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in 1629. Residents of
Nagasaki, whether commoner, Buddhist monk or samurai, were required to tread on the icons which were brought from house to house. Their use was officially abandoned when ports opened to foreigners on 13 April 1856, but some remained in use until Christian teaching was placed
622:: because I had been thrown into his kingdom by my misfortunes, without any intention of trading. When this latter petition was interpreted to the Emperor, he seemed a little surprised; and said, he ... suspected I must be a Christian...
78:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Attached to this word is an exotic, foreignized sort of interest though it was a native invention of the early Yedo Period and had remained a curious symbol of the anti-Christian policy of the
Tokugawa
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participants had instead chosen to be defiant and died, Christianity would not have continued in Japan; he stated "It is only because some made an existential decision to trample on the
342:); there were some 20,000 secret Christians in Japan when Christianity was legalized again, down from 500,000 in Nagasaki at the height of Japanese Christianity before the persecution.
258:, which government officials ordered all to trample on. Those who were reluctant or refused to do so were arrested for being Christians. The policy of the shogunate was to get them to
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To this I added another petition, that for the sake of my patron the king of
Luggnagg, his majesty would condescend to excuse my performing the ceremony imposed on my countrymen, of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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were usually cast from bronze, but others were made of painted stone and some were woodblock prints. There are relatively few surviving
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The
Japanese government used the e-fumi to uncover Christians and sympathizers. Fumi-e contained images of the Virgin Mary and
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Gardiner, Anne
Barbeau (Summer 1991). "Swift on the Dutch East India Merchants: The Context of 1672-73 War Literature".
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Eighteenth-century Europe was aware enough of e-fumi for authors of fiction to mention it when alluding to Japan, as in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Japanese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Artistic and
Cultural Exchanges Between Europe and Asia, 1400–1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections
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Bradley K. Martin (19 December 1980). "Japanese
Christian Group Keeps Relics of Old Faith in the Closet".
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in their 2007 exhibition "Encompassing the Globe: Portugal and the World in the 16th and 17th
Centuries."
310:(1759). Allegations published in Europe during the late 17th and early 18th century that Dutch traders at
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were required to undergo the e-fumi are thought by modern scholars to be propaganda arising from the
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610:(1726). "Part III. A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib, and Japan. Chapter 11".
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Christians would sometimes perform the e-fumi yet continue to practice their beliefs secretly (
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In modern
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professor Mark Mullins concluded that "In that sense, the fumi-e policies were effective."
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Execution for Christianity was unofficially abandoned by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1805.
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Pictures of Christian figures to be stepped upon by suspected Christians in Japan
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Picture of Jesus used to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers
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to Japanese Christians, some seeing the treading of the
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as a sign of the love and forgiveness of Jesus Christ.
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784:"The Japanese Christians forced to trample on Christ"
503:"The Japanese Christians forced to trample on Christ"
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a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.
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Fumi-e began first to be used against Christians in
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A government office devised a test called fumi-e...
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368:professor Simon Hull stated that if all of the
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583:"Volcano's Fury Turns a Shrine Into a Morgue"
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782:Tan, Yvette (24 November 2019).
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183:fumi "stepping-on" + e "picture"
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243:. The icons were also known as
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934:Religious policy in Japan
914:Persecution of Christians
731:Jeff Keuss (March 2007).
533:Toward a Geography of Art
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431:Christianity portal
206:required suspected
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587:The New York Times
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200:Tokugawa shogunate
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460:References
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241:Meiji era
129:talk page
81:Consider
512:29 April
507:BBC News
403:See also
302:Voltaire
290:(1726),
268:Nagasaki
264:tortured
236:Nagasaki
216:religion
105:provide
690:3817708
324:Silence
307:Candide
222:History
127:to the
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389:Fumi-e
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312:Dejima
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686:JSTOR
256:Jesus
249:ita-e
245:e-ita
204:Japan
192:Jesus
72:DeepL
875:2011
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797:2019
766:2011
718:2011
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384:Form
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