65:
55:
562:
5309:
5337:
656:
40:
179:
bind to a domain of the GPCR located outside the cell, and an intracellular GPCR domain then in turn activates a particular G protein. Some active-state GPCRs have also been shown to be "pre-coupled" with G proteins, whereas in other cases a collision coupling mechanism is thought to occur. The G
659:
Activation cycle of G-proteins (pink) by a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR, light blue) receiving a ligand (red). Ligand binding to GPCRs (2) induces a conformation change that facilitates the exchange of GDP for GTP on the α subunit of the heterotrimeric complex (3-4). Both GTP-bound Gα in the
1757:
Baltoumas FA, Theodoropoulou MC, Hamodrakas SJ (June 2013). "Interactions of the α-subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins with GPCRs, effectors and RGS proteins: a critical review and analysis of interacting surfaces, conformational shifts, structural diversity and electrostatic potentials".
1617:
The Nobel
Assembly at the Karolinska Institute decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1994 jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell for their discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells". 10 October
248:. They found that when adrenaline binds to a receptor, the receptor does not stimulate enzymes (inside the cell) directly. Instead, the receptor stimulates a G protein, which then stimulates an enzyme. An example is
3581:
3444:
621:
to the alpha (α) subunit found in heterotrimers, but are in fact monomeric, consisting of only a single unit. However, like their larger relatives, they also bind GTP and GDP and are involved in
2685:
3712:
553:(for "Regulator of G protein signalling"). Receptors stimulate GTP binding (turning the G protein on). RGS proteins stimulate GTP hydrolysis (creating GDP, thus turning the G protein off).
660:
active form and the released Gβγ dimer can then go on to stimulate a number of downstream effectors (5). When the GTP on Gα is hydrolyzed to GDP (6) the original receptor is restored (1).
728:
dimer and the receptor as a whole. However, models which suggest molecular rearrangement, reorganization, and pre-complexing of effector molecules are beginning to be accepted. Both G
1256:
In order to associate with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, many G proteins and small GTPases are lipidated, that is, covalently modified with lipid extensions. They may be
2678:
1210:
2671:
3744:
3586:
2119:
Yuen JW, Poon LS, Chan AS, Yu FW, Lo RK, Wong YH (June 2010). "Activation of STAT3 by specific Galpha subunits and multiple
Gbetagamma dimers".
1880:
4927:
4578:
2946:
2694:
2586:
101:(GDP). When they are bound to GTP, they are 'on', and, when they are bound to GDP, they are 'off'. G proteins belong to the larger group of
1232:. These proteins are homologous to the alpha (α) subunit found in heterotrimers, but exist as monomers. They are small (20-kDa to 25-kDa)
184:
that finally results in a change in cell function. G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins working together transmit signals from many
573:
All eukaryotes use G proteins for signaling and have evolved a large diversity of G proteins. For instance, humans encode 18 different G
2571:
2369:
2280:
1434:
Tolkovsky AM, Levitzki A (1978). "Mode of coupling between the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase in turkey erythrocytes".
783:
subunits. These proteins accelerate the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, thus terminating the transduced signal. In some cases, the effector
3182:
2737:
4437:
4002:
3992:
3946:
3689:
3325:
3233:
3130:
2844:
2800:
1183:
of the proteins' structures). These are involved in control of cell cytoskeleton remodeling, and thus in regulating cell migration.
4021:
3737:
3647:
3502:
3043:
1632:
2154:
Sprang SR, Chen Z, Du X (2007). "Structural Basis of
Effector Regulation and Signal Termination in Heterotrimeric Gα Proteins".
3967:
3525:
3281:
3276:
3038:
2727:
5367:
2319:
2171:
1856:
1063:
483:
456:
441:
414:
395:
376:
349:
306:
260:
3626:
3549:
3936:
5325:
5174:
2576:
2076:
Khafizov K, Lattanzi G, Carloni P (June 2009). "G protein inactive and active forms investigated by simulation methods".
534:. It is estimated that about 30% of the modern drugs' cellular targets are GPCRs." The human genome encodes roughly 800
5142:
3730:
3669:
2617:
713:
4920:
4636:
3078:
2622:
1911:
1533:
874:
772:
550:
1094:. The Inositol Phospholipid Dependent Pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:
696:. They behave differently in the recognition of the effector molecule, but share a similar mechanism of activation.
3208:
720:
subunit in the traditional view of heterotrimeric GPCR activation. This exchange triggers the dissociation of the G
4527:
2637:
1602:
1360:
904:
941:– Stimulates follicular maturation and ovulation in women; or testosterone production and spermatogenesis in men
4522:
3637:
2839:
2815:
2795:
2364:
2273:
1151:
966:
962:
291:
1687:
4792:
4544:
3396:
2849:
1664:
1628:
1124:
93:
to its interior. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze
787:
may possess intrinsic GAP activity, which then can help deactivate the pathway. This is true in the case of
181:
5377:
5169:
4913:
4592:
4114:
3909:
3837:
3833:
3810:
3770:
3602:
3577:
3568:
3430:
3083:
2434:
992:
944:
639:
Different types of heterotrimeric G proteins share a common mechanism. They are activated in response to a
643:
in the GPCR, exchanging GDP for GTP, and dissociating in order to activate other proteins in a particular
4514:
3461:
2710:
2479:
928:
535:
1652:
1614:
5299:
4988:
4971:
4954:
2647:
2448:
2301:
776:
709:
598:
546:
279:
201:
168:
17:
5184:
5179:
4993:
4893:
4880:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4828:
4815:
4777:
4573:
4012:
3783:
3757:
2546:
2266:
1286:"Genomic characterization of the human heterotrimeric G protein alpha, beta, and gamma subunit genes"
634:
526:
molecules in cells. "Malfunction of GPCR signaling pathways are involved in many diseases, such as
266:
Nobel prizes have been awarded for many aspects of signaling by G proteins and GPCRs. These include
5343:
5276:
4966:
4787:
4741:
4684:
4128:
3823:
3788:
3761:
3684:
3271:
2774:
2756:
2438:
2252:
1128:
594:
502:
452:
for their discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells".
205:
120:
5372:
5104:
5076:
5003:
4983:
4689:
4498:
4461:
3800:
3722:
3477:
3187:
3157:
3142:
3105:
2652:
2526:
2474:
50:
beta-gamma complex. Beta and gamma subunits of G-protein are shown by blue and red, respectively.
2663:
2248:
2156:
Structural basis of effector regulation and signal termination in heterotrimeric Galpha proteins
5116:
5089:
4228:
3868:
2765:
2642:
1237:
1168:
1071:
859:
844:
836:
712:, it induces a conformational change in the receptor that allows the receptor to function as a
94:
68:
1228:
Small GTPases, also known as small G-proteins, bind GTP and GDP likewise, and are involved in
5242:
5204:
5084:
5030:
5008:
4961:
4710:
4629:
4358:
4266:
3558:
3369:
3137:
2503:
1176:
1087:
705:
640:
539:
221:
98:
58:
1209:
complexes sometimes also have active functions. Examples include coupling to and activating
5213:
5209:
5161:
4782:
2961:
2612:
2508:
2030:
1992:
1558:
866:
161:
89:
inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a
1935:
Syrovatkina, Viktoriya; Alegre, Kamela O.; Dey, Raja; Huang, Xin-Yun (25 September 2016).
542:. Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome still have unknown functions.
8:
5362:
5271:
5254:
4940:
4746:
4563:
3540:
3413:
2324:
1229:
1118:
976:
954:
938:
878:
644:
622:
399:
267:
2034:
1562:
1141:
5013:
4905:
4679:
4144:
2911:
2563:
2223:
2196:
2101:
2053:
2018:
1969:
1936:
1874:
1822:
1797:
1734:
1709:
1582:
1497:
1470:
1411:
1386:
1202:
892:
538:, which detect photons of light, hormones, growth factors, drugs, and other endogenous
523:
495:
2163:
1338:
5121:
3818:
2834:
2790:
2228:
2177:
2167:
2136:
2093:
2058:
1974:
1956:
1917:
1907:
1862:
1852:
1827:
1775:
1739:
1574:
1529:
1502:
1451:
1416:
1342:
1307:
901:– Inhibits the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of anterior pituitary)
888:
851:. cAMP can then act as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate
848:
808:
803:
GAPs do not have catalytic residues (specific amino acid sequences) to activate the G
618:
422:
384:
271:
249:
2105:
1586:
747:) and effector proteins, while the receptor is able to activate the next G protein.
5247:
5218:
5147:
5043:
4976:
4725:
4720:
4694:
4622:
4208:
4154:
4136:
2805:
2783:
2779:
2581:
2218:
2208:
2159:
2128:
2085:
2048:
2038:
1964:
1948:
1899:
1817:
1809:
1767:
1729:
1721:
1566:
1492:
1482:
1443:
1406:
1398:
1334:
1297:
1145:
1110:
1091:
918:
852:
742:
510:
472:
445:
410:"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" targeting GPCRs.
369:
338:
318:
283:
253:
237:
189:
86:
1284:
Hurowitz EH, Melnyk JM, Chen YJ, Kouros-Mehr H, Simon MI, Shizuya H (April 2000).
5382:
5126:
4772:
4756:
4669:
4555:
4444:
4258:
3958:
3778:
3520:
3252:
3247:
3213:
3110:
2862:
2430:
2355:
2293:
2132:
1903:
1059:
1007:
969:(PTH2) in the central nervous system and brain, as well as the bones and kidneys.
948:
788:
602:
530:, blindness, allergies, depression, cardiovascular defects, and certain forms of
426:
403:
380:
287:
153:
128:
123:
64:
54:
5313:
5259:
5066:
4936:
4810:
4751:
3878:
3224:
2553:
2421:
2023:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1469:
Boltz HH, Sirbu A, Stelzer N, de
Lanerolle P, Winkelmann S, Annibale P (2022).
1114:
1106:
1079:
1012:
922:
847:. This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme
468:
464:
449:
434:
418:
407:
353:
330:
295:
241:
176:
90:
82:
1952:
1813:
1771:
1011:
during the fasting state, when body is under metabolic duress. It stimulates
5356:
5061:
4715:
4674:
4422:
4032:
3242:
3115:
2627:
2491:
2453:
2416:
2258:
1960:
1866:
1522:
1387:"Inactive-state preassembly of G(q)-coupled receptors and G(q) heterotrimers"
1302:
1285:
1261:
1257:
1241:
1180:
1135:
958:
665:
610:
561:
506:
491:
361:
213:
172:
157:
3303:
2213:
2043:
1570:
1039:
inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. e.g. somatostatin, prostaglandins
5286:
5051:
5047:
4664:
4407:
4380:
4309:
4302:
4285:
4280:
4254:
3259:
3097:
2411:
2232:
2181:
2140:
2097:
2062:
1978:
1921:
1831:
1779:
1743:
1578:
1506:
1420:
1311:
1223:
614:
487:
357:
116:
1846:
1487:
1346:
5281:
5094:
4888:
4823:
4659:
4503:
3162:
2732:
2591:
2443:
2359:
1688:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz, Brian K. Kobilka"
1455:
1402:
1102:
1002:
647:
pathway. The specific mechanisms, however, differ between protein types.
460:
225:
197:
1725:
1447:
329:
and resynthesized in the body, for use as a store and source of energy.
5234:
4488:
4177:
3352:
3147:
2824:
2089:
1265:
972:
840:
792:
760:
388:
342:
314:
256:
245:
47:
1154:– Induces the synthesis and release of FSH and LH (Anterior Pituitary)
862:
is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:
5264:
4998:
4862:
4836:
4194:
3753:
3674:
3616:
2829:
2596:
996:
932:
310:
217:
113:
43:
31:
2019:"Some G protein heterotrimers physically dissociate in living cells"
995:– Promotes cellular differentiation, and is potentially involved in
716:(GEF) that exchanges GDP for GTP. The GTP (or GDP) is bound to the G
664:
Receptor-activated G proteins are bound to the inner surface of the
597:, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins, are activated by
5308:
5056:
1016:
986:
982:
914:
907:– Stimulates the synthesis and release of ACTH (anterior pituitary)
527:
476:
365:
322:
275:
209:
167:
Heterotrimeric G proteins located within the cell are activated by
3752:
1937:"Regulation, Signaling, and Physiological Functions of G-Proteins"
1798:"Regulation, Signaling, and Physiological Functions of G-Proteins"
5038:
4599:
4568:
4346:
4341:
4100:
4090:
4065:
4060:
3795:
3694:
3418:
3264:
2693:
2289:
1756:
1685:
1233:
1134:
TSH – Induces the synthesis and release of a small amount of T4 (
870:
430:
334:
326:
301:
Prominent examples include (in chronological order of awarding):
185:
4875:
4645:
4476:
4118:
4095:
4085:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3941:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3841:
3699:
3487:
3482:
3192:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
1665:"Press Release: The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
1245:
764:
531:
193:
106:
102:
2158:. Advances in Protein Chemistry. Vol. 74. pp. 1–65.
1629:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 Press Release"
1549:
Neves SR, Ram PT, Iyengar R (May 2002). "G protein pathways".
1051:
1032:
828:
655:
5319:
4849:
4532:
4471:
4454:
4449:
4297:
4275:
4241:
4236:
4221:
4199:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
3887:
3863:
3713:
deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
3497:
3492:
3454:
3439:
3406:
3401:
3362:
3357:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3318:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3008:
3003:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2314:
2309:
1468:
1325:
Clapham DE, Neer EJ (1997). "G protein beta gamma subunits".
1283:
192:, and other signaling factors. G proteins regulate metabolic
156:. In addition, the beta and gamma subunits can form a stable
2121:
1796:
Syrovatkina V, Alegre KO, Dey R, Huang XY (September 2016).
1471:"The Impact of Membrane Protein Diffusion on GPCR Signaling"
220:, which in turn regulate diverse systemic functions such as
4537:
4493:
4481:
4466:
4432:
4427:
4412:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4216:
3679:
3664:
3449:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3313:
3308:
3152:
3125:
3120:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2541:
2536:
2531:
1710:"G protein signaling in the parasite Entamoeba histolytica"
910:
898:
884:
112:
There are two classes of G proteins. The first function as
39:
4614:
2017:
Digby GJ, Lober RM, Sethi PR, Lambert NA (November 2006).
855:(PKA). PKA can phosphorylate a myriad downstream targets.
593:
G protein can refer to two distinct families of proteins.
4587:
4583:
1934:
1795:
1179:). This is through the RhoGEF superfamily involving the
795:
region. This is an alternate form of regulation for the G
4935:
1211:
G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels
931:– Stimulates the synthesis and release of a majority of
2197:"Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules"
2075:
1896:
Progress in
Molecular Biology and Translational Science
433:, and to regulate various cellular processes including
2016:
601:
and are made up of alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ)
5297:
1686:
Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences (10 October 2012).
771:
and starting a new cycle. A group of proteins called
204:, and other parts of the cell machinery, controlling
1679:
807:
protein. They work instead by lowering the required
1791:
1789:
3587:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
1521:
1433:
1361:"Seven Transmembrane Receptors: Robert Lefkowitz"
1175:are involved in Rho family GTPase signaling (see
947:– Stimulates follicular development in women; or
119:(small G-proteins), while the second function as
5354:
1786:
1598:
1596:
1384:
1240:). This family of proteins is homologous to the
1848:Cell signaling : principles and mechanisms
1707:
1548:
1385:Qin K, Dong C, Wu G, Lambert NA (August 2011).
791:-beta, which possesses GAP activity within its
2288:
2118:
1750:
1603:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994
887:– Stimulates the synthesis and release of GH (
126:. The latter class of complexes is made up of
4921:
4630:
3738:
2695:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
2679:
2274:
1893:
1593:
1144:– Induces Aldosterone synthesis and release (
1105:/AVP) – Induces the synthesis and release of
979:in the intestines, bones, kidneys, and brain)
294:, and consequent metabolic processes such as
2153:
2112:
2069:
2010:
1327:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
1277:
1127:– Induces the synthesis and release of TSH (
965:(PTH1) in the kidneys and bones, or via the
767:activity, allowing it to re-associate with G
676:subunits. There are four main families of G
1542:
1324:
4928:
4914:
4637:
4623:
3745:
3731:
3582:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase
2686:
2672:
2370:Insulin-like growth factor binding protein
2281:
2267:
1898:. Vol. 133. Elsevier. pp. 1–11.
1879:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1701:
975:– Decreases blood calcium levels (via the
913:– Stimulates the synthesis and release of
724:subunit (which is bound to GTP) from the G
565:Sequence relationship among the 18 human G
3183:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
2251:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2222:
2212:
2052:
2042:
1968:
1821:
1733:
1496:
1486:
1427:
1410:
1380:
1378:
1301:
1117:); Induces vasoconstriction (V1 Cells of
3690:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
3326:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
2738:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
1894:Stewart, Adele; Fisher, Rory A. (2015).
763:the attached GTP to GDP by its inherent
654:
560:
259:. For this discovery, they won the 1994
236:G proteins were discovered in 1980 when
63:
53:
38:
1633:Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
1513:
1244:and is also called the Ras superfamily
14:
5355:
3445:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase
2728:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
2201:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1708:Bosch DE, Siderovski DP (March 2013).
1519:
1462:
1375:
1318:
961:levels. This is accomplished via the
814:
387:, which produces the second messenger
4909:
4618:
3726:
2667:
2262:
1714:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
1236:that bind to guanosine triphosphate (
1064:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
484:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
457:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
442:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
415:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
396:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
377:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
350:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
307:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
261:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
244:investigated stimulation of cells by
5326:
2194:
1851:. Bruce Mayer, T. Pawson. New York.
1528:. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
545:Whereas G proteins are activated by
494:for their work on G protein-coupled
5175:Transcription preinitiation complex
1844:
286:, the enzymes that trigger protein
182:cascade of further signaling events
79:guanine nucleotide-binding proteins
24:
5143:Signal transducing adaptor protein
3670:Signal transducing adaptor protein
2845:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase
2801:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase
875:magnocellular neurosecretory cells
869:– Promotes water retention by the
714:guanine nucleotide exchange factor
364:for their work on the release and
25:
5394:
3665:Activating transcription factor 6
3079:G protein-coupled receptor kinase
2623:Cholesterylester transfer protein
2242:
1339:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.167
1086:induces calcium release from the
839:by stimulating the production of
773:Regulator of G protein signalling
628:
5335:
5307:
3209:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C
1217:
1015:, in addition to the actions of
811:for the reaction to take place.
513:for their work on GPCR function.
383:for discovering the key role of
2638:Latent TGF-beta binding protein
2587:Photosynthetic Reaction Centers
2188:
2147:
1985:
1928:
1887:
1838:
1657:
1646:
1621:
1608:
3648:GTP-binding protein regulators
3638:GTP-binding protein regulators
2572:Plant Light-Harvesting Complex
2365:Growth hormone binding protein
1353:
1070:) into two second messengers,
1058:stimulates the membrane-bound
967:parathyroid hormone 2 receptor
963:parathyroid hormone 1 receptor
750:
429:works as a switch to activate
425:for describing how reversible
13:
1:
3397:Rho-associated protein kinase
2164:10.1016/S0065-3233(07)74001-9
1760:Journal of Structural Biology
1271:
1251:
699:
321:, for their discovery of how
5368:Peripheral membrane proteins
3603:Dual-specificity phosphatase
3578:protein tyrosine phosphatase
3084:AMP-activated protein kinase
2435:Sex hormone binding globulin
2133:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.017
1941:Journal of Molecular Biology
1904:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.03.002
1802:Journal of Molecular Biology
1148:of adrenal cortex in kidney)
736:can then activate different
672:and the tightly associated G
650:
588:
556:
7:
4644:
4515:Protein-synthesizing GTPase
3627:apoptosis signaling pathway
2480:Calmodulin-binding proteins
599:G protein-coupled receptors
547:G protein-coupled receptors
536:G protein-coupled receptors
517:
280:G protein-coupled receptors
224:, learning and memory, and
169:G protein-coupled receptors
10:
5399:
2648:Membrane transport protein
2449:Thyroxine-binding globulin
1221:
1158:
779:(GAPs), are specific for G
777:GTPase-activating proteins
710:G protein-coupled receptor
632:
549:, they are inactivated by
333:is stimulated by numerous
231:
29:
5227:
5197:
5160:
5135:
5112:
5103:
5075:
5029:
5022:
4947:
4801:
4793:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4765:
4734:
4703:
4652:
4574:Guanylate-binding protein
4553:
4512:
4252:
4126:
4113:
4078:
4030:
4011:
3957:
3877:
3856:
3849:
3832:
3809:
3769:
3758:acid anhydride hydrolases
3708:
3657:
3636:
3615:
3595:
3567:
3548:
3538:
3513:
3471:Serine/threonine/tyrosine
3470:
3429:
3232:
3222:
3201:
3175:
3096:
3074:
2957:
2858:
2814:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2720:
2701:
2605:
2577:Orange Carotenoid Protein
2562:
2519:
2462:
2348:
2300:
1953:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.002
1814:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.002
1772:10.1016/j.jsb.2013.03.004
1187:
1062:beta, which then cleaves
1042:
635:Heterotrimeric G proteins
609:(20-25kDa) belong to the
595:Heterotrimeric G proteins
522:G proteins are important
5255:Neuroendocrine signaling
4685:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4129:Heterotrimeric G protein
3824:Phosphoadenylylsulfatase
3685:Olfactory marker protein
3272:Glycogen synthase kinase
2775:Heterotrimeric G protein
2439:Androgen binding protein
2253:Medical Subject Headings
1129:Anterior pituitary gland
759:subunit will eventually
503:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
121:heterotrimeric G protein
30:Not to be confused with
3801:Thiamine-triphosphatase
3478:Dual-specificity kinase
3188:Cyclin-dependent kinase
2653:Odorant binding protein
2527:Retinol binding protein
2475:Calcium-binding protein
2214:10.1186/1477-7827-8-102
2195:Cole LA (August 2010).
2044:10.1073/pnas.0607116103
1571:10.1126/science.1071550
1391:Nature Chemical Biology
668:. They consist of the G
5117:cAMP-dependent pathway
2643:Major urinary proteins
1605:, Illustrated Lecture.
1303:10.1093/dnares/7.2.111
1072:inositol trisphosphate
1023:
989:breakdown in the liver
925:in the adrenal glands)
860:cAMP-dependent pathway
837:cAMP-dependent pathway
819:
661:
570:
479:, which act via GPCRs.
171:(GPCRs) that span the
95:guanosine triphosphate
71:
69:Guanosine triphosphate
61:
51:
5243:Synaptic transmission
5239:Neurocrine signaling
5162:Transcription factors
5009:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
4778:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4711:Allosteric regulation
4556:Polymerization motors
4267:Rho family of GTPases
3559:Protein phosphatase 2
3370:p21-activated kinases
2504:Iron-binding proteins
1845:Lim, Wendell (2015).
1520:Reece J, C N (2002).
1488:10.3390/cells11101660
1177:Rho family of GTPases
1088:endoplasmic reticulum
658:
641:conformational change
617:. These proteins are
564:
252:, which produces the
222:embryonic development
99:guanosine diphosphate
67:
59:Guanosine diphosphate
57:
42:
4788:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2962:G beta-gamma complex
2613:Acyl carrier protein
2509:Transferrin receptor
2249:GTP-Binding Proteins
1403:10.1038/nchembio.642
268:receptor antagonists
202:transporter proteins
5378:Signal transduction
5272:Mechanotransduction
5260:Exocrine signalling
5067:Signaling molecules
4941:Signal transduction
4564:dynamin superfamily
3541:protein phosphatase
3414:Ribosomal s6 kinase
2633:GTP-binding protein
2035:2006PNAS..10317789D
1726:10.1038/emm.2013.30
1563:2002Sci...296.1636N
1448:10.1021/bi00611a020
1230:signal transduction
1119:Posterior pituitary
977:calcitonin receptor
879:posterior pituitary
815:Specific mechanisms
684:(G stimulatory), Gα
645:signal transduction
623:signal transduction
496:olfactory receptors
400:George H. Hitchings
274:, neurotransmitter
180:protein triggers a
177:Signaling molecules
160:referred to as the
5282:Ion channel gating
5014:Integrin receptors
4948:Signaling pathways
4747:Enzyme superfamily
4680:Enzyme promiscuity
2711:MAP kinase pathway
2090:10.1002/prot.22303
1363:. 9 September 2012
1005:– released by the
893:anterior pituitary
889:somatotropic cells
738:signaling cascades
688:(G inhibitory), Gα
662:
607:"Small" G proteins
581:proteins, and 12 G
571:
524:signal transducing
471:, for research on
325:is broken down to
162:beta-gamma complex
87:molecular switches
83:family of proteins
72:
62:
52:
5295:
5294:
5277:Phototransduction
5235:Intracrine action
5193:
5192:
5156:
5155:
5044:Neurotransmitters
4903:
4902:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4109:
4108:
4074:
4073:
3819:Adenylylsulfatase
3720:
3719:
3675:I-kappa B protein
3611:
3610:
3534:
3533:
3171:
3170:
3092:
3091:
2835:Guanylate cyclase
2791:Adenylate cyclase
2661:
2660:
2173:978-0-12-034288-4
1947:(19): 3850–3868.
1858:978-0-8153-4244-1
1442:(18): 3795–3810.
849:adenylate cyclase
809:activation energy
473:neurotransmitters
423:Edmond H. Fischer
385:adenylate cyclase
370:neurotransmitters
339:neurotransmitters
284:second messengers
272:neurotransmitters
250:adenylate cyclase
190:neurotransmitters
16:(Redirected from
5390:
5348:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5248:Chemical synapse
5148:Scaffold protein
5110:
5109:
5105:Second messenger
5031:Receptor ligands
5027:
5026:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4783:Hanes–Woolf plot
4726:Enzyme activator
4721:Enzyme inhibitor
4695:Enzyme catalysis
4639:
4632:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4124:
4123:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3550:Serine/threonine
3546:
3545:
3234:Serine/threonine
3230:
3229:
2850:Protein kinase G
2806:Protein kinase A
2762:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2582:Phycobiliprotein
2294:carrier proteins
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2029:(47): 17789–94.
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1667:. Nobelprize.org
1661:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1557:(5573): 1636–9.
1546:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1146:zona glomerulosa
1111:Zona fasciculata
1092:protein kinase C
1090:. DAG activates
919:zona fasciculata
873:(created by the
853:protein kinase A
743:second messenger
511:Robert Lefkowitz
446:Alfred G. Gilman
319:Bernardo Houssay
254:second messenger
238:Alfred G. Gilman
77:, also known as
27:Type of proteins
21:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:sister projects
5324:at Knowledge's
5318:
5306:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5223:
5189:
5152:
5131:
5127:Lipid signaling
5099:
5071:
5018:
4943:
4934:
4904:
4899:
4811:Oxidoreductases
4797:
4773:Enzyme kinetics
4761:
4757:List of enzymes
4730:
4699:
4670:Catalytic triad
4648:
4643:
4613:
4604:
4549:
4508:
4259:Ras superfamily
4248:
4232:
4212:
4158:
4148:
4140:
4105:
4070:
4026:
4007:
3953:
3910:Plasma membrane
3873:
3828:
3805:
3779:Pyrophosphatase
3765:
3751:
3721:
3716:
3704:
3653:
3632:
3607:
3591:
3563:
3530:
3521:Arginine kinase
3509:
3466:
3425:
3218:
3214:Phospholipase C
3197:
3167:
3088:
3070:
3000:
2967:
2953:
2868:
2863:G alpha subunit
2854:
2810:
2742:
2716:
2697:
2692:
2662:
2657:
2618:Adaptor protein
2601:
2558:
2515:
2458:
2431:steroid hormone
2356:peptide hormone
2344:
2296:
2287:
2245:
2240:
2193:
2189:
2174:
2152:
2148:
2117:
2113:
2074:
2070:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1933:
1929:
1914:
1892:
1888:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1808:(19): 3850–68.
1794:
1787:
1755:
1751:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1594:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1518:
1514:
1467:
1463:
1432:
1428:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1323:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1254:
1226:
1220:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1107:glucocorticoids
1085:
1077:
1069:
1060:phospholipase C
1055:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1008:adrenal medulla
949:spermatogenesis
935:(thyroid gland)
832:
825:
823:
817:
806:
802:
799:subunit. Such G
798:
789:phospholipase C
782:
775:(RGSs), act as
770:
758:
753:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
702:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
653:
637:
631:
613:superfamily of
591:
584:
580:
576:
568:
559:
520:
427:phosphorylation
404:Sir James Black
381:Earl Sutherland
290:in response to
288:phosphorylation
234:
158:dimeric complex
151:
143:
135:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5373:Cell signaling
5370:
5365:
5350:
5349:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5228:Other concepts
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5062:Growth factors
5059:
5054:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4937:Cell signaling
4933:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4884:
4871:
4858:
4845:
4832:
4819:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4735:Classification
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4263:
4261:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3857:Cu++ (3.6.3.4)
3851:
3844:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3225:protein kinase
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2757:Heterotrimeric
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2554:Transcobalamin
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2243:External links
2241:
2239:
2238:
2187:
2172:
2146:
2111:
2068:
2009:
1984:
1927:
1912:
1886:
1857:
1837:
1785:
1749:
1700:
1678:
1656:
1645:
1620:
1615:Press Release:
1607:
1592:
1541:
1534:
1512:
1461:
1426:
1374:
1352:
1317:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1253:
1250:
1222:Main article:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1142:Angiotensin II
1139:
1132:
1122:
1115:adrenal cortex
1099:
1083:
1080:diacylglycerol
1075:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1013:glycogenolysis
1000:
990:
980:
970:
952:
942:
936:
926:
923:adrenal cortex
908:
902:
896:
882:
835:activates the
830:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
804:
800:
796:
780:
768:
756:
752:
749:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:activates the
701:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
652:
649:
633:Main article:
630:
629:Heterotrimeric
627:
590:
587:
582:
578:
574:
566:
558:
555:
519:
516:
515:
514:
499:
480:
469:Paul Greengard
465:Arvid Carlsson
453:
450:Martin Rodbell
438:
435:glycogenolysis
419:Edwin G. Krebs
411:
408:Gertrude Elion
392:
373:
354:Julius Axelrod
346:
331:Glycogenolysis
296:glycogenolysis
282:, G proteins,
242:Martin Rodbell
233:
230:
149:
141:
133:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5395:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5346:
5345:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Intracellular
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Neurohormones
5049:
5048:Neuropeptides
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Fas apoptosis
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Enzyme family
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Cooperativity
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Oxyanion hole
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4033:P-type ATPase
4029:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3243:Casein kinase
3241:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:F-box protein
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:Ceruloplasmin
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:Metal/element
2461:
2455:
2454:Transthyretin
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Neurophysin I
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:(6): 1052–9.
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:(4): 919–30.
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1997:www.ebi.ac.uk
1994:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1913:9780128029381
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(3): 209–18.
1765:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:(1038): e15.
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1653:Press Release
1649:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1535:0-8053-6624-5
1531:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:(10): 740–7.
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1296:(2): 111–20.
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:palmitoylated
1259:
1258:myristoylated
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1218:Small GTPases
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1181:RhoGEF domain
1178:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:Thyroid Gland
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:– Stimulates
984:
981:
978:
974:
971:
968:
964:
960:
959:blood calcium
956:
953:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
886:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:
812:
810:
794:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
748:
746:
744:
739:
715:
711:
707:
697:
667:
666:cell membrane
657:
648:
646:
642:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
615:small GTPases
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:
577:proteins, 5 G
563:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
512:
508:
507:Brian Kobilka
504:
500:
497:
493:
492:Linda B. Buck
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
362:Ulf von Euler
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:contractility
211:
207:
206:transcription
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
173:cell membrane
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
147:
139:
131:
130:
125:
122:
118:
117:small GTPases
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5347:from Commons
5342:
5321:
5287:Gap junction
5122:Ca signaling
5085:Cell surface
4889:Translocases
4886:
4873:
4860:
4847:
4834:
4824:Transferases
4821:
4808:
4665:Binding site
4402:
4336:
4292:
4270:
4255:Small GTPase
3869:Wilson/ATP7B
3864:Menkes/ATP7A
3710:
3645:
3624:
3260:eIF-2 kinase
2747:
2708:
2632:
2498:
2486:
2469:
2412:Neurophysins
2204:
2200:
2190:
2155:
2149:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1895:
1889:
1847:
1840:
1805:
1801:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1659:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1623:
1610:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1523:
1515:
1481:(10): 1660.
1478:
1474:
1464:
1439:
1436:Biochemistry
1435:
1429:
1394:
1390:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1293:
1290:DNA Research
1289:
1279:
1255:
1227:
1224:Small GTPase
1201:
1167:
1050:
1049:
1031:
1030:
1006:
957:– Increases
857:
843:(cAMP) from
827:
826:
784:
754:
741:
737:
703:
680:subunits: Gα
663:
638:
606:
592:
572:
551:RGS proteins
544:
521:
488:Richard Axel
358:Bernard Katz
300:
265:
235:
198:ion channels
166:
145:
137:
127:
111:
85:that act as
78:
74:
73:
36:
5198:By distance
5136:Assistants:
5095:Co-receptor
4660:Active site
4579:Mitofusin-1
4554:3.6.5.5-6:
4523:Prokaryotic
2947:GNA15/GNA16
2733:Calcineurin
2592:Phytochrome
2444:Transcortin
2360:Follistatin
1333:: 167–203.
1242:Ras GTPases
1103:Vasopressin
1098:Epinephrine
1003:Epinephrine
751:Termination
461:Eric Kandel
226:homeostasis
5363:G proteins
5357:Categories
5265:Pheromones
5205:Juxtacrine
4863:Isomerases
4837:Hydrolases
4704:Regulation
4545:Eukaryotic
4178:Transducin
4015:(3.6.3.10)
3754:Hydrolases
3353:Lim kinase
3304:IκB kinase
2825:Transducin
2302:Fatty acid
2207:(1): 102.
1993:"InterPro"
1693:10 October
1671:8 November
1272:References
1266:prenylated
1252:Lipidation
973:Calcitonin
841:cyclic AMP
793:C-terminal
732:-GTP and G
700:Activation
619:homologous
585:proteins.
389:cyclic AMP
343:adrenaline
341:including
315:Gerty Cori
257:cyclic AMP
246:adrenaline
75:G proteins
48:transducin
18:G-proteins
5322:G protein
5219:Endocrine
5214:Paracrine
5210:Autocrine
5077:Receptors
5057:Cytokines
4742:EC number
4513:3.6.5.3:
4253:3.6.5.2:
4195:Gustducin
4127:3.6.5.1:
3961:(3.6.3.9)
3881:(3.6.3.8)
3784:Inorganic
3711:see also
3617:Apoptosis
3098:Monomeric
2830:Gustducin
2748:G protein
2597:Rhodopsin
1961:0022-2836
1875:cite book
1867:868641565
1638:21 August
1082:(DAG). IP
997:apoptosis
765:enzymatic
761:hydrolyze
651:Mechanism
589:Signaling
569:proteins.
557:Diversity
501:The 2012
482:The 2004
455:The 2000
440:The 1994
413:The 1992
394:The 1988
375:The 1971
348:The 1970
311:Carl Cori
305:The 1947
218:secretion
124:complexes
114:monomeric
97:(GTP) to
44:Phosducin
32:Protein G
5039:Hormones
4989:JAK-STAT
4977:MAPK/ERK
4972:TGF beta
4766:Kinetics
4690:Cofactor
4653:Activity
3789:Thiamine
3569:Tyrosine
3514:Arginine
3431:Tyrosine
2290:Proteins
2233:20735820
2182:17854654
2141:20348012
2106:23909821
2098:19089952
2078:Proteins
2063:17095603
1979:27515397
1922:26123299
1832:27515397
1780:23523730
1744:23519208
1587:20136388
1579:12040175
1507:35626696
1421:21873996
1312:10819326
1234:proteins
1017:glucagon
987:glycogen
983:Glucagon
915:cortisol
745:pathways
692:, and Gα
603:subunits
528:diabetes
518:Function
477:dopamine
475:such as
431:proteins
366:reuptake
335:hormones
323:glycogen
276:reuptake
210:motility
186:hormones
154:subunits
81:, are a
5314:Biology
5170:General
4994:Akt/PKB
4876:Ligases
4646:Enzymes
4600:Tubulin
4569:Dynamin
4421:other:
4101:Katanin
4091:Kinesin
4066:ATP13A3
4061:ATP13A2
3796:Apyrase
3695:EDARADD
3680:Mucin-4
3419:RPS6KA1
3265:EIF2AK3
2721:Calcium
2564:Pigment
2520:Vitamin
2470:calcium
2349:Hormone
2224:2936313
2054:1693825
2031:Bibcode
1970:5023507
1823:5023507
1735:3641396
1559:Bibcode
1551:Science
1524:Biology
1498:9139411
1412:3177959
1367:11 July
1347:9131251
1246:GTPases
921:of the
891:of the
877:of the
871:kidneys
704:When a
540:ligands
327:glucose
232:History
194:enzymes
107:GTPases
105:called
103:enzymes
5383:EC 3.6
5300:Portal
5023:Agents
4850:Lyases
4477:ARL13B
4337:RhoBTB
4231:α12/13
4119:GTPase
4096:Myosin
4086:Dynein
4056:ATP12A
4051:ATP11B
4046:ATP10A
4041:ATP8B1
4031:Other
4003:ATP1B4
3998:ATP1B3
3993:ATP1B2
3988:ATP1B1
3983:ATP1A4
3978:ATP1A3
3973:ATP1A2
3968:ATP1A1
3959:Na+/K+
3947:ATP2C2
3942:ATP2C1
3930:ATP2B4
3925:ATP2B3
3920:ATP2B2
3915:ATP2B1
3903:ATP2A3
3898:ATP2A2
3893:ATP2A1
3842:ATPase
3700:PRKCSH
3539:Other
3488:DYRK1B
3483:DYRK1A
3223:Other
3193:Cyclin
3176:Cyclin
2487:copper
2405:IGFBP7
2400:IGFBP6
2395:IGFBP5
2390:IGFBP4
2385:IGFBP3
2380:IGFBP2
2375:IGFBP1
2255:(MeSH)
2231:
2221:
2180:
2170:
2139:
2104:
2096:
2061:
2051:
2002:25 May
1977:
1967:
1959:
1920:
1910:
1865:
1855:
1830:
1820:
1778:
1742:
1732:
1585:
1577:
1532:
1505:
1495:
1456:212105
1454:
1419:
1409:
1345:
1310:
1171:α12/13
1161:α12/13
1078:) and
951:in men
785:itself
706:ligand
532:cancer
216:, and
144:) and
5344:Media
5185:TFIIH
5180:TFIID
5004:Hippo
4984:Notch
4802:Types
4533:EF-Tu
4472:SAR1B
4455:RAB27
4450:RAB23
4403:RhoDF
4293:RhoUV
4276:CDC42
4271:Cdc42
4257:>
4242:GNA13
4237:GNA12
4222:GNA11
4211:αq/11
4200:GNAT3
4188:GNAT2
4183:GNAT1
4173:GNAI3
4168:GNAI2
4163:GNAI1
4115:3.6.5
4079:3.6.4
4022:ATP4A
4013:H+/K+
3888:SERCA
3850:3.6.3
3834:3.6.3
3811:3.6.2
3771:3.6.1
3658:Other
3596:both:
3503:DYRK4
3498:DYRK3
3493:DYRK2
3455:PTK2B
3440:ZAP70
3407:ROCK2
3402:ROCK1
3363:LIMK2
3358:LIMK1
3346:IRAK4
3341:IRAK3
3336:IRAK2
3331:IRAK1
3319:IKBKG
3297:GSK3B
3292:GSK3A
3287:GSK-3
3202:Lipid
3153:Rhebs
3064:BSCL2
3059:GNG13
3054:GNG12
3049:GNG11
3044:GNG10
3009:GNGT2
3004:GNGT1
2942:GNA14
2937:GNA13
2932:GNA12
2927:GNA11
2902:GNAT3
2897:GNAT2
2892:GNAT1
2887:GNAI3
2882:GNAI2
2877:GNAI1
2872:GNAO1
2606:Other
2340:FABP7
2335:FABP6
2330:FABP5
2325:FABP4
2320:FABP3
2315:FABP2
2310:FABP1
2102:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1475:Cells
1101:ADH (
1054:αq/11
1045:αq/11
755:The G
694:12/13
146:gamma
129:alpha
4955:GPCR
4894:list
4887:EC7
4881:list
4874:EC6
4868:list
4861:EC5
4855:list
4848:EC4
4842:list
4835:EC3
4829:list
4822:EC2
4816:list
4809:EC1
4593:OPA1
4586:and
4538:EF-G
4528:IF-2
4494:Rheb
4482:ARL6
4467:ARF6
4438:NRAS
4433:KRAS
4428:HRAS
4413:RhoD
4408:RhoF
4354:RhoH
4330:RhoG
4315:Rac1
4303:RhoV
4298:RhoU
4281:TC10
4217:GNAQ
3937:SPCA
3764:3.6)
3646:see
3625:see
3526:McsB
3450:PTK2
3390:PAK4
3385:PAK3
3380:PAK2
3375:PAK1
3314:IKK2
3309:CHUK
3282:GSK2
3277:GSK1
3163:RGKs
3158:Raps
3143:Arfs
3138:Rhos
3131:NRAS
3126:KRAS
3121:HRAS
3111:Rabs
3106:ARFs
3039:GNG8
3034:GNG7
3029:GNG5
3024:GNG4
3019:GNG3
3014:GNG2
2991:GNB5
2986:GNB4
2981:GNB3
2976:GNB2
2971:GNB1
2922:GNAQ
2917:GNAL
2912:GNAS
2907:GNAZ
2840:cGMP
2816:cGMP
2796:cAMP
2766:cAMP
2709:see
2499:iron
2229:PMID
2178:PMID
2168:ISBN
2137:PMID
2094:PMID
2059:PMID
2004:2023
1975:PMID
1957:ISSN
1918:PMID
1908:ISBN
1881:link
1863:OCLC
1853:ISBN
1828:PMID
1776:PMID
1740:PMID
1695:2012
1673:2012
1640:2013
1618:1994
1575:PMID
1530:ISBN
1503:PMID
1452:PMID
1417:PMID
1369:2016
1343:PMID
1308:PMID
1200:The
1152:GnRH
1066:(PIP
911:ACTH
899:GHIH
885:GHRH
858:The
740:(or
690:q/11
509:and
490:and
467:and
448:and
421:and
406:and
360:and
337:and
317:and
292:cAMP
240:and
138:beta
91:cell
4967:RTK
4962:Wnt
4588:MX2
4584:MX1
4504:RGK
4499:Rap
4489:Ran
4462:Arf
4445:Rab
4423:Ras
4381:Rnd
4359:Rho
4310:Rac
4286:TCL
4147:olf
3879:Ca+
3462:BTK
3148:Ran
3116:Ras
2702:MAP
2219:PMC
2209:doi
2160:doi
2129:doi
2086:doi
2049:PMC
2039:doi
2027:103
1965:PMC
1949:doi
1945:428
1900:doi
1818:PMC
1810:doi
1806:428
1768:doi
1764:182
1730:PMC
1722:doi
1567:doi
1555:296
1493:PMC
1483:doi
1444:doi
1407:PMC
1399:doi
1335:doi
1298:doi
1264:or
1238:GTP
1192:, G
1125:TRH
1113:of
1074:(IP
993:hCG
955:PTH
945:FSH
929:TSH
905:CRH
867:ADH
845:ATP
611:Ras
505:to
486:to
459:to
444:to
417:to
398:to
379:to
368:of
352:to
309:to
136:),
5359::
5212:/
4939:/
4269::
4157:αi
4139:αs
4117::
3840::
3762:EC
3756::
3580::
2784:Gi
2780:Gs
2433::
2422:II
2358::
2292::
2227:.
2217:.
2203:.
2199:.
2176:.
2166:.
2135:.
2125:42
2123:.
2100:.
2092:.
2082:75
2080:.
2057:.
2047:.
2037:.
2025:.
2021:.
1995:.
1973:.
1963:.
1955:.
1943:.
1939:.
1916:.
1906:.
1877:}}
1873:{{
1861:.
1826:.
1816:.
1804:.
1800:.
1788:^
1774:.
1762:.
1738:.
1728:.
1718:45
1716:.
1712:.
1631:.
1595:^
1581:.
1573:.
1565:.
1553:.
1501:.
1491:.
1479:11
1477:.
1473:.
1450:.
1440:17
1438:.
1415:.
1405:.
1393:.
1389:.
1377:^
1341:.
1331:37
1329:.
1306:.
1292:.
1288:.
1268:.
1260:,
1248:.
1205:βγ
1035:αi
1026:αi
939:LH
933:T4
831:αs
822:αs
769:βγ
734:βγ
726:βγ
674:βγ
625:.
605:.
463:,
402:,
356:,
313:,
298:.
278:,
270:,
263:.
228:.
212:,
208:,
200:,
196:,
188:,
175:.
164:.
152:)
148:(G
140:(G
132:(G
109:.
5330::
5302::
5050:/
5046:/
4929:e
4922:t
4915:v
4896:)
4892:(
4883:)
4879:(
4870:)
4866:(
4857:)
4853:(
4844:)
4840:(
4831:)
4827:(
4818:)
4814:(
4638:e
4631:t
4624:v
4396:3
4391:2
4386:1
4374:C
4369:B
4364:A
4347:2
4342:1
4325:3
4320:2
4229:G
4209:G
4155:G
4145:G
4137:G
3838:4
3836:-
3760:(
3746:e
3739:t
3732:v
3571::
3552::
3433::
3253:2
3248:1
3236::
2999:γ
2997:G
2966:β
2964:G
2867:α
2865:G
2818::
2782:/
2768::
2687:e
2680:t
2673:v
2547:4
2542:3
2537:2
2532:1
2437:/
2282:e
2275:t
2268:v
2235:.
2211::
2205:8
2184:.
2162::
2143:.
2131::
2108:.
2088::
2065:.
2041::
2033::
2006:.
1981:.
1951::
1924:.
1902::
1883:)
1869:.
1834:.
1812::
1782:.
1770::
1746:.
1724::
1697:.
1675:.
1642:.
1589:.
1569::
1561::
1538:.
1509:.
1485::
1458:.
1446::
1423:.
1401::
1395:7
1371:.
1349:.
1337::
1314:.
1300::
1294:7
1213:.
1203:G
1194:γ
1190:β
1188:G
1169:G
1159:G
1138:)
1131:)
1121:)
1109:(
1084:3
1076:3
1068:2
1052:G
1043:G
1033:G
1024:G
1019:.
999:.
917:(
895:)
881:)
829:G
820:G
805:α
801:α
797:α
781:α
757:α
730:α
722:α
718:α
686:i
682:s
678:α
670:α
583:γ
579:β
575:α
567:α
498:.
437:.
391:.
372:.
345:.
150:γ
142:β
134:α
46:-
34:.
20:)
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