:
4715:
4506:
4481:
3789:
3273:
3244:
3001:
2995:
2970:, who wrote on the processes of stratification over the passage of time in their
2574:
2285:
2224:
1299:
1079:
590:
490:
269:
65:
14131:
11234:"Working Group on the 'Anthropocene' | Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy"
11195:
10534:. Digitised by London Natural History Museum Library. Edinburgh: Neill & Co.
10095:. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.
9744:
9373:
Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (2006).
3878:
Ma) – named for displaying the first evidence for a global oxidising atmosphere.
17637:
17555:
17545:
17409:
17404:
17163:
17153:
17043:
16857:
16655:
16643:
16587:
16582:
16576:
16501:
16424:
16349:
16118:
16081:
15878:
15637:
15627:
15566:
15523:
15355:
15345:
15314:
15214:
15186:
15029:
15019:
14818:
14690:
14660:
14645:
14430:
14388:
14383:
14255:
14125:
13944:
13814:
13709:
13678:
13377:
Interactive version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart is found at
12841:
12770:
12384:
12055:
12030:
11731:
11492:
11272:
10853:
International Union of Geological Sciences. Commission on Stratigraphy (1986).
9904:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
8538:
8494:
8276:
8231:
8202:
8190:
8097:
7935:
7873:
7861:
7857:
7830:
7802:
7747:) also appear: eukaryotes diversify rapidly, including algal, eukaryovoric and
7724:
7659:
7647:
7583:
7524:
7398:
start colonising land. 3 extinction events occur 517, 502 and 488 Ma, the
6861:
6845:
6813:
6764:
6698:
6654:
6643:
6570:
6459:
6415:
6403:
5925:
5876:
5623:
5539:
5492:
5198:
5182:
5095:
4989:
4818:
4674:
4627:
4546:
4469:
4338:
3907:
3834:
3793:
3225:
3200:
2925:
2592:
2550:
2409:
2357:
2304:
2261:
2242:
2199:
1684:
1510:
1441:
1046:
910:
494:
414:
341:
323:
121:
13479:
13032:"A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene"
12979:
12268:"Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2"
12154:
11956:
11921:
11154:
10481:
9964:
9915:
9868:
9483:
9398:
7683:
supercontinent occurs in early Tonian, with breakup beginning c. 800 Ma.
7028:
diversify into many new types (especially brachiopods and molluscs; e.g. long
6665:, slowly becoming amphibious. The last non-trilobite artiopods die off. First
2390:
2328:
17658:
17565:
17495:
17447:
17414:
17286:
17276:
17266:
17226:
17221:
16774:
16692:
16687:
16638:
16628:
16268:
16148:
16128:
15765:
15716:
15701:
15647:
15418:
15254:
15249:
15165:
15109:
15059:
15007:
14941:
14913:
14901:
14891:
14881:
14763:
14607:
14533:
14482:
14435:
14350:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14233:
13845:
13835:
13804:
13767:
13699:
13668:
12896:
12849:
12802:
12716:
12691:
Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (2001).
12585:
12526:
12517:
12459:
12426:"Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions"
12392:
12236:
12204:
12003:
11754:"The 2.1 Ga Old Francevillian Biota: Biogenicity, Taphonomy and Biodiversity"
11500:
11445:
11388:
11338:
11280:
11116:
11078:
11018:
10856:
Guidelines and statutes of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)
10839:
10790:
10734:
10726:
10687:
10632:
10489:
10298:
10263:
10160:
10035:
10021:
9972:
9923:
9876:
9635:
9588:
9541:
9439:
9160:
8950:
8400:
8388:
8376:
8372:
8272:
8171:
8055:
8047:
7999:
7972:
7756:
7279:
7093:
6945:
6804:
6662:
6639:
6600:
6591:
6586:
6559:
6507:
6439:
6334:
6253:
6212:
6122:
6031:
6027:
5964:
5916:
5729:
5673:
5638:
5488:
5416:
5400:
5392:
5341:
5193:
and the islands of the Indian (and some of the Atlantic) Ocean. Beginning of
5155:
5099:
5047:
4798:
4663:
4477:
4441:
4437:
4421:
develops as the cold slowly intensifies towards the Pleistocene. Atmospheric
4299:
4256:
4182:
3748:
3233:
3179:
3175:
3113:
3087:
2991:
2917:
2720:
2695:
2666:
2660:
2610:
2598:
2580:
2556:
2538:
2520:
2491:
2473:
2310:
2249:
2230:
1636:
1611:
1582:
1557:
1524:
1518:
1495:
1463:
1023:
895:
529:
281:
93:
85:
13443:
A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene
13383:
A list of current Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Points is found at
13122:
12888:
12794:
12576:
12345:
11896:"Geologic Timescale Elements in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
10979:
10944:
10874:
10333:
8328:
5059:, while other seed plants (gymnosperms and seed ferns) decline. More modern
2072:
2043:
1985:
1052:
837:
636:
Formal, hierarchical units of the geologic time scale (largest to smallest)
17619:
17570:
17560:
17550:
17490:
17271:
17125:
17115:
16852:
16650:
16364:
16339:
16324:
16290:
16250:
15863:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15727:
15466:
15081:
15075:
14741:
14675:
14597:
14528:
14477:
14378:
14325:
14265:
14136:
14067:
13917:
13840:
13130:
12904:
12724:
12593:
12544:
12477:
12410:
12302:
12244:
12188:
11847:
11797:
11508:
11288:
11134:
10993:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; van Kranendonk, Martin (23 July 2008).
10957:
10909:
10655:
10358:
10151:
10126:
9463:
8469:
8465:
8352:
8336:
8186:
8153:
8122:
7889:
7810:
7752:
7663:
7569:
7494:
7414:
7327:
7323:
7271:
7025:
6960:
6920:
6650:
6646:
6523:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6397:
6330:
6087:
6011:
5971:
5740:
5687:
5558:
5519:
5515:
5408:
5186:
5103:
4985:
4879:
4571:
4530:
4526:
4485:
4392:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4342:
4311:
4291:
4236:
4230:
3696:
3444:
3293:
3252:
3189:
3157:
3153:
2869:
2863:
2780:
2762:
2744:
2677:
2641:
2635:
2616:
2455:
2437:
2433:
2422:
2292:
2267:
2206:
2187:
2014:
1906:
1881:
1856:
1831:
1806:
1781:
1756:
1673:
1430:
1238:
1209:
1203:
1180:
1151:
1118:
1085:
866:
474:
296:
261:
248:
174:
152:
140:
109:
101:
13432:
12692:
12628:
12205:"New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution"
11261:"Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognise Earth's new epoch"
11096:
11058:
10093:"Place Details: Ediacara Fossil Site – Nilpena, Parachilna, SA, Australia"
5110:
appear in water and probably cause the last temnospondyls to die out; and
3103:
The strata of any given area represented only part of Earth's long history
2163:
1731:
994:
17367:
17173:
17110:
16552:
16449:
16411:
16394:
16329:
16310:
16243:
16223:
16097:
16038:
15930:
15873:
15868:
15513:
15496:
15428:
15408:
15294:
15176:
15091:
15069:
14976:
14961:
14756:
14736:
14726:
14655:
14612:
14592:
14521:
14340:
14242:
14062:
13931:
13907:
13752:
13547:
12031:"Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation"
11573:
Strachan, R.; Murphy, J.B.; Darling, J.; Storey, C.; Shields, G. (2020),
11436:
11411:
10959:
10924:
10854:
10512:
10313:
9206:
8923:
Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (1 September 2013).
8859:
Not enough is known about extra-solar planets for worthwhile speculation.
8280:
8163:
8130:
8116:
8105:
7904:(remains of marine algae possibly) start appearing in the fossil record.
7885:
7728:
7720:
7626:
7564:
7519:
7434:
7395:
7218:
7177:
7129:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7089:
7073:
7033:
6841:
6809:
6578:
6544:
6495:
6483:
6451:
6419:
6233:
6132:
6019:
5995:
5987:
5960:
5944:
5808:
5804:
5784:
5715:
5699:
5547:
5468:
5452:
5432:
5388:
5316:
5306:
5068:
4993:
4782:
4655:
4654:, including humans. Afro-Arabia collides with Eurasia, fully forming the
4606:
4271:
4131:
4064:
3248:
3009:
2921:
2845:
2808:
2802:
2351:
2101:
1979:
1956:
1702:
1409:
1174:
831:
808:
802:
768:
478:
451:
447:
345:
is the field of geochronology that numerically quantifies geologic time.
13329:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-99242-8.
13322:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-98913-8.
12294:
12228:
11839:
11688:
11663:
10889:
9151:
9126:
6681:
to lose their shells while anomalocarids vanish. "Old Red Continent" of
6317:(e.g. temnospondyls) spread in Euramerica, with some becoming the first
3077:
must be found that kept the material of the strata from being dispersed.
1386:
1325:
17457:
17424:
17399:
17281:
17201:
17120:
16319:
16314:
16209:
16138:
16102:
16059:
15888:
15841:
15825:
15711:
15617:
15438:
15299:
15269:
15207:
14986:
14886:
14793:
14768:
14571:
14355:
14057:
14017:
13960:
13860:
13757:
13631:
13531:
12928:
12359:
Williams, Joshua J.; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; Lenton, Timothy M. (2019).
11980:"African Environmental Change from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene"
10529:
9290:
9242:
8235:
8179:
8071:
7938:, in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680–1,620 Ma, on the
7923:
7917:
7732:
7712:
7641:
7597:, leading to the formation of the short-lived Ediacaran supercontinent
7439:
7359:
7339:
7311:
7299:
7267:
7255:
7121:
7101:
7057:
7041:
7029:
7015:
7005:
6995:
6925:
6881:
6853:
6837:
6833:
6789:
6682:
6635:
6623:
6607:
6582:
6491:
6463:
6407:
6381:
6361:
6294:
6257:
6182:
6167:
6137:
6071:
6063:
5983:
5952:
5816:
5733:
5724:
5719:
5658:
5648:
5495:
5472:
5456:
5412:
5352:
5326:
5261:
5174:
5166:
5150:) mammals appear while the last non-mammalian cynodonts die out. First
5143:
5127:
5119:
5107:
5079:
5037:
4957:
4830:
4778:
4757:
4719:
4413:
4248:
4199:
4152:
4142:
4082:
Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information
4034: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3837:
3221:
3141:
2933:
2929:
2731:
2706:
2681:
2384:
2174:
2130:
1825:
1696:
1605:
1377:
1354:
1288:
1282:
1145:
757:
753:
578:
525:
482:
410:
190:
186:
105:
14120:
12451:
10315:
The meaning of fossils : episodes in the history of palaeontology
9321:
8795:
This is divided into Lower/Early, Middle, and Upper/Late series/epochs
8488:
8464:
A second time scale based on mineral alteration observed by the OMEGA
7942:
in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 Ma), Gawler Craton,
7243:
Major diversification of (fossils mainly show bilaterian) life in the
5154:. Many snails become terrestrial. Further breakup of Gondwana creates
4902:) while Eurasia completely separates from North America, creating the
2990:(1027) on the concept of stratification and superposition, pre-dating
2916:
While a modern geological time scale was not formulated until 1911 by
965:
397:'). For example, 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma, the lower boundary of the
17690:
International Commission on Stratigraphy geologic time scale of Earth
17389:
17334:
17319:
17291:
17261:
17188:
17130:
17009:
16989:
16722:
16682:
16419:
16228:
16042:
15994:
15969:
15954:
15785:
15622:
15506:
15481:
15461:
15378:
15330:
15324:
15309:
15049:
14966:
14602:
14514:
14489:
14470:
14360:
14072:
14022:
13996:
13955:
13902:
13747:
13723:
13604:
13594:
13583:
13378:
13086:"Pondering 'Deep Time' Could Inspire New Ways To View Climate Change"
12943:
12708:
12184:"Here's What the Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans Looked Like"
10781:
10756:
10679:
10278:
10243:
9675:"La crainte de voir mal comprise ... que ceux du bassin de la Seine."
9627:
8513:
8392:
8380:
8268:
8227:
8223:
8213:
8101:
8023:
7954:
7901:
7881:
7852:
7602:
7559:
7529:
7509:
7391:
7335:
7315:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7233:
7187:
7141:
7105:
7097:
7077:
7061:
6975:
6873:
6829:
6817:
6709:
in New Zealand. A series of extinction events, including the massive
6678:
6631:
6627:
6596:
6564:
6503:
6499:
6487:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6349:
remained common before they died out by the end of the period. First
6346:
6326:
6314:
6282:
6266:
6261:
6241:
6229:
6192:
6172:
6067:
6015:
5967:
5956:
5948:
5936:
5911:
5901:
5881:
5812:
5796:
5736:
5703:
5691:
5683:
5593:
5583:
5384:
5380:
5364:
5346:
5296:
5241:
5231:
5221:
5210:
5162:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5012:
4961:
4943:
4938:
4911:
4841:
4774:
4727:
4707:
4689:
4684:
4585:
4561:
4534:
4501:
4453:
4326:
4281:
4260:
4219:
4203:
4195:
3893:
3462:
3137:
3133:
3063:
De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus
2963:
2949:
2945:
2774:
2322:
2124:
2066:
1850:
1800:
1667:
1622:
1348:
1232:
1017:
926:
776:
767:
Informally, the time before the Cambrian is often referred to as the
745:
741:
729:
498:
470:
406:
402:
390:
372:
182:
166:
117:
97:
41:
11188:
Paul J. Crutzen and the Anthropocene: A New Epoch in Earth's History
10433:
Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten
10380:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 763–825,
9816:
8884:
8205:) may have formed during this period. Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica.
6534:
4009:
933:, the god of the underworld (hell, the inferno) in Greek mythology.
310:
stage, and substage are the hierarchical chronostratigraphic units.
17004:
16842:
16486:
16399:
15990:
15820:
15800:
15642:
15548:
15448:
15239:
15234:
14617:
14460:
14370:
14228:
14218:
14032:
14027:
13991:
13891:
13824:
13793:
13688:
13657:
13618:
13568:
13542:
13518:
12755:
11751:
8996:
8239:
8182:
8167:
8096:
begins to form, stabilises by 2,600 Ma. First uncontroversial
8038:
8019:
8010:
7877:
7825:
7739:(the events may have begun in the Mesoproterozoic) while the first
7736:
7614:
7598:
7555:
7551:
7387:
7319:
7303:
7275:
7259:
7228:
7162:
7085:
7081:
7065:
7053:
6985:
6950:
6935:
6865:
6821:
6799:
6754:
6744:
6729:
6718:
6666:
6615:
6554:
6511:
6471:
6342:
6302:
6298:
6286:
6245:
6224:
6202:
6083:
6075:
6051:
5921:
5856:
5752:
5707:
5695:
5678:
5668:
5628:
5613:
5603:
5507:
5503:
5484:
5480:
5464:
5436:
5424:
5376:
5372:
5336:
5251:
5135:
5111:
5087:
5064:
5032:
4919:
4915:
4861:
4851:
4770:
4742:
4694:
4596:
4464:
4408:
4378:
4315:
4147:
4136:
4084:
3046:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2956:
2856:
2567:
2278:
2217:
2008:
1950:
1900:
1875:
1775:
1630:
1576:
1551:
1457:
1424:
1311:
988:
959:
737:
733:
725:
621:
614:
506:
502:
435:
398:
376:
13384:
12560:"A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes"
12028:
11662:
Goldblatt, C.; Zahnle, K. J.; Sleep, N. H.; Nisbet, E. G. (2010).
9939:"I.—On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks"
9347:
8754:
levels over the past ~550, 65, and 5 million years can be seen at
4308:
Pleistocene megafauna (including the last terror birds) extinction
3523:(no fixed time given, prior to the Siderian) – from Greek κράτος (
3156:
with a key driver for resolution of this debate being the work of
92:
that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by
17482:
17359:
17329:
17145:
17135:
17014:
16238:
16233:
15815:
15805:
15735:
15607:
15518:
15383:
14956:
14946:
14868:
14859:
14844:
14731:
14576:
14499:
14208:
14046:
13986:
13736:
13573:
13557:
13461:
Deep Time – A History of the Earth : Interactive Infographic
13372:
13096:
11133:
F. M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; Gabi Ogg (2020).
9667:"Ce que je désirerais ... dont il faut également les distinguer."
9375:"The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale"
9372:
8396:
8384:
8284:
8175:
8159:
8138:
8089:
8066:
7976:
7927:
7897:
7790:
7786:
7776:
7740:
7716:
7708:
7680:
7630:
7606:
7586:
7459:
7449:
7424:
7343:
7307:
7263:
7069:
6877:
6869:
6825:
6779:
6674:
6630:, independently) with the former group very abundant (especially
6619:
6479:
6467:
6318:
6310:
6157:
6147:
6047:
5975:
5928:
5906:
5866:
5841:
5820:
5744:
5711:
5710:
become smaller and nocturnal, eventually becoming the first true
5511:
5499:
5476:
5460:
5448:
5420:
5356:
5170:
5075:
5060:
4981:
4927:
4810:
4786:
4731:
4647:
4611:
4550:
4518:
4496:
4403:
4080:
representation of the time scale, which is available through the
3933:
3269:
3005:
2830:
2037:
1750:
1647:
1597:
1489:
1482:
1319:
860:
749:
548:
466:
443:
89:
81:
14746:
12650:
Iizuka, Tsuyoshi; Komiya, Tsuyoshi; Maruyama, Shigenori (2007),
10450:
De'crostacei e degli altri marini corpi che si truovano su'monti
9563:
Head, Martin J.; Gibbard, Philip; Salvador, Amos (1 June 2008).
6622:
are all abundant in the oceans. First fully coiled cephalopods (
6114:
begins (c. 260–225 Ma), forming the New England Fold Belt.
3116:
who applied a two-fold terminology to mountains by identifying "
2119:) 'new', referring to the dawn of modern life during this epoch
17349:
17216:
17196:
15810:
15760:
15755:
15054:
14213:
14082:
13965:
13599:
11810:
11101:. Gabi Ogg, F. M. Gradstein. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
8843:
8288:
8262:
8194:
8142:
8093:
8084:
overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650 ± 150 Ma.
8077:
7964:
7744:
7674:
7655:
7651:
7539:
7535:
7251:
7248:
7207:
7202:
7152:
6849:
6769:
6685:
persists after forming in the Caledonian orogeny. Beginning of
6670:
6611:
6604:
6350:
6274:
6055:
5999:
5891:
5831:
5748:
5440:
5428:
5391:, become the dominant land vertebrates. Mammals diversify into
5286:
5276:
5159:
5083:
5072:
5056:
5022:
4977:
4969:
4806:
4766:
4752:
4711:
4659:
4422:
4288:
4252:
4207:
4088:
3801:
3797:
3718:
2998:
2884:
2652:
2627:
2339:
2095:
1725:
1688:
1303:
889:
439:
125:
15899:
10039:
9123:
8475:
8459:
8442:
8410:
6677:. Pressure from jawed fishes cause eurypterids to decline and
3955:
3952:
Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale:
3947:
3800:, to reflect the growth of stable continental nuclei or proto-
3654:
3651:
Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale:
3646:
3423:
3406:
3390:
3369:
3330:
3107:
3093:
Over the course of the 18th-century geologists realised that:
354:(GSSP) is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a
17537:
17314:
17296:
17066:
16439:
16178:
15790:
15602:
15501:
15456:
15064:
14813:
14504:
14452:
11309:
9686:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9235:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
7893:
7814:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7125:
7037:
6574:
6475:
6290:
6002:
arise from earlier diapsids, and split into the ancestors of
5991:
5932:
5360:
4581:
3013:
2960:
2795:
2371:
of the American Southwest, ultimately from Arabic وَادِي ٱل (
1655:
1651:
1593:
1568:
1535:
1413:
1405:
1307:
914:
906:
69:
12862:
12202:
11538:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 141–146,
9040:
8371:
of Earth's Moon has been divided into a time scale based on
7124:
at the end of the period. First uncontroversial terrestrial
6904:
ends late in this period after starting in Late Ordovician.
6634:). Trilobites and ostracoderms decline, while jawed fishes (
4890:
to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling.
3120:" for rock formed at the time of the 'Deluge', and younger "
1481:
in reference to a trio of formations widespread in southern
691:
Hundreds of thousands of years to tens of millions of years
17586:
17206:
16373:
16255:
15795:
15780:
15770:
15224:
15161:
14203:
14189:
14150:
13450:
Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time
13002:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
11572:
9411:
8355:, do not comparably preserve their history. Apart from the
8348:
8292:
8219:
7834:
6411:
6249:
5783:
occurs around 234–232 Ma, allowing the first dinosaurs and
5444:
5368:
4973:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4643:
4639:
3691:
Era/Erathem (4567–4404 Ma) – the name alluding both to the
3303:
1921:
524:. There are 22 defined periods, with the current being the
394:
61:
15230:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
12424:
Naranjo-Ortiz, Miguel A.; Gabaldón, Toni (25 April 2019).
12323:
11661:
11466:
11409:
11359:
10992:
10245:
Science in ancient China : researches and reflections
9743:
Brongniart, Alexandre (1770-1847) Auteur du texte (1829).
9446:
9108:
8725:
7550:, possibly caused by a large-scale oxidation event. First
7390:) levels (6000 ppm compared to today's 400 ppm)
7370:
tapers off (550–535 Ma). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica.
5706:(a group of sauropterygians) dominate large marine fauna.
3944:
Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (GTS2012), shown to scale:
389:
The numeric values on the ICC are represented by the unit
189:
and Paleogene systems/periods. For divisions prior to the
16273:
15775:
12498:
12431:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
12089:
11978:
Hoag, Colin; Svenning, Jens-Christian (17 October 2017).
8243:
7247:
as oxygen levels increase. Numerous fossils; most modern
5979:
5510:, with the latter also breaking into two main parts; the
5209:
oxygen and carbon dioxide levels similar to present day.
4923:
4651:
222:– All rock layers were originally deposited horizontally.
36:
The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a
17035:
13029:
12557:
10958:
F. M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; A. Gilbert Smith (2004).
10085:
9513:
8714:
The dates and uncertainties quoted are according to the
7546:
flourish worldwide in seas, possibly appearing after an
6721:), and fish, including all placoderms and ostracoderms.
5803:, many marine reptiles (e.g. all sauropterygians except
528:
period. As an exception two subperiods are used for the
14158:
13460:
12953:"A Geologic Time scale 2004 – Why, How and Where Next!"
12750:. Professional Paper. United States Geological Survey.
12075:"NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution"
11628:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365.
9509:
9507:
8308:
7136:
at the end of this period, as well as a series of mass
5970:
remain common, with the latter probably giving rise to
5213:
disappear. Climate initially warm, but later it cools.
3659:
13304:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier).
13283:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier).
13262:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier).
13241:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier).
13220:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier).
13199:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier).
8992:
8990:
8988:
8254:
Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000 ± 200 Ma.
3433:
3056:
2974:. Their work likely inspired that of the 11th-century
12690:
12423:
8986:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8922:
8614:
Timeline of the geologic history of the United States
8275:) c. 4,031 to 3,580 Ma. Possible first appearance of
5542:(last pseudosuchians) seek out an aquatic lifestyle.
3438:
3170:
in 1785. Hutton's theory would later become known as
3049:
doctrine was in some places unwise, scholars such as
2896:
12649:
10280:
The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences
9504:
9366:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
8484:
7625:. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633–620 Ma.
7120:
fish appear, the latter probably giving rise to the
6301:
and Siberia-Kazakhstania, the latter of which forms
5819:), bivalves, brachiopods, corals and sponges. First
4722:). Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of
4476:. Cooling climate continues from the Miocene. First
2626:
Named for the Homolka a Přídolí nature reserve near
1452:
was the first to publish the term Jurassic in 1829.
16754:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
12361:"A tectonically driven Ediacaran oxygenation event"
12358:
11566:
11523:
10585:. Gerstein - University of Toronto. London, Harper.
9562:
9285:
9283:
8999:"A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian"
8740:
Atmosphere of Earth#Evolution of Earth's atmosphere
8362:
8283:. End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known
8129:phototrophic bacteria, like cyanobacteria). Oldest
4642:down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene. Modern
4448:). The last non-marsupial metatherians go extinct.
3454:been ratified by the ICS; however, in May 2019 the
1263:Time span and etymology of ICS system/period names
658:Several hundred million years to two billion years
15160:
13413:National Museum of Natural History – Geologic Time
12417:
12128:-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic"
11909:
10531:Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the earth
9316:
9314:
9312:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9074:Special Publications, Geological Society of London
8965:
7872:1,600 Ma, Mount Isa Block, Queensland. First
6498:, etc.) recover and become very common again, but
3463:Proposals for revisions to pre-Cryogenian timeline
1931:Time span and etymology of ICS series/epoch names
13354:(1st ed.). Forest Hills, NY: Callisto Reference.
13001:
11657:
11655:
11653:
10846:
10601:"Arthur Holmes' vision of a geological timescale"
10067:LISTSERV 16.0 - AUSTRALIAN-LINGUISTICS-L Archives
9851:Sedgwick, A.; Murchison, R. I. (1 January 1840).
9850:
9680:
9595:
9058:
8925:"The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
8825:
8823:
8821:
5459:diverse. Rhynchocephalians throughout the world.
940:Time span and etymology of ICS erathem/era names
165:The geologic time scale is a way of representing
17656:
13435:from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe
13429:. Information model for the geologic time scale.
12816:Carr, Michael H.; Head, James W. (1 June 2010).
11403:
11252:
10715:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society
10605:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
10195:Fischer, Alfred G.; Garrison, Robert E. (2009).
10190:
9857:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
9767:
9405:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8692:
8690:
7967:while more cyanobacterial stromatolites appear.
7601:, which by the end of the period breaks up into
4988:) and mammals (up to bear or small hippo size).
4634:, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO
4210:becomes a desert. End of Stone Age and start of
185:System/Period and thus the boundary between the
13509:
13402:British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart
12606:
11888:
11705:"Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System"
11181:
11056:
10194:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10170:
9348:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points"
9309:
9260:
9200:
9198:
7378:. Some small terranes split off from Gondwana.
6418:, radiating significantly one last time. First
3215:
1995:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλεῖστος (
680:Millions of years to tens of millions of years
143:, ages, and colour codes set forth by the ICS.
13448:Lane, Alfred C, and Marble, John Putman 1937.
13171:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
12739:
12352:
12265:
11804:
11745:
11650:
11623:
10470:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
10120:
10118:
9891:
9810:
9773:
9736:
9642:
9565:"The Quaternary: its character and definition"
9556:
9461:
9220:
9218:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8836:
8429:
7032:cephalopods like the long lasting and diverse
5943:, among other mountain ranges (the superocean
1448:as 'Jura Kalkstein' (Jura limestone) in 1799.
169:based on events that have occurred throughout
17051:
16194:
15915:
15146:
14174:
13495:
13327:Stratigraphy of Geo- and Biodynamic Processes
13008:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12856:
12600:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12111:
12068:
12066:
10964:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10922:
10887:
10805:
10594:
10592:
10521:
10504:
9930:
9844:
9827:
9719:
8899:
8798:
8791:
8789:
8687:
8642:
6892:. Also continued into Devonian period as the
4730:, miacoids and condylarths go extinct. First
3833:Ma) – named for the inferred predominance of
3322:ratified by the ICS since the prior version.
2024:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλείων (
566:. There are 96 formal and five informal ages.
420:
40:with some major events in Earth's history. A
13062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12950:
12762:
12643:
12492:
12259:
12022:
11977:
11303:
11175:
10555:
10538:
10371:
10340:
10305:
10167:
10054:
10050:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
9709:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9195:
9180:
9178:
8720:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
8452:Martian time periods (millions of years ago)
8246:-based genes around 3800 Ma. The end of the
3985:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
2794:) 'lotus', referring to the state symbol of
2053:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek μείων (
628:the Silurian Series and they were deposited
438:. There are four formally defined eons: the
351:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
12684:
12317:
12266:Deconto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (2003).
12176:
11918:"SPARQL endpoint for CGI timescale service"
11532:"Toward a "natural" Precambrian time scale"
11258:
11052:
11050:
11048:
10702:
10572:
10457:
10423:
10408:
10365:
10235:
10115:
9774:Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A.; Huang, C. (2012),
9759:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9215:
8872:
8680:
8678:
8524:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
6522:collides with a different small continent,
6034:. Cynodonts evolve from larger therapsids.
5714:, while other remaining synapsids die out.
3108:Formulation of a modern geologic time scale
3045:were not readily accepted and dissent from
27:System that relates geologic strata to time
17058:
17044:
16201:
16187:
15922:
15908:
15153:
15139:
14181:
14167:
13502:
13488:
13445:, Episodes, Vol. 27, no. 2 June 2004 (pdf)
13102:"A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale"
12809:
12551:
12196:
12108:
12063:
11984:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
11942:
11460:
11167:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11128:
11126:
11090:
11088:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11028:
10894:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
10589:
10270:
9742:
9496:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9465:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
9354:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
9328:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
9297:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
9041:"International Commission on Stratigraphy"
8887:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
8786:
2444:(forest) + -ia by analogy to Transylvania
2408:), referring to the western slopes of the
2342:, China, an anglicization of Mandarin 乐平 (
2111:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek ἠώς (
719:
193:, arbitrary numeric boundary definitions (
134:International Union of Geological Sciences
13297:
13276:
13255:
13234:
13213:
13192:
13047:
12609:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
12575:
12534:
12516:
12467:
12400:
12102:Honors Projects in Science and Technology
12054:
11971:
11787:
11777:
11687:
11435:
11378:
11353:
11328:
10929:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10829:
10780:
10440:
10150:
10011:
9897:
9648:
9531:
9429:
9175:
9150:
9071:
8940:
8708:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8299:. Formation of Earth (4,543 to 4,540 Ma)
7022:Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
4910:diverges from the rest of Eurasia. First
4710:and diversification of fauna, especially
4050:Learn how and when to remove this message
3960:
16749:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
15684:International Commission on Stratigraphy
12815:
12745:
11936:
11702:
11617:
10811:
10527:
10318:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10034:
9936:
9833:
9725:
9340:
8769:
8744:Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere
8716:International Commission on Stratigraphy
8675:
8651:
8351:. Dominantly fluid planets, such as the
8050:) increases oxygen. Sleaford Orogeny on
7330:are dominant and giant predators, while
5994:, ammonoids (including goniatites), and
5959:) become widespread and dominant, while
4964:survived) and many other invertebrates.
4866:Two transient events of global warming (
3751:, one of the oldest preserved pieces of
3614:Ma) – respectively from Greek κλείσιμο (
3304:Modern international geologic time scale
713:Thousands of years to millions of years
702:Thousands of years to millions of years
130:International Commission on Stratigraphy
31:
14151:Articles related to Geologic time scale
13083:
13070:
11529:
11123:
11085:
11025:
10986:
10951:
10916:
10749:
10346:
10311:
10060:
9993:
9322:"Chapter 3. Definitions and Procedures"
9033:
8699:
7024:occurs as plankton increase in number:
4734:(modern, fully aquatic whales) appear.
2082:Coined in the 1850s from Greek ὀλίγος (
1691:'Yata Takarra' 'hard or stony ground'.
1687:. Ediacara is possibly a corruption of
1310:Basin that appeared to be younger than
520:is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic
44:(Ma) represents one million (10) years.
14:
17657:
13301:Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy
13084:Ialenti, Vincent (21 September 2014).
13071:Ialenti, Vincent (28 September 2014).
12768:
12095:
11876:. Paleontological Research Institution
11060:The geologic time scale 2012. Volume 2
10708:
10578:
10510:
10463:
10429:
10414:
10124:
9900:"VII. On the silurian system of rocks"
9291:"Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units"
9204:
8661:
8439:and Amazonian (~3,000 Ma to present).
8174:) diversify rapidly, along with early
7844:in North America. Columbia breaks up.
7386:content roughly 15 times present-day (
6816:and fully terrestrialised arthropods:
4358:Further cooling of the climate. Giant
3467:
669:Tens to hundreds of millions of years
405:units commonly used by geologists are
17039:
16182:
15903:
15134:
14162:
14149:
13483:
13455:Lessons for Children on Geologic Time
13338:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
13238:Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology
13160:
13148:from the original on 15 December 2011
12951:Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (2004).
12121:
12072:
11996:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060653
11063:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
10881:
10653:
10598:
10561:
10544:
10453:(in Italian). Appresso Stefano Monti.
10372:Kardel, Troels; Maquet, Paul (2018),
10276:
10241:
9224:
9184:
8783:are official sub-systems/sub-periods.
8750:. Specific graphs of reconstructed CO
7998:2,005–1,920 Ma. Kimban Orogeny,
7930:with nuclei and endomembrane system.
4259:, and the Americas (mainland and the
3982:out into another article titled
3932:Ma) – named after the supercontinent
3124:formed later from the debris of the "
2940:over the land and at other times had
1505:Named after the historical region of
179:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
17610:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
15115:
13441:, Gradstein, Felix M. et al. (2004)
13259:Case Studies in Isotope Stratigraphy
10654:Soddy, Frederick (4 December 1913).
10446:
10353:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock.
8309:Non-Earth based geologic time scales
5698:also arise from bipedal archosaurs.
5134:, who migrate to South America) and
4980:widespread. First large birds (e.g.
4789:diversify after returning to water.
4580:, decreasing shark diversity. First
4032:adding citations to reliable sources
4003:
3964:
3660:Van Kranendonk et al. 2012 (GTS2012)
14101:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
12822:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
12035:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
11741:from the original on 19 April 2012.
11712:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
11094:
10812:Harrison, James M. (1 March 1978).
10568:. Vol. 3. London: John Murray.
10551:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
9994:Bassett, Michael G. (1 June 1979).
9231:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
9045:International Geological Time Scale
8756:File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png
7695:, Western Australia. Deposition of
5795:occurs 201 Ma, wiping out all
5718:(archosaur relatives) also common.
3434:Major proposed revisions to the ICC
3057:Establishment of primary principles
822:) 'visible' or 'abundant' and ζωή (
24:
16548:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
14105:= megaannum (millions years ago);
13320:Integrated Quaternary Stratigraphy
12922:
11634:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0
11587:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00016-4
11259:Subramanian, Meera (21 May 2019).
11098:A concise geologic time scale 2016
10350:The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
9898:Murchison, Roderick Impey (1835).
9788:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00026-3
9011:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0
8738:For more information on this, see
8544:Graphical timeline of the universe
8133:. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica.
7554:(unknown affinity among animals),
6589:), first trees (the progymnosperm
5793:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
4513:. Sahara desert formation begins.
4387:and unstable climate. Rise of the
3439:Proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch
3312:Following on from Holmes, several
2984:(Ibn Sînâ, 980–1037) who wrote in
2897:History of the geologic time scale
1404:in reference to extensive beds of
1136:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή (
1103:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή (
1070:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή (
641:Chronostratigraphic unit (strata)
469:. There are ten defined eras: the
195:Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages
181:, marks the lower boundary of the
25:
17701:
15404:Discrete time and continuous time
14109:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
13466:Geology Buzz: Geologic Time Scale
13365:
13217:Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy
10995:"On the Geologic Time Scale 2008"
10757:"A Revised Geological Time-Scale"
10711:"A revised geological time-scale"
9996:"100 Years of Ordovician Geology"
9131:Journal of the Geological Society
8935:(3) (updated ed.): 199–204.
8842:The age of the oldest measurable
8831:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
8230:around 4000 Ma, after which true
8145:, ends by roughly 2,696 Ma.
6896:, above (thus Euramerica forms).
6323:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
6044:Permian–Triassic extinction event
4992:in Europe and Asia begins. First
4894:collides with Eurasia and starts
4539:separating from gorilla ancestors
4214:. Humans finally expand into the
2833:, Mandarin for 'sprouting peaks'
851:) 'former' or 'earlier' and ζωή (
364:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
132:(ICS), a constituent body of the
17633:
17632:
16732:
15329:
15323:
15114:
15105:
15104:
14130:
14119:
13419:SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems
13073:"Embracing 'Deep Time' Thinking"
12748:The geologic history of the Moon
11011:10.1127/0078-0421/2008/0043-0005
10430:Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1787).
10221:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01009.x
10103:from the original on 3 June 2011
9726:Humboldt, Alexander von (1799).
8853:
8764:File:Five Myr Climate Change.png
8722:has been internationally agreed.
8487:
8422:Millions of years before present
8363:Lunar (selenological) time scale
8002:in Australian continent begins.
7761:Neoproterozoic oxygenation event
7338:and molluscs diversify rapidly.
7314:, pentaradial echinoderms (e.g.
6281:continues to the Early Permian.
5122:coexist with pterosaurs. Modern
4874:) and warming climate until the
4702:extinction. Start of widespread
4509:with hypersaline lakes in empty
4008:
3969:
3788:Ma) – based on the names of the
3561:–2300 Ma) – from Greek σκουριά (
3300:with his final version in 1960.
2911:
1165:) 'new' or 'young' and ἀρχαῖος (
509:, with none from the Hadean eon.
409:(gigaannum, billion years), and
17340:Human impact on the environment
16430:English and British regnal year
15929:
13049:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002
12775:Journal of Geophysical Research
12564:Molecular Biology and Evolution
12440:Cambridge Philosophical Society
12338:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/1
12135:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
12096:Gannon, Colin (26 April 2013).
11915:
11862:
11703:Chambers, John E. (July 2004).
11696:
11469:"Anthropocene: event or epoch?"
11226:
10647:
10419:(in Latin). London: G. Kettiby.
10028:
9987:
9823:. Print. by R. and J.E. Taylor.
9655:Annales des Sciences Naturelles
9581:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/009
9431:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007
8942:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
8594:New Zealand geologic time scale
8135:Blake River Megacaldera Complex
8022:glaciation. First hypothetical
7358:continue to present day. First
7326:), and numerous other animals.
5747:fish appear, as do many modern
5419:but mostly remain small. First
4650:become ubiquitous. Ancestor of
4019:needs additional citations for
3846:Ma) – named for the voluminous
3600:Neoproterozoic (1000–538.8 Ma)
3160:(1726–1797), in particular his
1534:Means 'coal-bearing', from the
17169:Climate variability and change
16208:
15477:History of timekeeping devices
13351:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
13335:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
11581:, Elsevier, pp. 481–493,
10831:10.18814/epiiugs/1978/v1i1/005
10436:(in German). Dresden: Walther.
10125:Holmes, Arthur (9 June 1911).
10013:10.18814/epiiugs/1979/v2i2/003
9782:, Elsevier, pp. 731–791,
9687:d'Halloy, d'O., J.-J. (1822).
9005:, Elsevier, pp. 299–392,
8760:File:65 Myr Climate Change.png
8137:begins to form in present-day
7629:forms. An increase in oceanic
6514:continues from Late Devonian.
5546:continues from late Triassic.
5086:all common. Many new types of
4543:chimpanzee and human ancestors
4087:project as a service and at a
4074:Resource Description Framework
3864:Paleoproterozoic Era/Erathem (
3195:During the early 19th century
3024:in 1282. It was not until the
1621:Named after the Celtic tribe,
1066:) 'new' or 'young', πρότερος (
255:
13:
1:
17605:Evolution of the Solar System
16543:Old Style and New Style dates
16015:creation of chemical elements
13548:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
12662:10.1016/s0166-2635(07)15031-3
12073:Tyson, Peter (October 2009).
11874:Digital Atlas of Ancient Life
11664:"The Eons of Chaos and Hades"
10709:Holmes, A. (1 January 1959).
10625:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.10
10099:. Commonwealth of Australia.
10061:Butcher, Andy (26 May 2004).
9608:Journal of Quaternary Science
9094:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
8866:
8850:, is dated to 3,600–3,800 Ma.
8076:Stabilization of most modern
7995:
7869:
7104:, and other taxa all common.
6232:radiate suddenly; some (esp.
5351:Climate becomes humid again.
4793:continue to diversify. First
4266:0.0117 ± 0.000099
3918:Mesoproterozoic Era/Erathem (
3671:formation of the Solar System
3449:First suggested in 2000, the
3166:, first presented before the
175:4.54 ± 0.05 Ga
146:
17345:Evolutionary history of life
16495:Pre-Julian / Julian
11779:10.1371/journal.pone.0099438
11626:The geologic time scale 2012
11544:10.1017/cbo9780511536045.011
11380:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021031
11330:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021029
10599:Lewis, Cherry L. E. (2001).
10447:Moro, Anton Lazzaro (1740).
10386:10.1007/978-3-662-55047-2_38
10097:Australian Heritage Database
9533:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021016
8569:List of geochronologic names
8519:Evolutionary history of life
8295:(4,510 Ma), probably from a
7946:. Oxygen levels drop again.
7860:expand. Barramundi Orogeny,
7658:fossils. First hypothetical
7332:many Ediacaran fauna die out
6599:(palaeoptera and neoptera).
5807:and all ichthyosaurs except
5779:ends, (c. 260–225 Ma).
5751:orders and suborders. First
4626:. Widespread forests slowly
4624:Southern Alps in New Zealand
4235:Climate stabilises. Current
3216:The advent of geochronometry
2375:) 'valley of the' and Latin
1479:Friedrich August von Alberti
927:
771:or pre-Cambrian (Supereon).
7:
17680:Evolution-related timelines
16728:Geological history of Earth
16598:Astronomical year numbering
15424:Gravitational time dilation
15260:Barycentric Coordinate Time
14919:Geological history of Earth
13511:Geological history of Earth
13415:(archived 11 November 2005)
13325:Montenari, Michael (2023).
13318:Montenari, Michael (2022).
13298:Montenari, Michael (2021).
13280:Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy
13277:Montenari, Michael (2020).
13256:Montenari, Michael (2019).
13235:Montenari, Michael (2018).
13214:Montenari, Michael (2017).
13196:Stratigraphy and Timescales
13193:Montenari, Michael (2016).
13092:. NPR Cosmos & Culture.
13079:. NPR Cosmos & Culture.
12769:Tanaka, Kenneth L. (1986).
11196:10.1007/978-3-030-82202-6_2
11184:"The 'Anthropocene' (2000)"
10999:Newsletters on Stratigraphy
10562:Lyell, Sir Charles (1834).
10545:Lyell, Sir Charles (1832).
9225:Lyell, Sir Charles (1832).
8624:Timeline of natural history
8619:Timeline of human evolution
8529:Geological history of Earth
8480:
8430:Martian geologic time scale
7876:(the first eukaryotes with
6697:of North America, also the
6102:in Europe/Asia tapers off.
5896:251.902 ± 0.024
4529:, the last non-crocodilian
4247:. Humans spread across the
4130:
3850:formed within its duration.
2966:-philosophers, notably the
1654:form of the Welsh name for
1364:Derived from Greek παλιός (
644:Geochronologic unit (time)
318:) or relative means (e.g.,
236:Cross-cutting relationships
161:Geological history of Earth
10:
17706:
15945:Chronology of the universe
15280:Geocentric Coordinate Time
15265:Barycentric Dynamical Time
15203:Coordinated Universal Time
14271:Orders of magnitude (time)
13784:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
13779:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
13543:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
13398:(archived 20 January 2019)
13379:stratigraphy.org/timescale
13005:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
12842:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.042
12818:"Geologic history of Mars"
12771:"The stratigraphy of Mars"
12505:Frontiers in Plant Science
12385:10.1038/s41467-019-10286-x
12056:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020
11732:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.031
11536:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
11493:10.1038/d41586-021-02448-z
11273:10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5
11139:. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
10961:A geologic time scale 2004
10926:A geologic time scale 1989
10312:Rudwick, M. J. S. (1985).
10283:. Williams & Wilkins.
9937:Lapworth, Charles (1879).
9468:(Fifth ed.). Oxford.
8885:"Statues & Guidelines"
8584:Martian geologic timescale
8436:geological history of Mars
8319:Martian geologic timescale
8312:
8271:of the oldest known rock (
8030:. Kenorland disassembles.
7892:(giving rise to the first
7518:
7242:
7227:
7128:and fully terrestrialised
6462:are dominant and diverse;
6404:lycopodian primitive trees
6240:) of them as well as some
5900:
5544:Mesozoic marine revolution
5350:
5335:
5051:
5036:
5031:
4332:Mid-Pleistocene Transition
4135:
3857:Proterozoic Eon/Eonothem (
3733:Paleoarchean Era/Erathem (
3456:Anthropocene Working Group
3442:
3276:, and the developments in
3168:Royal Society of Edinburgh
3146:Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti
2900:
2432:Named for the US state of
2358:273.01 to 259.51
1412:. Ultimately derived from
915:
896:4,567.3 to 4,031
421:Divisions of geologic time
259:
150:
17628:
17595:
17579:
17536:
17481:
17423:
17358:
17305:
17235:
17187:
17144:
17091:
17073:
17065:
16982:
16966:
16950:
16908:
16900:Thermoluminescence dating
16818:
16807:
16795:Samarium–neodymium dating
16762:
16741:
16715:
16706:
16668:
16606:
16561:
16525:
16494:
16485:
16448:
16410:
16289:
16264:
16216:
16157:
16111:
16090:
15978:
15937:
15834:
15725:
15692:
15666:
15547:
15447:
15434:Time-translation symmetry
15364:
15338:
15321:
15245:International Atomic Time
15195:
15172:
15100:
15042:
14995:
14982:Time translation symmetry
14927:
14867:
14857:
14779:
14706:
14626:
14567:
14451:
14369:
14279:
14241:
14227:
14196:
14156:
14096:
14081:
14068:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
14045:
14005:
13974:
13943:
13930:
13918:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
13890:
13859:
13823:
13792:
13766:
13735:
13722:
13687:
13656:
13630:
13617:
13582:
13556:
13530:
13517:
13161:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
12980:10.1080/00241160410006483
12746:Wilhelms, Don E. (1987).
12155:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031
11957:10.1007/s12145-014-0170-6
11945:Earth Science Informatics
11575:"Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga)"
10517:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh.
10482:10.1017/S0080456800029227
9965:10.1017/S0016756800156560
9916:10.1080/14786443508648654
9869:10.1144/transgslb.5.3.633
9399:10.1080/00241160500409223
9211:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh.
8829:Defined by absolute age (
8302:4567.3 ± 0.16
8266:
8217:
8157:
8120:
8075:
8065:
8042:
8014:
7985:Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies
7958:
7921:
7911:
7880:from cyanobacteria; e.g.
7856:
7829:
7793:forms, surrounded by the
7780:
7770:
7678:
7645:
7533:
7523:
7493:
7468:
7433:
7232:
7196:
7171:
7019:
7009:
7004:
6969:
6944:
6919:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6763:
6738:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6401:
6390:
6248:become very large. First
6228:
6217:
6211:
6197:293.52 ± 0.17
6166:
6162:273.01 ± 0.14
6142:264.28 ± 0.16
6131:
6127:259.51 ± 0.21
6117:254.14 ± 0.07
6040:End-Capitanian extinction
5920:
5910:
5905:
5875:
5850:
5682:
5672:
5667:
5622:
5577:
5534:taper off. Atmospheric CO
5340:
5270:
5041:
4947:
4937:
4763:Moderate, cooling climate
4761:
4751:
4698:
4688:
4683:
4610:
4578:middle Miocene disruption
4575:
4515:Moderate icehouse climate
4505:
4495:
4407:
4402:
4270:
4192:Holocene climatic optimum
4146:
4141:
3774:Mesoarchean Era/Erathem (
3666:Geologic Time Scale 2012,
3618:) 'closure' and σύνδεση (
2729:
2565:
2500:
2431:
2404:(before) + Russian Урал (
2391:298.9 to 273.01
2329:259.51 to 251.9
2276:
2215:
2172:
2142:Wilhelm Philippe Schimper
1942:Duration (million years)
1335:Derived from Greek νέος (
1302:in 1829 for sediments in
1274:Duration (million years)
951:Duration (million years)
794:Duration (million years)
393:(megaannum, for 'million
80:(the process of relating
60:) is a representation of
17615:Location in the Universe
17546:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
17245:List of sovereign states
16614:Chinese sexagenary cycle
14188:
14063:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
13908:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
13753:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
13605:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
13595:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
13396:GSA: Geologic Time Scale
13392:(archived 18 April 2005)
13348:Williams, Aiden (2019).
12518:10.3389/fpls.2021.735020
11579:Geologic Time Scale 2020
11136:Geologic time scale 2020
11057:F. M. Gradstein (2012).
10727:10.1144/transed.17.3.183
10347:McCurdy, Edward (1938).
10277:Adams, Frank D. (1938).
9185:Steno, Nicolaus (1669).
8635:
8629:Timeline of paleontology
8604:Timeline of the Big Bang
8579:Lunar geologic timescale
8315:Lunar geologic timescale
8104:, and first terrestrial
8016:Bushveld Igneous Complex
7374:(c. 514–490 Ma) on
7362:from earlier chordates.
7278:) appear. Reef-building
6406:flourish and amphibious
6207:298.9 ± 0.15
6187:290.1 ± 0.26
6080:edrioasteroid crinozoans
5475:very common, along with
5106:) evolve on land, while
5000:(stem primates) appear.
4523:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
4521:and re-establishment of
4125:Start, million years ago
3842:Siderian Period/System (
3819:Neoarchean Era/Erathem (
3635:Ediacaran (635–538.8 Ma)
3589:Calymmian (1600–1400 Ma)
3571:Orosirian (2050–1800 Ma)
3292:during the early to mid-
2721:458.4 to 443.8
2696:443.8 to 433.4
2667:433.4 to 427.4
2599:419.2 to 393.3
2581:393.3 to 382.7
2557:382.7 to 358.9
2539:358.9 to 346.7
2521:346.7 to 330.9
2492:330.9 to 323.2
2474:323.2 to 315.2
2311:251.9 to 247.2
2250:201.4 to 174.7
2231:174.7 to 161.5
1907:2,500 to 2,300
1882:2,300 to 2,050
1857:2,050 to 1,800
1832:1,800 to 1,600
1807:1,600 to 1,400
1782:1,400 to 1,200
1757:1,200 to 1,000
1637:538.8 to 485.4
1612:485.4 to 443.8
1583:443.8 to 419.2
1558:419.2 to 358.9
1525:358.9 to 298.9
1496:298.9 to 251.9
1464:251.9 to 201.4
1372:) 'genesis' or 'birth'.
1343:) 'genesis' or 'birth'.
1239:4,031 to 3,600
1210:3,600 to 3,200
1194:) 'middle' and ἀρχαῖος (
1181:3,200 to 2,800
1152:2,800 to 2,500
1119:2,500 to 1,600
1086:1,600 to 1,000
1053:1,000 to 538.8
1024:538.8 to 251.9
867:4,031 to 2,500
838:2,500 to 538.8
752:), or are tribal (e.g.,
306:chronostratigraphic unit
88:(a scientific branch of
16828:Amino acid racemisation
16072:Agricultural Revolution
15694:Astronomical chronology
15667:Archaeology and geology
15374:Absolute space and time
15290:IERS Reference Meridian
15285:International Date Line
15196:International standards
14937:Absolute space and time
14588:Astronomical chronology
14058:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
14023:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
14018:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
13961:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
13851:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
13758:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
13569:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
13457:(archived 14 July 2011)
13409:(archived 23 June 2004)
13123:10.1126/science.1098803
12889:10.1126/science.1122659
12834:2010E&PSL.294..185C
12795:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139
12122:Royer, Dana L. (2006).
12047:2005E&PSL.237...33B
11870:"Geological time scale"
11724:2004E&PSL.223..241C
10579:Holmes, Arthur (1913).
10528:Playfair, John (1802).
10415:Burnet, Thomas (1681).
10047:Encyclopædia Britannica
9834:Phillips, John (1835).
9780:The Geologic Time Scale
9462:Michael Allaby (2020).
9003:The Geologic Time Scale
8559:History of paleontology
8086:Abitibi greenstone belt
7975:asteroid impacts. Much
7514:538.8 ± 0.2
7302:(unhinged lampshells),
7223:485.4 ± 1.9
7213:477.7 ± 1.4
7182:467.3 ± 1.1
7167:458.4 ± 0.9
7147:445.2 ± 1.4
7000:443.8 ± 1.5
6990:440.8 ± 1.2
6980:438.5 ± 1.1
6965:433.4 ± 0.8
6955:430.5 ± 0.7
6940:427.4 ± 0.5
6930:425.6 ± 0.9
6794:419.2 ± 3.2
6784:410.8 ± 2.8
6774:407.6 ± 2.6
6759:393.3 ± 1.2
6749:387.7 ± 0.8
6734:382.7 ± 1.6
6724:372.2 ± 1.6
6661:transform into digited
6549:358.9 ± 0.4
6539:346.7 ± 0.4
6152:266.9 ± 0.4
5990:brachiopods, bivalves,
5767:begins in New Zealand.
5663:201.4 ± 0.2
5653:199.5 ± 0.3
5643:192.9 ± 1.0
5633:184.2 ± 0.7
5618:174.7 ± 1.0
5608:170.9 ± 1.4
5598:168.2 ± 1.3
5563:154.8 ± 1.0
4908:Maritime Southeast Asia
4876:Eocene Climatic Optimum
4452:common in East Africa;
4334:occurs, high amplitude
3900:Columbian Period/System
3632:Cryogenian (720–635 Ma)
3592:Ectasian (1400-1200 Ma)
3568:Rhyacian (2300–2050 Ma)
3314:A Geological Time Scale
3286:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
3205:Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy
3122:monticulos secundarios"
2952:was also recognised by
2907:History of paleontology
2073:33.9 to 23.03
2044:23.03 to 5.33
1986:2.58 to 0.012
1402:Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy
884:) 'beginning, origin'.
720:Naming of geologic time
581:. These correlate with
173:, a time span of about
16833:Archaeomagnetic dating
16345:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
14987:Time reversal symmetry
14291:Italian six-hour clock
14028:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
13997:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
13956:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
13903:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
13748:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
13574:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
13472:12 August 2021 at the
13385:stratigraphy.org/gssps
13373:stratigraphy.org/chart
13332:Nichols, Gary (2013).
13168:The Earth Through Time
11267:: d41586–019–01641–5.
11095:Ogg, James G. (2016).
10923:W. B. Harland (1990).
10888:W. B. Harland (1982).
10511:Hutton, James (1795).
10464:Hutton, James (1788).
10242:Sivin, Nathan (1995).
10152:10.1098/rspa.1911.0036
9649:Desnoyers, J. (1829).
9205:Hutton, James (1795).
8357:Late Heavy Bombardment
8248:Late Heavy Bombardment
8218:First uncontroversial
8197:on Earth (such as the
7922:First uncontroversial
7799:Sveconorwegian orogeny
7685:Sveconorwegian orogeny
7572:of possible worm-like
6890:Scandinavian Mountains
6844:, also roam the seas.
6529:330.9 ± 0.2
6376:315.2 ± 0.2
6177:283.5 ± 0.6
5588:165.3 ± 1.2
5573:161.5 ± 1.0
5553:149.2 ± 0.9
5246:89.8 ± 0.3
5236:86.3 ± 0.5
5226:83.6 ± 0.2
5216:72.1 ± 0.2
5063:fish begin to appear.
5004:migrate to Australia.
4385:Quaternary glaciations
4362:go extinct. Spread of
4162:Austronesian expansion
3961:Table of geologic time
3906:Ma) – named after the
3848:banded iron formations
3792:(Southern Africa) and
3765:Ma) – named after the
3747:Ma) – named after the
3726:Archean Eon/Eonothem (
3595:Stenian (1200–1000 Ma)
3178:(1748–1819) and later
3130:Abraham Gottlob Werner
3083:
3039:
2930:Xenophanes of Colophon
2870:538.8 to 521
2781:497 to 485.4
2763:485.4 to 470
2745:470 to 458.4
2642:427.4 to 423
2617:423 to 419.2
2456:315.2 to 307
2423:307 to 298.9
2293:247.2 to 237
2268:237 to 201.4
2207:161.5 to 145
2188:145 to 100.5
2015:5.33 to 2.58
1970:) 'whole' and καινός (
1732:1,000 to 720
1716:) 'cold' and γένεσις (
1674:635 to 538.8
1446:Alexander von Humboldt
1431:201.4 to 145
1252:) 'dawn' and ἀρχαῖος (
1099:) 'middle', πρότερος (
320:stratigraphic position
45:
17325:Biogeochemical cycles
17250:dependent territories
16733:Geological time units
15653:Weekday determination
15539:Sundial markup schema
14752:Time and fate deities
14697:The Unreality of Time
14636:A series and B series
14033:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
13992:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
13913:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
13600:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
12629:10.1007/s004100050465
12577:10.1093/molbev/msh075
12365:Nature Communications
10891:A geologic time scale
10767:(4731): 27–28. 1960.
10656:"Intra-atomic Charge"
8609:Timeline of evolution
8279:. First hypothetical
8058:2,440–2,420 Ma.
8044:Great Oxidation Event
7707:. First hypothetical
7701:Centralian Superbasin
7192:470 ± 1.4
7157:453 ± 0.7
6915:423 ± 2.3
6695:Appalachian Mountains
6693:of North Africa, and
6446:. First five-digited
5781:Carnian pluvial event
5120:toothless avian birds
4954:K–Pg extinction event
4829:begins in Greece and
4630:massive amounts of CO
4389:Pleistocene megafauna
4310:. Humans expand into
4078:Web Ontology Language
3936:, stable environment.
3675:Great Oxidation Event
3298:geological time-scale
3282:Francis William Aston
3185:Principles of Geology
3067:
3034:
2505:, from Ojibwe ᒥᐦᓯᓰᐱ (
2164:100.5 to 66
2115:) 'dawn' and καινός (
2057:) 'less' and καινός (
2028:) 'more' and καινός (
1999:) 'most' and καινός (
1866:From Greek ὀροσειρά (
1841:From Greek σταθερός (
1444:. Originally used by
1223:) 'old' and ἀρχαῖος (
995:251.9 to 66
847:From Greek πρότερος (
632:the Silurian Period.
356:stratigraphic section
328:stable isotope ratios
54:geological time scale
35:
17665:Geologic time scales
17373:Computer cartography
17106:Prebiotic atmosphere
16785:Law of superposition
16780:Isotope geochemistry
16124:Cynthia Stokes Brown
16029:formation of planets
15965:Goldilocks principle
15674:Chronological dating
15414:Theory of relativity
15275:Daylight saving time
15003:Chronological dating
14972:Theory of relativity
14316:Daylight saving time
14073:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
13966:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
13846:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
13836:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
13425:23 July 2008 at the
12164:on 27 September 2019
11437:10.1029/2020EF001896
10582:The age of the earth
9732:(in German). Vieweg.
9191:(in Latin). W. Junk.
8574:Logarithmic timeline
8564:List of fossil sites
8238:) evolve along with
8185:. Oldest definitive
8052:Australian continent
7993:Australian continent
7868:, and Isan Orogeny,
7833:continue to expand.
7705:Australian continent
7623:Australian continent
7376:Australian continent
7368:Australian continent
7298:worms, inarticulate
7284:Agronomic revolution
6910:Australian continent
6691:Anti-Atlas Mountains
6657:) proliferate. Some
6460:cartilaginous fishes
6366:307 ± 0.1
6112:Australian continent
6108:Hunter-Bowen Orogeny
5769:Hunter-Bowen Orogeny
5686:dominant on land as
4904:North Atlantic Ocean
4704:Antarctic glaciation
4545:gradually separate;
4446:a faunal interchange
4028:improve this article
3796:(Western Australia)
3767:Isua Greenstone Belt
3209:Alexandre Brongniart
2846:521 to 509
2809:509 to 497
2515:Middle Mississippian
2450:Middle Pennsylvanian
2148:) 'old' and καινός (
2102:56 to 33.9
2086:) 'few' and καινός (
1957:0.012 to 0
1916:From Greek σίδηρος (
1895:) 'stream of lava'.
1870:) 'mountain range'.
1816:From Greek κάλυμμᾰ (
1791:From Greek ἔκτᾰσῐς (
1703:720 to 635
1450:Alexandre Brongniart
1298:First introduced by
1008:) 'middle' and ζωή (
818:From Greek φανερός (
809:538.8 to 0
744:(e.g., Cretaceous),
583:magnetostratigraphic
530:Carboniferous Period
74:chronological dating
72:. It is a system of
17516:Geologic time scale
17237:Culture and society
17101:Atmosphere of Earth
16918:Fluorine absorption
16895:Luminescence dating
16790:Luminescence dating
16698:Milankovitch cycles
16538:Proleptic Gregorian
16370:Hindu units of time
16098:Big History Project
16091:Web-based education
15938:Themes and subjects
15884:Time value of money
15679:Geologic time scale
15534:History of sundials
15399:Cosmological decade
15351:Greenwich Mean Time
15182:Orders of magnitude
14296:Thai six-hour clock
14128: •
14117: •
14115:Geologic time scale
13877:Middle (458–470 Ma)
13841:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
13810:Middle (383–393 Ma)
13705:Middle (237–247 Ma)
13674:Middle (164–174 Ma)
13390:NASA: Geologic Time
12972:2004Letha..37..175G
12881:2006Sci...312..400B
12787:1986JGR....91E.139T
12621:1999CoMP..134....3B
12377:2019NatCo..10.2690W
12295:10.1038/nature01290
12287:2003Natur.421..245D
12229:10.1038/nature23456
12221:2017Natur.548..169N
12147:2006GeCoA..70.5665R
11840:10.1038/nature09166
11832:2010Natur.466..100A
11770:2014PLoSO...999438E
11689:10.5194/se-1-1-2010
11680:2010SolE....1....1G
11485:2021Natur.597..332B
11428:2021EaFut...901896Z
10814:"The Roots of IUGS"
10773:1960Natur.187T..27.
10672:1913Natur..92..399S
10617:2001GSLSP.190..121L
10514:Theory of the Earth
10213:2009Sedim..56....3F
10143:1911RSPSA..85..248H
9957:1879GeoM....6....1L
9944:Geological Magazine
9661:: 171–214, 402–491.
9620:2010JQS....25...96G
9391:2006Letha..39...13K
9208:Theory of the Earth
9152:10.1144/jgs2020-222
9143:2022JGSoc.179..222S
9086:2001GSLSP.190..205D
8028:Francevillian biota
7763:(NOE), 850-540 Ma.
7697:Adelaide Superbasin
7595:Pan-African Orogeny
7591:Indian subcontinent
6096:Innuitian orogenies
6062:survived), and all
6042:(260 Ma), and
5532:Cimmerian orogenies
4616:Northern Hemisphere
4511:Mediterranean Basin
4474:Mediterranean Basin
4419:Greenland ice sheet
4296:last glacial period
4241:Holocene extinction
3499:Paleoarchean (4000–
3468:Shields et al. 2021
3319:Geologic Time Scale
3182:(1797–1875) in his
3163:Theory of the Earth
3140:, was developed by
3051:Girolamo Fracastoro
3026:Italian Renaissance
2987:The Book of Healing
2533:Lower Mississippian
2486:Upper Mississippian
2468:Lower Pennsylvanian
2417:Upper Pennsylvanian
2379:'wolf' via Spanish
2369:Guadalupe Mountains
2346:) 'peaceful music'
1932:
1766:From Greek στενός (
1387:145 to 66
1368:) 'old' and γενεά (
1339:) 'new' and γενεά (
1326:23 to 2.6
1264:
1219:From Greek παλιός (
1132:) 'old', πρότερος (
1128:From Greek παλιός (
1033:From Greek παλιός (
975:From Greek καινός (
941:
784:
783:eonothem/eon names
736:(middle life), and
637:
336:geochronologic unit
274:Magnetostratigraphy
114:paleoclimatologists
50:geologic time scale
17511:Geological history
17385:Geodetic astronomy
17020:Terminus post quem
17000:Synchronoptic view
16967:Linguistic methods
16928:Obsidian hydration
16863:Radiometric dating
16848:Incremental dating
16770:Chronostratigraphy
15859:Mental chronometry
15487:Marine chronometer
15339:Obsolete standards
14826:Rosy retrospection
14804:Mental chronometry
14628:Philosophy of time
14126:Geology portal
13987:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
13882:Early (470–485 Ma)
13815:Early (393–419 Ma)
13710:Early (247–252 Ma)
13679:Early (174–201 Ma)
13648:Early (100–145 Ma)
13643:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
13163:"Time and Geology"
10073:on 23 October 2007
9137:(1): jgs2020–222.
8554:History of geology
7963:becomes much more
7866:Northern Australia
7679:Final assembly of
7582:in North America.
7372:Delamerian Orogeny
7245:Cambrian Explosion
7100:, etc.), branched
6886:Caledonian Orogeny
6655:cartilaginous fish
6442:insects and first
6098:in North America.
6050:plankton, corals (
6036:Olson's Extinction
5773:Northern Australia
5759:in South America.
5739:extremely common.
5690:and in the air as
5526:in North America.
5397:australosphenidans
4900:biotic interchange
4825:in North America.
4537:go extinct. After
4245:Agriculture begins
4216:Arctic Archipelago
4188:8.2-kiloyear event
4158:4.2-kiloyear event
3693:mythological Chaos
3547:Paleoproterozoic (
3012:who looked to the
2968:Brothers of Purity
2954:Chinese naturalist
2903:History of geology
2790:From Mandarin 芙蓉 (
2131:66 to 56
1945:Etymology of name
1930:
1741:From Greek τόνος (
1712:From Greek κρύος (
1355:66 to 23
1289:2.6 to 0
1277:Etymology of name
1262:
954:Etymology of name
939:
797:Etymology of name
774:
635:
587:lithostratigraphic
316:radiometric dating
295:is the element of
292:Chronostratigraphy
266:Chronostratigraphy
226:Lateral continuity
78:chronostratigraphy
46:
17670:Geology timelines
17652:
17651:
17646:
17645:
17597:Planetary science
17580:Natural satellite
17501:Extremes on Earth
17468:Signal processing
17033:
17032:
16946:
16945:
16803:
16802:
16664:
16663:
16619:Geologic Calendar
16481:
16480:
16176:
16175:
16051:- development of
16043:evolution of life
16005:creation of stars
15897:
15896:
15707:Nuclear timescale
15389:Continuous signal
15128:
15127:
15038:
15037:
15013:Circadian rhythms
14831:Tense–aspect–mood
14686:Temporal finitism
14563:
14562:
14539:Grandfather clock
14143:
14142:
14041:
14040:
14007:Paleoproterozoic
13926:
13925:
13872:Late (444–458 Ma)
13805:Late (359–383 Ma)
13718:
13717:
13700:Late (201–237 Ma)
13669:Late (145–164 Ma)
13613:
13612:
13534:(present–2.58 Ma)
13522:(present–66.0 Ma)
13360:978-1-64116-075-9
13344:978-1-4051-3592-4
13311:978-0-12-824624-5
13290:978-0-12-820991-2
13269:978-0-12-817552-1
13248:978-0-12-815098-6
13227:978-0-12-813077-3
13206:978-0-12-811549-7
13178:978-0-470-38774-0
13117:(5684): 621–622.
13015:978-0-521-78142-8
12875:(5772): 400–404.
12703:(6817): 175–178.
12671:978-0-444-52810-0
12452:10.1111/brv.12510
12281:(6920): 245–249.
12215:(7666): 169–174.
12192:. 10 August 2017.
11916:Cox, Simon J. D.
11826:(7302): 100–104.
11643:978-0-44-459425-9
11596:978-0-12-824360-2
11553:978-0-521-78673-7
11205:978-3-030-82201-9
11146:978-0-12-824361-9
11108:978-0-444-59468-6
11070:978-0-444-59448-8
10666:(2301): 399–400.
10395:978-3-662-55046-5
9797:978-0-444-59425-9
9693:Annales des Mines
9475:978-0-19-187490-1
9020:978-0-444-59425-9
8848:continental crust
8453:
8423:
8306:
8305:
7989:Glenburgh Terrane
7842:Grenville Orogeny
7807:Central Australia
7795:Pan-African Ocean
7689:Grenville Orogeny
7660:terrestrial fungi
7619:Petermann Orogeny
7364:Petermann Orogeny
7138:extinction events
6490:and brachiopods (
6454:. In the oceans,
6450:(amphibians) and
6414:-forming coastal
6238:Palaeodictyoptera
6106:orogeny in Asia.
5972:modern amphibians
5801:last parareptiles
5789:rhynchocephalians
5775:, Queensland and
5765:Rangitata Orogeny
5761:Cimmerian Orogeny
5455:ichthyosaurs and
5405:multituberculates
5152:terrestrial crabs
4896:Himalayan Orogeny
4886:levels from 3500
4470:Zanclean flooding
4444:, while allowing
4434:Isthmus of Panama
4060:
4059:
4052:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3753:continental crust
3576:Mesoproterozoic (
3420:
3290:Alfred O. C. Nier
3278:mass spectrometry
3258:Ernest Rutherford
3241:radioactive decay
3239:The discovery of
3174:, popularised by
3172:uniformitarianism
3030:Leonardo da Vinci
2932:(c. 570–487
2894:
2893:
2872:million years ago
2848:million years ago
2839:Cambrian Series 2
2811:million years ago
2783:million years ago
2765:million years ago
2747:million years ago
2739:Middle Ordovician
2723:million years ago
2698:million years ago
2669:million years ago
2644:million years ago
2619:million years ago
2601:million years ago
2583:million years ago
2559:million years ago
2541:million years ago
2523:million years ago
2503:Mississippi River
2494:million years ago
2476:million years ago
2458:million years ago
2425:million years ago
2393:million years ago
2360:million years ago
2331:million years ago
2313:million years ago
2295:million years ago
2270:million years ago
2252:million years ago
2233:million years ago
2209:million years ago
2190:million years ago
2166:million years ago
2133:million years ago
2104:million years ago
2075:million years ago
2046:million years ago
2017:million years ago
1988:million years ago
1966:From Greek ὅλος (
1959:million years ago
1928:
1927:
1909:million years ago
1891:From Greek ῥύαξ (
1884:million years ago
1859:million years ago
1834:million years ago
1809:million years ago
1784:million years ago
1759:million years ago
1734:million years ago
1705:million years ago
1676:million years ago
1639:million years ago
1614:million years ago
1585:million years ago
1560:million years ago
1527:million years ago
1498:million years ago
1466:million years ago
1433:million years ago
1389:million years ago
1357:million years ago
1328:million years ago
1291:million years ago
1260:
1259:
1241:million years ago
1212:million years ago
1190:From Greek μέσο (
1183:million years ago
1161:From Greek νέος (
1154:million years ago
1121:million years ago
1095:From Greek μέσο (
1088:million years ago
1062:From Greek νέος (
1055:million years ago
1037:) 'old' and ζωή (
1026:million years ago
1004:From Greek μέσο (
997:million years ago
979:) 'new' and ζωή (
968:million years ago
966:66 to 0
937:
936:
924:
898:million years ago
869:million years ago
840:million years ago
811:million years ago
717:
716:
278:Lithostratigraphy
247:Relationships of
16:(Redirected from
17697:
17636:
17635:
17528:History of Earth
17179:Paleoclimatology
17060:
17053:
17046:
17037:
17036:
17025:ASPRO chronology
16974:Glottochronology
16890:Tephrochronology
16838:Dendrochronology
16816:
16815:
16713:
16712:
16512:Proleptic Julian
16502:Pre-Julian Roman
16492:
16491:
16287:
16286:
16203:
16196:
16189:
16180:
16179:
15979:Eight thresholds
15950:Cosmic evolution
15924:
15917:
15910:
15901:
15900:
15598:Dominical letter
15529:Equation of time
15492:Marine sandglass
15333:
15327:
15305:Terrestrial Time
15162:Time measurement
15155:
15148:
15141:
15132:
15131:
15118:
15117:
15108:
15107:
15025:Glottochronology
14865:
14864:
14781:Human experience
14641:B-theory of time
14239:
14238:
14183:
14176:
14169:
14160:
14159:
14147:
14146:
14137:World portal
14135:
14134:
14124:
14123:
14086:
14050:
14010:
13979:
13976:Mesoproterozoic
13948:
13941:
13940:
13936:
13895:
13864:
13828:
13797:
13771:
13740:
13733:
13732:
13728:
13692:
13661:
13635:
13628:
13627:
13623:
13587:
13561:
13535:
13528:
13527:
13523:
13504:
13497:
13490:
13481:
13480:
13407:GeoWhen Database
13315:
13294:
13273:
13252:
13231:
13210:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13147:
13106:
13098:Knoll, Andrew H.
13093:
13080:
13067:
13061:
13053:
13051:
13026:
13024:
13022:
12998:
12996:
12994:
12989:on 17 April 2018
12988:
12982:. Archived from
12957:
12947:
12944:10.7916/D8DR35JQ
12917:
12916:
12860:
12854:
12853:
12813:
12807:
12806:
12766:
12760:
12759:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12709:10.1038/35051550
12688:
12682:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12647:
12641:
12640:
12604:
12598:
12597:
12579:
12555:
12549:
12548:
12538:
12520:
12496:
12490:
12489:
12471:
12421:
12415:
12414:
12404:
12356:
12350:
12349:
12346:10013/epic.12689
12321:
12315:
12314:
12272:
12263:
12257:
12256:
12200:
12194:
12193:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12163:
12157:. Archived from
12132:
12119:
12106:
12105:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12084:
12082:
12070:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12026:
12020:
12019:
12017:
12015:
12006:. Archived from
11975:
11969:
11968:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11924:on 6 August 2014
11920:. Archived from
11913:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11902:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11881:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11817:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11791:
11781:
11749:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11718:(3–4): 241–252.
11709:
11700:
11694:
11693:
11691:
11659:
11648:
11647:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11560:
11527:
11521:
11520:
11464:
11458:
11457:
11439:
11407:
11401:
11400:
11382:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11332:
11307:
11301:
11300:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11245:
11236:. Archived from
11230:
11224:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11166:
11158:
11130:
11121:
11120:
11092:
11083:
11082:
11054:
11023:
11022:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10955:
10949:
10948:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10885:
10879:
10878:
10850:
10844:
10843:
10833:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10784:
10782:10.1038/187027d0
10753:
10747:
10746:
10706:
10700:
10699:
10680:10.1038/092399c0
10651:
10645:
10644:
10596:
10587:
10586:
10576:
10570:
10569:
10559:
10553:
10552:
10542:
10536:
10535:
10525:
10519:
10518:
10508:
10502:
10501:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10412:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10344:
10338:
10337:
10309:
10303:
10302:
10274:
10268:
10267:
10239:
10233:
10232:
10192:
10165:
10164:
10154:
10137:(578): 248–256.
10122:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10089:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10069:. Archived from
10058:
10052:
10051:
10043:
10032:
10026:
10025:
10015:
9991:
9985:
9984:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9758:
9750:
9740:
9734:
9733:
9723:
9717:
9714:
9708:
9700:
9684:
9678:
9662:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9628:10.1002/jqs.1338
9599:
9593:
9592:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9535:
9511:
9502:
9501:
9495:
9487:
9459:
9444:
9443:
9433:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9352:stratigraphy.org
9344:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9326:stratigraphy.org
9318:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9295:stratigraphy.org
9287:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9247:stratigraphy.org
9239:
9233:
9232:
9222:
9213:
9212:
9202:
9193:
9192:
9182:
9173:
9172:
9154:
9121:
9106:
9105:
9069:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9027:
8994:
8963:
8962:
8944:
8920:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8881:
8860:
8857:
8851:
8840:
8834:
8827:
8796:
8793:
8784:
8773:
8767:
8736:
8723:
8712:
8706:
8703:
8697:
8694:
8685:
8682:
8673:
8670:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8646:
8599:Prehistoric life
8549:History of Earth
8504:Age of the Earth
8497:
8492:
8491:
8451:
8421:
8377:impact cratering
8375:markers, namely
8373:geomorphological
8369:geologic history
8347:and the Earth's
8323:Geology of Venus
8220:living organisms
8026:. Multicellular
7997:
7940:Gascoyne Complex
7913:Paleoproterozoic
7874:archaeplastidans
7871:
7693:Gascoyne Complex
7072:, many types of
7030:straight-shelled
6812:thickens. First
6679:some cephalopods
6659:lobe finned fish
6339:protorothyridids
6270:, etc.). Higher
6262:giant horsetails
5199:Sevier Orogenies
5191:Antarctic Oceans
5053:Flowering plants
4998:plesiadapiformes
4966:Climate tropical
4950:Chicxulub impact
4827:Hellenic Orogeny
4819:Sevier Orogenies
4783:Primitive whales
4724:flowering plants
4620:Kaikoura Orogeny
4517:, punctuated by
4450:Australopithecus
4212:recorded history
4094:
4093:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4012:
4004:
3993:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3701:planet formation
3681:Hadean Eon (4567
3418:
3262:Bertram Boltwood
3150:Giovanni Arduino
3148:(1712–1783) and
3022:Ristoro d'Arezzo
2959:(1031–1095) and
2873:
2849:
2828:
2812:
2784:
2766:
2757:Lower Ordovician
2748:
2724:
2715:Upper Ordovician
2699:
2670:
2645:
2620:
2602:
2584:
2560:
2542:
2524:
2509:) 'great river'
2495:
2477:
2459:
2426:
2394:
2361:
2332:
2314:
2296:
2271:
2253:
2234:
2210:
2191:
2182:Lower Cretaceous
2167:
2158:Upper Cretaceous
2134:
2105:
2076:
2047:
2018:
1989:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1910:
1885:
1860:
1835:
1810:
1785:
1760:
1735:
1706:
1677:
1640:
1615:
1592:Named after the
1586:
1561:
1528:
1499:
1467:
1440:Named after the
1434:
1400:used in 1822 by
1390:
1358:
1329:
1292:
1265:
1261:
1248:From Greek ἠώς (
1242:
1213:
1184:
1155:
1122:
1113:Paleoproterozoic
1089:
1056:
1027:
998:
969:
942:
938:
932:
920:
918:
917:
899:
870:
841:
812:
785:
773:
638:
634:
591:biostratigraphic
575:
574:
560:
559:
541:
540:
518:
517:
487:Paleoproterozoic
463:
462:
432:
431:
157:History of Earth
124:properties, and
94:Earth scientists
21:
17705:
17704:
17700:
17699:
17698:
17696:
17695:
17694:
17675:Natural history
17655:
17654:
17653:
17648:
17647:
17642:
17624:
17591:
17575:
17532:
17523:Geologic record
17477:
17463:Plate tectonics
17453:Mineral physics
17433:Earth structure
17419:
17354:
17301:
17231:
17183:
17140:
17087:
17069:
17064:
17034:
17029:
16978:
16962:
16958:Molecular clock
16951:Genetic methods
16942:
16923:Nitrogen dating
16910:Relative dating
16904:
16873:Potassium–argon
16820:Absolute dating
16810:
16799:
16758:
16737:
16702:
16678:Cosmic Calendar
16670:Astronomic time
16660:
16602:
16557:
16521:
16507:Original Julian
16477:
16444:
16406:
16305:Ab urbe condita
16283:
16260:
16212:
16207:
16177:
16172:
16153:
16134:David Christian
16107:
16086:
15974:
15933:
15928:
15898:
15893:
15830:
15721:
15688:
15662:
15543:
15443:
15394:Coordinate time
15366:Time in physics
15360:
15334:
15328:
15319:
15191:
15168:
15159:
15129:
15124:
15096:
15087:Time immemorial
15034:
14991:
14952:Coordinate time
14923:
14877:Geological time
14853:
14836:Time management
14799:Generation time
14783:
14775:
14720:
14702:
14622:
14581:
14559:
14447:
14365:
14282:
14275:
14231:
14223:
14192:
14187:
14152:
14144:
14139:
14129:
14118:
14110:
14092:
14084:
14077:
14048:
14037:
14008:
14001:
13977:
13970:
13946:
13945:Neoproterozoic
13935:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
13934:
13933:
13932:Proterozoic Eon
13922:
13893:
13886:
13862:
13855:
13826:
13819:
13795:
13788:
13769:
13762:
13738:
13726:
13725:
13714:
13690:
13683:
13659:
13652:
13633:
13621:
13620:
13609:
13585:
13578:
13559:
13552:
13533:
13521:
13520:
13513:
13508:
13474:Wayback Machine
13427:Wayback Machine
13368:
13312:
13291:
13270:
13249:
13228:
13207:
13183:
13181:
13179:
13151:
13149:
13145:
13104:
13055:
13054:
13020:
13018:
13016:
12992:
12990:
12986:
12955:
12925:
12923:Further reading
12920:
12861:
12857:
12814:
12810:
12767:
12763:
12744:
12740:
12689:
12685:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12648:
12644:
12605:
12601:
12556:
12552:
12497:
12493:
12422:
12418:
12357:
12353:
12322:
12318:
12270:
12264:
12260:
12201:
12197:
12182:
12181:
12177:
12167:
12165:
12161:
12141:(23): 5665–75.
12130:
12127:
12120:
12109:
12094:
12090:
12080:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12027:
12023:
12013:
12011:
11976:
11972:
11941:
11937:
11927:
11925:
11914:
11910:
11900:
11898:
11894:
11893:
11889:
11879:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11863:
11815:
11809:
11805:
11750:
11746:
11738:
11707:
11701:
11697:
11660:
11651:
11644:
11622:
11618:
11609:
11607:
11597:
11571:
11567:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11528:
11524:
11465:
11461:
11408:
11404:
11358:
11354:
11308:
11304:
11257:
11253:
11243:
11241:
11240:on 7 April 2022
11232:
11231:
11227:
11218:
11216:
11206:
11180:
11176:
11160:
11159:
11147:
11131:
11124:
11109:
11093:
11086:
11071:
11055:
11026:
10991:
10987:
10972:
10956:
10952:
10937:
10921:
10917:
10902:
10886:
10882:
10867:
10851:
10847:
10810:
10806:
10755:
10754:
10750:
10707:
10703:
10652:
10648:
10597:
10590:
10577:
10573:
10560:
10556:
10543:
10539:
10526:
10522:
10509:
10505:
10462:
10458:
10445:
10441:
10428:
10424:
10413:
10409:
10400:
10398:
10396:
10370:
10366:
10345:
10341:
10326:
10310:
10306:
10291:
10275:
10271:
10256:
10240:
10236:
10193:
10168:
10123:
10116:
10106:
10104:
10091:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10074:
10063:"Re: Ediacaran"
10059:
10055:
10041:"Cambria"
10033:
10029:
9992:
9988:
9935:
9931:
9896:
9892:
9849:
9845:
9832:
9828:
9815:
9811:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9772:
9768:
9752:
9751:
9741:
9737:
9724:
9720:
9702:
9701:
9685:
9681:
9647:
9643:
9600:
9596:
9561:
9557:
9512:
9505:
9489:
9488:
9476:
9460:
9447:
9410:
9406:
9371:
9367:
9357:
9355:
9346:
9345:
9341:
9331:
9329:
9320:
9319:
9310:
9300:
9298:
9289:
9288:
9261:
9251:
9249:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9223:
9216:
9203:
9196:
9183:
9176:
9122:
9109:
9070:
9059:
9049:
9047:
9039:
9038:
9034:
9025:
9023:
9021:
8995:
8966:
8921:
8900:
8890:
8888:
8883:
8882:
8873:
8869:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8854:
8841:
8837:
8828:
8799:
8794:
8787:
8774:
8770:
8766:, respectively.
8753:
8737:
8726:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8700:
8695:
8688:
8683:
8676:
8671:
8662:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8589:Natural history
8534:Geology of Mars
8509:Cosmic calendar
8493:
8486:
8483:
8478:
8476:
8462:
8460:
8454:
8449:
8447:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8365:
8325:
8313:Main articles:
8311:
8277:plate tectonics
8228:RNA-based genes
8199:Canadian Shield
8088:in present-day
7944:South Australia
7858:Platform covers
7831:Platform covers
7772:Mesoproterozoic
7725:dinoflagellates
7593:. Beginning of
7580:Taconic Orogeny
7544:Ediacaran biota
7385:
7205:
7098:star-like forms
6906:Lachlan Orogeny
6902:Icehouse period
6898:Taconic Orogeny
6894:Acadian Orogeny
6814:vascular plants
6707:Tuhua orogenies
6687:Acadian Orogeny
6585:, from earlier
6394:
6307:Uralian orogeny
6221:
6215:
6100:Uralian orogeny
6038:(273 Ma),
6032:sauropterygians
5931:, creating the
5777:New South Wales
5540:Crocodylomorphs
5537:
5524:Nevadan orogeny
5425:lizards, snakes
5417:boreosphenidans
5203:Rocky Mountains
5116:Bonarelli Event
5002:Some marsupials
4885:
4823:Rocky Mountains
4637:
4633:
4531:crocodylomorphs
4507:Messinian Event
4431:
4426:
4172:
4139:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4056:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4025:
4013:
3998:
3995:(November 2023)
3974:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3928:Period/System (
3888:Period/System (
3874:Period/System (
3829:Period/System (
3810:Period/System (
3784:Period/System (
3743:Period/System (
3662:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3622:) 'connection'.
3470:
3465:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3386:
3367:
3365:
3306:
3274:Frederick Soddy
3245:Henri Becquerel
3218:
3132:'s (1749–1817)
3118:montes primarii
3110:
3059:
3010:Medieval Europe
3002:Albertus Magnus
2914:
2909:
2899:
2868:
2844:
2822:
2807:
2779:
2761:
2743:
2719:
2694:
2665:
2640:
2615:
2597:
2579:
2575:Middle Devonian
2555:
2537:
2519:
2490:
2472:
2454:
2421:
2389:
2356:
2327:
2309:
2291:
2288:
2286:Middle Triassic
2266:
2248:
2245:
2229:
2225:Middle Jurassic
2205:
2202:
2186:
2162:
2129:
2100:
2071:
2042:
2013:
1984:
1955:
1905:
1880:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1795:) 'extension'.
1780:
1755:
1730:
1701:
1672:
1635:
1610:
1581:
1556:
1523:
1494:
1462:
1429:
1398:Terrain Crétacé
1385:
1353:
1324:
1300:Jules Desnoyers
1287:
1237:
1208:
1179:
1150:
1117:
1084:
1080:Mesoproterozoic
1051:
1022:
993:
964:
894:
865:
836:
807:
722:
572:
571:
557:
556:
538:
537:
515:
514:
491:Mesoproterozoic
460:
459:
429:
428:
423:
284:
270:Biostratigraphy
258:
171:Earth's history
163:
149:
102:paleontologists
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17703:
17693:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17650:
17649:
17644:
17643:
17641:
17640:
17629:
17626:
17625:
17623:
17622:
17617:
17612:
17607:
17601:
17599:
17593:
17592:
17590:
17589:
17583:
17581:
17577:
17576:
17574:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17556:Atlantic Ocean
17553:
17548:
17542:
17540:
17534:
17533:
17531:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17519:
17518:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17493:
17487:
17485:
17479:
17478:
17476:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17438:Fluid dynamics
17435:
17429:
17427:
17421:
17420:
17418:
17417:
17412:
17410:Geopositioning
17407:
17405:Remote Sensing
17402:
17397:
17392:
17387:
17382:
17377:
17376:
17375:
17364:
17362:
17356:
17355:
17353:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17327:
17322:
17317:
17311:
17309:
17303:
17302:
17300:
17299:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17253:
17252:
17241:
17239:
17233:
17232:
17230:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17199:
17193:
17191:
17185:
17184:
17182:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17164:Climate change
17161:
17159:Energy balance
17156:
17154:Climate system
17150:
17148:
17142:
17141:
17139:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17103:
17097:
17095:
17089:
17088:
17086:
17085:
17080:
17074:
17071:
17070:
17063:
17062:
17055:
17048:
17040:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16995:New Chronology
16992:
16986:
16984:
16983:Related topics
16980:
16979:
16977:
16976:
16970:
16968:
16964:
16963:
16961:
16960:
16954:
16952:
16948:
16947:
16944:
16943:
16941:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16914:
16912:
16906:
16905:
16903:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16886:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16860:
16858:Paleomagnetism
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16824:
16822:
16813:
16805:
16804:
16801:
16800:
16798:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16766:
16764:
16760:
16759:
16757:
16756:
16751:
16745:
16743:
16739:
16738:
16736:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16719:
16717:
16710:
16704:
16703:
16701:
16700:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16674:
16672:
16666:
16665:
16662:
16661:
16659:
16658:
16656:New Earth Time
16653:
16648:
16647:
16646:
16641:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16610:
16608:
16604:
16603:
16601:
16600:
16595:
16585:
16580:
16565:
16563:
16559:
16558:
16556:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16529:
16527:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16519:
16517:Revised Julian
16514:
16509:
16504:
16498:
16496:
16489:
16483:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16476:
16475:
16470:
16465:
16460:
16454:
16452:
16446:
16445:
16443:
16442:
16437:
16435:Lists of kings
16432:
16427:
16425:Canon of Kings
16422:
16416:
16414:
16408:
16407:
16405:
16404:
16403:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16377:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16350:Before present
16347:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16308:
16301:
16295:
16293:
16284:
16282:
16281:
16276:
16271:
16265:
16262:
16261:
16259:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16236:
16231:
16226:
16220:
16218:
16214:
16213:
16206:
16205:
16198:
16191:
16183:
16174:
16173:
16171:
16170:
16161:
16159:
16155:
16154:
16152:
16151:
16146:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16126:
16121:
16119:Walter Alvarez
16115:
16113:
16112:Notable people
16109:
16108:
16106:
16105:
16100:
16094:
16092:
16088:
16087:
16085:
16084:
16074:
16064:
16063:
16062:
16045:
16031:
16021:
16007:
15997:
15982:
15980:
15976:
15975:
15973:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15941:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15927:
15926:
15919:
15912:
15904:
15895:
15894:
15892:
15891:
15886:
15881:
15879:Time metrology
15876:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15855:
15854:
15844:
15838:
15836:
15835:Related topics
15832:
15831:
15829:
15828:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15778:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15732:
15730:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15698:
15696:
15690:
15689:
15687:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15553:
15551:
15545:
15544:
15542:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15524:Dialing scales
15521:
15516:
15511:
15510:
15509:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15453:
15451:
15445:
15444:
15442:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15370:
15368:
15362:
15361:
15359:
15358:
15356:Prime meridian
15353:
15348:
15346:Ephemeris time
15342:
15340:
15336:
15335:
15322:
15320:
15318:
15317:
15315:180th meridian
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15211:
15210:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15192:
15190:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15173:
15170:
15169:
15158:
15157:
15150:
15143:
15135:
15126:
15125:
15123:
15122:
15112:
15101:
15098:
15097:
15095:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15046:
15044:
15040:
15039:
15036:
15035:
15033:
15032:
15030:Time geography
15027:
15022:
15020:Clock reaction
15017:
15016:
15015:
15005:
14999:
14997:
14993:
14992:
14990:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14949:
14944:
14939:
14933:
14931:
14925:
14924:
14922:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14910:
14909:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14884:
14873:
14871:
14862:
14855:
14854:
14852:
14851:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14822:
14821:
14819:time signature
14816:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14790:
14788:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14773:
14772:
14771:
14761:
14760:
14759:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14723:
14721:
14719:
14718:
14713:
14707:
14704:
14703:
14701:
14700:
14693:
14691:Temporal parts
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14661:Eternal return
14658:
14653:
14648:
14646:Chronocentrism
14643:
14638:
14632:
14630:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14584:
14582:
14580:
14579:
14574:
14568:
14565:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14558:
14557:
14556:
14555:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14525:
14524:
14519:
14518:
14517:
14512:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14487:
14486:
14485:
14475:
14474:
14473:
14457:
14455:
14449:
14448:
14446:
14445:
14438:
14433:
14431:Hindu Panchang
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14375:
14373:
14367:
14366:
14364:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14287:
14285:
14277:
14276:
14274:
14273:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14247:
14245:
14236:
14225:
14224:
14222:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14200:
14198:
14194:
14193:
14186:
14185:
14178:
14171:
14163:
14157:
14154:
14153:
14141:
14140:
14097:
14094:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14079:
14078:
14076:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14054:
14052:
14043:
14042:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14014:
14012:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13983:
13981:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13952:
13950:
13938:
13928:
13927:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13899:
13897:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13868:
13866:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13832:
13830:
13821:
13820:
13818:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13801:
13799:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13786:
13781:
13775:
13773:
13768:Carboniferous
13764:
13763:
13761:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13744:
13742:
13730:
13720:
13719:
13716:
13715:
13713:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13696:
13694:
13685:
13684:
13682:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13665:
13663:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13639:
13637:
13625:
13615:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13591:
13589:
13586:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
13580:
13579:
13577:
13576:
13571:
13565:
13563:
13560:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
13554:
13553:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13539:
13537:
13525:
13515:
13514:
13507:
13506:
13499:
13492:
13484:
13478:
13477:
13463:
13458:
13452:
13446:
13436:
13433:Exploring Time
13430:
13416:
13410:
13404:
13399:
13393:
13387:
13381:
13375:
13367:
13366:External links
13364:
13363:
13362:
13346:
13330:
13323:
13316:
13310:
13295:
13289:
13274:
13268:
13253:
13247:
13232:
13226:
13211:
13205:
13190:
13177:
13158:
13094:
13081:
13068:
13027:
13014:
12999:
12966:(2): 175–181.
12948:
12938:(2): 100–105.
12924:
12921:
12919:
12918:
12855:
12828:(3): 185–203.
12808:
12761:
12756:10.3133/pp1348
12738:
12683:
12670:
12642:
12599:
12570:(5): 809–818.
12550:
12491:
12446:): 1443–1476.
12416:
12351:
12316:
12258:
12195:
12175:
12125:
12107:
12088:
12062:
12041:(1–2): 33–44.
12021:
11970:
11935:
11908:
11887:
11861:
11803:
11744:
11695:
11649:
11642:
11616:
11595:
11565:
11552:
11522:
11459:
11416:Earth's Future
11402:
11373:(4): 359–376.
11352:
11323:(4): 349–357.
11302:
11251:
11225:
11204:
11174:
11145:
11122:
11107:
11084:
11069:
11024:
10985:
10970:
10950:
10935:
10915:
10900:
10880:
10865:
10845:
10804:
10748:
10721:(3): 183–216.
10701:
10646:
10611:(1): 121–138.
10588:
10571:
10554:
10537:
10520:
10503:
10476:(2): 209–304.
10456:
10439:
10422:
10407:
10394:
10378:Nicolaus Steno
10364:
10339:
10324:
10304:
10289:
10269:
10254:
10234:
10166:
10114:
10084:
10053:
10038:, ed. (1911).
10036:Chisholm, Hugh
10027:
9986:
9929:
9890:
9863:(3): 633–703.
9843:
9826:
9809:
9796:
9766:
9735:
9718:
9679:
9641:
9594:
9575:(2): 234–238.
9555:
9503:
9474:
9445:
9404:
9365:
9339:
9308:
9259:
9234:
9214:
9194:
9174:
9107:
9080:(1): 205–221.
9057:
9032:
9019:
8964:
8898:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8852:
8835:
8797:
8785:
8768:
8751:
8748:climate change
8724:
8707:
8698:
8686:
8674:
8660:
8650:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8539:Geon (geology)
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8495:Geology portal
8482:
8479:
8474:
8458:
8450:
8441:
8431:
8428:
8420:
8409:
8364:
8361:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8203:Pilbara Craton
8191:microbial mats
8178:. First known
8156:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8098:supercontinent
8074:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8003:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7936:Yilgarn craton
7920:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7862:McArthur Basin
7855:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7803:Musgrave Block
7781:Narrow highly
7779:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7749:biomineralised
7677:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7648:Snowball Earth
7644:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7584:Aravalli Range
7532:
7527:
7525:Neoproterozoic
7522:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7383:
7324:eleutherozoans
7280:archaeocyathan
7241:
7236:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7112:appear. First
7060:(nautiloids),
7018:
7013:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6872:all abundant.
6862:Rhynchonellida
6807:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6597:winged insects
6587:progymnosperms
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6440:ephemeropteran
6424:holometabolous
6400:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6297:collides with
6230:Winged insects
6227:
6222:
6216:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6008:kuehneosaurids
6000:Crown reptiles
5998:all abundant.
5926:supercontinent
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5791:) to radiate.
5757:Andean Orogeny
5688:pseudosuchians
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5535:
5401:eutriconodonts
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5183:South Atlantic
5118:. Toothed and
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5005:
4990:Alpine orogeny
4946:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4883:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4700:Grande Coupure
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4635:
4631:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4584:. Ancestor of
4574:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4547:Sahelanthropus
4504:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4442:South Americas
4429:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4339:glacial cycles
4329:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4298:, ending with
4286:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4058:
4057:
4016:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3977:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3908:supercontinent
3897:
3879:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3840:
3835:methanotrophic
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3756:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3704:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3623:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:(1800–1600 Ma)
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3511:
3504:
3492:Archean (4000–
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3443:Main article:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3422:
3405:
3389:
3368:
3329:
3328:
3305:
3302:
3226:thermodynamics
3217:
3214:
3201:Georges Cuvier
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3065:Steno states:
3058:
3055:
2926:Ancient Greece
2913:
2910:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2818:Named for the
2816:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2676:Named for the
2674:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2595:
2593:Lower Devonian
2589:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2553:
2551:Upper Devonian
2547:
2546:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2501:Named for the
2499:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:Ural Mountains
2398:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2367:Named for the
2365:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2307:
2305:Lower Triassic
2301:
2300:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2264:
2262:Upper Triassic
2258:
2257:
2254:
2246:
2243:Lower Jurassic
2239:
2238:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2203:
2200:Upper Jurassic
2196:
2195:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:Ediacara Hills
1683:Named for the
1681:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1544:to bear, carry
1532:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:Russian Empire
1503:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1442:Jura Mountains
1438:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1394:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1047:Neoproterozoic
1043:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1002:
999:
991:
985:
984:
973:
970:
962:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
935:
934:
903:
900:
892:
886:
885:
874:
871:
863:
857:
856:
845:
842:
834:
828:
827:
816:
813:
805:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
775:Time span and
721:
718:
715:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
642:
631:
627:
613:, e.g., Early
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
594:
567:
552:
533:
510:
495:Neoproterozoic
455:
422:
419:
415:before present
366:
353:
344:
342:Geochronometry
337:
324:paleomagnetism
313:
307:
294:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:unconformities
245:
239:
233:
229:
223:
217:
148:
145:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17702:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17685:Geochronology
17683:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17662:
17660:
17639:
17631:
17630:
17627:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17602:
17600:
17598:
17594:
17588:
17585:
17584:
17582:
17578:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17566:Pacific Ocean
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17543:
17541:
17539:
17535:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17521:
17517:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17496:Earth science
17494:
17492:
17489:
17488:
17486:
17484:
17480:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17448:Magnetosphere
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17430:
17428:
17426:
17422:
17416:
17415:Virtual globe
17413:
17411:
17408:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17380:Earth's orbit
17378:
17374:
17371:
17370:
17369:
17366:
17365:
17363:
17361:
17357:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17310:
17308:
17304:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17287:World history
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17277:World economy
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17251:
17248:
17247:
17246:
17243:
17242:
17240:
17238:
17234:
17228:
17227:South America
17225:
17223:
17222:North America
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17190:
17186:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17151:
17149:
17147:
17143:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17094:
17090:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17075:
17072:
17068:
17061:
17056:
17054:
17049:
17047:
17042:
17041:
17038:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16987:
16985:
16981:
16975:
16972:
16971:
16969:
16965:
16959:
16956:
16955:
16953:
16949:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16915:
16913:
16911:
16907:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16865:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16825:
16823:
16821:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:Chronological
16806:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16775:Geochronology
16773:
16771:
16768:
16767:
16765:
16761:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16746:
16744:
16740:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16708:Geologic time
16705:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16693:Metonic cycle
16691:
16689:
16688:Galactic year
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16675:
16673:
16671:
16667:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16636:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16629:ISO week date
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16611:
16609:
16605:
16599:
16596:
16593:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16578:
16574:
16570:
16567:
16566:
16564:
16560:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16530:
16528:
16524:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16499:
16497:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16484:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16455:
16453:
16451:
16447:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16413:
16409:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16382:
16381:
16378:
16375:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16335:Byzantine era
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16306:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16296:
16294:
16292:
16291:Calendar eras
16288:
16285:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16267:
16266:
16263:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16221:
16219:
16215:
16211:
16204:
16199:
16197:
16192:
16190:
16185:
16184:
16181:
16169:(2013 series)
16168:
16167:
16163:
16162:
16160:
16156:
16150:
16149:Graeme Snooks
16147:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16129:Eric Chaisson
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16116:
16114:
16110:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16095:
16093:
16089:
16083:
16079:
16075:
16073:
16069:
16065:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16056:
16055:
16050:
16046:
16044:
16040:
16036:
16032:
16030:
16026:
16022:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16008:
16006:
16002:
15998:
15996:
15992:
15988:
15984:
15983:
15981:
15977:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15936:
15932:
15925:
15920:
15918:
15913:
15911:
15906:
15905:
15902:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15849:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15839:
15837:
15833:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15733:
15731:
15729:
15728:units of time
15724:
15718:
15717:Sidereal time
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15702:Galactic year
15700:
15699:
15697:
15695:
15691:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15659:
15658:Weekday names
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15648:Tropical year
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15613:Intercalation
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:(lunar Hijri)
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15550:
15546:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15508:
15505:
15504:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15454:
15452:
15450:
15446:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15419:Time dilation
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15371:
15369:
15367:
15363:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15343:
15341:
15337:
15332:
15326:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15255:24-hour clock
15253:
15251:
15250:12-hour clock
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15209:
15206:
15205:
15204:
15201:
15200:
15198:
15194:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15174:
15171:
15167:
15163:
15156:
15151:
15149:
15144:
15142:
15137:
15136:
15133:
15121:
15113:
15111:
15103:
15102:
15099:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15077:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15047:
15045:
15041:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15014:
15011:
15010:
15009:
15008:Chronobiology
15006:
15004:
15001:
15000:
14998:
14994:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14942:Arrow of time
14940:
14938:
14935:
14934:
14932:
14930:
14926:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14914:Geochronology
14912:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14879:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14870:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14856:
14850:
14846:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14811:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14787:
14782:
14778:
14770:
14767:
14766:
14765:
14764:Wheel of time
14762:
14758:
14755:
14754:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14724:
14722:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14705:
14699:
14698:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14633:
14631:
14629:
14625:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14608:Periodization
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14585:
14583:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14569:
14566:
14554:
14553:
14549:
14548:
14547:
14546:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14534:Digital clock
14532:
14530:
14527:
14523:
14520:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14507:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14484:
14481:
14480:
14479:
14476:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14467:
14464:
14463:
14462:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14454:
14450:
14444:
14443:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14380:
14377:
14376:
14374:
14372:
14368:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14311:Relative hour
14309:
14307:
14306:24-hour clock
14304:
14302:
14301:12-hour clock
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14278:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14248:
14246:
14244:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14230:
14226:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14201:
14199:
14195:
14191:
14184:
14179:
14177:
14172:
14170:
14165:
14164:
14161:
14155:
14148:
14138:
14133:
14127:
14122:
14116:
14113:
14108:
14104:
14100:
14095:
14089:
14087:
14080:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14051:
14044:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14015:
14013:
14011:
14004:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13980:
13973:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13953:
13951:
13949:
13947:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
13942:
13939:
13937:
13929:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13898:
13896:
13889:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13869:
13867:
13865:
13858:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13822:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13802:
13800:
13798:
13791:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13765:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13743:
13741:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13724:Paleozoic Era
13721:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13686:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13666:
13664:
13662:
13655:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13636:
13634:(66.0–145 Ma)
13629:
13626:
13624:
13622:(66.0–252 Ma)
13616:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13588:
13581:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13555:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13536:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13516:
13512:
13505:
13500:
13498:
13493:
13491:
13486:
13485:
13482:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13447:
13444:
13440:
13437:
13434:
13431:
13428:
13424:
13420:
13417:
13414:
13411:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13397:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13382:
13380:
13376:
13374:
13370:
13369:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13352:
13347:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13336:
13331:
13328:
13324:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13307:
13303:
13302:
13296:
13292:
13286:
13282:
13281:
13275:
13271:
13265:
13261:
13260:
13254:
13250:
13244:
13240:
13239:
13233:
13229:
13223:
13219:
13218:
13212:
13208:
13202:
13198:
13197:
13191:
13180:
13174:
13170:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13111:
13103:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13069:
13065:
13059:
13050:
13045:
13042:(2): 83–100.
13041:
13037:
13033:
13028:
13017:
13011:
13007:
13006:
13000:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12954:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12933:
12927:
12926:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12882:
12878:
12874:
12870:
12866:
12859:
12851:
12847:
12843:
12839:
12835:
12831:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12812:
12804:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12781:(B13): E139.
12780:
12776:
12772:
12765:
12757:
12753:
12749:
12742:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12687:
12673:
12667:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12654:
12646:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12603:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12554:
12546:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12495:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12433:
12432:
12427:
12420:
12412:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12370:
12366:
12362:
12355:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12335:
12332:(1–4): 1–11.
12331:
12327:
12326:Nova Hedwigia
12320:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12292:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12269:
12262:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12199:
12191:
12190:
12185:
12179:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12129:
12118:
12116:
12114:
12112:
12103:
12099:
12092:
12076:
12069:
12067:
12057:
12052:
12048:
12044:
12040:
12036:
12032:
12025:
12010:on 1 May 2022
12009:
12005:
12001:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11974:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11939:
11923:
11919:
11912:
11897:
11891:
11875:
11871:
11865:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11814:
11807:
11799:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11764:(6): e99438.
11763:
11759:
11755:
11748:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11706:
11699:
11690:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11669:
11665:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11645:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11620:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11569:
11555:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11526:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11482:
11479:(7876): 332.
11478:
11474:
11470:
11463:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11406:
11398:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11364:
11356:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11306:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11262:
11255:
11239:
11235:
11229:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11178:
11170:
11164:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11142:
11138:
11137:
11129:
11127:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11104:
11100:
11099:
11091:
11089:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11029:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10989:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10971:0-511-08201-0
10967:
10963:
10962:
10954:
10946:
10942:
10938:
10936:0-521-38361-7
10932:
10928:
10927:
10919:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10901:0-521-24728-4
10897:
10893:
10892:
10884:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10866:3-924500-19-3
10862:
10858:
10857:
10849:
10841:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10808:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10752:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10720:
10716:
10712:
10705:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10650:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10595:
10593:
10584:
10583:
10575:
10567:
10566:
10558:
10550:
10549:
10541:
10533:
10532:
10524:
10516:
10515:
10507:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10460:
10452:
10451:
10443:
10435:
10434:
10426:
10418:
10411:
10397:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10368:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10351:
10343:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10325:0-226-73103-0
10321:
10317:
10316:
10308:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10290:0-486-26372-X
10286:
10282:
10281:
10273:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10255:0-86078-492-4
10251:
10247:
10246:
10238:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10201:Sedimentology
10198:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10162:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10121:
10119:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10057:
10049:
10048:
10042:
10037:
10031:
10023:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9990:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9910:(37): 46–52.
9909:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9839:
9838:
9830:
9822:
9821:
9813:
9799:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9770:
9762:
9756:
9748:
9747:
9739:
9731:
9730:
9722:
9712:
9706:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9660:
9657:(in French).
9656:
9652:
9645:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9614:(2): 96–102.
9613:
9609:
9605:
9598:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9559:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9510:
9508:
9499:
9493:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9369:
9353:
9349:
9343:
9327:
9323:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9296:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9282:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9230:
9229:
9221:
9219:
9210:
9209:
9201:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9181:
9179:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9022:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8919:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8886:
8880:
8878:
8876:
8871:
8856:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8832:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8792:
8790:
8782:
8781:Pennsylvanian
8778:
8777:Mississippian
8772:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8702:
8693:
8691:
8681:
8679:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8654:
8645:
8641:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8485:
8473:
8471:
8468:on board the
8467:
8457:
8440:
8437:
8427:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8401:Eratosthenian
8398:
8394:
8390:
8389:Pre-Nectarian
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8353:giant planets
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8273:Acasta Gneiss
8270:
8267:Formation of
8264:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8172:cyanobacteria
8169:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8123:stromatolites
8118:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8056:Gawler Craton
8053:
8049:
8048:cyanobacteria
8045:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8004:
8001:
8000:Gawler craton
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7973:Sudbury Basin
7970:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7840:in the seas.
7839:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7817:proliferate.
7816:
7812:
7811:Stromatolites
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7785:belts due to
7784:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7753:Trace fossils
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7570:trace fossils
7567:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7538:of primitive
7537:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7328:Anomalocarids
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7272:hemichordates
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7110:tentaculitans
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7094:sea cucumbers
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7050:Strophomenida
7047:
7043:
7040:, articulate
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7026:invertebrates
7023:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6840:, along with
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6595:), and first
6594:
6593:
6592:Archaeopteris
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6516:Tuhua Orogeny
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6484:orthoceridans
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6436:odonatopteran
6433:
6432:polyneopteran
6429:
6428:paraneopteran
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6392:Mississippian
6389:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6293:proliferate.
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6219:Pennsylvanian
6214:
6213:Carboniferous
6210:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6123:Wuchiapingian
6121:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6028:thalattosaurs
6025:
6021:
6020:testudinatans
6017:
6013:
6012:choristoderes
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5996:orthoceridans
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5917:Changhsingian
5915:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5809:parvipelvians
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5741:Modern corals
5738:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5639:Pliensbachian
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:Tentaculitans
5545:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5516:Arctic Oceans
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5498:. Breakup of
5497:
5494:
5493:rhynchonellid
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5409:symmetrodonts
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5179:Greater India
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5156:South America
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5048:Maastrichtian
5046:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4994:proboscideans
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4892:Greater India
4889:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:Choristoderes
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:Toba eruption
4301:
4300:Younger Dryas
4297:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:Extreme North
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Northgrippian
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4164:, increasing
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4122:Major events
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4054:
4051:
4043:
4040:November 2023
4033:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4017:This section
4015:
4011:
4006:
4005:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3953:
3945:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3749:Acasta Gneiss
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3713:Era/Erathem (
3712:
3708:
3707:Jack Hillsian
3705:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3652:
3644:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3527:) 'strength'.
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3506:Mesoarchean (
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3421:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:pioneered by
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:Robert Strutt
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3234:Clarence King
3231:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:William Smith
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3180:Charles Lyell
3177:
3176:John Playfair
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:Thomas Burnet
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:', including
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:Nicolas Steno
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:Arthur Holmes
2912:Early history
2908:
2904:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:mountains of
2826:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:) 'stretch'.
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:Carboniferous
1517:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:Derived from
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1256:) 'ancient'.
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:) 'ancient'.
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:) 'ancient'.
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:) 'ancient'.
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
931:
930:
923:
912:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
862:
859:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
778:
772:
770:
765:
763:
762:type locality
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
639:
633:
629:
625:
623:
618:
616:
610:
606:
602:
598:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
568:
565:
561:
553:
550:
546:
542:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
378:
374:
368:
365:
362:
359:
357:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:Geochronology
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
283:
282:Geochronology
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:Horizontality
218:
215:
214:Superposition
212:
211:
210:
207:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:paleomagnetic
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:geophysicists
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:geochronology
84:to time) and
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:based on the
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Geologic time
17620:Solar System
17571:Oceanography
17561:Indian Ocean
17551:Arctic Ocean
17515:
17491:Age of Earth
17443:Geomagnetism
17126:Thermosphere
17116:Stratosphere
16938:Stratigraphy
16883:Uranium–lead
16853:Lichenometry
16707:
16651:Winter count
16634:Mesoamerican
16562:Astronomical
16380:Mesoamerican
16365:Sothic cycle
16340:Seleucid era
16325:Bosporan era
16313: /
16303:
16251:Paleontology
16164:
16077:
16067:
16054:Homo sapiens
16052:
16048:
16034:
16024:
16010:
16000:
15986:
15959:
15864:Decimal time
15678:
15593:Astronomical
15472:Complication
15467:Atomic clock
15082:Time capsule
15076:Tempus fugit
15074:
14996:Other fields
14876:
14695:
14676:Perdurantism
14598:Calendar era
14550:
14543:
14529:Cuckoo clock
14466:astronomical
14440:
14266:Unit of time
14197:Key concepts
14114:
14111:
14047:Archean Eon
14009:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
13894:(485–539 Ma)
13863:(444–485 Ma)
13827:(419–444 Ma)
13796:(359–419 Ma)
13770:(299–359 Ma)
13739:(252–299 Ma)
13727:(252–539 Ma)
13691:(201–252 Ma)
13660:(145–201 Ma)
13619:Mesozoic Era
13519:Cenozoic Era
13442:
13349:
13333:
13300:
13279:
13258:
13237:
13216:
13195:
13182:. Retrieved
13167:
13150:. Retrieved
13114:
13108:
13089:
13076:
13058:cite journal
13039:
13035:
13019:. Retrieved
13004:
12991:. Retrieved
12984:the original
12963:
12959:
12935:
12932:Stratigraphy
12931:
12872:
12868:
12858:
12825:
12821:
12811:
12778:
12774:
12764:
12747:
12741:
12700:
12696:
12686:
12675:, retrieved
12652:
12645:
12612:
12608:
12602:
12567:
12563:
12553:
12508:
12504:
12494:
12435:
12429:
12419:
12368:
12364:
12354:
12329:
12325:
12319:
12278:
12274:
12261:
12212:
12208:
12198:
12189:Live Science
12187:
12178:
12166:. Retrieved
12159:the original
12138:
12134:
12101:
12091:
12079:. Retrieved
12038:
12034:
12024:
12012:. Retrieved
12008:the original
11990:(1): 27–54.
11987:
11983:
11973:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11926:. Retrieved
11922:the original
11911:
11899:. Retrieved
11890:
11878:. Retrieved
11873:
11864:
11823:
11819:
11806:
11761:
11757:
11747:
11715:
11711:
11698:
11671:
11667:
11625:
11619:
11608:, retrieved
11578:
11568:
11557:, retrieved
11535:
11525:
11476:
11472:
11462:
11419:
11415:
11405:
11370:
11366:
11355:
11320:
11316:
11305:
11264:
11254:
11242:. Retrieved
11238:the original
11228:
11217:, retrieved
11187:
11177:
11135:
11097:
11059:
11002:
10998:
10988:
10960:
10953:
10925:
10918:
10890:
10883:
10855:
10848:
10824:(1): 20–23.
10821:
10817:
10807:
10764:
10760:
10751:
10718:
10714:
10704:
10663:
10659:
10649:
10608:
10604:
10581:
10574:
10564:
10557:
10547:
10540:
10530:
10523:
10513:
10506:
10473:
10469:
10459:
10449:
10442:
10432:
10425:
10416:
10410:
10399:, retrieved
10377:
10367:
10349:
10342:
10314:
10307:
10279:
10272:
10248:. Variorum.
10244:
10237:
10204:
10200:
10134:
10130:
10105:. Retrieved
10096:
10087:
10075:. Retrieved
10071:the original
10066:
10056:
10045:
10030:
10006:(2): 18–21.
10003:
9999:
9989:
9948:
9942:
9932:
9907:
9903:
9893:
9860:
9856:
9846:
9836:
9829:
9819:
9812:
9801:, retrieved
9779:
9769:
9749:(in French).
9745:
9738:
9728:
9721:
9705:cite journal
9696:
9692:
9682:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9664:From p. 193:
9658:
9654:
9644:
9611:
9607:
9597:
9572:
9568:
9558:
9526:(1): 97–99.
9523:
9519:
9464:
9424:(3): 77–81.
9421:
9417:
9407:
9385:(1): 13–30.
9382:
9378:
9368:
9356:. Retrieved
9351:
9342:
9330:. Retrieved
9325:
9299:. Retrieved
9294:
9250:. Retrieved
9246:
9237:
9227:
9207:
9187:
9134:
9130:
9077:
9073:
9048:. Retrieved
9044:
9035:
9024:, retrieved
9002:
8932:
8928:
8889:. Retrieved
8855:
8838:
8771:
8710:
8701:
8653:
8644:
8470:Mars Express
8466:spectrometer
8463:
8455:
8433:
8425:
8366:
8337:Solar System
8326:
8297:giant impact
8187:microfossils
8180:phototrophic
8158:Prokaryotic
8154:Paleoarchean
8131:macrofossils
7890:opisthokonts
7759:eukaryotes.
7757:multi-celled
7664:streptophyta
7575:Trichophycus
7573:
7563:
7495:Terreneuvian
7415:Jiangshanian
7396:streptophyta
7049:
7045:
6961:Sheinwoodian
6912:tapers off.
6900:tapers off.
6857:
6842:ostracoderms
6838:jawed fishes
6651:acanthodians
6618:corals, and
6601:Strophomenid
6590:
6524:Kazakhstania
6474:) abundant.
6466:(especially
6398:Serpukhovian
6331:parareptiles
6265:
6088:acanthodians
6024:ichthyosaurs
5965:temnospondyl
5961:parareptiles
5941:Appalachians
5732:amphibians.
5730:temnospondyl
5723:
5716:Rhynchosaurs
5700:Ichthyosaurs
5559:Kimmeridgian
5520:Tethys Ocean
5489:terebratulid
5453:Parvipelvian
5393:shuotheriids
5389:coelurosaurs
5375:, including
5355:(especially
5144:leptictidans
5108:crocodilians
5092:tyrannosaurs
4986:terror birds
4948:Starts with
4898:(allowing a
4882:decreased CO
4880:Azolla event
4799:diprotodonts
4714:(e.g. first
4572:Serravallian
4486:Ardipithecus
4482:elephantines
4393:Homo habilis
4368:Afro-Eurasia
4364:Homo erectus
4360:terror birds
4343:Homo sapiens
4312:Near Oceania
4292:interglacial
4279:
4237:interglacial
4231:Greenlandian
4198:flooding of
4070:
4061:
4046:
4037:
4026:Please help
4021:verification
4018:
3994:
3983:
3951:
3943:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3843:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3811:
3807:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3762:
3758:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3727:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3682:
3665:
3663:
3650:
3642:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3531:
3530:Siderian (?–
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:Neoarchean (
3507:
3500:
3493:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3451:Anthropocene
3450:
3448:
3445:Anthropocene
3417:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3294:20th century
3253:Pierre Curie
3238:
3219:
3194:
3190:James Ussher
3183:
3161:
3158:James Hutton
3154:19th century
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3092:
3084:
3062:
3060:
3040:
3035:
2985:
2938:transgressed
2922:philosophers
2915:
2889:Newfoundland
2864:Terreneuvian
2791:
2705:Named after
2678:Wenlock Edge
2651:Named after
2506:
2441:
2438:William Penn
2434:Pennsylvania
2405:
2401:
2376:
2372:
2343:
2149:
2145:
2116:
2112:
2087:
2083:
2058:
2054:
2029:
2025:
2000:
1996:
1971:
1967:
1917:
1892:
1867:
1845:) 'stable'.
1842:
1817:
1792:
1770:) 'narrow'.
1767:
1742:
1717:
1713:
1659:
1567:Named after
1543:
1542:) and ferō (
1539:
1474:
1416:
1397:
1369:
1365:
1340:
1336:
1253:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1204:Paleoarchean
1195:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1038:
1034:
1009:
1005:
980:
976:
928:
881:
852:
848:
823:
819:
766:
732:(old life),
723:
619:
596:
570:
555:
536:
513:
475:Paleoarchean
458:
427:
388:
371:between the
369:
360:
347:
334:
332:
304:
302:
297:stratigraphy
289:
285:
262:Stratigraphy
208:
199:
164:
153:Age of Earth
141:nomenclature
138:
57:
53:
49:
47:
29:
17368:Cartography
17307:Environment
17174:Climatology
17111:Troposphere
16878:Radiocarbon
16553:Dual dating
16412:Regnal year
16390:Short Count
16330:Bostran era
16311:Anno Domini
16244:Big History
16224:Archaeology
16166:Big History
16068:Agriculture
16039:abiogenesis
16019:dying stars
15960:Time scales
15931:Big History
15874:System time
15869:Metric time
15588:Solar Hijri
15514:Water clock
15497:Radio clock
15429:Time domain
15409:Proper time
15295:Leap second
15177:Chronometry
15092:Time travel
15070:System time
14977:Time domain
14962:Proper time
14786:use of time
14757:Father Time
14737:Immortality
14727:Ages of Man
14656:Endurantism
14613:Regnal year
14593:Big History
14522:water-based
14421:Solar Hijri
14331:Hexadecimal
14281:Measurement
14243:Chronometry
14229:Measurement
14083:Hadean Eon
13861:Ordovician
13632:Cretaceous
13532:Quaternary
13184:18 November
13152:18 November
13021:18 November
12993:30 November
12371:(1): 2690.
11668:Solid Earth
11005:(1): 5–13.
10207:(1): 3–41.
9951:(1): 1–15.
8327:Some other
8236:prokaryotes
8222:: at first
8164:methanogens
8117:Mesoarchean
8106:prokaryotes
8080:; possible
7886:green algae
7813:decline as
7783:metamorphic
7729:cryptophyta
7721:brown algae
7627:Ozone layer
7565:Dickinsonia
7560:bilaterians
7520:Proterozoic
7435:Miaolingian
7380:Atmospheric
7360:vertebrates
7340:Prokaryotes
7336:Crustaceans
7316:blastozoans
7312:graptolites
7300:brachiopods
7290:(including
7268:echinoderms
7254:(including
7219:Tremadocian
7198:Lower/Early
7178:Darriwilian
7118:ostracoderm
7114:eurypterids
7102:graptolites
7090:sea urchins
7074:echinoderms
7058:cephalopods
7042:brachiopods
7034:Orthocerida
6882:graptolites
6858:Pentamerida
6854:brachiopods
6834:Eurypterids
6824:(including
6810:Ozone layer
6765:Lower/Early
6640:lobe-finned
6608:brachiopods
6579:seed plants
6545:Tournaisian
6496:Spiriferida
6464:echinoderms
6452:land snails
6420:gymnosperms
6408:eurypterids
6335:cotylosaurs
6272:atmospheric
6254:scale trees
6234:Protodonata
6133:Guadalupian
6072:graptolites
6064:eurypterids
6060:articulates
6004:lepidosaurs
5953:pelycosaurs
5945:Panthalassa
5924:unite into
5877:Lower/Early
5813:crocopodans
5805:plesiosaurs
5787:(including
5785:lepidosaurs
5734:Ceratitidan
5624:Lower/Early
5550:disappear.
5496:brachiopods
5473:Sea urchins
5457:plesiosaurs
5433:brown algae
5413:dryolestids
5353:Gymnosperms
5317:Valanginian
5307:Hauterivian
5272:Lower/Early
5207:Atmospheric
5148:cimolestans
5138:(including
5130:(including
5128:metatherian
5104:ceratopsids
5096:titanosaurs
5080:sea urchins
4779:condylarths
4728:Cimolestans
4656:Alpide Belt
4618:. Start of
4607:Burdigalian
4553:in Africa.
4488:in Africa.
4272:Pleistocene
4132:Phanerozoic
4091:end-point.
4065:Phanerozoic
3861:–538.8 Ma)
3838:prokaryotes
3272:in 1913 by
3249:Marie Curie
3230:Lord Kelvin
2883:, a French
2881:Terre-Neuve
2841:(informal)
2823: [
2803:Miaolingian
2400:From Latin
2352:Guadalupian
1980:Pleistocene
1820:) 'cover'.
1720:) 'birth'.
1596:tribe, the
1571:, England.
1410:Paris Basin
1408:within the
1175:Mesoarchean
876:From Greek
832:Proterozoic
803:Phanerozoic
769:Precambrian
479:Mesoarchean
452:Phanerozoic
448:Proterozoic
256:Terminology
232:continuous.
118:lithologies
110:geochemists
96:(including
66:rock record
17659:Categories
17473:Tomography
17458:Seismology
17425:Geophysics
17400:Navigation
17292:Time zones
17257:In culture
17202:Antarctica
17189:Continents
17121:Mesosphere
17093:Atmosphere
16473:Vietnamese
16385:Long Count
16320:Anno Mundi
16315:Common Era
16217:Key topics
16210:Chronology
16144:Fred Spier
16139:Carl Sagan
16103:ChronoZoom
16082:modern era
15889:Timekeeper
15842:Chronology
15826:Millennium
15712:Precession
15618:Julian day
15439:T-symmetry
15300:Solar time
15270:Civil time
14794:Chronemics
14769:Kalachakra
14681:Presentism
14666:Eternalism
14572:Chronology
14510:mechanical
14461:Main types
14379:Main types
14085:(4–4.6 Ga)
14049:(2.5–4 Ga)
13978:(1–1.6 Ga)
13584:Paleogene
12511:: 735020.
11880:17 January
11674:(1): 1–3.
11155:1224105111
9840:J. Murray.
9776:"Jurassic"
9716:terrain".)
9699:: 353–376.
9671:Quaternary
9484:1137380460
8867:References
8405:Copernican
8333:satellites
8281:life forms
8224:protocells
8125:(probably
8072:Neoarchean
8024:eukaryotes
7961:atmosphere
7924:eukaryotes
7918:Statherian
7902:Acritarchs
7755:of simple
7733:haptophyta
7713:ochrophyta
7703:begins on
7650:" period.
7646:Possible "
7642:Cryogenian
7568:). Simple
7556:cnidarians
7552:vendozoans
7440:Guzhangian
7392:Arthropods
7320:crinozoans
7292:trilobites
7256:arthropods
7206:(formerly
7122:jawed fish
7106:Acritarchs
7062:trilobites
7016:Hirnantian
7011:Upper/Late
7006:Ordovician
6996:Rhuddanian
6971:Llandovery
6926:Ludfordian
6874:Trilobites
6790:Lochkovian
6715:Hangenberg
6711:Kellwasser
6683:Euramerica
6653:and early
6644:ray-finned
6636:placoderms
6632:goniatites
6624:Ammonoidea
6583:seed ferns
6560:Upper/Late
6508:Glaciation
6504:nautiloids
6500:trilobites
6492:Productida
6488:goniatites
6410:live amid
6382:Bashkirian
6362:Kasimovian
6347:Rhizodonts
6315:Amphibians
6295:Euramerica
6289:. Testate
6283:Goniatites
6258:club trees
6242:millipedes
6183:Artinskian
6168:Cisuralian
6138:Capitanian
6068:trilobites
6016:archosaurs
5988:spiriferid
5968:amphibians
5957:therapsids
5922:Landmasses
5817:Ceratitida
5725:Dicroidium
5720:Seed ferns
5704:nothosaurs
5692:pterosaurs
5684:Archosaurs
5674:Upper/Late
5659:Hettangian
5649:Sinemurian
5471:abundant.
5469:belemnites
5385:stegosaurs
5381:carnosaurs
5365:cycadeoids
5342:Upper/Late
5327:Berriasian
5301:~125.77
5262:Cenomanian
5211:Acritarchs
5181:, and the
5175:Madagascar
5167:Antarctica
5140:placentals
5132:marsupials
5124:monotremes
5100:hadrosaurs
5069:belemnites
5043:Upper/Late
5038:Cretaceous
4958:Nautilidae
4912:passerines
4831:Aegean Sea
4765:. Archaic
4758:Priabonian
4675:Aquitanian
4586:great apes
4436:joins the
4414:Piacenzian
4341:. Rise of
4277:Upper/Late
4249:wet Sahara
4200:Doggerland
4166:industrial
4153:Meghalayan
4143:Quaternary
3894:eukaryotes
3664:The book,
3584:Statherian
3580:–1000 Ma)
3222:denudation
3142:Anton Moro
2901:See also:
2879:Named for
2732:Ordovician
2707:Llandovery
2690:Llandovery
2684:, England
2682:Shropshire
2655:, England
2630:, Czechia
2507:misi-ziibi
2385:Cisuralian
2338:Named for
2175:Cretaceous
2140:Coined by
1939:Time span
1826:Statherian
1697:Cryogenian
1646:Named for
1606:Ordovician
1378:Cretaceous
1283:Quaternary
1271:Time span
1146:Neoarchean
1140:) 'life'.
1107:) 'life'.
1074:) 'life'.
1041:) 'life'.
1012:) 'life'.
983:) 'life'.
948:Time span
855:) 'life'.
826:) 'life'.
791:Time span
758:stratotype
754:Ordovician
696:Subseries
647:Time span
579:chronozone
526:Quaternary
483:Neoarchean
260:See also:
191:Cryogenian
187:Cretaceous
151:See also:
147:Principles
98:geologists
76:that uses
38:log-spiral
17390:Geomatics
17335:Ecosystem
17320:Biosphere
17282:Etymology
17262:Earth Day
17212:Australia
17131:Exosphere
17010:Year zero
16990:Chronicle
16933:Seriation
16868:Lead–lead
16742:Standards
16723:Deep time
16683:Ephemeris
16569:Lunisolar
16533:Gregorian
16526:Gregorian
16487:Calendars
16450:Era names
16420:Anka year
16299:Human Era
16229:Astronomy
16078:Modernity
16060:Stone Age
15995:cosmogony
15970:Modernity
15955:Deep time
15786:Fortnight
15633:Lunisolar
15623:Leap year
15557:Gregorian
15507:stopwatch
15482:Hourglass
15462:Astrarium
15379:Spacetime
15310:Time zone
15187:Metrology
15166:standards
15050:Leap year
14967:Spacetime
14841:Yesterday
14742:Dreamtime
14716:Mythology
14603:Deep time
14515:stopwatch
14490:hourglass
14471:astrarium
14401:Gregorian
14394:Lunisolar
14371:Calendars
14361:Time zone
14234:standards
14112:See also:
13892:Cambrian
13825:Silurian
13794:Devonian
13689:Triassic
13658:Jurassic
12897:0036-8075
12850:0012-821X
12803:0148-0227
12717:0028-0836
12637:128376754
12586:1537-1719
12527:1664-462X
12486:131775942
12460:1464-7931
12393:2041-1723
12237:0028-0836
12081:8 October
12004:1543-5938
11605:229513433
11517:237515330
11501:0028-0836
11454:233816527
11446:2328-4277
11397:244145710
11389:0705-3797
11347:244165877
11339:0705-3797
11297:182238145
11281:0028-0836
11214:245639062
11163:cite book
11117:949988705
11079:808340848
11019:0078-0421
10840:0705-3797
10791:0028-0836
10743:129166282
10735:0371-6260
10688:0028-0836
10641:128686640
10633:0305-8719
10498:251578886
10490:0080-4568
10299:165626104
10264:956775994
10229:128604255
10161:0950-1207
10022:0705-3797
9981:129165105
9973:0016-7568
9924:1941-5966
9885:128475487
9877:2042-5295
9755:cite book
9636:0267-8179
9589:0705-3797
9550:240772165
9542:0705-3797
9492:cite book
9440:0705-3797
9169:236285974
9161:0016-7649
9102:130092094
8951:0705-3797
8514:Deep time
8393:Nectarian
8381:volcanism
8269:protolith
8214:Eoarchean
8193:. Oldest
8102:Kenorland
7969:Vredefort
7955:Orosirian
7898:holozoans
7853:Calymmian
7741:retarians
7737:euglenids
7621:forms on
7603:Laurentia
7548:explosion
7530:Ediacaran
7510:Fortunian
7454:~504.5
7444:~500.5
7308:bryozoans
7296:priapulid
7288:artiopods
7276:chordates
7234:Furongian
7188:Dapingian
7142:conodonts
7078:blastoids
7070:bryozoans
7066:ostracods
7052:, etc.),
7036:). Early
6976:Telychian
6880:diverse;
6864:, etc.),
6830:arachnids
6818:myriapods
6663:fishapods
6647:bony fish
6628:Nautilida
6565:Famennian
6506:decline.
6480:bryozoans
6472:blastoids
6448:tetrapods
6444:barnacles
6372:Moscovian
6327:synapsids
6267:Cordaites
6256:, ferns,
6252:forests (
6246:scorpions
6193:Sakmarian
6173:Kungurian
6084:blastoids
5984:productid
5949:Synapsids
5937:Ouachitas
5912:Lopingian
5902:Paleozoic
5882:Olenekian
5797:conodonts
5763:in Asia.
5737:ammonoids
5708:Cynodonts
5696:Dinosaurs
5594:Bathonian
5584:Callovian
5569:Oxfordian
5528:Rangitata
5465:ammonoids
5377:sauropods
5373:Dinosaurs
5347:Tithonian
5311:~132.6
5297:Barremian
5242:Coniacian
5232:Santonian
5222:Campanian
5136:eutherian
5112:mosasaurs
5088:dinosaurs
5065:Ammonoids
5013:Selandian
4962:Coleoidea
4944:Thanetian
4939:Paleocene
4926:and true
4920:pangolins
4916:ruminants
4842:Bartonian
4813:; End of
4771:creodonts
4716:macropods
4708:evolution
4690:Oligocene
4685:Paleogene
4664:West Asia
4638:from 650
4562:Tortonian
4535:creodonts
4502:Messinian
4454:Stone Age
4383:Start of
4354:Calabrian
4327:Chibanian
4282:Tarantian
4261:Caribbean
4225:0.0082
4220:Greenland
4204:Sundaland
4196:Sea level
4177:0.0042
4097:Eonothem/
3904:2060–1780
3890:2250–2060
3886:Eukaryian
3876:2420–2250
3872:Oxygenian
3866:2420–1780
3844:2630–2420
3831:2780–2630
3827:Methanian
3821:2780–2420
3812:3020–2780
3786:3490–3020
3782:Vaalbaran
3776:3490–2780
3761:Period (3
3745:4030–3810
3735:4030–3490
3728:4030–2420
3715:4404–4030
3711:Zirconian
3699:phase of
3565:) 'rust'.
3549:2450–1800
3515:3000–2450
3508:3500–3000
3138:Plutonism
3134:Neptunism
3126:primarii"
3047:religious
2996:Dominican
2972:treatises
2964:scientist
2950:deep time
2946:Aristotle
2942:regressed
2820:Miao Ling
2775:Furongian
2323:Lopingian
2125:Paleocene
2067:Oligocene
1851:Orosirian
1843:statherós
1801:Calymmian
1668:Ediacaran
1652:latinised
1623:Ordovices
1473:From the
1419:'chalk'.
1349:Paleogene
1233:Eoarchean
1018:Paleozoic
922:translit.
777:etymology
746:geography
742:lithology
730:Paleozoic
699:Subepoch
652:Eonothem
499:Paleozoic
471:Eoarchean
403:SI prefix
373:Ediacaran
242:Inclusion
183:Paleogene
167:deep time
42:megaannus
17638:Category
17005:Timeline
16843:Ice core
16716:Concepts
16463:Japanese
16395:Tzolk'in
16360:Egyptian
16011:Elements
15991:Big Bang
15987:Creation
15847:Duration
15821:Saeculum
15801:Olympiad
15643:Solstice
15572:Holocene
15549:Calendar
15449:Horology
15240:ISO 8601
15235:ISO 31-1
15110:Category
14858:Time in
14849:Tomorrow
14711:Religion
14651:Duration
14618:Timeline
14552:Timeline
14351:Sidereal
14219:Eternity
13737:Permian
13558:Neogene
13470:Archived
13439:Episodes
13423:Archived
13143:Archived
13139:32763298
13131:15286353
13036:Episodes
12913:13968348
12905:16627738
12725:11196637
12615:(1): 3.
12594:14963099
12545:35154170
12478:31021528
12411:31217418
12303:12529638
12245:28796200
12168:6 August
11965:42345393
11951:: 5–19.
11928:3 August
11901:3 August
11848:20596019
11798:24963687
11758:PLOS ONE
11736:Archived
11509:34522014
11367:Episodes
11317:Episodes
11289:32433629
11244:17 April
11219:15 April
10980:60770922
10945:20930970
10875:14352783
10818:Episodes
10401:20 April
10334:11574066
10101:Archived
10000:Episodes
9569:Episodes
9520:Episodes
9418:Episodes
9252:16 April
8959:51819600
8929:Episodes
8481:See also
8456:Epochs:
8240:proteins
8201:and the
8189:. First
8183:bacteria
8168:bacteria
8127:colonial
8046:(due to
8039:Siderian
8020:Huronian
8011:Rhyacian
7981:Penokean
7965:oxygenic
7932:Columbia
7928:protists
7878:plastids
7838:colonies
7826:Ectasian
7633:levels.
7615:Gondwana
7599:Pannotia
7470:Series 2
7388:Holocene
7344:protists
7304:hyoliths
7264:annelids
7260:molluscs
7239:Stage 10
7229:Cambrian
7163:Sandbian
7086:crinoids
7082:cystoids
7054:bivalves
6986:Aeronian
6951:Homerian
6936:Gorstian
6878:molluscs
6870:crinoids
6866:cystoids
6852:corals,
6846:Tabulate
6822:hexapods
6800:Silurian
6755:Eifelian
6745:Givetian
6730:Frasnian
6719:cystoids
6703:Variscan
6667:decapods
6620:crinoids
6616:tabulate
6571:lycopods
6555:Devonian
6512:Gondwana
6510:in East
6468:crinoids
6422:. First
6386:323.2
6343:diapsids
6319:amniotes
6305:and the
6303:Laurasia
6299:Gondwana
6287:woodlice
6277:levels.
6225:Gzhelian
6203:Asselian
6092:Ouachita
6076:hyoliths
6052:Tabulata
6048:retarian
5857:Ladinian
5799:and the
5753:starfish
5679:Rhaetian
5669:Triassic
5629:Toarcian
5614:Aalenian
5604:Bajocian
5508:Gondwana
5504:Laurasia
5481:starfish
5477:crinoids
5461:Bivalves
5449:lobsters
5431:. First
5371:common.
5357:conifers
5337:Jurassic
5266:100.5
5252:Turonian
5195:Laramide
5076:bivalves
5033:Mesozoic
4952:and the
4928:primates
4862:Ypresian
4852:Lutetian
4836:37.71
4815:Laramide
4787:sea cows
4775:miacoids
4743:Rupelian
4737:27.82
4732:neocetes
4706:. Rapid
4695:Chattian
4679:23.03
4622:forming
4601:15.98
4597:Langhian
4591:13.82
4566:11.63
4556:7.246
4519:ice ages
4491:5.333
4465:Zanclean
4456:begins.
4409:Pliocene
4379:Gelasian
4316:Americas
4314:and the
4243:begins.
4148:Holocene
4137:Cenozoic
4102:Erathem/
4085:GeoSciML
3930:1780–850
3926:Rodinian
3920:1780–850
3911:Columbia
3882:Jatulian
3808:Pongolan
3804:kernels.
3802:cratonic
3790:Kaapvaal
3763:810–3490
3695:and the
3689:Chaotian
3673:and the
3629:–720 Ma)
3625:Tonian (
3616:kleísimo
3612:1000–800
3604:Kleisian
3555:Skourian
3270:isotopes
3088:Creation
3006:scholars
2982:Avicenna
2979:polymath
2957:Shen Kuo
2857:Cambrian
2709:, Wales
2568:Devonian
2442:silvanus
2440:+ Latin
2279:Triassic
2218:Jurassic
2152:) 'new'
2090:) 'new'
2061:) 'new'
2032:) 'new'
2009:Pliocene
2003:) 'new'
1997:pleîstos
1974:) 'new'
1951:Holocene
1901:Siderian
1876:Rhyacian
1868:oroseirá
1776:Ectasian
1631:Cambrian
1577:Silurian
1552:Devonian
1458:Triassic
1425:Jurassic
1312:Tertiary
1254:arkhaîos
1225:arkhaîos
1196:arkhaîos
1167:arkhaîos
1134:próteros
1101:próteros
1068:próteros
1030:286.898
1001:185.902
989:Mesozoic
960:Cenozoic
849:próteros
820:phanerós
738:Cenozoic
734:Mesozoic
726:Eonothem
663:Erathem
622:Silurian
615:Triassic
507:Cenozoic
503:Mesozoic
436:eonothem
399:Jurassic
377:Cambrian
203:horizons
17483:Geology
17395:Gravity
17360:Geodesy
17330:Ecology
17146:Climate
17136:Weather
17083:History
17078:Outline
17015:Floruit
16763:Methods
16624:Iranian
16592:Islamic
16458:Chinese
16269:Periods
16239:History
16234:Geology
16158:Related
16025:Planets
16017:inside
15816:Century
15806:Lustrum
15736:Instant
15608:Equinox
15577:Islamic
15519:Sundial
15384:Chronon
15120:Commons
15043:Related
14957:Instant
14947:Chronon
14929:Physics
14869:Geology
14860:science
14732:Destiny
14577:History
14545:History
14500:sundial
14483:quantum
14426:Chinese
14416:Islamic
14326:Decimal
14321:Chinese
14283:systems
14209:Present
13110:Science
12968:Bibcode
12960:Lethaia
12877:Bibcode
12869:Science
12830:Bibcode
12783:Bibcode
12733:4319774
12617:Bibcode
12536:8829067
12469:6850671
12402:6584537
12373:Bibcode
12311:4326971
12283:Bibcode
12253:4397839
12217:Bibcode
12143:Bibcode
12043:Bibcode
11856:4331375
11828:Bibcode
11789:4070892
11766:Bibcode
11720:Bibcode
11676:Bibcode
11610:9 April
11559:9 April
11481:Bibcode
11424:Bibcode
10910:8387993
10799:4179334
10769:Bibcode
10696:3965303
10668:Bibcode
10613:Bibcode
10359:2233803
10209:Bibcode
10139:Bibcode
10107:19 July
10077:19 July
9953:Bibcode
9616:Bibcode
9387:Bibcode
9379:Lethaia
9358:2 April
9332:2 April
9301:2 April
9139:Bibcode
9082:Bibcode
9026:5 April
8891:5 April
8397:Imbrian
8385:erosion
8335:in the
8329:planets
8285:mineral
8257:4031
8208:3600
8195:cratons
8176:viruses
8160:archaea
8148:3200
8139:Ontario
8111:2800
8090:Ontario
8078:cratons
8067:Archean
8061:2500
8033:2300
8018:forms.
8005:2050
7977:orogeny
7949:1800
7907:1600
7847:1400
7820:1200
7791:Rodinia
7787:orogeny
7777:Stenian
7766:1000
7751:forms.
7717:diatoms
7709:animals
7681:Rodinia
7652:Fossils
7636:~635
7631:mineral
7611:Siberia
7607:Baltica
7587:orogeny
7540:animals
7536:fossils
7500:Stage 2
7485:Stage 3
7475:Stage 4
7460:Wuliuan
7450:Drumian
7429:~497
7425:Paibian
7419:~494
7409:~489.5
7366:on the
7346:(e.g.,
7134:Ice age
7046:Orthida
6946:Wenlock
6828:), and
6826:insects
6805:Pridoli
6780:Pragian
6675:isopods
6605:atrypid
6520:Siberia
6311:Pangaea
6279:Ice Age
6158:Roadian
6148:Wordian
5976:Beetles
5929:Pangaea
5907:Permian
5867:Anisian
5861:~242
5846:~237
5842:Carnian
5826:~208.5
5821:diatoms
5811:), all
5745:teleost
5722:called
5712:mammals
5522:forms.
5512:Pacific
5500:Pangaea
5485:sponges
5441:shrimps
5429:turtles
5321:~139.8
5291:~121.4
5281:~113
5256:93.9
5201:of the
5171:Oceania
5084:sponges
5061:teleost
5057:insects
5017:61.6
5007:59.2
4982:ratites
4978:rodents
4970:Mammals
4856:47.8
4821:of the
4811:ice cap
4807:simians
4767:mammals
4747:33.9
4712:mammals
4648:Grasses
4628:draw in
4612:Orogeny
4551:Orrorin
4497:Miocene
4478:equines
4472:of the
4404:Neogene
4398:2.58
4366:across
4348:0.774
4112:Series/
4109:Period
4107:System/
3990:Discuss
3934:Rodinia
3798:cratons
3794:Pilbara
3741:Acastan
3719:zircons
3697:chaotic
3620:sýndesi
3608:Syndian
3563:skouriá
3521:Kratian
3043:Genesis
2976:Persian
2961:Islamic
2831:Guizhou
2661:Wenlock
2611:Pridoli
2436:, from
2373:wādī al
2146:palaios
2050:17.697
2038:Miocene
1992:2.5683
1963:0.0117
1918:sídēros
1818:kálumma
1793:éktasis
1751:Stenian
1718:génesis
1648:Cambria
1598:Silures
1538:carbō (
1502:46.998
1490:Permian
1483:Germany
1470:50.502
1366:palaiós
1320:Neogene
1314:rocks.
1221:palaiós
1130:palaiós
1035:palaiós
861:Archean
844:1961.2
750:Permian
748:(e.g.,
685:Series
677:Period
674:System
624:Series
549:Neogene
467:erathem
444:Archean
384:systems
380:periods
126:fossils
90:geology
17538:Oceans
17506:Future
17350:Nature
17272:Symbol
17217:Europe
17197:Africa
16811:dating
16607:Others
16573:Hebrew
16468:Korean
16279:Epochs
16049:Humans
15811:Decade
15766:Moment
15761:Minute
15756:Second
15726:Other
15583:Julian
15562:Hebrew
15208:offset
15060:Moment
15055:Memory
14907:period
14495:marine
14478:atomic
14453:Clocks
14411:Hebrew
14406:Julian
14341:Metric
14214:Future
14091:
13358:
13342:
13308:
13287:
13266:
13245:
13224:
13203:
13175:
13137:
13129:
13012:
12911:
12903:
12895:
12848:
12801:
12731:
12723:
12715:
12697:Nature
12668:
12635:
12592:
12584:
12543:
12533:
12525:
12484:
12476:
12466:
12458:
12409:
12399:
12391:
12309:
12301:
12275:Nature
12251:
12243:
12235:
12209:Nature
12014:5 June
12002:
11963:
11854:
11846:
11820:Nature
11796:
11786:
11640:
11603:
11593:
11550:
11515:
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11499:
11473:Nature
11452:
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11395:
11387:
11345:
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11287:
11279:
11265:Nature
11212:
11202:
11153:
11143:
11115:
11105:
11077:
11067:
11017:
10978:
10968:
10943:
10933:
10908:
10898:
10873:
10863:
10838:
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10761:Nature
10741:
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10694:
10686:
10660:Nature
10639:
10631:
10496:
10488:
10392:
10357:
10332:
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10287:
10262:
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10159:
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9979:
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9634:
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9159:
9100:
9050:5 June
9017:
8957:
8949:
8844:craton
8746:, and
8383:, and
8321:, and
8289:Zircon
8263:Hadean
8252:Napier
8170:(e.g.
8166:) and
8162:(e.g.
8143:Quebec
8121:First
8094:Quebec
8082:mantle
7888:) and
7745:forams
7743:(e.g.
7735:, and
7715:(e.g.
7687:ends.
7675:Tonian
7656:animal
7578:, etc.
7348:forams
7249:animal
7208:Arenig
7203:Floian
7173:Middle
7153:Katian
7130:plants
7096:, and
7038:corals
6921:Ludlow
6850:rugose
6770:Emsian
6740:Middle
6705:, and
6699:Antler
6673:) and
6671:prawns
6669:(like
6649:, and
6612:rugose
6569:First
6535:Viséan
6476:Corals
6416:swamps
6402:Large
6356:303.7
6351:sharks
6291:forams
6275:oxygen
6104:Altaid
6056:Rugosa
6030:, and
5992:forams
5892:Induan
5886:251.2
5871:247.2
5852:Middle
5832:Norian
5749:insect
5579:Middle
5518:form.
5487:, and
5367:) and
5361:cycads
5287:Aptian
5277:Albian
5187:Indian
5163:Arabia
5102:, and
5090:(e.g.
5073:rudist
5023:Danian
4878:. The
4769:(e.g.
4753:Eocene
4669:20.44
4660:Africa
4582:hippos
4459:3.6
4428:and CO
4373:1.8
4336:100 ka
4321:0.129
4289:Eemian
4255:, the
4253:Arabia
4208:Sahara
4117:Stage/
4114:Epoch
4089:SPARQL
3525:krátos
3288:, and
3251:, and
3207:, and
3018:Deluge
2999:bishop
2885:calque
2792:fúróng
2653:Ludlow
2636:Ludlow
2628:Prague
2397:25.89
2344:lèpíng
2340:Loping
2335:7.608
2317:4.702
2150:kainós
2117:kainós
2096:Eocene
2088:kainós
2084:olígos
2079:10.87
2059:kainós
2030:kainós
2026:pleíōn
2021:2.753
2001:kainós
1972:kainós
1768:stenós
1726:Tonian
1689:Kuyani
1680:~96.2
1594:Celtic
1437:~56.4
1361:42.97
1332:20.45
1304:France
1059:461.2
977:kainós
929:Háidēs
925:
902:536.3
890:Hadean
815:538.8
707:Stage
688:Epoch
630:during
545:series
522:system
516:period
440:Hadean
280:, and
159:, and
112:, and
82:strata
17315:Biome
17297:World
17067:Earth
16644:Aztec
16588:Lunar
16583:Solar
16577:Hindu
16440:Limmu
16400:Haab'
16355:Hijri
16001:Stars
15852:music
15791:Month
15751:Jiffy
15746:Shake
15741:Flick
15638:Solar
15628:Lunar
15603:Epact
15567:Hindu
15502:Watch
15457:Clock
15065:Space
14897:epoch
14887:chron
14845:Today
14814:tempo
14809:Music
14671:Event
14505:watch
14389:Lunar
14384:Solar
14356:Solar
14346:Roman
14336:Hindu
13146:(PDF)
13135:S2CID
13105:(PDF)
12987:(PDF)
12956:(PDF)
12909:S2CID
12729:S2CID
12677:1 May
12633:S2CID
12482:S2CID
12444:Wiley
12438:(4).
12307:S2CID
12271:(PDF)
12249:S2CID
12162:(PDF)
12131:(PDF)
12077:. PBS
11961:S2CID
11852:S2CID
11816:(PDF)
11739:(PDF)
11708:(PDF)
11601:S2CID
11513:S2CID
11450:S2CID
11422:(3).
11393:S2CID
11343:S2CID
11293:S2CID
11210:S2CID
10795:S2CID
10739:S2CID
10692:S2CID
10637:S2CID
10494:S2CID
10225:S2CID
9977:S2CID
9881:S2CID
9803:1 May
9546:S2CID
9165:S2CID
9098:S2CID
8955:S2CID
8846:, or
8636:Notes
8341:Venus
8232:cells
8226:with
7894:fungi
7835:Algal
7815:algae
7669:~720
7534:Good
7504:~529
7489:~521
7479:~514
7464:~509
7400:first
7356:fungi
7352:algae
7252:phyla
7126:fungi
6575:ferns
5980:flies
5933:Urals
5836:~227
5502:into
5445:crabs
5421:birds
5369:ferns
5331:~145
5160:Afro-
5027:66
4974:birds
4933:56
4872:ETM-2
4846:41.2
4803:bears
4791:Birds
4720:seals
4438:North
3980:split
3759:Isuan
3683:–4030
3482:2020.
3478:2012,
3475:2004,
3028:when
3014:Bible
2876:17.8
2827:]
2796:Hunan
2787:11.6
2769:15.4
2751:11.6
2727:14.6
2702:10.4
2605:25.9
2587:10.6
2563:23.8
2545:12.2
2527:15.8
2377:lupus
2364:13.5
2299:10.2
2274:35.6
2256:26.7
2237:13.2
2213:16.5
2194:44.5
2170:34.5
2108:22.1
2055:meíōn
1968:hólos
1936:Name
1893:rhýax
1743:tónos
1738:~280
1714:krýos
1660:Cymru
1656:Wales
1643:53.4
1618:41.6
1589:24.6
1569:Devon
1564:60.3
1536:Latin
1475:Trias
1417:crēta
1414:Latin
1406:chalk
1370:geneá
1341:geneá
1308:Seine
1295:2.58
1268:Name
945:Name
911:Greek
907:Hades
905:From
882:archē
873:1531
788:Name
611:Upper
607:Lower
599:Early
589:, or
573:chron
564:stage
539:epoch
395:years
70:Earth
17587:Moon
17267:Flag
17207:Asia
16639:Maya
16374:Yuga
16274:Eras
16256:Time
16041:and
16035:Life
15993:and
15796:Year
15781:Week
15771:Hour
15225:DUT1
15164:and
14784:and
14747:Kāla
14442:List
14436:Maya
14232:and
14204:Past
14190:Time
13356:ISBN
13340:ISBN
13306:ISBN
13285:ISBN
13264:ISBN
13243:ISBN
13222:ISBN
13201:ISBN
13186:2011
13173:ISBN
13154:2011
13127:PMID
13064:link
13023:2011
13010:ISBN
12995:2018
12901:PMID
12893:ISSN
12846:ISSN
12799:ISSN
12721:PMID
12713:ISSN
12679:2022
12666:ISBN
12590:PMID
12582:ISSN
12541:PMID
12523:ISSN
12474:PMID
12456:ISSN
12407:PMID
12389:ISSN
12299:PMID
12241:PMID
12233:ISSN
12170:2015
12083:2009
12016:2022
12000:ISSN
11930:2014
11903:2014
11882:2022
11844:PMID
11794:PMID
11638:ISBN
11612:2022
11591:ISBN
11561:2022
11548:ISBN
11505:PMID
11497:ISSN
11442:ISSN
11385:ISSN
11335:ISSN
11285:PMID
11277:ISSN
11246:2022
11221:2022
11200:ISBN
11169:link
11151:OCLC
11141:ISBN
11113:OCLC
11103:ISBN
11075:OCLC
11065:ISBN
11015:ISSN
10976:OCLC
10966:ISBN
10941:OCLC
10931:ISBN
10906:OCLC
10896:ISBN
10871:OCLC
10861:ISBN
10836:ISSN
10787:ISSN
10731:ISSN
10684:ISSN
10629:ISSN
10486:ISSN
10403:2022
10390:ISBN
10355:OCLC
10330:OCLC
10320:ISBN
10295:OCLC
10285:ISBN
10260:OCLC
10250:ISBN
10157:ISSN
10109:2011
10079:2011
10018:ISSN
9969:ISSN
9920:ISSN
9873:ISSN
9861:s2-5
9805:2022
9792:ISBN
9761:link
9711:link
9632:ISSN
9585:ISSN
9538:ISSN
9498:link
9480:OCLC
9470:ISBN
9436:ISSN
9360:2022
9334:2022
9303:2022
9254:2024
9157:ISSN
9052:2022
9028:2022
9015:ISBN
8947:ISSN
8893:2022
8779:and
8775:The
8434:The
8367:The
8349:Moon
8345:Mars
8331:and
8293:Moon
8242:and
8141:and
8092:and
7983:and
7971:and
7959:The
7896:and
7884:and
7699:and
7662:and
7613:and
7558:and
7404:last
7402:and
7394:and
7354:and
7322:and
7274:and
7116:and
7020:The
6876:and
6868:and
6848:and
6713:and
6689:for
6642:and
6626:and
6614:and
6603:and
6502:and
6470:and
6458:and
6456:bony
6438:and
6412:coal
6341:and
6250:coal
6244:and
6236:and
6094:and
6086:and
6054:and
5986:and
5978:and
5963:and
5955:and
5939:and
5743:and
5702:and
5530:and
5514:and
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5491:and
5467:and
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5437:rays
5427:and
5415:and
5387:and
5363:and
5197:and
5189:and
5146:and
5082:and
4996:and
4984:and
4972:and
4960:and
4924:bats
4870:and
4868:PETM
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4805:and
4795:kelp
4785:and
4718:and
4662:and
4652:apes
4644:bird
4640:ppmv
4549:and
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4440:and
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4218:and
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4104:Era
4099:Eon
3922:Ma)
3868:Ma)
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3823:Ma)
3778:Ma)
3737:Ma)
3730:Ma)
3685:Ma)
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2855:See
2730:See
2648:4.4
2623:3.8
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2498:7.7
2462:8.2
2429:8.1
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2216:See
2173:See
1922:iron
1913:200
1888:250
1863:250
1838:200
1813:200
1788:200
1763:200
1709:~85
1650:, a
1540:coal
1507:Perm
1393:~79
1337:néos
1245:431
1216:400
1192:méso
1187:400
1163:néos
1158:300
1125:900
1097:méso
1092:600
1064:néos
1006:méso
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710:Age
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655:Eon
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