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Many transmissions – especially for transportation applications – have multiple gears that are used to change the ratio of input speed (e.g. engine rpm) to the output speed (e.g. the speed of a car) as required for a given situation. Gear (ratio) selection can be manual, semi-automatic, or automatic.
201:
became available in the US market. These vehicles used the engine's own power to change the effective gear ratio depending on the load so as to keep the engine running close to its optimal rotation speed. Automatic transmissions now are used in more than 2/3 of cars globally, and on almost all new
605:
are generally emitted when the vehicle is engaged in lower gears. The design life of the lower ratio gears is shorter, so cheaper gears may be used, which tend to generate more noise due to smaller overlap ratio and a lower mesh stiffness etc. than the helical gears used for the high ratios. This
182:, and smooth operation. Multiple gear ratios are also needed to provide sufficient acceleration and velocity for safe & reliable operation at modern highway speeds. ICEs typically operate over a range of approximately 600–7000 rpm, while the vehicle's speeds requires the wheels to
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240:
The simplest transmissions used a fixed ratio to provide either a gear reduction or increase in speed, sometimes in conjunction with a change in the orientation of the output shaft. Examples of such transmissions are used in
352:
A sequential manual transmission is a type of non-synchronous transmission used mostly for motorcycles and racing cars. It produces faster shift times than synchronized manual transmissions, through the use of
536:
with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.
1070:
555:. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant
1098:. Proceedings of the ASCE, Urban Transportation Division Specialty Conference. Chicago, Illinois: American Society of Civil Engineers, Urban Transportation Division. Archived from
606:
fact has been used to analyze vehicle-generated sound since the late 1960s, and has been incorporated into the simulation of urban roadway noise and corresponding design of urban
249:. In the case of a wind turbine, the first stage of the gearbox is usually a planetary gear, to minimize the size while withstanding the high torque inputs from the turbine.
387:
An automated manual transmission (AMT) is essentially a conventional manual transmission that uses automatic actuation to operate the clutch and/or shift between gears.
205:
Most currently-produced passenger cars with gasoline or diesel engines use transmissions with 4–10 forward gear ratios (also called speeds) and one reverse gear ratio.
369:
is where some of the operation is automated (often the actuation of the clutch), but the driver's input is required to move off from a standstill or to change gears.
1031:"Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience"
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357:
rather than synchromesh. Sequential manual transmissions also restrict the driver to selecting either the next or previous gear, in a successive order.
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82:, or continuously variable ratios. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in all sorts of machinery, especially vehicles.
694:
Naunheimer, Harald; Bertsche, Bernd; Ryborz, Joachim; Novak, Wolfgang (2011). "Power
Conversion: Selecting the Ratios".
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400:, but still require the driver's input to initiate gear changes. Some of these systems are also referred to as
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416:, can control both the clutch operation and the gear shifts automatically, without any input from the driver.
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31:
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197:) that displaced gears and gear groups along their axes. Starting in 1939, cars using various types of
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to synchronise the speeds of the input and output shafts. However, prior to the 1950s, most cars used
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working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication/reduction in a
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does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions.
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The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses
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A continuously variable transmission (CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous range of
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systems. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as
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A manual transmission requires the driver to manually select the gears by operating a
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Many early versions of these transmissions were semi-automatic in operation, such as
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typically use a fixed-gear or two-speed transmission with no reverse gear ratio.
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In the early mass-produced automobiles, the standard transmission design was
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193:: the combination of gears was selected by the driver through a lever (the
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powered by ICEs require multiple gear ratios to keep the engine within its
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280:(which is usually a foot pedal for cars or a hand lever for motorcycles).
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Automotive
Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application
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Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in
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Transmissions can have a single fixed-gear ratio, multiple distinct
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transmissions, but there are other more recent design innovations.
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noise and vibration in vehicles and stationary machinery. Higher
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used by most manual transmissions and dual-clutch transmissions.
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993:"Powertrain — transmissions: Shift in power to the gearbox"
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107:-powered devices. Applications of these devices included
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760:
372:
1092:
Hogan, C. Michael; Latshaw, Gary L. (21–23 May 1973).
770:, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, archived from
492:
diagram, as used in hydraulic automatic transmissions
761:
Musial, W.; Butterfield, S.; McNiff, B. (May 2007),
450:. The transmission is connected to the engine via a
303:
16-speed tractor transmission (plus 8 reverse gears)
1059:
847:"Hyundai Created a Clutch-less Manual Transmission"
658:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
654:J. J. Uicker; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003).
524:A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) uses two separate
150:
Power and torque curves for two example car engines
1867:
886:"Introduction to Automatic Transmission Systems"
30:For other uses of the word "transmission", see
937:"What Makes Automatic Transmissions Automatic"
540:
532:. The design is often similar to two separate
37:"Gearbox" redirects here. For other uses, see
1448:
1133:
1004:. UnofficialBMW.com. September–October 2003.
878:
1091:
681:Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery
559:while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.
1455:
1441:
1140:
1126:
943:. Hearst Magazines: 169–173. February 1955
739:The wind turbine: Components and operation
321:transmission (viewed from the engine side)
1040:. DCTfacts.com. June 2009. Archived from
764:Improving Wind TurbineGearbox Reliability
735:
211:
145:
43:
27:Drivetrain transmitting propulsion power
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396:, which automatically control only the
14:
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597:Gearboxes are often a major source of
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431:
283:Most transmissions in modern cars use
63:) is a mechanical device which uses a
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577:The most common type of CVT uses two
955:
513:
458:prior to the 1960s), instead of the
373:Automated manual / clutchless manual
341:
1023:
985:
24:
1571:Continuously variable transmission
1301:Continuously variable transmission
911:"How Automatic Transmissions Work"
547:Continuously variable transmission
48:Transmission internals for a 2009
25:
1892:
1011:from the original on 17 July 2011
656:Theory of Machines and Mechanisms
647:
562:CVTs are used in cars, tractors,
360:
1850:
1849:
1839:
736:Stiesdal, Henrik (August 1999),
508:hydraulic automatic transmission
497:
482:
467:
438:Hydraulic automatic transmission
326:
308:
296:
1085:
929:
903:
821:"How Sequential Gearboxes Work"
796:"Manual Transmission Operation"
85:
1462:
1067:"Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK)"
853:
813:
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729:
700:. Springer. pp. 100–114.
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672:
383:Clutchless manual transmission
348:Sequential manual transmission
335:sequential manual transmission
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224:
141:
13:
1:
1876:Mechanical power transmission
1606:Automated manual transmission
1178:Epicyclic (planetary) gearing
1069:. Porsche.com. Archived from
861:"Directly from the Formula 1"
640:
379:Automated manual transmission
289:non-synchronous transmissions
90:
419:
186:in the range of 0–1800 rpm.
7:
1681:Semi-automatic transmission
706:10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5_4
613:
541:Continuously-variable Ratio
477:transmission (cutaway view)
367:semi-automatic transmission
122:
10:
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1518:Internal combustion engine
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178:to produce optimal power,
164:internal combustion engine
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29:
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1817:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
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1706:Transmission control unit
1646:Limited-slip differential
1611:Electrorheological clutch
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1422:Spur gear corrected tooth
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1881:Mechanisms (engineering)
1596:Dual-clutch transmission
520:Dual-clutch transmission
446:that are operated using
130:traditionally have used
39:Gearbox (disambiguation)
1566:Constant-velocity joint
963:"How does the AT work?"
333:Animation of a 4-speed
231:Motorcycle transmission
1546:Automatic transmission
865:www.magnetimarelli.com
625:Direct-drive mechanism
426:automatic transmission
221:
199:automatic transmission
151:
103:-powered devices, and
52:
915:www.howstuffworks.com
825:www.howstuffworks.com
777:on September 23, 2012
572:earthmoving equipment
215:
149:
47:
1651:Locking differential
1586:Direct-shift gearbox
1344:Shaft-driven bicycle
534:manual transmissions
1676:Preselector gearbox
1656:Manual transmission
1183:Sun and planet gear
593:Noise and vibration
475:Hydraulic automatic
432:Hydraulic automatic
268:Manual transmission
216:Transmission for a
1822:Electric generator
1727:Wheel hub assembly
1412:Gear manufacturing
1248:Geartooth profiles
1073:on 5 December 2008
917:. 29 November 2000
630:List of auto parts
566:, motor scooters,
504:Cutaway view of a
444:planetary gearsets
222:
152:
53:
1863:
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1616:Epicyclic gearing
1485:Automotive engine
1430:
1429:
1375:
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1198:Non-circular gear
1163:Spur gear systems
1047:on 7 October 2011
973:on 6 October 2014
967:AW North Carolina
941:Popular Mechanics
890:www.tranzmile.com
715:978-3-642-16214-5
528:for odd and even
514:Dual-clutch (DCT)
490:Epicyclic gearing
402:clutchless manual
342:Sequential manual
207:Electric vehicles
16:(Redirected from
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683:. Prentice Hall.
679:B. Paul (1979).
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610:along roadways.
570:, bicycles, and
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452:torque converter
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218:Bristol Sycamore
202:cars in the US.
166:varies with its
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849:. 10 July 2020.
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1102:on 18 May 2007
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67:—two or more
66:
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40:
33:
19:
1764:Racing slick
1701:Transfer box
1671:Park-by-wire
1666:Parking pawl
1581:Differential
1556:Direct-drive
1538:Transmission
1528:Steam engine
1473:Part of the
1472:
1281:Differential
1276:Transmission
1229:Spiral bevel
1106:12 September
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1094:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1042:the original
1037:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
999:
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
957:
945:. Retrieved
940:
931:
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914:
905:
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868:. Retrieved
864:
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841:
829:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
790:
779:, retrieved
772:the original
763:
756:
746:, retrieved
738:
731:
719:. Retrieved
696:
689:
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674:
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603:sound levels
596:
576:
561:
550:
523:
441:
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391:
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364:
355:dog clutches
351:
282:
271:
256:
239:
204:
188:
153:
126:
94:
86:Applications
77:
60:
57:transmission
56:
54:
32:Transmission
1742:Alloy wheel
1601:Drive wheel
1591:Drive shaft
1551:Chain drive
1407:Chain drive
1367:Wheel train
1239:Herringbone
947:22 November
921:22 November
568:snowmobiles
553:gear ratios
285:synchromesh
253:Multi-ratio
243:helicopters
236:Fixed-ratio
225:Motorcycles
172:automobiles
142:Automobiles
80:gear ratios
1870:Categories
1827:Alternator
1475:Automobile
1464:Powertrain
1402:Belt drive
1387:Ball screw
1334:Derailleur
1168:Worm drive
1077:31 October
1051:31 October
1015:31 October
805:21 January
748:2009-10-06
721:21 January
641:References
448:hydraulics
413:Easytronic
316:Mazda M5OD
274:gear stick
220:helicopter
195:gear stick
176:power band
154:Since the
91:Early uses
1696:Transaxle
1661:Manumatic
1631:Gearshift
1503:Fuel cell
1417:Freewheel
1397:Jackscrew
1392:Leadscrew
1269:Mechanics
977:6 October
831:2 January
530:gear sets
420:Automatic
407:Selespeed
393:Autostick
97:windmills
1855:Category
1794:Tubeless
1779:Run-flat
1759:Off-road
1576:Coupling
1498:Electric
1380:See also
1359:Horology
1349:Sprocket
1339:Hub gear
1322:Bicycles
1315:Examples
1286:Coupling
1255:Involute
1006:Archived
895:1 August
614:See also
526:clutches
132:hub gear
128:Bicycles
123:Bicycles
65:gear set
1260:Cycloid
1234:Helical
1156:Systems
870:26 July
800:YouTube
781:July 2,
579:pulleys
73:machine
61:gearbox
18:Gearbox
1845:Portal
1805:Hybrid
1769:Radial
1747:Hubcap
1561:Clutch
1508:Hybrid
1477:series
1329:Cogset
1306:Offset
1207:Shapes
712:
662:
506:ZF 6HP
454:(or a
398:clutch
319:manual
278:clutch
262:Manual
191:manual
184:rotate
156:torque
117:hoists
1789:Spare
1732:Wheel
1636:Giubo
1291:Train
1224:Crown
1219:Bevel
1149:Gears
1045:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
996:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
768:(PDF)
743:(PDF)
599:noise
587:chain
160:power
113:mills
109:pumps
105:steam
101:horse
69:gears
1784:Snow
1774:Rain
1754:Tire
1214:Spur
1108:2007
1079:2009
1053:2009
1017:2009
979:2014
949:2020
923:2020
897:2020
872:2020
833:2020
807:2023
783:2013
723:2023
710:ISBN
660:ISBN
583:belt
410:and
381:and
276:and
245:and
158:and
115:and
1737:Rim
1001:AMS
702:doi
585:or
557:RPM
424:An
168:rpm
134:or
75:.
1872::
1036:.
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365:A
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
