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Gender mainstreaming

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are insufficient in addressing the disadvantaged position of women in male-dominated power structures that are further reinforced by peace-building efforts, both from the domestic and international communities. Gender mainstreaming in PCPB would emphasize the importance of gendered considerations of particular issues that disproportionally affect women in post-conflict settings. This would mean that policy reflected an acknowledgment of the many instances of wartime sexualized violence perpetrated on women, among other issues that (primarily) women face during conflict. A major focus of the effort towards gender mainstreaming in post-conflict peace-building policy is to lessen the international community's inclination towards building a return to 'normal' for the post-conflict region. Much of feminist research has found that returning to 'normal' is of little comfort for women, who were burdened by the patriarchal systems that were in place before conflict broke out. As Handrahan notes, the international community involved in much of PCPB "tolerates high levels of violence against women in their own societies." Policy that prioritized gender in its applications and goals would seek to build a society where women are better off than they were before conflict broke out.
2213: 2461:. In 1993 the existing outdated Sandinista Women's organization, the Nicaraguan Institute for Research on Women, was revitalized and renamed by the Chamorro government as the Nicaraguan Institute for Woman (INIM). This was to encourage the involvement of Nicaraguan women in the country's economic, social, cultural, and political development and to promote a change in mainstream gender constructs. More specifically, the INIM aims to institute in all sectors a system of gender-focus indicators and to achieve equal opportunity in all State body programming. In 1994, the INIM with 62 women's groups held discussions to mobilize their initiatives and form a bill of action. The discussions formed a plan, which defined 2868:, and Joanne Sandler, a consultant for gender equality and organizational development, argue that ironically, mainstreaming gender runs the risk of becoming everyone's responsibility, yet nobody's at the same time. Gender mainstreaming can allow those in power who are not genuinely interested in the women's movement to adopt the language of women's rights, a reflection of power politics that becomes more of a tool used to legitimize the actions of governments. Gender mainstreaming then becomes more about advising governments than advancing gender equality. 2856:. According to Stratigaki, "lmost all analyses of agree that it is a strategy which complements but does not replace previous gender specific equality policies like equal treatment legislation and positive action." However, she states too that "in a hostile gender equality policy environments (i.e. patriarchal structures of institutional organisations or the prevalence of policy objectives contrary to gender equality etc.), may be conceived and applied as an alternative to positive action and used to downplay the final overall objective of 2189: 40: 5641: 5629: 2916: 2058: 2315:"ithout the active participation of women and the incorporation of women's perspective at all levels of decision-making, the goals of equality, development and peace cannot be achieved." Therefore, Lombardo claims that women and men should be equally represented in any decision-making institution. Charlesworth agrees and believes that every effort should be made to broaden women's participation at all levels of decision-making. 5651: 2789:
positions. The annual growth rate toward the 50 percent target is predicted to be 0.4 percent. On top of this slow growth, there is a considerable hierarchy based on sex. On June 30, 2004, women held 83.3 percent of positions at the lowest professional level, P-1, but just 16.7 percent at the highest staff level, Under-Secretary-General." In a similar vein, concerning the
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Some say that gender mainstreaming has not increased women's participation in decision making. As Charlesworth notes, "n the most readily measurable area, the United Nations' employment of women in professional and managerial posts, progress has been glacial. In 2004, women held 37.4 percent of these
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Obviously there are many more initiatives on EU level, to name a few: Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, High Level Group on Gender Mainstreaming, Inter-Service Group on Gender Equality, Informal Group of Experts on Gender Equality in Development Cooperation, Women in Europe
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encourages "coordination of women's civic groups on the EU stages." The EWL lobbied for increasing the involvement of women's organizations in the process of gender governance. In addition the EWL has been pushing for "an EU Strategy to promote, implement and facilitate civil society and specifically
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assessment of all new pieces of legislation. According to Jill Rubery, a Professor of comparative employment system at Manchester School of Management, so far "the experience has been mixed: though the argument that increasing women's employment is critical to the achievement of Europe's aspirations
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decisions related to gender that are made without consulting sections of the women's movement do not demonstrate a clear political willingness to addressing gender inequality. When institutions reach out to the women's rights movement, it demonstrates transparency, inclusiveness, accountability and
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or the analysis of policies and budgets from a gender perspective. It can also be referred to as gender-sensitive budgeting or gender-responsive budgeting. Gender budgeting does not aim at creating separate budgets for women, or only increasing spending on women’s programmes. It is rather concerned
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Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension
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Charlesworth remarks that "lthough it has not been difficult to encourage the adoption of the vocabulary of mainstreaming, there is little evidence of monitoring or follow-up. A consistent problem for all the organizations that adopted gender mainstreaming is the translation of the commitment into
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to engage with mainstream institutions, the ability of gender mainstreaming to deconstruct the embedded masculinization of institutions varies depending on the characteristics of the policy, the political nature of the institution, and the depth of the institution's consultation with civil society
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An area of policy and decision making that will particularly benefit from gender mainstreaming is post-conflict peace-building, also known as PCPB. Various feminist research has concluded that men and women experience violent conflict differently and moreover, the current policies surrounding PCPB
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Historically, documents concerning international agreements, peacekeeping arrangements and legal resolutions have perpetuated stereotypes that disempower women. This can be seen through the use of language, even as simply as in the UN Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration program's (DDR)
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member states. It is now incumbent upon nation-states and international organizations to carry out gender mainstreaming. As such, mainstreaming has achieved widespread endorsement by individual governments, regional supra-state bodies." What follows is a non-exhaustive list of examples of these
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True claims that mainstreaming gender does not end in simply increasing the number of women within a specific institution. It is about changing social consciousness, so that the effects of a policy for both women and men are truly analyzed before they are implemented. While it is necessary for
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requires governments to adopt an approach that complies with the concept of gender mainstreaming, while deciding on employment policies. Some concrete examples: new equal opportunities acts requiring mainstreaming (e.g., in France social partners are required to promote gender equality through
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articles, action programs and communications, and setting up institutional bodies and mechanisms to promote the incorporation of a gender perspective into policymaking." More specifically, gender mainstreaming was introduced in 1991 in the European Community as an element of the Third Action
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True highlights the tendency for gender mainstreaming to become a guise under which women are used as economic subjects. Women are framed in terms of advancing economic growth, as opposed to the inherent normative ideal for women and men to hold equal positions of power in society.
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found inadequate budgeting for the gender components of projects, insufficient development of analytical skills, poor supervision of the implementation of gender components and a general lack of political commitment both within the organization and at the country level."
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Queries the ways in which mainstreaming reproduces power relations through language and issue-framing. This approach will often involve looking at documents, resolutions and peace agreements to see how they reproduce the narratives of gender in a political context.
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Gender mainstreaming can be seen as a process of organizational change. Gender mainstreaming must be institutionalized through concrete steps, mechanisms, and processes in all parts of the organization. According to Lombardo, this change involves three aspects:
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True is of the opinion that in practice, attempts to mainstream gender within international institutions have led to the marginalization and increasing invisibility of gender in each policy area. Anne-Marie Goetz, a Clinical Professor at
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of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve
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Council of Europe. 1998. Gender Mainstreaming: Conceptual Framework, Methodology and Presentation of Good Practices: Final Report of Activities of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming. EG-S-MS. Strasbourg: Council of
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Puechguirbal takes a discursive approach to argue that in order to successfully mainstream a gendered perspective in politics, language needs to be reevaluated and used to change the parameters of how women are perceived.
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that is likely to be mainstreamed could be a western or middle class brand of feminism. When mainstreaming decisions within international organizations are made by elites can undermine the input of local women's groups.
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The ways in which specific organizations adopt and implement mainstreaming policies. This will often involve an analysis of how national politics intersects with international norms and practices.
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operations and special political missions, 29 percent of international and 17 percent of national staff were women. If we compare these figures with the 48 percent representation of women at the
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and other members of the women's rights movement. The danger of gender mainstreaming is that large compromises can be made for small gains and can lead to what feminist and sociology professor
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on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2007 raised several concerns, such as the backlog of important women's rights legislation in the country, the lack of studies on
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process means that the process "is reorganized so that ordinary actors know how to incorporate a gender perspective" or that gender expertise is included "as normal requirement for
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When gender mainstreaming policies are drafted without consulting sections of the women's movement (i.e., women's rights civil society groups), they lack ground level-expertise.
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Palmary, I.; Nunez, L. (2009). "The Orthodoxy of Gender Mainstreaming: Reflecting on Gender Mainstreaming as Strategy for Accomplishing the Millennium Development Goals".
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can be seen in mainstreaming thought which seeks to displace gender difference as the sole axis of difference and to highlight the diversity of policy its ramifications.
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for boys or dolls and faux fireplaces for girls. In some pilot kindergartens, traditional fairy tales were rewritten, and a songbook featuring active women was created.
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in order to tackle the interconnected causes that create an unequal relation between the sexes in all areas of life (work, politics, sexuality, culture, and violence).
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European Women's Lobby. 2005a. Contribution from the European Women's Lobby to the Green Paper on an EU Approach to Managing Economic Migration, COM(2005)811 final, 6
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since 2000. Local feminist organizations have different views on gender mainstreaming. Some groups considered that the Commission on Women Rights Promotion under
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Bauer, Ursula. Mainstreaming in Vienna. How the Gender Perspective Can Raise the Quality of Life in a Big City, Kvinder, Køn & Forskning 70 nr. 2-4, 2009, 66
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for a higher employment rate has been widely accepted, there is a much weaker and more fragile commitment to improving the quality of work available to women."
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actors participating in the policy-making process is broadened to include, apart from policy-makers and civil servants, gender experts and civil society."
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Lombardo, E., (2005) "Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process", Social Politics 12(3): 417-18
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Lombardo, E., (2005) "Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process", Social Politics 12(3): 422
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Lombardo, E., (2005) "Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process", Social Politics 12(3): 417
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monitors European economic and developmental policies and practices and is involved at many phases in policy-making activities as knowledge source.
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Rubery, Jill, 2005, Reflections on Gender Mainstreaming: An Example of Feminist Economics in Action?, Feminist Economics 11(3), November 2005, 9-10
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Rubery, Jill, 2005, Reflections on Gender Mainstreaming: An Example of Feminist Economics in Action?, Feminist Economics 11(3), November 2005, 1
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passed Resolution 1325, a resolution that called for an enhanced female participation in the prevention, management and resolution of conflict.
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was sidelined after the launch of gender mainstreaming as a result of the specific way gender mainstreaming was used by the opponents of
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Woodward, Alison E. 2008. Too late for gender mainstreaming? Taking stock in Brussels Journal of European Social Policy (2008) 18 (3): 4
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Pollack, Mark A. and Hafner-Burton, Emilie. 2000. Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union, Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 2/000, 9
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is strongly invoked by mainstreaming through the binary approach of gender in strict relation to the public sphere of policymaking.
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states, "women's equal participation in political life plays a pivotal role in the general process of the advancement of women."
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True, Jacqui (2010). Laura J. Shepherd, ed. Mainstreaming Gender in International Institutions. New York: Routledge. p. 192.
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Lombardo, E., (2005) "Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process",
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Programme on Equal Opportunities. Currently, the legal basis for gender mainstreaming in European law is Article 8 of the
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areas. "There must be evidence that the mainstream political agenda has been reoriented by rethinking and rearticulating
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should be evaluated from the perspective of whether or not it reduces or increases gender inequalities." This concept of
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became the first and only woman to defeat a male incumbent presentment. This helped to change and mobilize mainstream
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tools and techniques to integrate the gender variable in all policies and to monitor and evaluate all policies from a
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is not limited to formal equality, it includes as well equality de facto, which is a more holistic approach to gender
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Stratigaki, M., (2005) "Gender Mainstreaming vs Positive Action. An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy",
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Charlesworth, H., (2005) "Not waving but Drowning: Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United Nations", 18
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True, Jacqui, Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 2010, 373
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True, Jacqui, Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 2010, 369
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and information display charts feature a male silhouette holding a baby in his arms to advise passengers on the
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What is the problem of gender? Mainstreaming gender in migration and development policies in the European Union
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concerns, as for instance, how gender hierarchies influence budgets, and gender-based unpaid or low paid work.
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The ways in which approaches are used, however, can also reflect differing feminist theories. For example,
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principles and strategies into agriculture, socio-economic development, higher education, and sexual and
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Lang, S., 2009, Assessing Advocacy: European Transnational Women's Networks and Gender Mainstreaming, 12
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Lang, S., 2009, Assessing Advocacy: European Transnational Women's Networks and Gender Mainstreaming, 2
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Lang, S., 2009, Assessing Advocacy: European Transnational Women's Networks and Gender Mainstreaming, 9
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Prevost, G. (1996). "'The Nicaraguan Revolution: Six Years After The Sandinista Electoral Defeat'".
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assessment in individual ministries or areas of public services (e.g., in Finland and Sweden); and
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paths are marked by a square table featuring a long-haired lady running in her high heel boots.
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Although the Nicaraguan Institute for Women claimed to "have been instrumental in mainstreaming
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the implementation process is more likely to be monitored with diligence. For example, the
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now uses a flexible open play area instead of separate "playing corners" with toy cars and
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What follows is a non-exhaustive overview of current gender governance initiatives in the
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action." She continues: "A review of gender mainstreaming policies implemented under the
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Handrahan, Lori (2004). "Conflict, gender, ethnicity and post-conflict reconstruction".
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began acknowledging the importance of gender mainstreaming as a tool towards achieving
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As Jacqui True says, "ainstreaming was established as a global strategy for achieving
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Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations
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Gender budgeting encompasses activities and initiatives aiming at the preparation of
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These approaches are not necessarily competing, and can be seen as complementary.
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women's organizations input into the European debate as an essential part of the
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A second example is the Transnational Women's Networks. As such we can cite the
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officially put gender mainstreaming on their agenda, "fixing the principle in
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Maria Stratigaki, Assistant Professor at the Department of Social Policy of
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Under the influence of the UN community, the usage of the term increased in
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Practice of considering impacts on men and women of proposed public policy
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Prabha Khosla, Vienna, Austria – A Model City for Gender Mainstreaming
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ends and means from a gender perspective," Lombardo says, referencing
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A Guide for Gender Equality in Teacher Education Policy and Practices
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development community. The idea was formally featured in 1995 at the
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recognized "the urgent need to mainstream a gender perspective into
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For instance, since 1997 gender mainstreaming has been part of the
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The concept of gender mainstreaming was first proposed at the 1985
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objective and policies of special concern for women (for example,
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mechanism involves (a) the adoption of horizontal cooperation on
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areas, levels, and departments; and (b) the use of appropriate
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concept of assessing the implications for people of different
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to reduce inequality in education, employment, and violence.
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Most definitions of gender mainstreaming conform to the UN
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The European Community of Practice on Gender Mainstreaming
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Still Fighting: The Nicaraguan Women's movement, 1977-2000
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Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations
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Gender mainstreaming tries, among others, to ascertain a
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There are different approaches to gender mainstreaming:
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Foundation of Women's Rights Promotion and Development
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should be expanded, while other groups, including the
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Incorporating gender into politics and decision making
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The politics of mainstreaming in critical perspective
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Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
3787: 3641: 3639: 3308: 3278: 3276: 3073: 3024: 3022: 3773:Mainstreaming Gender in International Institutions 3760:Gender Mainstreaming in International Institutions 3693: 3466:United Nations, Fourth World Conference on Women. 3262: 2990:Report of the Economic and Social Council for 1997 2720:of 30 European countries are part of the EWL. The 2327: 2292:Reference of gender issues should be found in all 2268:Lombardo notes that "here should be evidence that 2228:has mandated be added to the police force by 2014. 3636: 2594:and the Report from the Secretary General to the 5667: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3273: 3256: 3254: 3048: 3019: 2945:Gender mainstreaming in teacher education policy 2510:National Alliance of Taiwan Women's Associations 2218:Afghan National Police Gender Mainstreaming Unit 3144:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub. 2675:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2232: 3728:(New York: Routledge) L.J. Shepherd (Ed.) 194" 3885: 3666: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3468:"Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action" 3251: 2577: 2080: 3771:True, Jacqui (2010). Laura J. Shepherd, ed. 3758:True, Jacqui (2010). Laura J. Shepherd, ed. 3282: 3066: 3064: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2785:processes within the European Institutions. 2492:, and the available funds of the Institute. 2609:was an area of particular concern, and the 2550:to offer seating to parents with children. 4648:African-American women's suffrage movement 3892: 3878: 3783: 3781: 3579: 3554: 2087: 2073: 967:African-American women's suffrage movement 3604: 3104: 3061: 3034: 2876:As differences are silenced, the kind of 2700:collective bargaining); mainstreaming or 4593:Discrimination against transgender women 3260: 3139: 2773:areas, whereas in some other it diluted 2661:policies, and (3) gender mainstreaming. 2617:operations." The Council requested "the 2356:-makers" (Council of Europe 1998, 165). 2211: 2187: 2129:and has subsequently been pushed in the 912:Discrimination against transgender women 3778: 3413:"How Is Vienna 'Gender Mainstreaming'?" 3297:Lin, Fang-Mei. "性別主流化在台灣:從國際發展到在地化實踐". 3222: 3010: 2216:Col. Shafiqa Quraishi, Director of the 5668: 3183: 2821: 2760: 2746:European Institute for Gender Equality 2684:that encourages gender mainstreaming. 2570:Infrastructure changes have included " 4942:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 4208:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 3873: 3435: 2843: 2729:." Another important organization is 2590:in the mid-1990s, as outlined in the 3410: 3360: 3100: 3098: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2829:United Nations Development Programme 2633:, the participation of women in the 2449:in the Americas. On April 25, 1990, 3704:European Journal of Women's Studies 3070:Beijing Platform for Action, G. 181 2950:Gender mainstreaming in mine action 2637:operations still faces challenges. 2445:brought to office the first female 2389: 2319:Post-conflict peace-building (PCPB) 13: 3865:Libguide on Gender Regional Agenda 3511:"United Nations Official Document" 3283:General Assembly, United Nations. 2871: 2534:In late 2006, the city council of 2529: 14: 5707: 3828: 3726:Gender Matters in Global Politics 3491:United Nations General Assembly. 3193:. Paris, UNESCO. pp. 72–75. 3095: 2995: 2935:Gender and security sector reform 2640: 2345:actors. She explains as follows: 2192:Gender Mainstreaming Seminar 2015 5649: 5640: 5639: 5627: 5187:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4603:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 3438:"How to Design a City for Women" 3363:"Gender Change for Vienna Signs" 3316:"Taiwan's Women's Organizations" 3140:Bibbings, Sharleene May (2012). 2914: 2135:Fourth World Conference on Women 2056: 1588:Democratic Republic of the Congo 922:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 38: 3847:Active work for Gender Equality 3731: 3718: 3709: 3684: 3657: 3648: 3627: 3618: 3570: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3503: 3484: 3459: 3429: 3404: 3379: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3291: 3216: 3207: 3177: 3168: 3158: 2653:consists of three pillars: (1) 2486:United Nations General Assembly 2328:Shifts in institutional culture 2127:Third World Conference on Women 3133: 2982: 2020:Women's suffrage organizations 1: 3775:. New York: Routledge. p. 198 3762:. New York: Routledge. p. 196 3741:. theguardian.com. 2014-04-23 2976: 2781:areas or radically transform 2289:motto: 'One man, on weapon'. 2207: 2144: 5549:Suffragists and suffragettes 3899: 3790:Journal of Health Management 3436:Foran, Claire (2013-09-16). 3361:Bell, Bethany (2007-01-23). 3325:. APEC Women Leaders Network 3261:Isbester, Katherine (2001). 3090:Harvard Human Rights Journal 2992:". A/52/3.18 September 1997. 2891:Millennium Development Goals 2755: 2697:European Employment Strategy 2691:, a concept launched by the 2689:European Employment Strategy 2433: 2233:Prioritizing gender equality 2005:Suffragists and suffragettes 1935:American feminist literature 7: 2900: 2735:Women in Development Europe 2731:Women in Development Europe 2635:United Nations Peacekeeping 2596:Economic and Social Council 2592:Beijing Platform for Action 2423:Beijing Platform for Action 2412: 2313:Beijing Platform for Action 2306:Beijing Platform for Action 2151:Economic and Social Council 2139:Beijing Platform for Action 1245:Views on transgender topics 1235:Views on sexual orientation 10: 5712: 3802:10.1177/097206340901100105 3323:APEC Women Leaders Network 3011:Shepard, Laura J. (2015). 2940:Gender Empowerment Measure 2578:UN Peacekeeping Operations 2405:with addressing budgetary 2393: 2311:Further, according to the 2202:Poststructuralist feminism 2170:Institutional perspective: 2153:formally defined concept: 5621: 5561: 5500: 5493: 5172: 4877: 4623:Female genital mutilation 4561: 4494: 4391: 4111: 4100: 4027:Majority-Muslim countries 3992: 3959: 3916: 3907: 3237:10.1080/01436599650035707 2526:gender related meetings. 2495: 2036:Women's rights by country 942:Female genital mutilation 5596:Women's studies journals 5554:Women's rights activists 4103:Movements and ideologies 3119:10.1177/0967010604049521 2744:governance actor is the 2041:Feminists by nationality 2015:Women's studies journals 2010:Women's rights activists 728:Movements and ideologies 5139:International relations 3557:"Women in Peacekeeping" 2848:Stratigaki claims that 2752:for our Common Future. 2241:perspective across all 1429:International relations 290:Intersectional variants 5569:Conservative feminisms 4867:Women in the workforce 4835:Violence against women 4810:Sexual objectification 4770:Opposition to feminism 3967:Bicycling and feminism 3015:. New York: Routledge. 2722:European Women's Lobby 2714:European Women's Lobby 2229: 2193: 1955:Conservative feminisms 1210:Bicycling and feminism 1186:Women in the workforce 1154:Violence against women 1129:Sexual objectification 1089:Opposition to feminism 346:Vegetarian ecofeminism 5609:Women in peacekeeping 5149:Revisionist mythology 4586:Children's literature 3442:The Atlantic - Cities 3225:Third World Quarterly 2727:European social model 2601:In October 2000, the 2215: 2191: 1985:Feminist rhetoricians 1975:Feminist philosophers 1527:Revisionist mythology 1230:Views on prostitution 1215:Criticism of marriage 905:Children's literature 5681:Feminist terminology 5676:Feminism and society 5051:Pathways perspective 4896:Gender mainstreaming 4815:Substantive equality 4795:Reproductive justice 4745:Matriarchal religion 4598:Diversity (politics) 3303:Shih Hsin University 2810:calls "trickle-down 2439:The election of 1990 2245:areas. According to 2100:Gender mainstreaming 1965:Feminist art critics 1940:Feminist comic books 1897:Lists and categories 1576:By continent/country 1407:Pathways perspective 1290:Gender mainstreaming 1225:Views on pornography 1134:Substantive equality 1114:Reproductive justice 1064:Matriarchal religion 917:Diversity (politics) 853:Political lesbianism 163:Other women's rights 5634:Feminism portal 5514:Ecofeminist authors 5364:Trinidad and Tobago 5304:Republic of Ireland 5164:Composition studies 4845:Women's empowerment 4800:Sex workers' rights 4725:Feminist capitalism 4705:Internalized sexism 4638:Feminism in culture 4516:Kurdish (Jineology) 3841:Women's Empowerment 2970:Youth mainstreaming 2955:History of feminism 2822:Poor implementation 2795:European Parliament 2767:Panteion University 2761:Ineffective results 2655:anti-discrimination 2603:UN Security Council 2548:underground railway 2063:Feminism portal 1970:Feminist economists 1960:Ecofeminist authors 1765:Trinidad and Tobago 1705:Republic of Ireland 1397:Composition studies 1164:Women's empowerment 1119:Sex workers' rights 1044:Feminist capitalism 1024:Internalized sexism 957:Feminism in culture 65:History of feminism 5691:Gender and society 5009:Literary criticism 4886:Complementarianism 4608:Effects on society 4576:Complementarianism 4383:Women's liberation 3605:Calvo, D. (2013). 3545:Resolution 1325, 4 3536:Resolution 1325, 2 2930:Feminist economics 2844:Hindering progress 2659:affirmative action 2471:gender stereotypes 2367:issues across all 2230: 2194: 2114:action, including 1375:Literary criticism 1240:Views on sexuality 927:Effects on society 895:Complementarianism 870:Women's liberation 625:Religious variants 599:trans-exclusionary 317:Radical lesbianism 5663: 5662: 5617: 5616: 5026:Political ecology 4932:Écriture féminine 4830:Triple oppression 4820:Toxic masculinity 4805:Sexual harassment 4665:Feminist stripper 4643:Feminist movement 4557: 4556: 4495:Ethnic and racial 4096: 4095: 3305:. April 13, 2005. 3299:第一屆性別研究與公共政策學術研討會 3200:978-92-3-100069-0 3107:Security Dialogue 2988:United Nations. " 2960:Material feminism 2664:In the 1990s the 2619:Secretary-General 2484:prevention," the 2482:domestic violence 2457:structure within 2407:gender inequality 2097: 2096: 2048: 2047: 1567: 1566: 1557:womanist theology 1500:Political ecology 1331:Écriture féminine 1258: 1257: 1149:Triple oppression 1139:Toxic masculinity 1124:Sexual harassment 984:Feminist stripper 962:Feminist movement 518: 517: 449:Africana womanism 280: 279: 5703: 5653: 5652: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5498: 5497: 5481:History of women 4957:Political theory 4857: 4850:Women-only space 4735:Likeability trap 4700:Invisible labour 4618:Female education 4109: 4108: 4104: 4064:African-American 3994:Women's suffrage 3985: 3972:Feminist history 3914: 3913: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3785: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3706:12 (2): 165-186. 3700: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3602: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3555:United Nations. 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3495:. Archived from 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3444:. Archived from 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3411:Viktória, Soós. 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3102: 3093: 3086: 3071: 3068: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3008: 2993: 2986: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2693:European Council 2623:Security Council 2611:Security Council 2554:Emergency escape 2451:Violeta Chamorro 2425:ratified by all 2396:Gender budgeting 2390:Gender budgeting 2382:3. The range of 2341:mechanisms; and 2198:liberal feminism 2089: 2082: 2075: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2000:Feminist parties 1995:Muslim feminists 1990:Jewish feminists 1901: 1900: 1882:History of women 1505:Political theory 1273: 1272: 1203: 1202: 1176: 1169:Women-only space 1054:Likeability trap 1019:Invisible labour 937:Female education 746:Anti-pornography 601: 600: 596: 312:Lesbian of color 295: 294: 172:Women's suffrage 148:Muslim countries 143:Women's suffrage 60:Feminist history 53: 52: 42: 19: 18: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5686:Gender equality 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5650: 5628: 5626: 5613: 5557: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5396:Northern Cyprus 5168: 5159:Science fiction 4952:Oedipus complex 4912:Women's studies 4873: 4872: 4871: 4855: 4765:Oedipus complex 4755:Men in feminism 4720:Language reform 4695:Ideal womanhood 4675:Gender equality 4670:Formal equality 4633:Feminationalism 4571:Cognitive labor 4553: 4521:Native American 4490: 4489: 4488: 4387: 4297:Post-structural 4102: 4092: 3988: 3981: 3977:Women's history 3955: 3903: 3898: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3786: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3281: 3274: 3259: 3252: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3190: 3184:UNESCO (2015). 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3103: 3096: 3087: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3056:Social Politics 3053: 3049: 3044: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3009: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2903: 2874: 2872:Other criticism 2858:gender equality 2854:gender equality 2850:positive action 2846: 2824: 2775:positive action 2763: 2758: 2643: 2631:UN Headquarters 2588:gender equality 2580: 2532: 2530:Vienna, Austria 2498: 2478:gender equality 2436: 2419:gender equality 2415: 2398: 2392: 2348:"1. A shift in 2330: 2321: 2282: 2270:gender equality 2259:gender equality 2239:gender equality 2235: 2210: 2160:gender equality 2147: 2093: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049: 1951: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1797:Northern Cyprus 1577: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1385:Science fiction 1336: 1315:Women's studies 1280:Feminist method 1270: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1174: 1084:Oedipus complex 1074:Men in feminism 1039:Language reform 1014:Ideal womanhood 994:Gender equality 989:Formal equality 952:Feminationalism 890:Cognitive labor 884: 876: 875: 874: 831:Post-structural 730: 720: 719: 718: 627: 617: 616: 615: 598: 595:Gender-critical 594: 593: 544:Femonationalism 528: 520: 519: 514: 493:Native American 433: 388:Critical theory 350: 292: 282: 281: 276: 231:Second Republic 159: 129: 96: 70:Women's history 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5709: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5637: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5602:SCUM Manifesto 5598: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5473: 5471:United Kingdom 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5144:Existentialism 5141: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5100:Existentialism 5097: 5096: 5095: 5093:Justice ethics 5085: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4891:Gender studies 4888: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4862:Women's rights 4859: 4856:Women's health 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4740:Male privilege 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4709:International 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4061: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4042:United Kingdom 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3830: 3829:External links 3827: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3777: 3764: 3751: 3730: 3717: 3708: 3692: 3683: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3578: 3569: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3502: 3499:on 2013-10-01. 3483: 3458: 3428: 3403: 3378: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3307: 3290: 3272: 3250: 3231:(2): 307–327. 3215: 3206: 3199: 3176: 3167: 3157: 3150: 3132: 3113:(4): 429–445. 3094: 3072: 3060: 3047: 3033: 3018: 2994: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2902: 2899: 2873: 2870: 2845: 2842: 2823: 2820: 2797:and so forth. 2791:European Union 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2682:European Union 2666:European Union 2651:European Union 2642: 2641:European Union 2639: 2584:United Nations 2579: 2576: 2531: 2528: 2506:Executive Yuan 2497: 2494: 2435: 2432: 2430:endorsements. 2427:United Nations 2414: 2411: 2394:Main article: 2391: 2388: 2359:2. A shift in 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2281: 2278: 2234: 2231: 2209: 2206: 2164: 2163: 2146: 2143: 2131:United Nations 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1980:Feminist poets 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1947:Feminist songs 1944: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1923:by nationality 1915: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1874: 1872:United Kingdom 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1483:Existentialism 1480: 1479: 1478: 1476:Justice ethics 1468: 1463: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1434:Constructivism 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341:Areas of study 1338: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1285:Gender studies 1282: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1250:SCUM Manifesto 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1181:Women's rights 1178: 1175:Women's health 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059:Male privilege 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1028:International 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 980: 979: 974: 969: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 908: 907: 897: 892: 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 867: 865:Technofeminism 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 840: 839: 838: 828: 823: 822: 821: 820: 819: 809: 804: 794: 793: 792: 791: 790: 775: 770: 765: 764: 763: 758: 748: 743: 738: 732: 731: 726: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 711: 710: 709: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 667: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 640: 635: 629: 628: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 608: 603: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 568: 563: 562: 561: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 529: 527:Other variants 526: 525: 522: 521: 516: 515: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 496: 495: 485: 484: 483: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 451: 445: 442: 441: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 419: 409: 408: 407: 397: 396: 395: 390: 380: 375: 374: 373: 362: 359: 358: 352: 351: 349: 348: 343: 342: 341: 331: 326: 325: 324: 319: 314: 304: 298: 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 272: 262: 261: 260: 255: 253:Cayman Islands 248:United Kingdom 245: 240: 239: 238: 233: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 176: 175: 168: 167: 166: 165: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 106: 103: 102: 98: 97: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 67: 62: 56: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5708: 5697: 5696:Public policy 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5656: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5476:United States 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324:Latin America 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154:Technoscience 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Art criticism 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917:Men's studies 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Transmisogyny 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785:Purplewashing 4783: 4781: 4780:Protofeminism 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:Honor killing 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361:Transnational 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230:Individualist 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:Anti-abortion 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054:United States 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3796:(65): 65–78. 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3640: 3630: 3621: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3573: 3562:September 26, 3558: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3476:September 26, 3469: 3462: 3448:on 2014-05-11 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3414: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3279: 3277: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3171: 3161: 3153: 3151:9781443835121 3147: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645:The equality 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538:, capital of 2537: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2379:perspective. 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2274:social policy 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110:of a planned 2109: 2105: 2104:public policy 2101: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2054: 2053: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877:United States 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725:Latin America 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547:Technoscience 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1370:Art criticism 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:Men's studies 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:Views on BDSM 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1144:Transmisogyny 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1104:Purplewashing 1102: 1100: 1099:Protofeminism 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1009:Honor killing 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 906: 903: 902: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 880: 879: 871: 868: 866: 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 837: 834: 833: 832: 829: 827: 824: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 780: 779: 778:Individualist 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751:Cyberfeminism 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 724: 723: 715: 712: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 626: 621: 620: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 591: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 567: 564: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 534:Anti-abortion 532: 531: 524: 523: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 494: 491: 490: 489: 486: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 444: 443: 440: 439:Multicultural 437: 436: 430: 427: 423: 422:Transnational 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 410: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 381: 379: 376: 372: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 361: 360: 357: 354: 353: 347: 344: 340: 339:Postgenderism 337: 336: 335: 334:Transfeminism 332: 330: 327: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265:United States 263: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Liechtenstein 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 164: 161: 160: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 140: 138: 137: 133: 132: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 105: 104: 100: 99: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 55: 54: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 5625: 5600: 5544:Rhetoricians 5534:Philosophers 5426:Saudi Arabia 5222:South Africa 5083:Epistemology 5036:Anthropology 5031:Architecture 4994:Legal theory 4901:Gynocentrism 4895: 4840:War on women 4775:Pro-feminism 4730:Gender-blind 4680:Gender quota 4653:Art movement 4445:Dianic Wicca 4324:Sex-positive 4287:Postcolonial 4154:Conservative 4134:Anti-fascist 3818: 3793: 3789: 3772: 3767: 3759: 3754: 3743:. Retrieved 3733: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3703: 3686: 3659: 3650: 3629: 3620: 3607: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3497:the original 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3461: 3450:. Retrieved 3446:the original 3441: 3431: 3419:. Retrieved 3406: 3394:. Retrieved 3390: 3381: 3370:. Retrieved 3366: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3327:. Retrieved 3322: 3310: 3298: 3293: 3264: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3209: 3186: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3141: 3135: 3110: 3106: 3089: 3055: 3050: 3029:True, Jacqui 3012: 2984: 2895: 2883: 2875: 2862: 2847: 2825: 2799: 2787: 2764: 2750: 2739: 2711: 2686: 2679: 2663: 2644: 2627:peacekeeping 2615:peacekeeping 2607:Peacekeeping 2600: 2581: 2569: 2561:kindergarten 2558: 2552: 2533: 2514: 2499: 2475: 2437: 2416: 2399: 2381: 2358: 2347: 2331: 2322: 2310: 2302:Rounaq Jahan 2291: 2287: 2283: 2267: 2253:or piece of 2236: 2226:Hamid Karzai 2201: 2197: 2195: 2184: 2179:perspective: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2148: 2124: 2099: 2098: 1827:Saudi Arabia 1623:South Africa 1466:Epistemology 1441:Legal theory 1360:Architecture 1350:Anthropology 1329: 1295:Gynocentrism 1289: 1159:War on women 1094:Pro-feminism 1049:Gender-blind 999:Gender quota 972:Art movement 741:Anti-fascist 675:Dianic Wicca 554:Postfeminism 429:Xenofeminism 412:Postcolonial 329:Sex-positive 5584:Comic books 5509:Art critics 5431:South Korea 5411:Philippines 5391:New Zealand 5386:Netherlands 5117:Pornography 5105:Metaphysics 5046:Criminology 5041:Archaeology 5014:Film theory 4715:Women's Day 4455:Ecofeminist 4314:Reactionary 4262:Materialist 4037:Switzerland 4032:New Zealand 3951:Fourth-wave 3934:Second-wave 3493:"E/1997/66" 2255:legislation 2247:Jacqui True 2116:legislation 1832:South Korea 1812:Philippines 1792:New Zealand 1787:Netherlands 1510:Pornography 1488:Metaphysics 1402:Criminology 1380:Film theory 1355:Archaeology 1034:Women's Day 826:Libertarian 768:Ecofeminism 685:Ecofeminist 566:Reactionary 559:Neofeminism 500:Multiracial 405:Ecofeminist 400:Materialist 243:Switzerland 223:New Zealand 5670:Categories 5574:Literature 5519:Economists 5239:Bangladesh 5173:By country 5122:Psychology 5078:Empiricism 5073:Aesthetics 5068:Philosophy 4927:Patriarchy 4907:Matriarchy 4711:Girl's Day 4685:Girl power 4658:In hip hop 4581:Literature 4511:Indigenous 4450:Reclaiming 4346:Standpoint 4319:Separatism 4292:Postmodern 4186:Vegetarian 4176:Difference 4119:Analytical 3946:Third-wave 3929:First-wave 3835:WomenWatch 3745:2014-06-05 3515:www.un.org 3452:2013-09-19 3372:2015-07-16 3329:2015-11-15 3058:12(3): 417 2977:References 2833:World Bank 2808:Gail Dines 2544:Pictograms 2463:patriarchy 2224:President 2208:Principles 2176:Discursive 2145:Definition 2120:programmes 2028:Categories 1930:Literature 1640:Bangladesh 1515:Psychology 1461:Empiricism 1456:Aesthetics 1451:Philosophy 1325:Patriarchy 1310:Matriarchy 1030:Girl's Day 1004:Girl power 977:In hip hop 900:Literature 858:Separatist 836:Postmodern 802:Difference 736:Analytical 680:Reclaiming 488:Indigenous 393:Standpoint 322:Separatist 174:by country 5329:Argentina 5289:Indonesia 5279:Hong Kong 5234:Australia 5134:Seriality 5058:Geography 4984:Sociology 4937:Economics 4922:Kyriarchy 4413:Christian 4393:Religious 4334:Socialist 4124:Anarchist 4069:States of 4007:Australia 3301:, Taipei: 3245:144886074 3127:145460388 2803:feminists 2756:Criticism 2459:Nicaragua 2447:president 2443:Nicaragua 2434:Nicaragua 2337:process, 1918:Feminists 1730:Argentina 1690:Indonesia 1680:Hong Kong 1635:Australia 1542:Sociology 1424:Geography 1414:Economics 1305:Male gaze 1300:Kyriarchy 761:Networked 643:Christian 378:Jineology 366:Anarchist 356:Socialist 236:Francoist 188:Australia 134:Timelines 5645:Category 5579:American 5451:Thailand 5406:Pakistan 5376:Malaysia 5359:Paraguay 5349:Honduras 5197:Ethiopia 5063:Pedagogy 4989:Rhetoric 4979:Sexology 4972:Womanist 4967:Thealogy 4962:Theology 4760:Misogyny 4628:Femicide 4613:Equality 4562:Concepts 4477:Orthodox 4440:Neopagan 4428:Womanist 4408:Buddhist 4376:Africana 4371:Womanism 4267:Maternal 4257:Lipstick 4223:Activism 4193:Equality 4159:Cultural 4144:Carceral 4079:Virginia 4059:Timeline 4002:Timeline 3939:timeline 3924:Timeline 3901:Feminism 3810:56810635 3367:BBC News 2921:Feminism 2901:See also 2878:feminism 2816:feminism 2812:feminism 2740:Another 2559:A pilot 2490:abortion 2413:Examples 1913:Articles 1852:Thailand 1807:Pakistan 1777:Malaysia 1760:Paraguay 1750:Honduras 1598:Ethiopia 1552:Theology 1537:Sexology 1532:Sex wars 1446:Pedagogy 1199:Outlooks 1079:Misogyny 947:Femicide 932:Equality 883:Concepts 848:Cultural 807:Equality 788:Stiletto 783:Lipstick 707:Orthodox 670:Neopagan 658:Womanist 638:Buddhist 586:Embedded 581:Imperial 576:Carceral 549:Maternal 510:Womanism 198:Colombia 85:Canadian 75:American 32:Feminism 24:a series 22:Part of 5591:Parties 5466:Ukraine 5461:Vietnam 5371:Lebanon 5269:Germany 5259:Finland 5254:Denmark 5229:Albania 5217:Senegal 5212:Nigeria 5127:Therapy 5110:Science 5021:Biology 4538:Mizrahi 4506:Chicana 4467:Islamic 4403:Atheist 4339:Marxist 4309:Radical 4245:Liberal 4240:Lesbian 4218:Hip hop 4198:Eugenic 4139:Atheist 4112:General 4084:Wyoming 3917:General 3909:History 3421:16 July 3396:16 July 3391:wien.at 2649:of the 2540:Austria 2402:budgets 2108:genders 2102:is the 1867:Ukraine 1862:Vietnam 1772:Lebanon 1670:Germany 1660:Finland 1655:Denmark 1630:Albania 1618:Senegal 1613:Nigeria 1520:Therapy 1493:science 1392:Biology 843:Radical 797:Liberal 773:Eugenic 697:Islamic 633:Atheist 481:Lesbian 476:Chicana 469:Ratchet 464:Lesbian 459:Hip hop 383:Marxist 307:Lesbian 183:Austria 80:British 49:History 5605:(1967) 5529:Muslim 5524:Jewish 5502:People 5456:Turkey 5446:Taiwan 5436:Sweden 5421:Russia 5416:Poland 5401:Norway 5354:Mexico 5334:Brazil 5309:Israel 5274:Greece 5264:France 5244:Canada 5182:Africa 5088:Ethics 4947:Method 4879:Theory 4790:Racism 4545:Romani 4533:Jewish 4472:Jewish 4418:Mormon 4366:Victim 4329:Social 4302:French 4250:Equity 4213:Global 4149:Choice 4022:Kuwait 4012:Canada 3960:Social 3808:  3243:  3197:  3165:Europe 3148:  3125:  2907:Portal 2886:Policy 2835:, and 2783:policy 2779:policy 2771:policy 2742:gender 2706:gender 2702:gender 2695:. The 2670:treaty 2657:, (2) 2647:policy 2572:unisex 2536:Vienna 2502:Taiwan 2496:Taiwan 2469:, and 2467:sexism 2455:gender 2384:policy 2377:gender 2373:policy 2369:policy 2365:gender 2361:policy 2354:policy 2350:policy 2343:policy 2339:policy 2335:policy 2298:policy 2294:policy 2263:policy 2251:policy 2243:policy 2222:Afghan 2112:policy 1857:Turkey 1847:Taiwan 1837:Sweden 1822:Russia 1817:Poland 1802:Norway 1755:Mexico 1735:Brazil 1710:Israel 1675:Greece 1665:France 1645:Canada 1583:Africa 1471:Ethics 1268:Theory 1109:Racism 812:Social 702:Jewish 648:Mormon 606:Victim 539:Equity 505:Romani 417:Global 270:states 227:Spain 213:Kuwait 193:Canada 125:Fourth 115:Second 90:German 5655:Index 5562:Other 5539:Poets 5494:Lists 5441:Syria 5381:Nepal 5344:Haiti 5339:Chile 5319:Japan 5314:Italy 5284:India 5249:China 5202:Ghana 5192:Egypt 4750:Media 4550:White 4501:Black 4462:Hindu 4433:Asian 4356:Trans 4351:State 4282:Post- 4235:Labor 4164:Cyber 4047:Wales 4017:Japan 3806:S2CID 3612:(PDF) 3471:(PDF) 3416:(PDF) 3319:(PDF) 3241:S2CID 3191:(PDF) 3123:S2CID 1904:Lists 1842:Syria 1782:Nepal 1745:Haiti 1740:Chile 1720:Japan 1715:Italy 1685:India 1650:China 1603:Ghana 1593:Egypt 1069:Media 817:Labor 692:Hindu 663:Asian 611:White 571:State 454:Black 371:Queer 258:Wales 208:Japan 203:India 120:Third 110:First 101:Waves 5299:Iraq 5294:Iran 5207:Mali 4713:and 4526:Sámi 4484:Sikh 4272:Neo- 4074:Utah 3853:EIGE 3564:2013 3478:2013 3423:2015 3398:2015 3195:ISBN 3146:ISBN 2718:NGOs 2582:The 2565:LEGO 2524:APEC 2118:and 1700:Iraq 1695:Iran 1608:Mali 1419:FDPA 1032:and 714:Sikh 4999:Art 4423:New 4277:New 4203:Fat 4181:Eco 4169:HCI 3798:doi 3233:doi 3115:doi 2866:NYU 2837:ILO 2818:." 2441:in 1365:Art 756:HCI 653:New 597:or 302:Fat 5672:: 3804:. 3794:11 3792:. 3780:^ 3695:^ 3668:^ 3638:^ 3581:^ 3513:. 3440:. 3389:. 3365:. 3321:. 3275:^ 3253:^ 3239:. 3229:17 3227:. 3121:. 3111:35 3109:. 3097:^ 3092:1. 3075:^ 3063:^ 3036:^ 3021:^ 2997:^ 2860:. 2831:, 2598:. 2522:, 2520:UN 2465:, 2141:. 2122:. 153:US 26:on 3893:e 3886:t 3879:v 3812:. 3800:: 3748:. 3566:. 3517:. 3480:. 3455:. 3425:. 3400:. 3375:. 3332:. 3287:. 3247:. 3235:: 3203:. 3154:. 3129:. 3117:: 2909:: 2162:. 2088:e 2081:t 2074:v

Index

a series
Feminism

Feminist history
History of feminism
Women's history
American
British
Canadian
German
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Women's suffrage
Muslim countries
US
Other women's rights
Women's suffrage
Austria
Australia
Canada
Colombia
India
Japan
Kuwait
Liechtenstein
New Zealand
Second Republic
Francoist

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