Free-software license

1070:, or the BSD-based distributions. Examples include prohibiting that the software be used for non-private applications, for military purposes, for comparison or benchmarking, for good use, for ethically questionable means, or in commercial organizations. While some restrictions on user freedom, e.g. concerning nuclear war, seem to enjoy moral support among most free software developers, it is generally believed that such agendas should not be served through software licenses; among other things because of practical aspects such as resulting legal uncertainties and problems with enforceability of vague, broad and/or subjective criteria or because tool makers are generally not held responsible for other people's use of their tools. Nevertheless some projects include legally non-binding pleas to the user, prominently 1050:, have a less complicated license interaction and normally exhibit better license compatibility. For example, if one license says "modified versions must mention the developers in any advertising materials", and another license says "modified versions cannot contain additional attribution requirements", then, if someone combined a software package which uses one license with a software package which uses the other, it would be impossible to distribute the combination because these contradictory requirements cannot be fulfilled simultaneously. Thus, these two packages would be license-incompatible. When it comes to 1364: 1815:... the organization that manages open source developers working on the next generation of Netscape's browser and communication software. This event marked a historical milestone for the Internet as Netscape became the first major commercial software company to open its source code, a trend that has since been followed by several other corporations. Since the code was first published on the Internet, thousands of individuals and organizations have downloaded it and made hundreds of contributions to the software. Mozilla.org is now celebrating this one-year anniversary with a party Thursday night in San Francisco. 1975:

license to do so. :-) ... For the record, I have already voted +1 to approve the CC0 public domain dedication and fallback license as OSD compliant. I admit that I have argued for years against the "public domain" as an open source license, but in retrospect, considering the minimal risk to developers and users relying on such software and the evident popularity of that "license", I changed my mind. One can't stand in the way of a fire hose of free public domain software, even if it doesn't come with a better FOSS license that I trust more.

1009: 33: 4121: 4111: 933:. In this case, the source code must also contain any changes the developers may have made. If GPL code is used but not shared or sold, the code is not required to be made available and any changes may remain private. This permits developers and organizations to use and modify GPL code for private purposes (that is, when the code or the project is not sold or otherwise shared) without being required to make their changes available to the public. 1113: 3150:

software license whatsoever. So if you write a new program, and you have no commitments at all about what license you want to use, saving only that it be a free license, you cannot include GFDL'd text. The GNU FDL, as it stands today, does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There are significant problems with the license, as detailed above; and, as such, we cannot accept works licensed under the GNU FDL into our distribution.

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its advantages. Some also argue that restricting distribution makes the license less free. Whereas proponents would argue that not preserving freedom during distribution would make it less free. For example, a non-copyleft license does not grant the author the freedom to see modified versions of his or her work if it gets publicly published, whereas a copyleft license does grant that freedom.

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code becomes proprietary, users are denied the freedoms that define free software. As a result, they consider the BSD license less free than the GPL, and that freedom is more than a lack of restriction. Since the BSD license restricts the right of developers to have changes recontributed to the community, neither it nor the GPL is "free" in the sense of "lacking any restrictions."

975:. Most newly written free-software licenses since the late 1990s include some form of patent retaliation clauses. These measures stipulate that one's rights under the license (such as to redistribution), may be terminated if one attempts to enforce patents relating to the licensed software, under certain circumstances. As an example, the 2421:

1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public

2065:

In some ways, Linux was the project that really made the split clear between what the FSF is pushing which is very different from what open source and Linux has always been about, which is more of a technical superiority instead of a -- this religious belief in freedom," Torvalds told Zemlin. So, the

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Most rights can be voluntarily abandoned ("waived") by the owner of the rights. Legislators can go to extra effort to create rights that can't be abandoned, but usually they don't do this. In particular, you can voluntarily abandon your United States copyrights: "It is well settled that rights gained

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Supporters of the BSD license argue that it is more free than the GPL because it grants the right to do anything with the source code, provided that the attribution is preserved. The approach has led to BSD code being used in widely used proprietary software. Proponents of the GPL point out that once

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It is not possible to borrow text from a GFDL'd manual and incorporate it in any free software program whatsoever. This is not a mere license incompatibility. It's not just that the GFDL is incompatible with this or that free software license: it's that it is fundamentally incompatible with any free

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Apache 2 software can therefore be included in GPLv3 projects, because the GPLv3 license accepts our software into GPLv3 works. However, GPLv3 software cannot be included in Apache projects. The licenses are incompatible in one direction only, and it is a result of ASF's licensing philosophy and the

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No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide Installation Information, do not exist in GPLv2. As a result, the licenses are not compatible: if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses, you would violate section 6 of GPLv2. However, if code is released

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2 has been tested in to court, first in Germany in 2004 and later in the US. In the German case the judge did not explicitly discuss the validity of the GPL's clauses but accepted that the GPL had to be adhered to: "If the GPL were not agreed upon by the parties, defendant would notwithstanding lack

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The licences for distributing free or open source software (FOSS) are divided in two families: permissive and copyleft. Permissive licences (BSD, MIT, X11, Apache, Zope) are generally compatible and interoperable with most other licences, tolerating to merge, combine or improve the covered code and

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Permissive licensing simplifies things One reason the business world, and more and more developers , favor permissive licenses is in the simplicity of reuse. The license usually only pertains to the source code that is licensed and makes no attempt to infer any conditions upon any other component,

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The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement. The event that precipitated this attempted semantic coup d'état was the release of the source code for Netscape's Communicator Web browser. It's tough to overestimate the importance of Netscape to the fortunes of Free

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Supporters of GPL claim that by mandating that derivative works remain under the GPL, it fosters the growth of free software and requires equal participation by all users. Opponents of GPL claim that "no license can guarantee future software availability" and that the disadvantages of GPL outweigh

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Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware,

1974:

The case you referenced in your email, Hampton v. Paramount Pictures, 279 F.2d 100 (9th Cir. Cal. 1960), stands for the proposition that, at least in the Ninth Circuit, a person can indeed abandon his copyrights (counter to what I wrote in my article) -- but it takes the equivalent of a manifest

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GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 58.69% GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 11.39% Artistic License (Perl) 7.46% BSD License 6.50% Apache License 2.0 2.92% MIT License 2.58% GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 1.64% Mozilla Public License (MPL) 1.1 1.37% Common Public License 0.83%

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foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and the fact that the GFDL "does not allow for easy duplication and

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FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the Free Software ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. FSF is not Creative Commons:the documentation that FSF handles is an essential

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Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems, it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate. The real outcomes, however, are this: BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release. It is generally accepted that stripping out the "or any later version" is legally

1307:

is a software license published in Spain in December 2006 to allow all but military use. The writers of the license maintain it is free software, but the Free Software Foundation says it is not free because it infringes the so-called "zero freedom" of the GPL, that is, the freedom to use the

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In the early times of software, sharing of software and source code was common in certain communities, for instance academic institutions. Before the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided in 1974 that "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an

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3 of its GNU General Public License (GPL) on the 29th of June 2007, contributors to the VLC media player, and other software projects hosted at videolan.org, debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects, to

922:". This results in the new software being open source as well. Since copyleft ensures that later generations of the software grant the freedom to modify the code, this is "free software". Non-copyleft licenses do not ensure that later generations of the software will remain free. 913:

in the mid-1980s pioneered a concept known as "copyleft". Ensuing copyleft provisions stated that when modified versions of free software are distributed, they must be distributed under the same terms as the original software. Hence they are referred to as "share and

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3 of the GPL. ... There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time, especially in the market of consumer electronics. It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL

2005:

Currently the decision to move from GPL v2 to GPL v3 is being hotly debated by many open source projects. According to Palamida, a provider of IP compliance software, there have been roughly 2489 open source projects that have moved from GPLv2 to later

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In 2007, after years of draft discussion, the GPLv3 as major update of the GPLv2 was released. The release was controversial due to the significant extended scope of the license, which made it incompatible with the GPLv2. Several major FOSS projects

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follows at third place. A study from 2012, which used publicly available data, criticized Black Duck Software for not publishing their methodology used in collecting statistics. Daniel German, professor in the Department of Computer Science at the

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As there are several defining organizations and groups who publish definitions and guidelines about FOSS licenses, notably the FSF, the OSI, the Debian project, and the BSDs, there are sometimes conflicting opinions and interpretations.

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under the Copyright Act may be abandoned. But abandonment of a right must be manifested by some overt act indicating an intention to abandon that right. See Hampton v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 279 F.2d 100, 104 (9th Cir. 1960)."

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From the above chart it is clear that the GPL family is the highest used (I had miscalculated it as MIT before).The other major licenses are MIT, BSD, the LGPL family, Artistic (for Perl packages), LPPL (foe texlive packages),

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Don't invent a straw man argument please. I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless, unnecessary, overcomplicated, and confusing, and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1) Useless: We're never dropping

1795:"MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., April 1 /PRNewswire/ -- Netscape Communications and open source developers are celebrating the first anniversary, March 31, 1999, of the release of Netscape's browser source code to mozilla.org" 1333:

in Canada, presented a talk in 2013 about the methodological challenges in determining which are the most widely used free-software licenses, and showed how he could not replicate the result from Black Duck Software.

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which are derived from BSD-licensed software. In extreme cases, the sub- or re-licensing possibilities with BSD or other permissive licenses might prevent further use in the open-source ecosystem. For instance,

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2, with the commonly-offered option to use 'any later version' thereof (though there was not any such later version at the time). Following the release by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) of the new version

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the necessary rights to copy, distribute, and make the software 'netfilter/iptables' publicly available." Because the defendant did not comply with the GPL, it had to cease use of the software. The US case (

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the restriction that source code must be distributed or made available for all works that are derivatives As a consequence, software bound by the GPL terms cannot be included in the kernel or "runtime" of

848:) free-software licensing rather than permissive free-software licensing for most purposes. Its list distinguishes between free-software licenses that are compatible or incompatible with the FSF's copyleft 1030:

Licenses of software packages containing contradictory requirements render it impossible to combine source code from such packages in order to create new software packages. License compatibility between a

1781:

Bold move to harness creative power of thousands of internet developers; company makes Netscape Navigator and Communicator 4.0 immediately free for all users, seeding market for enterprise and netcenter

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according to David A. Wheeler (2007): the vector arrows denote a one directional compatibility, therefore better compatibility on the left side ("permissive licenses") than on the right side ("copyleft

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in 1985, which was revised into the "GNU Emacs General Public License" in late 1985, and clarified in March 1987 and February 1988. Likewise, the similar GCC General Public License was applied to the

1242:(GFDL). Debian accepts the original Artistic License as being a free software license, but FSF disagrees. This has very little impact however since the Artistic License is almost always used in a 2730:

and because of this there is no need to define what constitutes a derived work. I have also never seen a license compatibility chart for permissive licenses; it seems that they are all compatible.

1288:. The FSF argues that documentation is qualitatively different from software and is subject to different requirements. Debian accepted, in a later resolution, that the GNU FDL complied with the 747:

open-source programs office manager Chris DiBona reported that the number of open-source projects licensed software that had moved to GPLv3 from GPLv2 was 50%, counting the projects hosted at

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In 2011, four years after the release of the GPLv3, 6.5% of all open-source licensed projects were GPLv3 while 42.5% were still GPLv2 according to Black Duck Software data. Following in 2011

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considerations. While the creation of new licenses slowed down later, license proliferation and its impact are considered an ongoing serious challenge for the free and open-source ecosystem.

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The majority of free-software licenses require that modified software not claim to be unmodified. Some licenses also require that copyright holders be credited. One such example is version

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3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole. Consequently, we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version

995:

2 of the GNU GPL, which requires that interactive programs that print warranty or license information, may not have these notices removed from modified versions intended for distribution.

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may terminate a user's rights if said user embarks on litigation proceedings against them due to patent litigation. Patent retaliation emerged in response to proliferation and abuse of

1258:

The vast majority of free software uses undisputed free-software licenses; however, there have been many debates over whether or not certain other licenses qualify for the definition.

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At the time, the decision seemed sensible in the face of a deadlock. But now, GPLv2 is used for 42.5% of free software, and GPLv3 for less than 6.5%, according to Black Duck Software.

895:, include intentionally stronger restrictions (especially on the distribution/distributor) in order to force derived projects to guarantee specific rights which can't be taken away. 2317: 821:. It considers Free Software Permissive license group to be a reference implementation of a Free Software license. Thus its requirements for approving licenses are different. 567:

author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright", software was not considered copyrightable. Therefore, software had no licenses attached and was shared as

2454:

1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05%

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analyst Matthew Aslett argued in a blog post that copyleft licenses went into decline and permissive licenses increased, based on statistics from Black Duck Software.

652:' step to release its webbrowser under a FOSS license in 1998, inspired many other companies to adapt to the FOSS ecosystem. In this trend companies and new projects ( 1988: 1660: 4157: 3693: 3042:

Content that you submit must not directly compete with products offered by MathWorks. Content submitted to File Exchange may only be used with MathWorks products.

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component of FSF's Free Software, and should be treated as such. In that light, the GFDL isn't consistent with the ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years.

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License -> OSI: GNU General Public License (GPL) (32641 projects), GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL) (4889 projects of 45727, 82.1%)

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Software. But Netscape is far more famous among geeks for giving away something else, in 1998: the source code to Netscape Communicator (née Navigator).

967:

describes a process where hardware restrictions are used to prevent users from running modified versions of the software on that hardware, in which the

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vs Progress) was settled before a verdict was arrived at, but at an initial hearing, Judge Saris "saw no reason" that the GPL would not be enforceable.

1748:

freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.

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software could not truly be waived into public domain and can't be interpreted as very permissive FOSS license, a position which faced opposition by

588:

Free-software licenses before the late 1980s were generally informal notices written by the developers themselves. These early licenses were of the "

971:

device is an example. It is viewed by the FSF as a way to turn free software to effectively non-free, and is why they have chosen to prohibit it in

1574:

The latter is covered by the GNU Emacs General Public License, which says that sources of anything using it must be available for free to everyone.

1296:" is removed, but considers it "still not free of trouble". Notwithstanding, most GNU documentation includes "invariant sections". Similarly, the 5093: 4686: 1054:

software licenses, they are not inherently compatible with other copyleft licenses, even the GPLv2 is, by itself, not compatible with the GPLv3.

102: 1167:(GPL), are undesirably complicated and/or restrictive. The GPL requires any derivative work to also be released according to the GPL while the 1078:'s (joking) “no evil” clause, which affected the release process of the Debian distribution in 2012 and got the JSMin-PHP project expelled from 353:

Free-software licenses provide risk mitigation against different legal threats or behaviors that are seen as potentially harmful by developers:

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and another license is often only a one-way compatibility. This "one-way compatibility" characteristic is, for instanced, criticized by the

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free-software licenses for each of its software packages. An early such license (the "GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice") was used for

155:

law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a

3629: 1348:'s packages showed as most used licenses the GPL family, followed by MIT, BSD, the LGP family, Artistic (for Perl packages), LPPL (for 1171:

does not. Essentially, the BSD license's only requirement is to acknowledge the original authors, and poses no restrictions on how the

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Blender is also still 'GPLv2 or later'. For the time being we stick to that, moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of.

2094: 1427: 17: 3454: 3163: 1123: 4517: 3698: 3656: 3599: 3365: 2352: 2379: 2052: 4114: 4062: 3992: 3676: 1992: 1664: 1369: 4679: 4405: 3636: 3529: 2349:"GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever - Data suggests a sharper rate of decline, which raises the question: why?" 1764: 1630:"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the second international GPLv3 conference, Porto Alegre, Brazil; 2006-04-21" 1483: 1341:

study in 2015 on their statistical data found that the MIT license was the most prominent FOSS license on that platform.

959:

litigation cases – a problem which had not previously existed. This new threat was one of the reasons for writing version

813:. OSI agrees with FSF on all widely used free-software licenses, but differ from FSF's list, as it approves against the 1074:. Among the repeated attempts by developers to regulate user behavior through the license that sparked wider debate are 4017: 3869: 2750: 2212: 1266: 1539: 3932: 3842: 3837: 3434: 783: 292: 2716: 1540:"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22 - FSFE" 4338: 3661: 3569: 2823: 872: 195: 2959: 2901:"❌(REVERTED): Add text to MIT License banning ICE collaborators by jamiebuilds · Pull Request #1616 · lerna/Lerna" 4738: 4221: 3927: 3759: 3666: 1382: 1289: 1231: 581:, clarified that the Copyright Act gave computer programs the copyright status of literary works and started the 2560:"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the fifth international GPLv3 conference, Tokyo, Japan; 2006-11-21" 4672: 4502: 3506: 3279: 2131: 1961: 1277: 1239: 1156: 644:

movement pushed and focused the free-software idea forward in the wider public and business perception. In the

123: 2538: 2517: 1265:, which were accepted by the Open Source Initiative but not by the Free Software Foundation or Debian and the 4721: 4343: 4211: 4022: 3917: 3741: 3731: 3515: 3469: 2824:"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22" 1397: 160: 77: 3023: 1637: 1159:-based operating systems have a different position on licensing. The main difference is the belief that the 743:) decided against adopting the GPLv3. On the other hand, in 2009, two years after the release of the GPLv3, 4438: 4088: 3942: 3736: 4969: 4050: 3957: 3792: 3479: 1262: 976: 301: 2559: 1062:

Restrictions on use of a software ("use restrictions") are generally unacceptable according to the FSF,

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a new method of trying to deprive the users of freedom. In broad terms we refer to this as tivoization.

1512: 1387: 1247: 1164: 1135: 849: 625: 387: 5098: 5032: 4758: 4652: 4552: 4448: 4270: 4201: 4082: 3997: 3982: 3349: 1953: 1905: 1761:"Netscape Announces Plans to Make Next-Generation Communicator Source Code Available Free on the Net" 1561: 1199:' FileExchange repository offers the BSD license for user contributions but prevents with additional 696: 116: 1958:"(License-review) (License-discuss) CC0 incompliant with OSD on patents, (was: MXM compared to CC0)" 1489:

in Golden Gate University Law Review Volume 14, Issue 2, Article 3 by Jan L. Nussbaum (January 1984)

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dethroned the GPLv2 as most popular free-software license to the second place while the permissive

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Open-Source Software - Develop, share, and reuse open source software for public administrations

1234:(DFSG). The only notable cases where Debian and Free Software Foundation disagree are over the 4881: 4753: 4458: 4443: 4318: 4285: 4191: 4124: 4012: 3859: 3822: 3721: 3404: 2845:"Censorship envy and licensing — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software" 2470: 1857: 1458: 1330: 1131: 1083: 1063: 868: 861: 814: 806: 715:, while admitting that contrary to his previous claims copyright can be waived away, backed by 568: 283: 3193: 3137: 2021: 1586: 632:

2 of the GPL, released in 1991, went on to become the most widely used free-software license.

4901: 4743: 4695: 4453: 4323: 4166: 3987: 3782: 3713: 3646: 3118: 1871: 1691: 1392: 1025: 864:

regarding the fine line between what restrictions can be applied and still be called "free".

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which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or

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defensible, and that the merging of other GPLv2-only code will force that issue in any case.

1090:

in 2005, as well as several software projects trying to exclude use by big cloud providers.

147:

is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and

4992: 4876: 4866: 4748: 4731: 4398: 4393: 4373: 4072: 4007: 4002: 3564: 3097:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses: Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?" 2438: 1204: 1179: 673: 641: 617: 306: 184:

Types of software license and similar licenses. The highlighted columns are free software.

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License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2%

2039:

2 or later,' that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits.

8: 4997: 4982: 4779: 4313: 4181: 3952: 3554: 2690: 2654: 2628: 1931: 1047: 810: 800: 712: 704: 217: 67: 1895:, 195 F. Supp. 2d 328 (D. Mass. 2002), on defendant's motion for preliminary injunction. 1768: 5057: 5047: 5002: 4716: 4631: 4577: 4481: 3499: 3354: 3082: 3069:"Why can't I use code from File Exchange in Octave? It's released under a BSD license!" 1269:, which was accepted by Open Source Initiative and Free Software Foundation but not by 1040: 952: 946: 884: 736: 589: 200: 36:

The free-software-licensing spectrum and some examples of programs under those licenses

5072: 5012: 4987: 4811: 4512: 4275: 4110: 4032: 3879: 3559: 3361: 2686: 2294: 2022:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses – Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?" 1320:

license has been the GPLv2, in 2015, according to Black Duck Software the permissive

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of the author but allow practically all code use cases. Certain licenses, namely the

657: 573: 3138:"Draft Debian Position Statement about the GNU Free Documentation License (nerGFDL)" 2844: 1431: 875:

is restriction-free. Examples of public-domain-like licenses are, for instance, the

4886: 4703: 4592: 4537: 4497: 4378: 4216: 3797: 3167: 2497:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" 2074:

2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now, Version

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is also one of the first free-software licenses, dating to 1988. In 1989, version

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which doesn't have this characteristic. Non-copyleft licenses, such as the FOSS

4582: 4547: 4522: 4263: 4236: 4226: 3864: 3787: 3220:"Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian" 1345: 1325: 1043: 779: 775: 645: 279: 3448: 2764:

to re-distribute it under many licences (including non-free or 'proprietary').

163:) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to 32: 5087: 4947: 4726: 4572: 4297: 4095: 4056: 3962: 3619: 3544: 3492: 3245: 1402: 1297: 716: 707:

and others. In 2012 the dispute was finally resolved when Rosen accepted the

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In 2001, VLC was released under the OSI-approved GNU General Public version

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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the

724: 443: 222: 82: 3280:"Transcript of Richard Stallman at the 3nd international GPLv3 conference" 2717:"Should I use a permissive license? Copyleft? Or something in the middle?" 951:

During the 1990s, free-software licenses began including clauses, such as

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Grants rights for noncommercial use only. May be combined with copyleft.

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packages), and ASL. The GNU GPLv2+ was the single most popular license

1280:, which is incompatible with the GPL, was considered "non-free" by the 1211: 3464: 2992:"The SSPL is Not an Open Source License | Open Source Initiative" 782:'s packages revealed as most used licenses the GPL, MIT, BSD, and the 5007: 4954: 4850: 4838: 4258: 3884: 3356:

Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law

3005: 2539:"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project" 2518:"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project" 1935: 1261:

Examples of licenses that provoked debate were the 1.x series of the

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GPLv3 broke "the" GPL into incompatible forks that can't share code.

1562:"Montgomery EMACS : when did it leave the Public Domain ?" 668:) wrote their own FOSS licenses, or adapted existing licenses. This 4816: 4806: 4801: 4711: 4333: 3922: 3802: 3415:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

3324: 2991: 2181: 2154: 1909: 1191: 1160: 1051: 904: 841: 605: 336: 331: 205: 164: 92: 62: 43: 1487:

Puts the Byte Back into Copyright Protection for Computer Programs

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The Free Software Foundation's list of free and non-free licenses

2291:"GPLv3 hits 50 percent adoption | The Open Road - CNET News" 1349: 732: 653: 96: 2803:"The HESSLA's Problems - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" 4774: 2905: 1517: 1338: 1281: 1270: 1227: 1207: 1071: 1067: 767: 744: 2960:"Open source project adds "no military use" clause to the GPL" 3889: 2973: 2873:"A Peaceful Open Source License | Wise Earth Technology" 2599:"The Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) License Slide" 1324:

dethroned the GPLv2 to the second place while the permissive

1187: 972: 876: 837:, maintains a non-exhaustive list of free-software licences. 728: 689: 326: 2921:"Evil, or why Douglas Crockford is harmful to Free Software" 778:

follows already at third place. In June 2016 an analysis of

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Developers who use GPL code in their product must make the

2095:"7 Reasons Why Free Software Is Losing Influence: Page 2" 1854:"Report of License Proliferation Committee and draft FAQ" 963:

3 of the GNU GPL in 2006. In recent years, a term coined

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License allowing software modification and redistribution

3244: 3083:"Freedom or Power? by Bradley Kuhn and Richard Stallman" 235:

Grants use rights, including right to relicense (allows

151:

that software. These actions are usually prohibited by

2407:. Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from 1829:"The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits" 1736:"The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits" 1455:"What if copyright didn't apply to binary executables?" 986: 855: 640:

Starting in the mid-1990s and until the mid-2000s, the

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Copyleft is the main source of compatibility problems.

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Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing

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Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corporation

1301:

modification", especially for digital documentation.

3535:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

1378:

Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

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From the free-software licenses, the GNU GPL version

998: 357:Frequently used protective and permissive licenses 4165: 3903: 3353: 1753: 1182:that only acknowledges the authors. For instance, 1086:to the GPL for the distributed computing software 909:The free-software share-alike licenses written by 571:. The CONTU decision plus court decisions such as 175:form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms. 3514: 3399:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 2685: 2239:"VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 1253: 5085: 3212: 2935:"JSMin isn't welcome on Google Code - wonko.com" 2399: 2397: 1989:"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation" 1661:"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation" 1082:, the addition of a pacifist condition based on 929:available to anyone when they share or sell the 3282:. Free Software Foundation Europe. 22 June 2006 3182: 2703:GPLv3 authors' interpretation of copyright law. 2209:"What's up with DWG adoption in free software?" 2016: 2014: 809:(OSI) defines and maintains a list of approved 2318:"GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever" 2088: 2086: 2070:3 reflects the FSF's goals and the GPL Version 1952: 1904: 4680: 4151: 3500: 2581:"Richard Stallman discusses changes in GPLv3" 2464: 2462: 2432: 2430: 2394: 1872:"Groklaw - The German GPL Order - Translated" 766:In 2015 according to Black Duck Software and 676:ecosystem due to the increased complexity of 616:, which was initially published in 1987. The 124: 3540:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 3300: 3188: 2743:"Licence Compatibility and Interoperability" 2282: 2011: 1689: 1513:"GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice (1985)" 2769: 2708: 2468: 2083: 2044: 1284:project around 2006, Nathanael Nerode, and 4687: 4673: 4158: 4144: 3507: 3493: 3256:. FLOSS Manuals Foundation. Archived from 3155: 3135: 2459: 2427: 2236: 2206: 1936:"Placing documents into the public domain" 1683: 1230:project uses the criteria laid out in its 860:There exists an ongoing debate within the 131: 117: 4694: 3465:Open Source Initiative's list of licenses 3435:Learn how and when to remove this message 2625:"How GPLv3 tackles license proliferation" 2439:"Open source license usage on GitHub.com" 2207:Prokoudine, Alexandre (26 January 2012). 1930: 1893:Progress Software Corporation v. MySQL AB 4329:Business models for open-source software 3055:"File Exchange Licensing Transition FAQ" 2346: 2315: 2230: 2211:. libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from 1991:. socializedsoftware.com. Archived from 1838:press - durham and london. p. 100. 1663:. socializedsoftware.com. Archived from 1492: 1316:While historically the most widely used 1007: 1003: 672:was later recognized as problem for the 557:History of free and open-source software 31: 3162:Nerode, Nathanael (24 September 2003). 2714: 2651:European Open source Lawyers Event 2008 2642:LAURENT, Philippe (24 September 2008). 2641: 2597:Wheeler, David A. (27 September 2007). 2596: 2471:"Software Licenses in Fedora Ecosystem" 2179: 2092: 2051:Kerner, Sean Michael (8 January 2008). 1910:"Why the public domain isn't a license" 1745:press - durham and london. p. 99. 1452: 1425: 1093: 14: 5094:Free and open-source software licenses 5086: 3303:"GPL use in Debian on the rise: study" 3161: 2735: 2715:Hanwell, Marcus D. (28 January 2014). 2436: 2376:"On the continuing decline of the GPL" 2373: 2152: 2124:"MySQL changes license to avoid GPLv3" 2050: 1634:Fsfe - Free Software Foundation Europe 1498:Lemley, Menell, Merges and Samuelson. 4668: 4518:Organization for Transformative Works 4139: 3488: 3348: 2749:. joinup.ec.europa.eu. Archived from 1826: 1733: 1559: 1210:software, for instance with the FOSS 1178:As a result, BSD code can be used in 1012:License compatibility between common 940: 840:The Free Software Foundation prefers 701:Why the public domain isn't a license 4063:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 3379: 3194:"stepping in between Debian and FSF" 3119:"Re: Proposed statement wrt GNU FDL" 3116: 2657:– Belgium. p. 7. Archived from 2644:"The GPLv3 and compatibility issues" 2374:Aslett, Matthew (15 December 2011). 2347:Proffitt, Brian (16 December 2011). 2316:Proffitt, Brian (16 December 2011). 2288: 1986: 1658: 1370:Free and open-source software portal 1106: 987:Attribution, disclaimers and notices 856:Conditions in free-software licenses 3530:Alternative terms for free software 3164:"Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL" 2775: 2093:Byfield, Bruce (22 November 2011). 1765:Netscape Communications Corporation 1103:Permissive versus copyleft opinions 887:might carry small obligations like 825:FSF-approved free-software licenses 24: 3870:Python Software Foundation License 3451:, by the Free Software Foundation. 1446: 1267:RealNetworks Public Source License 25: 5110: 3933:Definition of Free Cultural Works 3550:Free software project directories 3460:Debian's license information page 3375: 2180:Landley, Rob (9 September 2006). 1767:. 22 January 1998. Archived from 1587:"Free Software - GPL Enforcement" 1453:Hancock, Terry (29 August 2008). 1057: 795:OSI-approved open-source licenses 635: 4339:Commercial use of copyleft works 4120: 4119: 4109: 3570:Open-source software development 3384: 3325:"Surveying open source licenses" 3301:Sam Varghese (7 February 2012). 2859:"Distinctive Features of SQLite" 2130:. 4 January 2007. Archived from 1960:. opensource.org. Archived from 1560:Rubin, Paul (12 December 1985). 1362: 1344:In June 2016 an analysis of the 1111: 999:Practical problems with licenses 517: 4319:Alternative compensation system 3928:Debian Free Software Guidelines 3760:Free Software Movement of India 3317: 3294: 3272: 3238: 3196:. lists.debian.org/debian-legal 3129: 3110: 3089: 3075: 3061: 3047: 3030: 3016: 2998: 2984: 2966: 2952: 2927: 2913: 2893: 2879: 2865: 2851: 2837: 2816: 2795: 2679: 2635: 2617: 2590: 2573: 2552: 2531: 2510: 2489: 2367: 2340: 2309: 2293:. News.cnet.com. Archived from 2173: 2146: 2128:Computer business review online 2116: 1980: 1946: 1924: 1898: 1885: 1864: 1846: 1820: 1801:. 31 March 1999. Archived from 1787: 1727: 1706:"SourceForge.net: Software Map" 1698: 1652: 1622: 1383:Developer Certificate of Origin 1311: 1290:Debian Free Software Guidelines 1232:Debian Free Software Guidelines 833:, the group that maintains the 4503:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3024:"FreeBSD der unbekannte Riese" 2053:"Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2" 1708:. Dwheeler.com. Archived from 1601: 1579: 1553: 1532: 1505: 1477: 1419: 1278:GNU Free Documentation License 1254:Controversial borderline cases 1240:GNU Free Documentation License 1084:Asimov's First Law of Robotics 955:, in order to protect against 789: 262:No information is made public 259:; no rights need to be granted 50:Articles on copyleft licensing 13: 1: 4344:Commons-based peer production 4212:Legal aspects of file sharing 3918:Contributor License Agreement 3732:Open-source-software movement 3516:Free and open-source software 3342: 2182:"Re: Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun..." 1827:Kelty, Christpher M. (2008). 1734:Kelty, Christpher M. (2008). 1398:List of free-content licences 1155:Many users and developers of 178: 161:free and open-source software 103:Category:Free and open-source 78:Free and open-source software 4439:Access to Knowledge movement 4089:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 3943:The Free Software Definition 3449:The Free Software Definition 3026:(in German). 30 August 2023. 2469:Anwesha Das (22 June 2016). 2437:Balter, Ben (9 March 2015). 628:(GPL) was published. Version 561: 7: 4970:Software release life cycle 3993:Mozilla software rebranding 3958:Permissive software license 3480:Software Freedom Law Center 2289:Asay, Matt (23 July 2009). 1355: 1263:Apple Public Source License 1203:any usage beside their own 1163:licenses, particularly the 977:Apple Public Source License 898: 770:statistics, the permissive 312:private, internal software 246:Grants use rights, forbids 10: 5115: 5038:Software protection dongle 4918:Unwanted software bundling 3998:Proprietary device drivers 3948:The Open Source Definition 3476:A 45-page licensing primer 3472:, by Andrew M. St. Laurent 3136:Srivastava, Manoj (2006). 3006:"OpenBSD Copyright Policy" 2351:. IT world. Archived from 1426:Wheeler, David A. (2015). 1388:End-user license agreement 1308:software for any purpose. 1276:Also, the FSF recommended 1248:GNU General Public License 1165:GNU General Public License 1023: 944: 902: 873:public-domain-like license 850:GNU General Public License 798: 626:GNU General Public License 554: 550: 5033:Digital rights management 5023: 4968: 4910: 4859: 4767: 4702: 4616: 4565: 4553:Students for Free Culture 4490: 4474: 4467: 4449:Cultural environmentalism 4431: 4406:Prizes instead of patents 4306: 4202:Digital rights management 4174: 4105: 4083:Source-available software 4041: 3983:Digital rights management 3975: 3773: 3750: 3712: 3588: 3522: 2153:corbet (1 October 2006). 2078:2 is where the kernel is. 1692:"Estimating Linux's Size" 1678:zlib/lippng License 0.64% 1500:Software and Internet Law 1221: 1126:toward certain viewpoints 316: 266: 228: 4911:Deceptive and/or illicit 4508:Free Software Foundation 4078:Shared Source Initiative 3875:Shared Source Initiative 3828:Free Software Foundation 3765:Free Software Foundation 3615:Configuration management 3246:FLOSS Manuals Foundation 1413: 1292:when the controversial " 1184:Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 1039:, who provides the more 835:Free Software Definition 831:Free Software Foundation 819:Free Software Definition 754: 595: 5063:Software license server 4639:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto 4349:Electronic sell-through 4244:Monopolies of knowledge 4187:Censorship by copyright 4013:SCO/Linux controversies 2887:"Non-military Use Only" 2778:"CELF 2013 Toybox talk" 1799:Netscape Communications 1428:"The fight for freedom" 871:" and software under a 862:free-software community 650:Netscape Communications 614:GNU Compiler Collection 4739:Freely redistributable 4653:The Internet's Own Boy 4459:Free software movement 4286:software patent debate 4192:Copyright infringement 3913:Comparison of licenses 3722:Free software movement 2237:Denis-Courmont, Rémi. 1858:Open Source Initiative 1459:Free Software Magazine 1331:University of Victoria 1246:setup, along with the 1021: 869:public-domain software 815:Open Source Definition 807:Open Source Initiative 600:In the mid-1980s, the 569:public-domain software 37: 18:Free software licences 4902:Software as a service 4696:Software distribution 4454:Free-culture movement 4364:Libertarian positions 4359:Free-software license 4324:Anti-copyright notice 4167:Intellectual property 3988:License proliferation 3226:. February–March 2006 1393:License-free software 1026:License compatibility 1011: 1004:License compatibility 945:Further information: 678:license compatibility 670:License proliferation 583:licensing of software 317:Other creative works 241:license compatibility 145:free-software license 73:Free-software license 35: 4993:Software maintenance 4867:Digital distribution 4722:Free and open-source 4374:Open-design movement 4073:Open-source hardware 4008:Proprietary software 4003:Proprietary firmware 3704:Formerly open-source 3699:Formerly proprietary 3565:Open-source software 3405:improve this article 3192:(2 September 2003). 1932:Bernstein, Daniel J. 1180:proprietary software 1094:Definition conflicts 811:open-source licenses 699:argued in the essay 674:Free and open-source 618:original BSD license 497:Granularity / reach 307:proprietary software 208:(protective license) 4998:Software maintainer 4780:Commercial software 4768:Compensation models 4314:All rights reversed 4182:Artificial scarcity 3953:Open-source license 3555:Gratis versus libre 3417:footnote references 3260:on 28 February 2008 3117:Braakman, Richard. 2691:"GPL compatibility" 2655:University of Namur 2328:on 4 September 2017 2155:"Busy busy busybox" 1987:Mark (8 May 2008). 1860:. 12 December 2007. 1712:on 13 February 2017 1659:Mark (8 May 2008). 1132:improve the article 1048:permissive licenses 885:Permissive licenses 801:Open-source license 713:open source license 705:Daniel J. Bernstein 695:Around 2004 lawyer 358: 344:, no public license 309:, no public license 255:Traditional use of 218:Proprietary license 185: 68:Open-source license 5058:Software copyright 5048:Product activation 5003:Software publisher 4717:Floating licensing 4632:Good Copy Bad Copy 4578:Alexandra Elbakyan 4482:Copyright Alliance 3254:FLOSS Manuals Blog 2994:. 19 January 2021. 2923:. 8 November 2012. 2382:on 9 December 2016 2355:on 3 December 2013 2297:on 29 October 2013 2215:on 9 November 2016 2134:on 6 February 2007 2055:. internetnews.com 2035:under GPL 'version 1995:on 8 December 2015 1690:David A. Wheeler. 1667:on 8 December 2015 1465:on 25 January 2016 1022: 953:patent retaliation 947:Patent retaliation 941:Patent retaliation 356: 201:Permissive license 183: 90:Higher categories: 38: 5081: 5080: 5073:Torrent poisoning 4988:Long-term support 4812:Pay what you want 4662: 4661: 4561: 4560: 4513:Open Rights Group 4133: 4132: 4033:Trusted Computing 4023:Software security 3971: 3970: 3652:Operating systems 3560:Long-term support 3445: 3444: 3437: 3367:978-0-13-148787-1 3360:. Prentice Hall. 3170:on 9 October 2003 2978:commonsclause.com 2962:. 14 August 2006. 2687:Apache foundation 2405:"Top 20 licenses" 1294:invariant section 1190:have proprietary 1153: 1152: 1076:Douglas Crockford 1037:Apache Foundation 1017:software licenses 893:copyleft licenses 658:Apache foundation 574:Apple v. Franklin 548: 547: 351: 350: 232:Grants all rights 141: 140: 105:software licenses 16:(Redirected from 5106: 5099:Terms of service 4887:Product bundling 4860:Delivery methods 4759:Source-available 4689: 4682: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4593:Richard Stallman 4538:Public Knowledge 4498:Creative Commons 4472: 4471: 4379:Open music model 4160: 4153: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4113: 4018:Software patents 3901: 3900: 3813:Creative Commons 3672:Web applications 3509: 3502: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3371: 3359: 3352:(22 July 2004). 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250:"License Change" 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3166:. 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4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4583:Rick Falkvinge 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4548:Shadow library 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4523:The Pirate Bay 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4444:Anti-copyright 4441: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4264:Bioprospecting 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4155: 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3392: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3376:External links 3374: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3316: 3293: 3271: 3237: 3224:Debian Project 3211: 3181: 3154: 3128: 3109: 3088: 3074: 3060: 3046: 3038:"terms of use" 3029: 3015: 2997: 2983: 2965: 2951: 2926: 2912: 2892: 2878: 2864: 2850: 2836: 2815: 2794: 2776:Landley, Rob. 2768: 2734: 2707: 2678: 2634: 2631:on 2 May 2013. 2616: 2589: 2572: 2551: 2530: 2509: 2488: 2458: 2426: 2393: 2366: 2339: 2308: 2281: 2245:. videolan.org 2229: 2199: 2172: 2145: 2115: 2082: 2043: 2010: 1979: 1954:Lawrence Rosen 1945: 1923: 1912:. rosenlaw.com 1906:Lawrence Rosen 1897: 1884: 1863: 1845: 1819: 1786: 1752: 1726: 1697: 1682: 1651: 1621: 1609:"GCC Releases" 1600: 1589:. Tech Insider 1578: 1552: 1531: 1504: 1491: 1476: 1445: 1434:on 4 July 2017 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1357: 1354: 1346:Fedora Project 1326:Apache License 1313: 1310: 1255: 1252: 1223: 1220: 1151: 1150: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1059: 1058:Purpose of use 1056: 1044:Apache license 1024:Main article: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 988: 985: 942: 939: 903:Main article: 900: 897: 857: 854: 826: 823: 799:Main article: 796: 793: 791: 788: 780:Fedora Project 776:Apache license 756: 753: 697:Lawrence Rosen 646:Dot-com bubble 637: 636:1990s to 2000s 634: 597: 594: 563: 560: 552: 549: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 494: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 468: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 412: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 349: 348: 345: 339: 334: 329: 324: 318: 314: 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4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:Public domain 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617:Documentaries 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Cory Doctorow 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475:Pro-copyright 4473: 4470: 4468:Organizations 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4298:Public domain 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4096:Revolution OS 4093: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4057:GNU Manifesto 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3963:Public domain 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3752:Organisations 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3647:Office suites 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3545:Free software 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 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2406: 2400: 2398: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2244: 2233: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2156: 2149: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2007: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1873: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1783: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1610: 1604: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1541: 1535: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1501: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1403:Public domain 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1298:FLOSS Manuals 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1175:may be used. 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1147: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1120:This section 1118: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1018: 1015: 1010: 996: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 958: 954: 948: 938: 934: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 912: 906: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 802: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 720: 718: 717:Ninth circuit 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 691: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 633: 627: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 593: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 575: 570: 558: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 521: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 495: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 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4249:Music piracy 4094: 4087: 4055: 3938:Free license 3774: 3684:Android apps 3431: 3422: 3407:by removing 3394: 3355: 3329:. Retrieved 3319: 3307:. Retrieved 3305:. Itwire.com 3296: 3284:. Retrieved 3274: 3262:. Retrieved 3258:the original 3253: 3240: 3228:. Retrieved 3223: 3214: 3205: 3198:. Retrieved 3190:Bruce Perens 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3168:the original 3157: 3148: 3143:25 September 3141:. Retrieved 3131: 3123:Debian-legal 3122: 3112: 3100:. Retrieved 3091: 3077: 3063: 3049: 3041: 3032: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2954: 2942:. Retrieved 2938: 2929: 2915: 2904: 2895: 2881: 2867: 2853: 2839: 2827:. Retrieved 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2797: 2789: 2782:. Retrieved 2771: 2762: 2755:. Retrieved 2751:the original 2746: 2737: 2728: 2721:. Retrieved 2710: 2701: 2694:. Retrieved 2681: 2673: 2666:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2650: 2637: 2629:the original 2619: 2607:. Retrieved 2603:the original 2592: 2584: 2575: 2563:. Retrieved 2554: 2542:. Retrieved 2533: 2521:. Retrieved 2512: 2500:. Retrieved 2491: 2482: 2475:. Retrieved 2453: 2446:. Retrieved 2420: 2413:. Retrieved 2409:the original 2384:. 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