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567:, "The Mother of all the orisa and all living things." Yemoja could not have children and consulted an Ifa oracle, who advised her to offer sacrifices and to dance with wooden images on her head and metal anklets on her feet. After performing this ritual, she became pregnant. Her first child was a boy, nicknamed "Efe" (the humorist); the Efe mask emphasizes song and jests because of the personality of its namesake. Yemoja's second child was a girl, nicknamed "Gelede" because she was obese like her mother. Also like her mother, Gelede loved dancing.
594:, or the Great Mother, the Gelede society has a large number of female members. This is in part because of its connection to motherhood and mothers, but also due to the belief that participation within this society helps in the fertility of the women. Men's participation within the masking performances are similarly linked, as participating in the performances could also increase fertility. Though men are not as concerned with this issue as women are due to the nature of the Yoruba society and women's roles within it.
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baby sash represents a breast feeding mother while also being a support within the costume itself. The daytime performances of the Gelede festival are more elaborate and colorful compared to the nighttime performances, with the exception of the Efe costume. This is because during the nighttime performances the costumes are harder to see, so it would be counterproductive to have really elaborate costumes that wouldn't be seen.
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his two twin sons both vying for the throne. One brother, after learning that he wasn't going to get the throne came up with a plan to kill his twin. When the brother caught wind of the plan he came up with a counter plan that involved creating a mask and a makeshift person as a deception. The mythological origins are directly connected to Iya Nla, or the Great Mother, and her connection to motherhood and twins.
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elaborate performance occurs during the annual festival. Sponsorship plays a big role in the size and elaborateness of these performances. The larger the performance the more likely to be sponsored by the community instead of an individual or family, which tends to be smaller. The annual Gelede festival is usually sponsored by the community so it tends to be larger.
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is to the human body. It is an index of identification and the essence of the masker's personality as long as he is inside the mask. In spite of the comical representations that often appear on the headdress, the face below the superstructure remains serene, as if stressing the paradox that is life -
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Then there is the Iya, or Great Mother head. Igi Efe, or the Efe headress. The Oloju Meji, the double faced mask. Eleru, or head with a superstructure. This headdress has various topics such as the Ritual Bowl
Carrier, occupations, religion, portraits, and satire. Followed by the Onidofoyi headdress,
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Although the Gelede ceremony may be staged at any time of the year (to better the lot of an individual, to cleanse the society of pestilence, to induce rain, to enrich human fertility, to enlist the support of supernatural forces and the "powerful mothers" in wartime, and to honor the dead), the most
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To be able to perform the various events within the Gelede festival, the Gelede society appoints officials, groups, and professionals to oversee various aspects within the society. Though the titles of these various groups and people vary from community to community the following are the most common:
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The
Costumes of the Gelede performance directly relate to the connection of women and motherhood of the society. Consisting of a baby sash, breasts, buttocks, metal anklets, colored panels, a horsetail whisk, and a fan, the materials of the Gelede costumes have various connotations. For example, the
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After the efe dance, most of the attendees spend the morning sleeping in preparation for the afternoon dance, which takes place in the marketplace and features pairs of male dancers who perform to fast-paced music with a vigorous beat. Having to be trained from an early age, the maskers must be able
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After getting married themselves, neither Gelede or Efe's partner could have children. The Ifa oracle suggested they try the same ritual that had worked for their mother. No sooner than Efe and Gelede performed these rituals - dancing with wooden images on their heads and metal anklets on their feet
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Iyalase, the Chief
Priestess, meaning "mother of the shrine" is the head of this Gelede society. She is the main person of communication between Iya Nla, the community, and the Gelde Society. Iyalase's main function, outside of a point of communication, is being in charge of the Gelede shrine, Ase,
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There are two main schools of thought about the origins of Gelede, the historical and the mythological. The historical origins are linked to three possible places, Old Oyo, Ketu, and Ilobi. Ketu, one of the oldest and most elaborate of the Gelede performances has an origin story of a king dying and
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Elefe, or the
Humorist, is the man who carries the Efe mask for the Gelede festival. It is his job to pray for the well-being of the community and promote non antisocial behaviors while also being the voice of the community. Saying and doing things that outside of this individual would be socially
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Within the Gelede festival there are many different headdresses being used. The most common variations being: the Ori Eniyan, or human head. Within this group there are three subcategories. Those that have hairdos, those with head wraps or hats, and those carrying small creatures or objects. This
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The Gelede "mask" is more accurately a headdress, since it rests on top of the head and the wearer's face is covered by a cloth veil. The headdress takes the form of a human head, on top of which are motifs that are intended to entertain onlookers but, in addition, usually address social concerns
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The Gelede ceremony involves carefully choreographed dance, singing and music, and especially drumming. The performances are given by men, wearing masks that feature sculpted images of scenes including animals and people or sewing machines and drums. The pair of men masquerade as women to amuse,
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Arugi, or the masker, means "wood carrier". This man must not only be a good dancer but also must be knowledgeable in the popular proverbs and local language to orient himself and understand the language of the drums. The learning of this language usually begins sometime in early childhood when
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Babalase, the Chief Priest, meaning "father of the shrine" is the male equivalent of
Iyalase. His main function within the Gelede society is the organization of the events for the Gelede festival. In line with being the organizer of the Gelede events, he is the official keeper of the Gelede
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Once the exact dates of the festival are fixed, usually through divination, the
Iyalase notifies the paramount chief of the community and the important subordinate chiefs. Messages then go out to all members of the Gelede society outside the town or working far away to return home for the
535:), a group that includes female ancestors and deities as well as the elderly women of the community, and the power and spiritual capacity these women have in society. Focusing not only on fertility and motherhood but also on correct social behavior within the Yoruba society.
563:. There are approximately 256 Odu Ifa, each of which contains a number of poems called ese Ifa. A typical ese Ifa is a narrative about a person or animal with a problem and the steps to resolve that problem. An ese Ifa explains the origins of Gelede as beginning with
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Abore, or the Male Priest, is an older male official that assists people looking for favors form the aje for their rituals. In some communities this position is hereditary and requires a vast amount of knowledge about rituals and worship in the Yoruba society.
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please and placate the mothers who are considered very powerful, and who may use their powers for good or destructive purposes. These powers are especially linked to childbirth. The abilities they possess may be activated either consciously or unconsciously.
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The festival begins with an all-night concert called efe, which features the Efe male mask, who uses satire to entertain and educate. Given the concern of the Gelede society with peace and social stability, it is not surprising that didactic themes recur in
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Individuals or families will usually go to any length to make their headdresses as attractive and humorous as possible. The endless variety of the motifs and their combinations makes it difficult to attempt to construct a typology of Gelede headdresses.
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Onilu, or the
Drummers, in the case of Gelede are experts in the music of Gelede. Agberin, or the Chorus, is composed of men and women wearing either similar or the same clothing to project the appearance of being a group.
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headdresses and costumes. The
Babalase is, in the most general terms, the assistant to Iyalase where he will only be appointed with the approval of Iya Nla and the powerful mothers.
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children start learning the various dances. If they appear to have skill those children are then trained and allowed to wear the masks during the annual Gelede festival.
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This narrative is one of many stories that explains the origin of Gelede. Another theory states that the beginning of Gelede might be associated with the change from a
547:(The world is fragile). In other words, life is delicate and should be lived with caution and with an emphasis on diplomacy, consideration, respect and harmony.
571:- they started having children. These rituals developed into the Gelede masked dance and was perpetuated by the descendants of Efe and Gelede.
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unacceptable. Usually played by a middle aged man or older, it is essential that he is knowledgeable in the oral literature of the community,
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to match up the sound of their anklets with the sound of the drums while having to be able to anticipate drum solos and the other maskers.
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The Gelede festival promotes social harmony, because of this both men and women are involved within the society. With its connection to
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Most of the headdresses have facial adornments, ranging from lineage marks to decorative tattoos, which are either incised or painted.
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or the two human heads connected by snakes mask. The Ori Eye or bird head mask and the Ori Eranko, or the animal head mask.
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that may also be expressed in songs that are part of the masquerade. The headdresses are usually brightly painted.
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Gelede masks are worn with a costume consisting of layers of elaborate, colorful cloth.
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The Gèlèdé spectacle : art, gender, and social harmony in an
African culture
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Most Yoruba myths of origin can be found in the divination narratives known as
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The
Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature
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Yoruba spectacle which combines art and ritual dance to amuse and educate
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Siegmann, William C.; Adande, Joseph; Dumouchelle, Kevin D. (2009).
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to amuse, educate and inspire worship. Gelede celebrates “Mothers” (
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mask is the most commonly associated with the Gelede performances.
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is a public display by colorful masks which combines art and
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Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
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Gelede mask from the Yoruba people of Nigeria. Held at the
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Birmingham Museum of Art: A Guide to the Collection
543:The Gelede social agenda rests on the Yoruba maxim
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684:writes: "The headdress is to the costume what the
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689:and the need to live life with special care."
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515:Gelede mask, Afro-Brazilian Museum, São Paulo
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1262:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible
779:African art a century at the Brooklyn Museum
602:where she is the only one allowed to enter.
753:. Seattle: University of Washington press.
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806:. Oya's Tornado. pp. 196–199.
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827:Birmingham Museum of Art (2010).
781:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum.
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1346:Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island
339:African Theological Archministry
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1435:Masquerade ceremonies in Africa
1341:Ritual dance of the royal drum
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802:Washington, Teresa N. (2014).
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1264:Cultural Heritage of Humanity
833:. London: Giles. p. 71.
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745:Lawal, Babatunde (1996).
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1356:Ugandan barkcloth making
1065:Countries of development
498:Birmingham Museum of Art
1375:Zafimaniry woodcrafting
291:Cowrie-shell divination
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1361:Vimbuza healing dance
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68:Ọlọrun / Olodumare
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840:978-1-904832-77-5
760:978-0-295-97599-3
523:spectacle of the
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1430:Nigerian art
1301:Gule Wamkulu
1295:
1172:Sacred sites
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
829:
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532:
529:ritual dance
520:
518:
401:Sacred sites
305:
79:
61:
49:
1189:Osun-Osogbo
895:(Orisa-Ifá)
580:patriarchal
576:matriarchal
533:awon iya wa
420:Osun-Osogbo
1415:Yoruba art
1404:Categories
1351:Sosso Bala
1194:Yorubaland
1032:Orisha Oko
1022:Babalu Aye
851:2011-07-01
697:References
686:head (ori)
425:Yorubaland
381:(Trinidad)
106:Babalú-Ayé
81:The Orisha
1321:Kankurang
1276:Aka music
1138:Iyami Aje
1042:Oshunmare
915:Olodumare
582:society.
545:Eso l'aye
393:(Nigeria)
361:Quimbanda
345:Candomblé
277:Ajere Ifa
268:Practices
234:Cosmology
1158:Calendar
1148:Babalawo
1103:Medicine
1087:Trinidad
977:Ọrunmila
939:Irunmole
387:(Brazil)
375:(Brazil)
367:Santería
363:(Brazil)
351:(Brazil)
330:Variants
301:Epa mask
282:Babalawo
244:Irunmọlẹ
229:Ayagunna
176:Ọrunmila
156:Oshumare
24:a series
22:Part of
1266:/Africa
1215:Ọranyan
1210:Oduduwa
1179:Ile Ife
1153:Iyalawo
1143:Egungun
1072:Nigeria
1017:Ọsanyin
982:Ọbatala
935:Orishas
901:Spirits
643:songs.
592:Iya Nla
561:Odu Ifa
448:Oranyan
443:Oduduwa
410:Ile Ife
385:Umbanda
296:Egungun
286:Iyalawo
215:Beliefs
181:Ọsanyin
171:Ọranyan
166:Ọbatala
131:Oduduwa
51:Deities
1366:Yaaral
1296:Gẹlẹdẹ
1128:Gelede
1123:Ogboni
1096:Topics
1082:Brazil
1037:Erinlẹ
1027:Olokun
1002:Yemọja
992:Aganju
987:Shango
962:Ọṣọọsi
947:Elegua
920:Ọlọrun
837:
810:
785:
757:
565:Yemoja
525:Yoruba
521:Gẹlẹdẹ
369:(Cuba)
306:Gẹlẹdẹ
239:Egbere
206:Yemọja
201:Shango
186:Ọṣọọsi
141:Olokun
116:Erinle
111:Elegua
86:Aganju
72:Olofin
1370:Degal
1108:Music
1047:Ibeji
997:Agemo
925:Olofi
578:to a
259:Oriṣa
126:Ibeji
96:Ajaka
91:Agemo
1368:and
1113:Itan
1077:Cuba
1052:Yewa
967:Ọṣun
957:Ogun
835:ISBN
808:ISBN
783:ISBN
755:ISBN
519:The
355:Kélé
349:Ketu
191:Ọṣun
136:Ogun
121:Eshu
101:Ayao
1306:Ifá
1184:Oyo
1133:Ifá
1118:Art
1012:Ọba
1007:Ọya
972:Ori
952:Eṣu
641:efe
415:Oyo
254:Ori
249:Ifá
224:Aṣẹ
196:Ọya
161:Ọba
151:Oko
146:Ori
63:God
1406::
769:^
705:^
347:,
84::
70:/
66::
26:on
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
937:/
885:e
878:t
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816:.
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481:e
474:t
467:v
284:/
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