284:, and general plant species distribution patterns. Biodiversity patterns are not heavily covered. A flora is the group of all plant species in a specific period of time or area, in which each species is independent in abundance and relationships to the other species. The group or the flora can be assembled in accordance with floral element, which are based on common features. A flora element can be a genetic element, in which the group of species share similar genetic information i.e. common evolutionary origin; a migration element has a common route of access into a habitat; a historical element is similar to each other in certain past events and an ecological element is grouped based on similar environmental factors. A population is the collection of all interacting individuals of a given species, in an area.
288:
important factor is forming an image about how species interaction result in their geography. The nature of an area’s margin, their continuity, their general shape and size relative to other areas, make the study of area crucial in identifying these types of information. For example, a relict area is an area surviving from an earlier and more exclusive occurrence. Mutually exclusive plants are called vicarious (areas containing such plants are also called vicarious). The earth’s surface is divided into floristic region, each region associated with a distinctive flora.
36:
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An area is the entire location where a species, an element or an entire flora can occur. Aerography studies the description of that area, chorology studies their development. The local distribution within the area as a whole, as that of a swamp shrub, is the topography of that area. Areas are an
727:
Essai sur la geographie des plantes. Accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales fondé sur des mesures exécutées, depuis le dixiéme degré de latitude boréale jusqu'au dixiéme degré de latitude australe, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et
266:, except zoogeography is concerned with animal distribution rather than plant distribution. The term phytogeography itself suggests a broad meaning. How the term is actually applied by practicing scientists is apparent in the way periodicals use the term. The
342:
Research in plant geography has also been directed to understanding the patterns of adaptation of species to the environment. This is done chiefly by describing geographical patterns of trait/environment relationships. These patterns termed ecogeographical
254:
The basic data elements of phytogeography are occurrence records (presence or absence of a species) with operational geographic units such as political units or geographical coordinates. These data are often used to construct phytogeographic provinces
230:. The former investigates the role of current day biotic and abiotic interactions in influencing plant distributions; the latter are concerned with historical reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of taxa.
147:. Phytogeographers are concerned with patterns and process in plant distribution. Most of the major questions and kinds of approaches taken to answer such questions are held in common between phyto- and zoogeographers.
122:
and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see
322:
In 1890, the United States
Congress passed an act that appropriated funds to send expeditions to discover the geographic distributions of plants (and animals) in the United States. The first of these was
319:, a pattern observed in other organisms as well. Much research effort in plant geography has since then been devoted to understanding this pattern and describing it in more detail.
2362:
308:, who is often referred to as the "father of phytogeography". Von Humboldt advocated a quantitative approach to phytogeography that has characterized modern plant geography.
1209:
535:
227:
223:
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2500:
272:, a monthly primary research journal, frequently publishes a section titled "Systematics, Phytogeography, and Evolution." Topics covered in the
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150:
Phytogeography in wider sense (or geobotany, in German literature) encompasses four fields, according with the focused aspect, environment,
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207:– however, this field does not prescind from flora study, as its approach to study vegetation relies upon a fundamental unit, the
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of some territory or area. Traditional phytogeography concerns itself largely with floristics and floristic classification,.
825:
300:
An 1814 self-portrait in Paris of
Alexander von Humboldt. Humboldt is often referred to as the "father of phytogeography".
558:
242:
The basic data element of phytogeography are specimen records. These are collected individual plants like this one, a
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311:
Gross patterns of the distribution of plants became apparent early on in the study of plant geography. For example,
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QIAN, HONG; WANG, SILONG; HE, JIN-SHENG; ZHANG, JUNLI; WANG, LISONG; WANG, XIANLI; GUO, KE (November 2006).
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1995:
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Phytogeography has a long history. One of the subjects earliest proponents was
Prussian naturalist
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has been a focus to botanist for its rich biota as it holds the record for the earliest known
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8:
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1944:
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580:. Translated by Brissenden, Elizabeth. Waltham, Massachusetts: Chronica Botanica Company.
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1980:
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503:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Âmbito Cultural Edições. pp. 7–11.
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2014:
1975:
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Tratado de fitogeografia do Brasil: aspectos ecológicos, sociológicos e florísticos
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27:
Branch of biogeography concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species
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The questions and approaches in phytogeography are largely shared with
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127:) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and
135:, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
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315:, co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection, discussed the
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702:(Second ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
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991:
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472:
Craw, Robin C.; Grehan, John R.; Heads, Michael J. (1999-04-15).
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when applied to plants represent another area of phytogeography.
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1815:
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632:"Phytogeographical Analysis of Seed Plant Genera in China"
143:
Phytogeography is part of a more general science known as
2088:
1650:
1297:
739:
Introduction to Plant
Geography and Some Related Sciences
513:
222:
Phytogeography is often divided into two main branches:
550:
Allgemeine
Geobotanik: Biogeosysteme und Biodiversität
115:
that is concerned with the geographic distribution of
185:
study are also generally associated with this field);
553:(in German). Berlin: Springer Spektrum. p. 13.
188:
plant geography (or phytogeography in strict sense,
276:s "Systematics and Phytogeography" section include
177:– however, the physiognomic-ecological approach on
695:
592:https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Plant
2548:
716:
629:
471:
613:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1313:
1210:
819:
690:
577:An Introduction to Historical Plant Geography
475:Panbiogeography: Tracking the History of Life
2419:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
451:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 188.
107:= "geography" meaning also distribution) or
1320:
1306:
1217:
1203:
826:
812:
694:; Lomolino, Mark V. (1998) . "Chapter 1".
444:
317:latitudinal gradients in species diversity
663:
280:, distribution of genetic variation and,
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2363:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
767:
590:Plant Geography. (n.d.). Retrieved from
478:. Oxford University Press. p. 145.
354:
295:
237:
43:This article includes a list of general
746:
735:
498:
14:
2549:
520:Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology
445:Sambamurty, A. V. S. S. (2010-10-07).
1301:
1198:
807:
573:
546:
534:See Mueller-Dombois (2001), p. 567,
350:
29:
24:
597:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2573:
2368:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
761:
753:Tropical Nature, and Other Essays
522:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
2531:
2530:
1282:
1281:
1224:
605:"Death Valley Expedition (1891)"
34:
684:
499:Rizzini, Carlos Toledo (1997).
214:historical plant geography (or
211:, which is defined upon flora).
1090:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves
796:New International Encyclopedia
790:"Distribution of Plants"
623:
584:
567:
540:
507:
492:
465:
438:
359:Good (1947) floristic kingdoms
13:
1:
1098:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved
431:
2409:History of plant systematics
1996:Thorns, spines, and prickles
166:) and origin, respectively:
7:
731:(in French). Paris: Schöll.
389:
325:The Death Valley Expedition
274:American Journal of Botany'
233:
10:
2578:
2225:Alternation of generations
1327:
927:Scarcely vegetated areas,
736:Polunin, Nicholas (1960).
362:
291:
269:American Journal of Botany
2526:
2474:
2438:
2375:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2338:Biological classification
2328:
2201:
2117:
2013:
1963:
1688:
1618:
1561:
1523:
1497:
1433:
1353:
1335:
1277:
1234:
1151:
1113:
1051:
1020:
982:
946:
845:
839:Vegetation classification
514:Mueller-Dombois, Dieter;
228:historical phytogeography
224:ecological phytogeography
138:
103:= "plant" and γεωγραφία,
2235:Evolutionary development
406:Geobotanical prospecting
329:Frederick Vernon Coville
1886:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
774:"Plant Geography"
718:Humbodlt, Alexander von
448:Taxonomy of Angiosperms
282:historical biogeography
64:more precise citations.
2501:by author abbreviation
2425:Plant taxonomy systems
2343:Botanical nomenclature
1269:Microbial biogeography
1121:Terrestrial vegetation
898:Herbaceous communities
780:Encyclopedia Americana
609:Historical Expeditions
547:Pott, Richard (2005).
360:
306:Alexander von Humboldt
301:
251:
2508:Botanical expeditions
769:Clements, Frederic E.
426:Association (ecology)
358:
313:Alfred Russel Wallace
299:
248:Great Smoky Mountains
241:
2240:Evolutionary history
2230:Double fertilization
2082:Cellular respiration
1159:Biogeographic realms
756:. London: Macmillan.
574:Vulf, E. V. (1943).
416:Species distribution
337:Clinton Hart Merriam
199:plant sociology (or
125:species distribution
1459:Non-vascular plants
1254:Island biogeography
1070:, semicaducifolious
257:floristic provinces
246:, collected in the
109:botanical geography
1964:Surface structures
1759:Flower development
1259:Palaeobiogeography
1169:Floristic kingdoms
1126:Aquatic vegetation
748:Wallace, Alfred R.
648:10.1093/aob/mcl192
372:is a study of the
361:
302:
252:
250:of North Carolina.
2544:
2543:
2183:Herbaceous plants
2009:
2008:
1295:
1294:
1192:
1191:
937:Barren vegetation
929:desert vegetation
485:978-0-19-536069-1
458:978-81-88237-16-6
365:Floristic regions
351:Floristic regions
333:Frederick Funston
218:, paleogeobotany)
209:plant association
111:is the branch of
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2569:
2534:
2533:
2513:Individual trees
2188:Secondary growth
2159:Succulent plants
2147:Prostrate shrubs
2030:Apical dominance
2015:Plant physiology
1976:Epicuticular wax
1521:
1520:
1514:
1505:Plant morphology
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1228:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1179:Plant life-forms
1076:, perennifolious
891:, dwarf-scrubs,
828:
821:
814:
805:
804:
800:
792:
784:
776:
757:
743:
732:
713:
701:
678:
677:
667:
642:(5): 1073–1084.
636:Annals of Botany
627:
621:
620:
619:on 1 April 2017.
615:. Archived from
601:
595:
588:
582:
581:
571:
565:
564:
544:
538:
533:
516:Ellenberg, Heinz
511:
505:
504:
496:
490:
489:
469:
463:
462:
442:
259:) and elements.
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
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2566:
2547:
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2545:
2540:
2522:
2491:Botanical terms
2484:
2470:
2434:
2380:Citrus taxonomy
2358:Author citation
2324:
2218:
2197:
2119:
2113:
2109:Turgor pressure
2017:
2005:
1959:
1774:Floral symmetry
1692:
1684:
1614:
1603:Vascular bundle
1598:Vascular tissue
1557:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1493:
1464:Vascular plants
1429:
1425:Plant pathology
1349:
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1326:
1296:
1291:
1273:
1264:Panbiogeography
1230:
1226:
1223:
1193:
1188:
1147:
1109:
1064:, caducifolious
1058:Loss of leaves
1047:
1016:
984:
978:
942:
885:Dwarf-shrubland
841:
832:
787:
764:
710:
692:Brown, James H.
687:
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681:
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518:(August 1974).
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411:indicator value
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164:plant community
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56:Please help to
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2557:Phytogeography
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2348:Botanical name
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2306:Megasporangium
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2294:Microsporangia
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2067:Plant hormones
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2050:Photosynthesis
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1769:Floral formula
1766:
1764:Floral diagram
1761:
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1744:
1739:
1734:
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1727:
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1696:
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1693:(incl. Flower)
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1479:Spermatophytes
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1403:Phytogeography
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1398:Phytochemistry
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1355:Subdisciplines
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1249:Phytogeography
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1088:
1087:, stiff leaves
1081:Leaf hardness
1079:
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1071:
1068:Semi-deciduous
1065:
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2562:Biogeography
2461:Horticulture
2451:Floriculture
2353:Correct name
2203:Reproduction
2193:Woody plants
2118:Plant growth
2077:Gas Exchange
2062:Phytomelanin
1940:Plant embryo
1690:Reproductive
1538:Phragmoplast
1402:
1248:
1244:Zoogeography
1227:Biogeography
1174:Plant habits
1103:broad-leaved
913:
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860:
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738:
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698:Biogeography
697:
685:Bibliography
639:
635:
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617:the original
608:
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576:
569:
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467:
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421:Zoogeography
396:Biogeography
386:megafossil.
378:
368:
341:
327:, including
321:
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303:
286:
273:
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264:zoogeography
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253:
221:
149:
145:biogeography
142:
132:
113:biogeography
108:
104:
100:
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
2277:Pollen tube
2272:Pollinators
2262:Pollination
2257:Germination
2072:Respiration
2055:Chlorophyll
1901:Pedicellate
1835:Gametophyte
1754:Aestivation
1705:Antheridium
1700:Archegonium
1548:Plasmodesma
1525:Plant cells
1388:Paleobotany
1383:Ethnobotany
1368:Astrobotany
1085:Sclerophyll
959:Subtropical
846:Physiognomy
216:paleobotany
62:introducing
2551:Categories
2299:Microspore
2289:Sporangium
2267:Artificial
1955:Sporophyte
1950:Sporophyll
1945:Receptacle
1840:Gynandrium
1710:Androecium
1619:Vegetative
1489:Angiosperm
1484:Gymnosperm
1378:Dendrology
1184:Vegetation
1095:Leaf form
1033:Submontane
902:grasslands
880:fruticetum
874:, scrubs,
868:Shrublands
709:0878930736
432:References
384:angiosperm
370:Floristics
205:synecology
194:floristics
179:vegetation
160:vegetation
105:geographía
45:references
2496:Botanists
2414:Herbarium
2311:Megaspore
2209:Evolution
2152:Subshrubs
2120:and habit
2045:Nutrition
2040:Cellulose
2035:Bulk flow
2018:Materials
1981:Epidermis
1845:Gynoecium
1826:Endosperm
1821:Dispersal
1737:Staminode
1673:Sessility
1661:Cataphyll
1581:Mesophyll
1533:Cell wall
1474:Lycophyte
1454:Bryophyte
1408:Geobotany
1393:Phycology
1114:Substrate
1074:Evergreen
1062:Deciduous
964:Temperate
923:parklands
862:arboretum
857:woodlands
656:0305-7364
594:Geography
190:chorology
133:Geobotany
70:June 2012
18:Geobotany
2536:Category
2456:Forestry
2446:Agronomy
2439:Practice
2390:Cultivar
2385:Cultigen
2245:timeline
2137:Rosettes
2025:Aleurone
2001:Trichome
1918:Perianth
1730:Filament
1588:Meristem
1511:glossary
1373:Bryology
1287:Category
1152:See also
1136:Mangrove
1131:Riparian
1021:Altitude
1007:Seasonal
983:Climatic
969:Subpolar
954:Tropical
947:Latitude
919:Savannas
914:herbetum
910:prairies
876:thickets
771:(1920).
750:(1878).
724:(1805).
674:16945946
390:See also
234:Overview
175:mesology
2214:Ecology
1971:Cuticle
1801:Capsule
1791:Anatomy
1742:Tapetum
1666:Petiole
1641:Rhizome
1636:Rhizoid
1563:Tissues
1553:Vacuole
1543:Plastid
1345:Outline
1340:History
1043:Coastal
1038:Lowland
1028:Montane
1012:Drought
992:Pluvial
906:steppes
853:Forests
799:. 1905.
665:3292247
292:History
120:species
99:φυτόν,
58:improve
2518:Plants
2421:(IAPT)
2174:Lianas
2142:Shrubs
2094:Starch
1986:Nectar
1906:Raceme
1872:Stigma
1860:Locule
1850:Carpel
1811:Pyrena
1749:Flower
1725:Anther
1720:Stamen
1715:Pollen
1437:groups
1329:Botany
1164:Biomes
1141:Swampy
1052:Leaves
1002:Cloudy
985:regime
933:Desert
706:
672:
662:
654:
557:
526:
482:
455:
401:Botany
139:Fields
129:floras
101:phytón
95:(from
47:, but
2478:Lists
2395:Group
2318:Spore
2252:Flora
2169:Vines
2164:Trees
2127:Habit
2099:Sugar
1991:Stoma
1933:Sepal
1928:Petal
1923:Tepal
1911:Umbel
1896:Bract
1877:Style
1865:Ovule
1855:Ovary
1796:Berry
1786:Fruit
1779:Whorl
1646:Shoot
1444:Algae
1435:Plant
996:rainy
974:Polar
872:heath
380:China
374:flora
345:rules
183:biome
152:flora
117:plant
97:Greek
2400:Grex
2282:Self
1816:Seed
1678:Stem
1656:Leaf
1631:Root
1626:Bulb
1610:Wood
1571:Cork
1469:Fern
728:1803
704:ISBN
670:PMID
652:ISSN
555:ISBN
524:ISBN
480:ISBN
453:ISBN
226:and
181:and
173:(or
156:taxa
2089:Sap
1806:Nut
1651:Bud
660:PMC
644:doi
158:),
2553::
994:,
935:,
921:,
912:,
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904:,
900:,
887:,
878:,
870:,
859:,
855:,
837::
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777:.
720:;
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650:.
640:98
638:.
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20:)
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