1562:, a literary agent who was a friend of his; this gave him access to stories by the writers Schwartz represented, but Schwartz would not allow his authors' real names to be used unless they were paid at least one cent per word. Hornig could not afford to pay the one cent rate for everything he bought, so he paid half a cent a word for much of what he acquired through Schwartz, and ran those stories under pseudonyms. Unsurprisingly, given the low rates, the stories sent to Hornig had usually already been rejected by the better-paying markets. The result was mediocre fiction, even from the better-known writers that Hornig was able to attract. The magazines paid on publication, rather than acceptance, and this slower payment also discouraged some authors from submitting material.
1518:
1766:
1667:. Lowndes knew many successful writers in the field, and was able to call on them for stories, but the expanding sf magazine market of the mid-1950s meant that the best material was spread thinly. To attract readers, Lowndes established a friendly and personal style for the magazine, with letter columns and departments aimed at science fiction fans. Blish, writing as William Atheling, Jr., commented in 1953 that Lowndes was doing a "surprisingly good job" with
33:
3201:
2144:; this ran from October 1957 to May 1960, for 12 undated issues, in digest format, 128 pages, priced at 2/-. The first 11 of these reprints were cut versions of the U.S. originals, corresponding to 11 of the U.S. issues between September 1957 and May 1959—the omitted issues were January, March, and September 1958. The final issue was the U.S. issue for May 1960, overprinted with the British price.
600:
presently out, but particularly with Hornig's". Lowndes relates that
Silberkleit took the bait and hired him in November 1940; Hornig recalls the separation as being by mutual consent because of his move to California. Lowndes subsequently agreed that this was likely to be the real reason Silberkleit replaced Hornig. The first issues Lowndes was responsible for were the Spring 1941 issue of
654:, but before sales figures could be tallied to determine the impact of the title change, Silberkleit made the decision to cease publication. The June 1943 issue was the last for some years: Silberkleit was forced to cut some of his titles because of wartime paper shortages, and he decided to retain his western and detective magazines instead.
318:
select what he wanted to publish; he reported to
Silberkleit's chief editor, Abner J. Sundell, but Sundell knew little about sf and did not get involved with running the magazine. The first issue was dated March 1939. The schedule was intended to be bimonthly, but it began to slip immediately, with the second issue dated June 1939.
1744:, commented "I don't believe I have ever read a more successful attempt to imagine an utterly alien way of thought." Lowndes did what he could to provide interesting non-fiction departments: a book review column was started in the early 1950s, and the end of the decade saw a series of science articles written by
2115:
ran for 6 pulp-sized issues of 64 pages from
October 1941 to June 1942, priced at 25 cents; it was intended to be monthly but there were no issues in December 1941, or in April or May 1942. The publisher was Superior Magazines of Toronto for the first two issues, and Duchess Printing of Toronto for
599:
to write to
Silberkleit. Lowndes later recalled Wollheim's idea: "In the letter, I'd suggest that it might be a good idea to add a science fiction title to the list, offering my services as editor at a slightly lower price than Hornig was being paid, and also find fault with all the other sf titles
317:
for
Gernsback from 1933 to 1936. Silberkleit took the recommendation and Hornig was hired in October 1938. Hornig had no office; he worked from home, coming into the office as needed to drop off manuscripts and dummy materials, and pick up typeset materials to proof. He was given broad freedom to
97:
The fiction was generally unremarkable, with few memorable stories being published, particularly in the earlier versions of the magazines. Lowndes spent much effort to set a friendly and engaging tone in both magazines, with letter columns and reader departments that interested fans. He was more
1813:
raised its price to 20 cents for the July 1943 issue, the last of its first run, but dropped to 15 cents again when it was relaunched in 1950. With the
November 1950 issue the price went back to 20 cents, and it rose to 25 cents with the January 1953 issue and 35 cents in June 1954. When
2136:(7.5p). In 1957 Strato Publications reprinted another 11 issues, again undated, from November 1957 to February 1960, corresponding to the U.S. issues from Summer 1957 to August 1959, skipping the February 1958 issue. These were in digest format, and were 128 pages; they were priced at
1756:
in the
January 1960 issue, shortly before the magazine was closed down. The budget for both magazines, never very great, shrank even further towards the end, so that Lowndes had to fill space with reprints and re-use old illustrations to avoid paying for new stories and artwork.
1618:
was relaunched in early 1950, the sf magazine field was not particularly crowded, and
Lowndes was able to attract moderately good stories from writers who were either well-known or on their way up in the field. The first issue included stories by
583:, and decided to move to California and register as a conscientious objector. He continued to edit the magazines from the west coast, but Silberkleit was unhappy with the arrangement. Silberkleit allowed Hornig to retain his post as editor of
1139:. Another issue with the same format and title followed in the spring of 1954, also unnumbered. Silberkleit decided that the digest format was partly responsible for the good sales of these experimental issues, so he changed the format of
2116:
the remaining four. A different editor, William Brown-Forbes, was listed, but the fiction was all reprinted from
Silberkleit's U.S. magazines. The artwork was new, however, with covers by John Hilkert and Edwin Shaw, among others.
1541:
showed the continuing influence of Hugo
Gernsback in the American science fiction magazine field: in addition to an editor who had worked for him, the magazine featured a guest editorial by Gernsback, and the cover was painted by
1491:
No. 28. To this I reply that you may have it either way, or in this instance, both ways! Really, I don't see why science fictionists, who can absorb alternate time tracks etc. with the utmost aplomb, should be
2123:
were reprinted in the UK by Atlas Publications; these were abridged versions of the October and December 1939 issues. They were 96 pages, in pulp format. There were no British reprints of the first series of
1496:
In 1960 Silberkleit's distributor stopped carrying his magazines, and both titles ceased publication, with no notice given in their final issues that this was the end. The last issues were the April 1960
2132:
reprinted 14 numbered and undated issues from November 1951 to June 1954, corresponding roughly to the U.S. issues from March 1951 to March 1954. They were 96 pages in pulp format, and were priced at
624:, to which Lowndes belonged. Initially Silberkleit kept tighter control on Lowndes' editorial selections than he had on Hornig's, vetoing five of the seven stories Lowndes proposed for the April 1941
3771:
2076:
Louis Silberkleit was the publisher of both magazines throughout their existence, but he changed the imprint he used for them twice. Both were initially published by Blue Ribbon Magazines,
98:
successful than Hornig in obtaining good stories, partly because he had good relationships with several well-known and emerging writers. Among the better-known stories he published were "
94:. Silberkleit kept both magazines on very slim budgets throughout the 1950s. In 1960 both titles ceased publication when their distributor suddenly dropped all of Silberkleit's titles.
3205:
299:, became a publisher in his own right in 1934 when he founded the Winford Publishing Company. Towards the end of the 1930s Silberkleit decided to launch an sf pulp magazine under his
3238:
646:
was dated September 1941, and the first merged issue was dated October 1941. The final two issues of the combined magazine, dated April and June 1943, were, confusingly, titled
1607:, all of whom had been more active some years earlier, and Ashley suggests that Hornig may have obtained some of the many stories that Palmer threw out when he became editor of
628:, but by the August 1941 issue, Lowndes later recalled, Silberkleit "was satisfied that I knew what I was doing, and ... didn't need to oversee any story I had accepted".
2322:
Lowndes later regretted his partisanship, commenting that he should "have just made a few corrections in Taurasi's somewhat sloppy writing and run the sheet he prepared".
3796:
3735:
3507:
1591:, but Ashley points out that the authors Hornig relied on, concealed behind pseudonyms, were generally the same authors that were selling to Palmer. The first issue of
1471:, but it led to additional confusion, with some readers believing that this was an entirely new magazine. Lowndes addressed the confusion in the letter column of
557:
To spread his costs over more magazines, Silberkleit soon decided to launch two additional titles. When he had worked for Gernsback, Silberkleit had suggested "
281:
Although science fiction (sf) had been published before the 1920s, it did not begin to coalesce into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of
612:, dated September 1941, but he used material that Hornig had already selected for the magazine, with minor exceptions. The changes included the replacement of
2156:
1573:, encouraging Hornig to publish sophisticated stories; in response, Hornig wrote "I'm trying to give the magazine an appeal to mature minds", but sf historian
1509:
title from Silberkleit and produced three semi-professional issues in 1961, 1962, and 1963, but the venture was not successful enough for Taurasi to continue.
82:, the publisher, decided to focus his resources on his mystery and western magazine titles. In 1950, with the market improving again, Silberkleit relaunched
3231:
1663:
described as "the funniest story ever written". He also bought work by some of the women writers active in the 1950s, including several early stories by
3766:
17:
3740:
1600:
1167:, Silberkleit switched to an issue number format, with no volume. The first issue was numbered 28, counting forward from the May/June 1950 issue as 1.
1123:; this allowed Silberkleit to keep the rights to both the titles. The first issue was dated May/June 1950. In January 1952 the title changed to just
3761:
2283:
1456:
began with three undated issues, then switched to a quarterly schedule in 1956, and finally to a regular bimonthly schedule from the start of 1958.
3224:
1647:. Some of the better-known stories Lowndes published in the early 1950s were "And There Was Light" by del Rey, "If I Forget Thee, Oh Earth" by
1530:
1596:
1143:
from pulp to digest. The first issue in the new format was dated January 1955, and in response to reader feedback the title was changed to
3090:
Edwards, Malcolm; Parnell, Frank; Nicholls, Peter (1993). "The Original Science Fiction Stories". In Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.).
1155:, the earlier magazine. Complicating matters, Silberkleit decided later in 1955 that the market could support both titles, so he revived
3776:
3591:
3346:
565:" instead, and Silberkleit now decided to use his original suggestion for one of the new magazines. In November 1939 the first issue of
70:
took over in late 1941 and remained editor until the end. The initial launch of the magazines came as part of a boom in science fiction
62:
magazines that were published under various names between 1939 and 1943 and again from 1950 to 1960. Both publications were edited by
3781:
3423:
1452:
was bimonthly throughout, except for a brief period from mid-1958 to early 1959 when it patchily adhered to a monthly schedule.
3786:
3690:
3674:
3162:
Moskowitz, Sam (March 1990). "Canada's Pioneer Science-Fantasy Magazine (La première revue canadienne de science fantaisie)".
2313:
Ashley says that Moskowitz declined "because of his friendship with Hornig", but Davin says that the two men were not friends.
3619:
3661:
3472:
3152:
3124:
3101:
3080:
3059:
3029:
2982:
2959:
2936:
2917:
2894:
2871:
576:
3297:
3311:
3247:
3801:
3605:
1818:
reappeared in 1953, it was priced at 35 cents, and stayed at that price throughout the remainder of its run.
3549:
3514:
1726:
towards the end of the decade, including "Vulcan's Hammer", an early novella version of Philip K. Dick's
3668:
3626:
3598:
3388:
2097:
1736:
107:
561:" as a possible title for the magazine Gernsback was planning to launch. Gernsback eventually chose "
3542:
3493:
3451:
3409:
3318:
3290:
1577:
comments that "this never became evident". Hornig's comment was probably intended as a criticism of
571:
3444:
3251:
59:
3069:
Edwards, Malcolm; Nicholls, Peter (1993). "SF magazines". In Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.).
1467:. This was intended to make it clear that the magazine was a continuation of the 1939 version of
3791:
3654:
3437:
3416:
3381:
3374:
3360:
3332:
3164:
2089:
1828:
was 112 pages when it was launched in November of that year, and shortly afterwards, March 1940,
1652:
99:
2290:
in 1970, published by Mayflower Books, which contains six stories from the August 1942 issue of
1678:
in 1953 and 1954 were competent but unremarkable, with stories by some popular writers, such as
3458:
3283:
2077:
74:
publishing at the end of the 1930s. In 1941 the two magazines were combined into one, titled
3612:
3577:
3479:
3465:
3353:
3216:
2929:
The Time Machines: The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines from the beginning to 1950
2093:
1127:. Payment rates at that time were one to three cents per word. In the summer of 1953, with
575:. Hornig was editor for all three magazines. In October 1940, Hornig received his military
300:
3704:
3535:
3395:
1809:
followed suit in late 1955 with issue 28. Both titles were initially priced at 15 cents.
1790:
1587:
1574:
8:
3718:
3304:
1847:
was relaunched, still as a pulp, in 1950, the page count had dropped again, to 96. Both
3683:
3556:
3486:
3173:
2948:
2129:
1727:
1644:
1734:'s "Worlds Without End"; and Judith Merril's "Homecalling", reprinted in the 1960s in
3584:
3148:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3055:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3006:
2978:
2955:
2932:
2913:
2890:
2867:
1741:
1731:
1719:
1578:
1517:
596:
296:
79:
67:
2336:
1765:
591:. Moskowitz declined, saying afterwards "I would never strike at a man's job", but
3633:
3500:
3402:
3339:
1664:
1648:
111:
3647:
3325:
3276:
1748:, and critical articles on science fiction history, written by Lowndes himself.
1628:
1604:
1559:
592:
295:. By the end of the 1930s the field was booming. One of Gernsback's employees,
283:
1448:
were able to maintain a fairly regular schedule through the rest of the 1950s.
3711:
3563:
3521:
1687:
1624:
313:
308:
292:
63:
1866:
The sequence of title changes for the two magazines is summarized below. For
545:(yellow, April 1941 – July 1943). Note that the last two issues were actually
3755:
3570:
3254:
3010:
2950:
Transformations: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970
2334:
See the individual issues. For convenience, an online index is available at
2160:
1749:
1679:
1640:
1636:
1543:
588:
288:
71:
41:
32:
2163:, with contents drawn solely from Silberkleit's magazines. These included:
1163:
was using the volume numbering from the previous pulp-format incarnation of
1105:
issue was titled as a quarterly (e.g. "Fall 1957") rather than as a monthly.
3367:
1781:
Charles Hornig was the editor of all 12 issues of the first incarnation of
1745:
1683:
1660:
1656:
1632:
1566:
103:
3697:
3269:
1702:
tended to publish the better stories of the two. During the period when
1620:
1132:
1107:
Note that issues 28, 29, and 30 were not dated on the masthead; the dates
1483:
October 1954 Volume 5 Number 3 should be followed by Volume 5 Number 4 (
543:
and indicating editors: Hornig (blue, 1939 – November 1940), and Lowndes
3177:
1711:
1103:
numbers. Lowndes was editor throughout. Underlining indicates that an
3021:
Pioneers of Wonder: Conversations with the Founders of Science Fiction
1863:
switched to 144 pages for nine issues, from January 1956 to May 1957.
3640:
1569:, who was a friend of Hornig's, was published in the second issue of
634:
was not selling well, and later that year Silberkleit merged it with
621:
3051:
The World of Science Fiction: 1926–1976: The History of a Subculture
311:
to Silberkleit for the post of editor; Hornig had previously edited
580:
78:, but in 1943 wartime paper shortages ended the magazine's run, as
1931:", though some reference books index the magazine under "O". For
1718:. It also published "Genius Loci", described by Ashley as one of
2159:
edited several anthologies for Silberkleit's publishing imprint,
1722:'s best short stories. Some well-received stories did appear in
1525:, usually indexed under that title although this issue is titled
1151:
volume numbering, despite the fact that the title was taken from
86:, still in the pulp format. In the mid-1950s he also relaunched
3772:
Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States
3200:
1706:
was monthly, it carried serialized novels, including de Camp's
3246:
2864:
The History of the Science Fiction Magazine: Vol. 2: 1936–1945
2140:(10p). Strato Publications also produced a reprint series of
2137:
2133:
1793:
was the editor of all subsequent issues of both titles. Both
2147:
There are no anthologies of stories drawn solely from either
650:
this was an attempt to improve sales by reminding readers of
3041:
Science-Fiction Handbook: The Writing of Imaginative Fiction
3001:
Boston, John; Broderick, Damien (2012). "Strange Highways".
3736:
History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950
1774:
1550:'s covers for the first series were painted by Paul. Both
1434:
issues from 1953 and 1954. Lowndes was editor throughout.
2337:"Future/Future Combined with Science Fiction – Issue Grid"
1558:
began life with very limited budgets. Hornig worked with
2100:
and Holyoke, Massachusetts, with the March 1941 issue of
1671:, despite the low rates and the slow payment to authors.
2908:(Canadian)". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).
1855:
were 128 pages long when they changed to digest format;
1801:
began as pulp magazines; the 1953 experimental issue of
1147:. The volume numbering was continued from the existing
587:, and offered the editorship of the other two titles to
620:, a similar department from a rival group of fans, the
608:. He completed the preparations for the last issue of
2330:
2328:
1631:; other authors featured in the early issues included
1546:, a stalwart of the Gernsback days—in fact, all 12 of
3115:
In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction
2975:
Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines
2910:
Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines
2887:
Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines
1135:
magazine with no number and no date, under the title
3119:(2nd (1967) ed.). Chicago: Advent: Publishers.
1927:" for much of the second run, the title was always "
1459:
With the September 1955 issue, the title graphic of
3741:
George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection
2325:
3797:Science fiction magazines established in the 1930s
3112:
2977:. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 511–519.
2947:
2912:. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 519–520.
2889:. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 277–284.
2366:Edwards & Nicholls (1993), pp. 1066–1068.
1805:saw a change to digest format for that title, and
1131:still in pulp format, Silberkleit issued a single
3753:
2712:Edwards, Parnell, & Nicholls (1993), p. 894.
2484:
2482:
2294:, plus one story from the Winter 1942 issue of
541:from 1939 to 1943, showing volume/issue number,
273:from 1939 to 1941, showing volume/issue number.
2973:". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).
2885:". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).
1832:dropped to 116 pages. The combined magazine,
3232:
2479:
27:Two related US pulp science fiction magazines
2969:Ashley, Mike; Thompson, Raymond H. (1985). "
2505:
2503:
2092:, with offices in Chicago. This changed to
1121:Future Combined with Science Fiction Stories
329:Future Fiction combined with Science Fiction
76:Future Fiction combined with Science Fiction
3767:1960 disestablishments in the United States
2517:
2515:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
3239:
3225:
3187:A Complete History of American Comic Books
2721:Ashley & Thompson (1985), pp. 517–518.
2416:Ashley & Thompson (1985), pp. 518–519.
616:, a fan department by James Taurasi, with
569:appeared; it was followed in July 1940 by
2954:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2931:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2500:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2080:. Starting with the March 1940 issue of
1512:
3762:1939 establishments in the United States
2552:
2550:
2512:
2463:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
1764:
1760:
1516:
1505:. James Taurasi acquired rights to the
31:
3424:Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine
1101:from 1950 to 1960, showing volume/issue
657:
40:, dated March 1939. The artwork is by
14:
3754:
3691:Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine
3145:A Pictorial History of Science Fiction
2822:Boston & Broderick (2012), p. 296.
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2670:
1698:was relegated to the junior role, and
275:Charles Hornig was editor throughout.
3220:
3096:. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc.
3075:. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc.
2800:
2798:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2747:
2745:
2676:Ashley & Thompson (1985), p. 517.
2664:Ashley & Thompson (1985), p. 515.
2646:Ashley & Thompson (1985), p. 514.
2633:
2631:
2629:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2385:
2382:Ashley & Thompson (1985), p. 512.
640:Future Combined with Science Fiction.
117:
3662:Two Complete Science-Adventure Books
2447:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
1925:The Original Science Fiction Stories
1834:Future Combined with Science Fiction
1465:The Original Science Fiction Stories
1463:was modified so that the cover read
1432:, not including the two experimental
18:Future Combined with Science Fiction
3473:Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories
3147:. London: Hamlyn Publishing Group.
3093:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
3072:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
2688:
2667:
1923:Note that although the cover read "
1824:began in March 1939 at 132 pages.
24:
3777:Defunct English-language magazines
2866:. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
2795:
2772:
2742:
2626:
2595:
2568:
2533:
2088:, the magazines were published by
1998:Future Fantasy and Science Fiction
1785:, and of the first five issues of
1115:In 1950, Silberkleit brought back
25:
3813:
3194:
2440:
2428:
2369:
1769:Cover of the March 1957 issue of
1521:Cover of the April 1943 issue of
3782:Magazines disestablished in 1960
3368:Dusty Ayres and His Battle Birds
3199:
3024:. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books.
2992:Atheling, Jr., William (1967) .
595:heard of the offer and prompted
303:imprint; the title he chose was
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2786:
2763:
2754:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2679:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2617:
2586:
2559:
2524:
2491:
2316:
2307:
3641:Terence X. O'Leary's War Birds
2996:. Chicago: Advent: Publishers.
2454:
2419:
2360:
2084:, and the March 1940 issue of
2050:Future Science Fiction Stories
1125:Future Science Fiction Stories
642:The last independent issue of
13:
1:
3787:Magazines established in 1939
3298:A. Merritt's Fantasy Magazine
2354:
1859:remained at that length, but
3550:Scientific Detective Monthly
3515:Out of This World Adventures
3043:. New York: Hermitage House.
3039:de Camp, L. Sprague (1953).
2831:Ashley (1985b), pp. 519–520.
2783:Ashley (1985a), pp. 281–282.
2104:and the April 1941 issue of
1694:became established in 1955,
604:and the April 1941 issue of
90:, this time under the title
36:Cover of the first issue of
7:
3054:. New York: Del Rey Books.
2751:Ashley (2000), pp. 147–148.
2703:Ashley (2005), pp. 194–195.
2476:Ashley (2000), pp. 147–149.
2286:edited an anthology titled
2212:Novelets of Science Fiction
1752:'s first story appeared in
10:
3818:
3620:Tales of Magic and Mystery
3389:Famous Fantastic Mysteries
2855:
2521:Davin (1999), pp. 122–123.
2451:Davin (1999), pp. 111–112.
2268:. New York: Belmont Books.
2264:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1965).
2254:. New York: Belmont Books.
2250:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1964).
2240:. New York: Belmont Books.
2238:Masters of Science Fiction
2236:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1964).
2227:. New York: Belmont Books.
2223:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1963).
2214:. New York: Belmont Books.
2210:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1963).
2200:. New York: Belmont Books.
2196:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1963).
2186:. New York: Belmont Books.
2182:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1962).
2172:. New York: Belmont Books.
2168:Howard, Ivan, ed. (1962).
1843:s page count of 112; when
1427:
1096:
536:
268:
108:If I Forget Thee, Oh Earth
66:for the first few issues;
3728:
3543:Science Fiction Quarterly
3410:Fantastic Story Quarterly
3291:Amazing Stories Quarterly
3261:
3185:Rhoades, Shirrel (2008).
3018:Davin, Eric Leif (1999).
2637:Ashley (2005), pp. 60–61.
2296:Science Fiction Quarterly
1581:'s editorial approach at
1479:I am often asked whether
744:
741:
738:
682:
679:
676:
673:
602:Science Fiction Quarterly
572:Science Fiction Quarterly
3592:Stirring Science Stories
3048:del Rey, Lester (1979).
2840:Moskowitz (1990), p. 89.
2301:
648:Science Fiction Stories;
3655:Tops in Science Fiction
3438:G-8 and His Battle Aces
3382:Dynamic Science Stories
3375:Dynamic Science Fiction
3211:Science Fiction Stories
3189:. New York: Peter Lang.
3165:Science Fiction Studies
3111:Knight, Damon (1974) .
2904:Ashley, Mike (1985b). "
2881:Ashley, Mike (1985a). "
2813:Atheling (1967), p. 47.
2760:del Rey (1979), p. 123.
2685:Ashley (1985a), p. 282.
2655:Ashley (1985a), p. 281.
2623:de Camp (1953), p. 112.
2614:Ashley (1985a), p. 283.
2583:Ashley (1985a), p. 280.
2544:Ashley (1985a), p. 284.
2509:Ashley (1985a), p. 278.
2225:6 and the Silent Scream
2090:Double Action Magazines
2034:Science Fiction Stories
2014:Science Fiction Stories
1929:Science Fiction Stories
1913:Science Fiction Stories
1861:Science Fiction Stories
1853:Science Fiction Stories
1816:Science Fiction Stories
1803:Science Fiction Stories
1754:Science Fiction Stories
1704:Science Fiction Stories
1700:Science Fiction Stories
1692:Science Fiction Stories
1676:Science Fiction Stories
1653:The Liberation of Earth
1527:Science Fiction Stories
1507:Science Fiction Stories
1503:Science Fiction Stories
1485:Science Fiction Stories
1473:Science Fiction Stories
1461:Science Fiction Stories
1450:Science Fiction Stories
1442:Science Fiction Stories
1430:Science Fiction Stories
1172:Science Fiction Stories
1161:Science Fiction Stories
1145:Science Fiction Stories
1137:Science Fiction Stories
1109:given are approximate.
549:Science Fiction Stories
100:The Liberation of Earth
92:Science Fiction Stories
55:Science Fiction Stories
3459:Marvel Science Stories
3431:Future Science Fiction
3284:Amazing Stories Annual
3207:Future Science Fiction
3134:Knight, Damon (1977).
2862:Ashley, Mike (1976) .
2849:Rhoades (2008), p. 72.
2792:Knight (1974), p. 120.
2739:Ashley (2000), p. 276.
2425:Ashley (2000), p. 260.
2111:A Canadian edition of
2078:Holyoke, Massachusetts
2066:Future Science Fiction
1778:
1771:Future Science Fiction
1728:novel of the same name
1714:and Robert Bradford's
1534:
1513:Contents and reception
1499:Future Science Fiction
1494:
1099:Future Science Fiction
307:Gernsback recommended
49:Future Science Fiction
44:
3802:Columbia Publications
3613:Super Science Stories
3214:at Wikimedia Commons
3143:Kyle, David (1977) .
3138:. New York: John Day.
3003:Borgo Literary Guides
2946:Ashley, Mike (2005).
2927:Ashley, Mike (2000).
2804:Ashley (1975), p. 51.
2769:Ashley (1976), p. 42.
2592:Ashley (1975), p. 55.
2565:Davin (1999), p. 119.
2556:Davin (1999), p. 118.
2530:Davin (1999), p. 115.
2497:Knight (1977), p. 64.
2488:Ashley (1975), p. 44.
2460:Davin (1999), p. 121.
2437:Davin (1999), p. 102.
2094:Columbia Publications
1773:. The artwork is by
1768:
1761:Bibliographic details
1529:. The artwork is by
1520:
1477:
301:Blue Ribbon Magazines
35:
3536:Science-Fiction Plus
3396:Fantastic Adventures
2730:Kyle (1977), p. 108.
2198:Rare Science Fiction
1674:The trial issues of
1595:included stories by
1588:Fantastic Adventures
1487:January 1955) or by
658:Revival in the 1950s
3719:Wonder Story Annual
3305:Astonishing Stories
2256:Three stories from
2229:Three stories from
2188:Three stories from
2174:Three stories from
2155:, but in the 1960s
2130:Thorpe & Porter
1537:The first issue of
1174:
666:
331:
126:
3312:Astounding Stories
3005:. Wildside Press.
2270:Four stories from
2242:Four stories from
2216:Four stories from
2202:Four stories from
2096:, with offices in
1779:
1708:The Tower of Zanid
1645:L. Sprague de Camp
1535:
1170:
1119:, under the title
662:
638:, under the title
321:
122:
118:Publishing history
58:were two American
45:
3749:
3748:
3705:The Witch's Tales
3585:Startling Stories
3204:Media related to
2994:The Issue at Hand
2074:
2073:
1950:Number of issues
1921:
1920:
1885:Number of issues
1791:Robert W. Lowndes
1742:Kyril Bonfiglioli
1732:Clifford D. Simak
1720:Thomas N. Scortia
1601:J. Harvey Haggard
1501:and the May 1960
1438:
1437:
1113:
1112:
597:Robert W. Lowndes
555:
554:
297:Louis Silberkleit
279:
278:
80:Louis Silberkleit
68:Robert W. Lowndes
16:(Redirected from
3809:
3634:10 Story Fantasy
3501:Oriental Stories
3403:Fantastic Novels
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3203:
3190:
3181:
3158:
3139:
3130:
3118:
3107:
3086:
3065:
3044:
3035:
3014:
2997:
2988:
2965:
2953:
2942:
2923:
2900:
2877:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2332:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2274:, and four from
2269:
2255:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2201:
2187:
2173:
1938:
1937:
1873:
1872:
1842:
1799:Science Fiction
1740:, whose editor,
1665:Carol Emshwiller
1649:Arthur C. Clarke
1175:
1169:
667:
661:
332:
320:
305:Science Fiction.
127:
121:
112:Arthur C. Clarke
21:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3724:
3669:Uncanny Stories
3648:The Thrill Book
3627:Tales of Wonder
3599:Strange Stories
3529:Science Fiction
3326:Captain Hazzard
3277:Amazing Stories
3257:
3248:Science fiction
3245:
3197:
3184:
3161:
3155:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3110:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3017:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2971:Science Fiction
2968:
2962:
2945:
2939:
2926:
2920:
2906:Science Fiction
2903:
2897:
2880:
2874:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2284:Douglas Lindsay
2272:Science Fiction
2263:
2249:
2244:Science Fiction
2235:
2231:Science Fiction
2222:
2209:
2204:Science Fiction
2195:
2184:Escape to Earth
2181:
2167:
2149:Science Fiction
2142:Science Fiction
2121:Science Fiction
2113:Science Fiction
2102:Science Fiction
2086:Science Fiction
1982:Science Fiction
1897:Science Fiction
1868:Science Fiction
1840:
1830:Science Fiction
1822:Science Fiction
1783:Science Fiction
1763:
1629:Murray Leinster
1609:Amazing Stories
1605:Miles J. Breuer
1583:Amazing Stories
1571:Science Fiction
1560:Julius Schwartz
1556:Science Fiction
1548:Science Fiction
1539:Science Fiction
1515:
1469:Science Fiction
1433:
1153:Science Fiction
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
660:
652:Science Fiction
644:Science Fiction
632:Science Fiction
610:Science Fiction
593:Donald Wollheim
585:Science Fiction
563:Amazing Stories
546:
544:
542:
327:
325:
284:Amazing Stories
274:
271:Science Fiction
124:Science Fiction
120:
88:Science Fiction
60:science fiction
38:Science Fiction
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Pulp magazines
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3712:Wonder Stories
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3564:Secret Agent X
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3522:Planet Stories
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3452:Jungle Stories
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3347:Cosmic Stories
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3319:Captain Future
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:pulp magazines
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3196:
3195:External links
3193:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3159:
3153:
3140:
3131:
3125:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3015:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2966:
2960:
2943:
2937:
2924:
2918:
2901:
2895:
2883:Future Fiction
2878:
2872:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2794:
2785:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2687:
2678:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2625:
2616:
2594:
2585:
2567:
2558:
2546:
2532:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2490:
2478:
2462:
2453:
2439:
2427:
2418:
2384:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2280:
2279:
2276:Future Fiction
2266:Now and Beyond
2261:
2258:Future Fiction
2247:
2233:
2220:
2218:Future Fiction
2207:
2193:
2190:Future Fiction
2179:
2176:Future Fiction
2170:The Weird Ones
2119:Two issues of
2072:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:Combined with
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:Combined with
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:Future Fiction
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1826:Future Fiction
1787:Future Fiction
1762:
1759:
1688:Philip K. Dick
1625:Lester del Rey
1579:Raymond Palmer
1565:A letter from
1552:Future Fiction
1523:Future Fiction
1514:
1511:
1454:Future Fiction
1446:Future Fiction
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
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1380:
1377:
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1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
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1346:
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1340:
1337:
1334:
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1329:
1327:
1324:
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1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
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1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1159:again. Since
1111:
1110:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
979:
977:
975:
970:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
954:
952:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
934:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
920:
918:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
891:
890:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
857:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
822:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
751:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
670:
664:Future Fiction
659:
656:
636:Future Fiction
618:Futurian Times
606:Future Fiction
567:Future Fiction
559:Future Fiction
553:
552:
539:Future Fiction
534:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
520:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
502:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
467:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
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447:
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440:
438:
434:
433:
431:
428:
426:
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422:
419:
417:
415:
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410:
408:
406:
402:
401:
399:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
323:Future Fiction
314:Wonder Stories
309:Charles Hornig
293:Hugo Gernsback
277:
276:
266:
265:
263:
261:
259:
256:
254:
252:
249:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
233:
232:
230:
228:
225:
223:
221:
219:
216:
214:
212:
209:
207:
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201:
200:
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166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
119:
116:
84:Future Fiction
64:Charles Hornig
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3814:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3676:Uncanny Tales
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:Strange Tales
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:Space Stories
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:Ghost Stories
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
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3136:The Futurians
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3126:0-911682-15-5
3122:
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3103:0-312-09618-6
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2339:. Al von Ruff
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2282:In addition,
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2161:Belmont Books
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1750:R.A. Lafferty
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1716:Caduceus Wild
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614:Fantasy Times
611:
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589:Sam Moskowitz
586:
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72:pulp magazine
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42:Frank R. Paul
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3557:The Scorpion
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3508:Other Worlds
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3361:Doctor Death
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3333:Captain Zero
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3172:(1): 84–92.
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2362:
2341:. Retrieved
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2013:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1961:
1941:Start month
1932:
1928:
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1876:Start month
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1746:Isaac Asimov
1735:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
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1691:
1684:Algis Budrys
1675:
1673:
1668:
1661:Damon Knight
1657:William Tenn
1633:Fritz Leiber
1615:
1613:
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1592:
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1570:
1567:Ray Bradbury
1564:
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1531:Milton Luros
1526:
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1133:digest-sized
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577:draft notice
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328:
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282:
280:
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123:
104:William Tenn
96:
91:
87:
83:
75:
54:
53:
48:
47:
46:
37:
29:
3698:Weird Tales
3494:Operator #5
3487:The Octopus
3270:Ace Mystery
2157:Ivan Howard
2098:Springfield
1836:, retained
1621:James Blish
1597:M.M. Kaplan
1575:Mike Ashley
579:; he was a
3756:Categories
3678:(Canadian)
3578:The Spider
3480:New Worlds
3466:Mind Magic
3354:Doc Savage
2355:References
1944:End month
1879:End month
1737:SF Impulse
1712:Ward Moore
1428:Issues of
1097:Issues of
537:Issues of
269:Issues of
3262:Magazines
3011:0891-9623
2288:Blue Moon
1611:in 1938.
1492:confused.
1489:Future SF
1481:Future SF
1475:, saying
622:Futurians
1690:. Once
1659:, which
581:pacifist
3729:Related
3684:Unknown
3417:Fantasy
3252:fantasy
3178:4239976
2856:Sources
2343:19 July
2062:Apr-60
2059:Jul-52
2046:May-52
2043:Jan-52
2026:Nov-51
2023:May-50
2010:Jul-43
2007:Apr-43
1994:Feb-43
1991:Oct-42
1974:Aug-42
1971:Oct-41
1958:Aug-41
1955:Nov-39
1909:May-60
1893:Sep-41
1890:Mar-39
1651:, and "
683:Winter
547:titled
106:, and "
3176:
3151:
3123:
3100:
3079:
3058:
3028:
3009:
2981:
2958:
2935:
2916:
2893:
2870:
2292:Future
2252:Things
2153:Future
2128:, but
2126:Future
2106:Future
2082:Future
2030:Future
1978:Future
1947:Title
1933:Future
1882:Title
1857:Future
1849:Future
1845:Future
1838:Future
1811:Future
1807:Future
1795:Future
1724:Future
1696:Future
1686:, and
1669:Future
1643:, and
1616:Future
1603:, and
1593:Future
1165:Future
1157:Future
1149:Future
1141:Future
1129:Future
1117:Future
677:Summer
674:Spring
626:Future
3340:Comet
3174:JSTOR
2302:Notes
1906:1953
1841:'
1655:" by
1614:When
1440:Both
1396:1960
1360:1959
1323:1958
1288:1957
1253:1956
1218:1955
1066:1960
1031:1959
996:1958
958:1957
924:1956
894:1955
860:1954
825:1953
790:1952
755:1951
728:1950
505:1943
470:1942
437:1941
405:1940
375:1939
236:1941
204:1940
170:1939
110:" by
102:" by
3250:and
3209:and
3149:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3056:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3007:ISSN
2979:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2345:2014
1851:and
1797:and
1775:Emsh
1710:and
1627:and
1585:and
1554:and
1444:and
1409:11/2
1404:11/1
1399:10/6
1389:10/5
1384:10/4
1379:10/3
1374:10/2
1369:10/1
1213:Dec
723:Dec
680:Fall
500:3/2
465:2/2
370:Dec
287:, a
199:1/5
165:Dec
52:and
2151:or
2138:2/-
2134:1/6
2070:35
2038:10
1917:38
1901:12
1789:.
1366:9/6
1363:9/5
1353:9/4
1348:9/3
1345:9/2
1342:9/1
1339:8/7
1336:8/6
1331:8/5
1326:8/4
1316:8/3
1311:8/2
1306:8/1
1301:7/6
1296:7/5
1291:7/4
1281:7/3
1276:7/2
1271:7/1
1266:6/6
1261:6/5
1256:6/4
1246:6/3
1241:6/2
1236:6/1
1231:5/6
1226:5/5
1221:5/4
1210:Nov
1207:Oct
1204:Sep
1201:Aug
1198:Jul
1195:Jun
1192:May
1189:Apr
1186:Mar
1183:Feb
1180:Jan
1061:46
1026:40
885:5/3
880:5/2
875:5/1
868:4/6
863:4/5
853:4/4
848:4/3
843:4/2
838:4/1
833:3/6
828:3/5
818:3/4
813:3/3
808:3/2
803:3/1
798:2/6
793:2/5
783:2/4
778:2/3
773:2/2
768:2/1
763:1/6
758:1/5
748:1/4
745:1/3
742:1/2
739:1/1
720:Nov
717:Oct
714:Sep
711:Aug
708:Jul
705:Jun
702:May
699:Apr
696:Mar
693:Feb
690:Jan
522:3/5
515:3/4
510:3/3
495:3/1
490:2/6
485:2/5
480:2/4
475:2/3
460:2/1
455:1/6
446:1/5
430:1/4
421:1/3
412:1/2
398:1/1
367:Nov
364:Oct
361:Sep
358:Aug
355:Jul
352:Jun
349:May
346:Apr
343:Mar
340:Feb
337:Jan
326:and
258:2/6
251:2/5
244:2/4
239:2/3
227:2/2
218:2/1
211:1/6
194:1/4
189:1/3
184:1/2
177:1/1
162:Nov
159:Oct
156:Sep
153:Aug
150:Jul
147:Jun
144:May
141:Apr
138:Mar
135:Feb
132:Jan
3758::
3170:17
3168:.
2797:^
2774:^
2744:^
2690:^
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2628:^
2597:^
2570:^
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2327:^
2298:.
2108:.
2054:3
2018:2
2002:3
1986:6
1966:6
1935::
1870::
1730:;
1682:,
1639:,
1635:,
1623:,
1599:,
1076:48
1071:47
1056:45
1051:44
1046:43
1041:42
1036:41
1021:39
1016:38
1011:37
1006:36
1001:35
982:34
973:33
964:32
950:31
936:30
929:29
917:28
551:.
114:.
3240:e
3233:t
3226:v
3180:.
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1533:.
20:)
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