437:
955:
2973:
928:
410:
805:. Whether the combination of GNU libraries with external kernels is a GNU operating system with a kernel (e.g. GNU with Linux), because the GNU collection renders the kernel into a usable operating system as understood in modern software development, or whether the kernel is an operating system unto itself with a GNU layer on top (i.e. Linux with GNU), because the kernel can operate a machine without GNU, is a matter of ongoing debate. The FSF maintains that an operating system built using the
4650:
3567:
4640:
70:
61:
912:
784:
3579:
706:
693:, while an 'operating system' is expected to have a more extensive set of programs. The GNU project maintains two kernels itself, allowing the creation of pure GNU operating systems, but the GNU toolchain is also used with non-GNU kernels. Due to the two different definitions of the term 'operating system', there is an ongoing
521:
The goal was to bring a completely free software operating system into existence. Stallman wanted computer users to be free to study the source code of the software they use, share software with other people, modify the behavior of software, and publish their modified versions of the software. This
842:. However, this is not required; package maintainers may retain copyright to the GNU packages they maintain, though since only the copyright holder may enforce the license used (such as the GNU GPL), the copyright holder in this case enforces it rather than the Free Software Foundation.
580:(the official kernel of GNU). With the exception of the aforementioned third-party components, most of GNU has been written by volunteers; some in their spare time, some paid by companies, educational institutions, and other non-profit organizations. In October 1985, Stallman set up the
1956:, April 9, 2009: "... after more than 25 years in development, GNU remains incomplete: its kernel, Hurd, has never really made it out of the starting blocks. ... Almost no one has actually been able to use the OS; it's really more a set of ideas than an operating system."
857:
program. For most of the 80s, each GNU package had its own license: the Emacs
General Public License, the GCC General Public License, etc. In 1989, FSF published a single license they could use for all their software, and which could be used by non-GNU projects: the
923:
head. Originally drawn by
Etienne Suvasa, a bolder and simpler version designed by Aurelio Heckert is now preferred. It appears in GNU software and in printed and electronic documentation for the GNU Project, and is also used in Free Software Foundation materials.
837:
The GNU Project recommends that contributors assign the copyright for GNU packages to the Free
Software Foundation, though the Free Software Foundation considers it acceptable to release small changes to an existing project to the
892:(FDL), for documentation, followed in 2000. The GPL and LGPL were revised to version 3 in 2007, adding clauses to protect users against hardware restrictions that prevent users from running modified software on their own devices.
421:(394 packages as of June 2024), which can be used as an operating system or can be used in parts with other operating systems. The use of the completed GNU tools led to the family of operating systems popularly known as
873:). It gives all recipients of a program the right to run, copy, modify and distribute it, while forbidding them from imposing further restrictions on any copies they distribute. This idea is often referred to as
1980:
Nearly twenty years later the HURD has still to reach maturity, and has never achieved production quality. ... Some of us are still wishing and hoping for the real deal, a GNU operating system with a GNU
518:
by
Stallman. Software development began on January 5, 1984, when Stallman quit his job at the Lab so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU components as free software.
791:
2442:
Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", they are more accurately called "GNU/Linux systems".
865:
This license is now used by most of GNU software, as well as a large number of free software programs that are not part of the GNU Project; it also historically has been the most commonly used
740:
With the April 30, 2015 release of the Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 distro, GNU now provides all required components to assemble an operating system that users can install and use on a computer.
411:
2686:
587:
As GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was
849:(first called Emacs General Public License), with the goal to guarantee users freedom to share and change free software. Stallman wrote this license after his experience with
4143:
511:
1717:
4222:
1373:
4441:
4063:
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1088:
4212:
560:
Much of the needed software had to be written from scratch, but existing compatible third-party free software components were also used such as the
4739:
663:
As of June 2024, there are a total of 467 GNU packages (including decommissioned, 394 excluding) hosted on the official GNU development site.
3997:
1799:
2336:
681:, and one still common in hardware engineering, the operating system is a basic set of functions to control the hardware and manage things like
4232:
4118:
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743:
However, the Hurd kernel is not yet considered production-ready but rather a base for further development and non-critical application usage.
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5221:
4170:
4068:
260:
4686:
4346:
4180:
4153:
4133:
4158:
1975:
2421:
465:
that in it
Stallman has written about "the social aspects of software and how Free Software can create community and social justice".
4108:
4078:
3841:
5201:
4255:
3667:
973:
2863:
1967:
492:
by being free software and containing no Unix code. Stallman chose the name by using various plays on words, including the song
3660:
2656:
1947:
1908:
759:, a variant of Linux with all proprietary components removed. The GNU Project has endorsed Linux-libre distributions, such as
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4986:
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2010:
1721:
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4643:
4591:
4521:
4205:
3715:
2796:
2767:
2723:
2604:
2323:
RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel.
2286:
1229:
1162:
960:
17:
2387:
4165:
4058:
514:. It was called the GNU Project, and was publicly announced on September 27, 1983, on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft
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678:
153:
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4371:
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3700:
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1873:
1846:
1783:
1756:
1674:
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553:
as system programming languages, and that GNU would be compatible with Unix. At the time, Unix was already a popular
357:
353:
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4734:
4190:
4098:
900:
689:. In modern terminology used by software developers, the collection of these functions is usually referred to as a
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to allow it to be linked with proprietary software. 1991 also saw the release of version 2 of the GNU GPL. The
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1821:
2017:
He had mixed all of the ingredients needed for an operating system to function, but he was missing the core.
895:
Besides GNU's packages, the GNU Project's licenses can and are used by many unrelated projects, such as the
584:(FSF). In the late 1980s and 1990s, the FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU.
4775:
4760:
4719:
4617:
4471:
4265:
3985:
899:, often used with GNU software. A majority of free software such as the X Window System, is licensed under
818:
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4941:
4888:
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4321:
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334:
146:
1400:
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4795:
4672:
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4361:
4138:
3683:
3213:
1016:
983:
859:
846:
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349:
660:
and macOS. GNU programs have been shown to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts.
4991:
4810:
4770:
4765:
4724:
4611:
4526:
4511:
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978:
637:
of GNU applications and utilities, which are now also widely used on other operating systems such as
304:
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2254:
5034:
4921:
4785:
4606:
4403:
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4293:
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2914:
1038:
936:
764:
734:
709:
581:
546:
106:
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1534:
690:
610:
188:
1510:
5226:
5216:
5168:
5107:
4996:
4976:
4925:
4883:
4653:
4541:
4388:
4351:
4250:
3944:
3836:
3388:
2002:
1554:
Beginning
Portable Shell Scripting: From Novice to Professional (Expert's Voice in Open Source)
1245:
1216:
The
Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
968:
557:
operating system. The design of Unix was modular, so it could be reimplemented piece by piece.
3476:
1154:
Handbook of
Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives
4951:
4917:
4819:
4755:
4516:
4311:
4303:
4242:
4175:
3959:
3688:
3583:
3536:
2054:
866:
2520:
797:
Because of the development status of Hurd, GNU is usually paired with other kernels such as
5206:
5148:
5122:
4601:
4536:
4531:
4093:
3911:
3531:
3434:
2429:
653:
626:
604:
554:
455:, the founder of the project, views GNU as a "technical means to a social end". Relatedly,
100:
82:
35:
8:
5117:
5069:
4946:
4481:
4083:
4002:
3846:
3448:
3030:
1412:
1221:
164:
Personal computers, mobile devices, embedded devices, servers, mainframes, supercomputers
2569:
2221:
1374:"Q&A: Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation"
5054:
4961:
4028:
3934:
3766:
3761:
3693:
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3003:
1995:
1504:
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2972:
545:
system was necessary. It was thus decided that the development would be started using
5163:
5112:
5044:
5001:
4842:
4639:
4561:
4408:
4088:
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3610:
3469:
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2792:
2763:
2719:
2644:, GNU Project, vol. 1, no. 5, Free Software Foundation (FSF), June 11, 1998
2600:
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2006:
1869:
1842:
1815:
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1617:
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1558:
1514:
1446:
1324:
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1158:
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657:
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534:
477:
318:
240:
110:
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1901:
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4326:
3969:
3901:
3076:
3026:
2664:
2307:
1466:
1404:
1271:
1084:
927:
695:
debate concerning the naming of distributions of GNU packages with a non-GNU kernel
588:
507:
452:
440:
391:
344:
232:
216:
1889:
Fuzz
Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services
853:
and a program called UniPress, over a controversy around software code use in the
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5049:
5020:
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3056:
3051:
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3018:
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1836:
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1744:
1664:
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1611:
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1214:
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772:
713:
634:
565:
456:
74:
4013:
2910:
2637:
2547:
2311:
2202:
1416:
541:, the computer architecture for which ITS was written, led to a decision that a
5173:
5097:
5059:
4931:
4393:
4316:
3949:
3851:
3309:
2494:
2395:
1291:
682:
1802:. Buzzle.com. August 25, 1991. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017
1691:
1408:
1172:
935:
There was also a modified version of the official logo. It was created by the
884:(LGPL), then known as the Library General Public License, was written for the
5195:
5082:
5039:
4878:
4832:
4624:
4585:
4491:
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3991:
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3640:
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3416:
3407:
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3121:
3061:
2996:
2888:
1952:
1925:
1584:
The Linux
Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook
1116:
885:
850:
839:
614:
569:
523:
448:
418:
139:
2180:
845:
For the development of needed software, Stallman wrote a license called the
4966:
4466:
4423:
4336:
3964:
3786:
3781:
3735:
3603:
3238:
3233:
896:
810:
806:
752:
672:
622:
326:
184:
2408:
GNU is an operating system that offers a set of free open source programs.
5092:
5074:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4556:
4383:
4378:
3816:
3746:
3626:
3504:
3315:
2620:
1186:
940:
870:
825:, one of the biggest and oldest Linux distributions, refers to itself as
756:
686:
652:
Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems, including
426:
322:
310:
296:
1772:
Sowe, Sulayman K; Stamelos, Ioannis G; Samoladas, Ioannis M (May 2007).
30:
This article is about the free software collection. For the animal, see
3876:
3870:
3821:
3525:
3422:
3329:
3304:
3248:
3218:
3066:
1637:
Buxmann, Peter; Diefenbach, Heiner; Hess, Thomas (September 30, 2012).
920:
236:
204:
90:
31:
939:
in September 2013 in order to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the
5029:
4936:
4862:
4827:
4413:
3896:
3826:
3811:
3360:
3023:
2107:
1891:– October 1995 – Computer Sciences Department,University of Wisconsin
1377:
854:
515:
485:
280:
180:
121:
4664:
459:
states in his introduction to the second edition of Stallman's book
69:
60:
5158:
4451:
4331:
3906:
3886:
3866:
3791:
3741:
3518:
3370:
3336:
3223:
3178:
3163:
2966:
1293:
Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays Of Richard M. Stallman
874:
787:
760:
730:
726:
577:
573:
376:
314:
248:
196:
3511:
1539:
Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
5153:
4852:
3796:
3490:
3483:
3321:
3287:
3158:
3143:
3116:
3106:
2715:
Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software
1997:
The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
1902:"An Inquiry into the Stability and Reliability of UNIX Utilities"
802:
592:
542:
494:
264:
256:
252:
220:
2337:"Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation"
1002:
783:
3891:
3881:
3856:
3458:
3377:
3253:
3228:
3192:
3148:
3111:
3100:
911:
822:
768:
538:
292:
288:
276:
268:
212:
3595:
2759:
Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy
1439:
Holmevik, Jan Rune; Bogost, Ian; Ulmer, Gregory (March 2012).
5102:
4418:
3751:
3428:
3395:
3382:
3292:
3204:
3185:
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3133:
2936:
1669:. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. February 2003. p. 18.
798:
705:
646:
422:
400:
272:
244:
192:
172:
78:
3801:
3298:
3281:
3153:
3019:
1503:
DiBona, Chris; Stone, Mark; Cooper, Danese (October 2005).
832:
489:
228:
224:
208:
176:
2687:"Top Open Source Licenses in 2020: Trends and predictions"
2495:"Why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors"
5138:
3401:
3138:
755:
became officially part of the GNU Project in the form of
712:, an example of an FSF approved distribution that uses a
700:
561:
506:
Development of the GNU operating system was initiated by
394:
284:
200:
44:
1346:
1030:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1771:
1636:
397:
4064:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
2597:
Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software
1613:
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
1090:
The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom
950:
2864:"Permissive vs. copyleft open source licenses 2021"
2813:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"
2278:
Open Source Software: Implementation and Management
1438:
1290:Stallman, Richard M.; Gay, Joshua (December 2009).
1135:
821:). This view is not exclusive to the FSF. Notably,
809:and GNU tools and utilities should be considered a
4432:
1994:
1745:"The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation"
1213:
1059:, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the
733:microkernel), which was the original focus of the
4043:
1928:. Free Software Foundation, Inc. January 13, 2016
1743:Matthew, Neil; Stones, Richard (April 22, 2011).
1689:
1666:Practical UNIX and Internet Security, 3rd Edition
1576:
1574:
1502:
1079:
1077:
1075:
5193:
1775:Emerging Free and Open Source Software Practices
1616:. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. January 1999.
1498:
1496:
1442:Inter/vention: Free Play in the Age of Electracy
633:shell. GNU developers have contributed to Linux
3998:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
2891:. Free Software Foundation (FSF). July 13, 2011
2756:Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P (April 2005).
2362:"1.1. Linux or GNU/Linux, that is the question"
1434:
1432:
1296:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
537:that became obsolete due to discontinuation of
2755:
1571:
1150:
1072:
915:The original GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa
484:'s Not Unix!", chosen because GNU's design is
4680:
4029:
3611:
3004:
2622:The History of the GNU General Public License
2304:"Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support"
1948:Opinion: The top 10 operating system stinkers
1940:
1861:
1742:
1493:
666:
4069:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
2979:Ports of GNU utilities for Microsoft Windows
2838:"COPYING · master · xorg / xserver · GitLab"
2712:Chopra, Samir; Dexter, Scott (August 2007).
2711:
1968:"GNU HURD: Altered visions and lost promise"
1865:A Practical Guide To Unix For Mac Os X Users
1429:
533:(ITS), an early operating system written in
2521:"How to choose a license for your own work"
2473:Information For Maintainers of GNU Software
2419:
1289:
4687:
4673:
4036:
4022:
3618:
3604:
3011:
2997:
2971:
2586:
2584:
2253:(12.4 ed.), Canonical, archived from
2133:"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd – Configuration"
2030:"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 Released – Phoronix"
1841:. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 30.
1778:. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 262–264.
1692:"Red Hat buys software firm, shuffles CEO"
1506:Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution
725:The original kernel of GNU Project is the
609:The system's basic components include the
2077:
2075:
1965:
1959:
1868:. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 4.
1606:
1604:
447:GNU is also the project within which the
2334:
2274:
1465:
1399:Stallman, Richard (September 27, 1983).
1398:
1371:
1269:
1083:
974:History of free and open-source software
926:
910:
833:Copyright, GNU licenses, and stewardship
782:
704:
572:microkernel that forms the basis of the
435:
2581:
2545:
2162:, Free Software Foundation, May 3, 2015
1914:from the original on December 22, 2009.
1862:Sobell, Mark G; Seebach, Peter (2005).
1690:Stephen Shankland (November 15, 1999).
1580:
1550:
1372:Marshall, Rosalie (November 17, 2008).
1211:
1055:for 'GNU's Not Unix'; it is pronounced
778:
529:Richard Stallman's experience with the
14:
5194:
2689:. WhiteSource Software. Archived from
2203:"List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions"
2072:
1992:
1834:
1601:
1151:St. Amant, Kirk; Still, Brian (2007).
701:With kernels maintained by GNU and FSF
512:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
4694:
4668:
4017:
3599:
2992:
2782:
2663:. Black Duck Software. Archived from
2590:
2455:"Chapter 1. Definitions and overview"
2301:
1278:(speech), GNU, Stockholm, Sweden: FSF
4592:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3716:GNAT Modified General Public License
3578:
2762:. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 133–34.
2546:Raymond, Eric S (November 9, 2002).
1966:Hillesley, Richard (June 30, 2010),
1475:Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools
1114:
961:Free and open-source software portal
425:. Most of GNU is licensed under the
5222:Microkernel-based operating systems
4059:Alternative terms for free software
2984:The daemon, the GNU and the penguin
2422:"Source Code & GPL Open Source"
1720:. Developer.amd.com. Archived from
1509:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp.
1220:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp.
869:(though recently challenged by the
24:
4399:Python Software Foundation License
2591:Kelty, Christopher M (June 2008).
1212:Raymond, Eric (February 1, 2001).
25:
5243:
4462:Definition of Free Cultural Works
4079:Free software project directories
3706:GNU Affero General Public License
3701:GNU Lesser General Public License
2958:
2741:The origins of Linux and the LGPL
2335:Proffitt, Brian (July 12, 2012).
2302:Welsh, Matt (September 8, 1994).
1800:"Linux: History and Introduction"
1587:. No Starch Press. pp. 5–6.
1581:Kerrisk, Michael (October 2010).
1157:. Information Science Reference.
901:permissive free software licenses
882:GNU Lesser General Public License
817:for such systems (leading to the
4791:Object-oriented operating system
4649:
4648:
4638:
4099:Open-source software development
3577:
3566:
3565:
2388:"GNU Operating System – CCM FAQ"
2275:Kavanagh, Paul (July 26, 2004).
2209:, Free Software Foundation (FSF)
2055:"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 released!"
1718:"GCC & GNU Toolchains – AMD"
1551:Seebach, Peter (November 2008).
1535:"Timeline of GNU/Linux and Unix"
953:
522:philosophy was published as the
417:) is an extensive collection of
390:
68:
59:
5202:Free software operating systems
4457:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4289:Free Software Movement of India
3625:
3564:indicate discontinued systems.
2929:
2903:
2881:
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2830:
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2749:
2732:
2705:
2679:
2649:
2630:
2613:
2562:
2539:
2513:
2487:
2461:
2447:
2413:
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2354:
2328:
2295:
2268:
2239:
2214:
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2173:
2150:
2125:
2100:
2047:
2022:
1986:
1918:
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1855:
1828:
1792:
1765:
1736:
1710:
1683:
1657:
1630:
1544:
1527:
1459:
1392:
1365:
1339:
1317:
1283:
1263:
1123:. Free Software Foundation, Inc
1095:Free Software Foundation Europe
531:Incompatible Timesharing System
429:'s own General Public License (
4801:Supercomputer operating system
3711:GNU Free Documentation License
1835:McCune, Mike (December 2000).
1643:. Springer. pp. 187–196.
1238:
1205:
1179:
1108:
1023:
1009:
995:
890:GNU Free Documentation License
746:
13:
1:
4447:Contributor License Agreement
4261:Open-source-software movement
4045:Free and open-source software
2718:. Routledge. pp. 46–52.
1838:Integrating Linux and Windows
1445:. MIT Press. pp. 69–71.
989:
598:
4776:Just enough operating system
4761:Distributed operating system
4618:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4472:The Free Software Definition
3986:GNU/Linux naming controversy
2593:"Writing Copyright Licenses"
1946:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "
1557:. Apress. pp. 177–178.
819:GNU/Linux naming controversy
443:, founder of the GNU project
7:
4889:User space and kernel space
4522:Mozilla software rebranding
4487:Permissive software license
3549:Windows Subsystem for Linux
2785:"Free Software and the GPL"
2661:Open Source Resource Center
2228:, O'Reilly, October 5, 1991
1974:(online ed.), p.
1749:Beginning Linux Programming
946:
720:
462:Free Software, Free Society
151:0.9 (18 December 2016)
105:Various languages (notably
10:
5248:
4796:Real-time operating system
4527:Proprietary device drivers
4477:The Open Source Definition
3684:GNU General Public License
2783:Smith, Roderick W (2012).
2657:"Open Source License Data"
2527:. Free Software Foundation
2108:"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd"
1347:"The GNU Operating system"
1270:Stallman, Richard (1986),
984:Category:Computing mascots
860:GNU General Public License
847:GNU General Public License
670:
667:GNU as an operating system
621:(coreutils), but also the
602:
501:
42:
29:
5131:
5068:
5014:
4992:Multilevel feedback queue
4987:Fixed-priority preemptive
4975:
4910:
4901:
4871:
4818:
4809:
4771:Hobbyist operating system
4766:Embedded operating system
4748:
4702:
4634:
4612:Source-available software
4570:
4512:Digital rights management
4504:
4302:
4279:
4241:
4117:
4051:
3978:
3922:
3724:
3676:
3633:
3557:
3543:Windows Services for UNIX
3498:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
3447:
3346:
3267:
3202:
3086:
3075:
3037:
2791:. John Wiley & Sons.
2599:. Duke University Press.
2281:. Elsevier. p. 129.
2251:Ubuntu Installation Guide
1993:Lessig, Lawrence (2001).
1820:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1751:. John Wiley & Sons.
1401:"new UNIX implementation"
1380:: PC & Tech Authority
1246:"1.2. What is GNU/Linux?"
979:List of computing mascots
792:FSF approved distribution
371:
343:
333:
303:
168:
160:
145:
135:
127:
117:
99:
89:
67:
58:
5035:General protection fault
4786:Network operating system
4740:User features comparison
4607:Shared Source Initiative
4404:Shared Source Initiative
4357:Free Software Foundation
4294:Free Software Foundation
4144:Configuration management
3668:History of free software
3646:Free Software Foundation
2941:Free Software Foundation
2915:Free Software Foundation
2001:. Random House. p.
1926:"Software – GNU Project"
1117:"Software – GNU Project"
1039:Free Software Foundation
1035:The GNU Operating System
937:Free Software Foundation
813:, and promotes the term
765:Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
735:Free Software Foundation
710:Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
582:Free Software Foundation
564:typesetting system, the
43:Not to be confused with
27:Free software collection
4781:Mobile operating system
4542:SCO/Linux controversies
906:
751:In 2012, a fork of the
611:GNU Compiler Collection
468:
4884:Loadable kernel module
4442:Comparison of licenses
4251:Free software movement
2937:"GNU 30th Anniversary"
969:Free software movement
932:
919:The logo for GNU is a
916:
794:
717:
444:
34:. For other uses, see
4952:Process control block
4918:Computer multitasking
4756:Disk operating system
4517:License proliferation
3537:UserLAnd Technologies
1640:The Software Industry
1471:"The {GNU} Manifesto"
1327:. The free dictionary
931:30th anniversary logo
930:
914:
867:free software license
786:
708:
439:
5212:GNU Project software
5123:Virtual tape library
4715:Forensic engineering
4602:Open-source hardware
4537:Proprietary software
4532:Proprietary firmware
4233:Formerly open-source
4228:Formerly proprietary
4094:Open-source software
3532:UNIX System Services
3031:compatibility layers
2693:on February 19, 2020
2501:. FSF. July 15, 2011
2475:. FSF. June 30, 2011
2398:on December 15, 2019
2247:"What is GNU/Linux?"
2222:"1.2 What is Linux?"
1051:The name 'GNU' is a
779:With non-GNU kernels
629:(binutils), and the
627:GNU Binary Utilities
605:List of GNU packages
451:concept originated.
36:GNU (disambiguation)
18:GNU operating system
5132:Supporting concepts
5118:Virtual file system
4482:Open-source license
4084:Gratis versus libre
4003:Defective by Design
3970:Richard M. Stallman
3259:Other distributions
2183:. December 17, 2012
1115:Stallman, Richard.
1093:. Zagreb, Croatia:
1041:. September 4, 2009
790:, an example of an
729:(together with the
510:while he worked at
488:, but differs from
55:
5232:Computing acronyms
5055:Segmentation fault
4903:Process management
3935:Benjamin Mako Hill
2667:on October 8, 2012
2469:"Copyright Papers"
2312:comp.os.linux.misc
933:
917:
795:
718:
656:platforms such as
619:GNU Core Utilities
445:
53:
5189:
5188:
5045:Memory protection
5016:Memory management
5010:
5009:
5002:Shortest job next
4897:
4896:
4696:Operating systems
4662:
4661:
4562:Trusted Computing
4552:Software security
4500:
4499:
4181:Operating systems
4089:Long-term support
4011:
4010:
3955:Georg C. F. Greve
3862:GNU Privacy Guard
3689:linking exception
3593:
3592:
3443:
3442:
3027:operating systems
2943:. October 8, 2013
2911:"A Bold GNU Head"
2844:. August 25, 2014
2548:"Licensing HOWTO"
2420:Snom Technology.
2181:"GNU Linux-libre"
2012:978-0-375-50578-2
1724:on March 16, 2015
1698:. CBS Interactive
1623:978-1-56592-582-3
1467:Stallman, Richard
1452:978-0-262-01705-3
1087:(March 9, 2006).
1085:Stallman, Richard
1053:recursive acronym
658:Microsoft Windows
535:assembly language
478:recursive acronym
383:
382:
319:Monolithic kernel
179:kernel only) and
111:assembly language
16:(Redirected from
5239:
5144:Computer network
4908:
4907:
4816:
4815:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4547:Software patents
4430:
4429:
4342:Creative Commons
4201:Web applications
4038:
4031:
4024:
4015:
4014:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3084:
3083:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2967:Official website
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2798:978-1-11819739-4
2789:Linux Essentials
2780:
2774:
2773:
2769:978-1-55860889-4
2753:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2725:978-0-41597893-4
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2606:978-0-82234264-9
2588:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:on April 9, 2018
2428:. Archived from
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2394:. Archived from
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2288:978-1-55558320-0
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2257:on June 21, 2015
2243:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2226:Debian open book
2218:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2059:lists.debian.org
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2034:www.phoronix.com
2026:
2020:
2019:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1409:net.unix-wizards
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1325:"GNU's Not Unix"
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:978-0-59600108-7
1219:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1164:978-1-59140999-1
1148:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1048:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
999:
963:
958:
957:
956:
827:Debian GNU/Linux
679:original meaning
589:Cygnus Solutions
508:Richard Stallman
453:Richard Stallman
441:Richard Stallman
416:
415:
414:
413:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
379:
372:Official website
161:Marketing target
156:
81:and web browser
72:
63:
56:
52:
50:Operating system
21:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5127:
5088:Defragmentation
5073:
5064:
5050:Protection ring
5019:
5006:
4978:
4971:
4893:
4867:
4805:
4744:
4698:
4693:
4663:
4658:
4630:
4597:Open-core model
4572:
4566:
4496:
4434:
4428:
4298:
4275:
4237:
4120:
4113:
4047:
4042:
4012:
4007:
3974:
3940:Bradley M. Kuhn
3930:Alexandre Oliva
3918:
3720:
3672:
3629:
3624:
3594:
3589:
3553:
3450:
3439:
3342:
3263:
3198:
3078:
3071:
3033:
3017:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2917:. July 13, 2011
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2638:"GNU's flashes"
2636:
2635:
2631:
2625:, Free Software
2619:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1991:
1987:
1964:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1187:"GNU Manifesto"
1185:
1184:
1180:
1165:
1149:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1073:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
959:
954:
952:
949:
909:
835:
781:
773:GNU Guix System
749:
723:
714:rolling release
703:
697:. (See below.)
683:task scheduling
675:
669:
607:
601:
566:X Window System
526:in March 1985.
504:
471:
457:Lawrence Lessig
409:
408:
393:
389:
375:
152:
85:
75:Debian GNU/Hurd
51:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:User interface
5171:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5098:File attribute
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5060:Virtual memory
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Context switch
4929:
4914:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4134:Bioinformatics
4131:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:Federico Heinz
3947:
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1932:January 13,
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