Fred Hampton - Knowledge

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of outraged black voters." The families of Hampton and Clark filed a $ 47.7 million civil suit against the city, state, and federal governments. The case went to trial before Federal Judge J. Sam Perry. After more than 18 months of testimony and at the close of the plaintiff's case, Perry dismissed the case. The plaintiffs appealed, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed, ordering the case to be retried. More than a decade after the case had been filed, the suit was finally settled for $ 1.85 million. The two families each shared in the settlement.

627: 569:), rented a four-and-a-half-room apartment at 2337 West Monroe Street to be closer to BPP headquarters. O'Neal reported to his superiors that much of the Panthers' "provocative" arms stockpile was stored there. He drew them a map of the apartment. In early November, Hampton traveled to California on a speaking engagement with the UCLA Law Students Association. He met with the remaining BPP national hierarchy, who appointed him to the party's central committee. He was soon to take the position of chief of staff and major spokesman. 5891: 739:

restraint", "bravery", and "professional discipline" in not killing all the Panthers present. Photographic evidence was presented of "bullet holes" allegedly made by shots fired by the Panthers, but reporters soon challenged this claim. An internal investigation was undertaken, and the police claimed that their colleagues on the assault team were exonerated of any wrongdoing, concluding that they "used lawful means to overcome the assault".

718:, the existence of COINTELPRO, an illegal counter-intelligence program, was revealed and reported. With this program revealed, many activists and others began to suspect that the police raid and Hampton's killing were conducted under this program. One of the documents released after the break-in was a floor plan of Hampton's apartment. Another document outlined a deal that the FBI brokered with US deputy attorney general 379:(NAACP) and assumed leadership of its West Suburban Branch's Youth Council. In his capacity as an NAACP youth organizer, he demonstrated natural leadership abilities: from a community of 27,000, he was able to muster a youth group of 500 members strong. He worked to get more and better recreational facilities established in the neighborhoods and to improve educational resources for Maywood's impoverished black community. 335:. At 10 years old, he started hosting weekend breakfasts for other children from the neighborhood, cooking the meals himself in what could be described as a precursor to the Panthers' free breakfast program. In high school, he led walkouts protesting black students' exclusion from the competition for homecoming queen and calling on officials to hire more black teachers and administrators. Hampton graduated from 882:

they faced criminal charges of attempted murder and aggravated assault during the raid. Attorneys for the Hampton and Clark families did not introduce any witnesses during the proceedings but called the inquest "a well-rehearsed theatrical performance designed to vindicate the police officers". Hanrahan said the verdict was recognition "of the truthfulness of our police officers' account of the events".

834:, styled as "The Commission of Inquiry into the Black Panthers and the Police", alleged that the Chicago police had killed Hampton without justification or provocation and had violated the Panthers' constitutional rights against unreasonable search and seizure. "The Commission" further alleged that the Chicago Police Department had imposed a summary punishment on the Panthers. 917:, one of the attorneys representing the plaintiffs, said, "The settlement is an admission of the conspiracy that existed between the FBI and Hanrahan's men to murder Fred Hampton." Assistant United States Attorney Robert Gruenberg said the settlement was intended to avoid another costly trial and was not an admission of guilt or responsibility by any of the defendants. 472:: "They may also have picked up on the vulnerability of a hierarchical movement where you have one leader, which makes the movement very vulnerable if that leader is imprisoned, killed, or otherwise compromised. I think the fact that Black Lives Matter says 'We're leaderfull, not leaderless' perhaps makes them less vulnerable to this kind of government assault." 464:. In May 1969, Hampton called a press conference to announce that the coalition had formed. What the coalition groups would do was based on common action. Some of their joint issues were poverty, anti-racism, corruption, police brutality, and substandard housing. If there was a protest or a demonstration, the groups would attend the event and support each other. 959:, who served as his mentor and as a chaplain for the local Panther chapter. Hampton and the Panthers also used Clements's parish, Holy Angels Catholic Church in Chicago (now the parish of Our Lady of Africa), as a refuge in times of particular surveillance or pursuit from the police. They also provided security for several of Clements's "Black Unity 643:

The police shot him in the chest, killing him instantly. An alternative account said that Clark answered the door and police immediately shot him. Either way, Clark's gun discharged once into the ceiling. This single round was fired when he suffered a reflexive death-convulsion after being shot. This was the only shot fired by the Panthers.

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The plaintiffs appealed. In 1979, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago found that the government had withheld relevant documents, thereby obstructing the judicial process. Reinstating the case against 24 of the defendants, the Court of Appeals ordered a new trial. The

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In 1970, the survivors and relatives of Hampton and Clark filed a civil suit, stating that the civil rights of the Black Panther members were violated by the joint police/FBI raid and seeking $ 47.7 million in damages. Twenty-eight defendants were named, including Hanrahan as well as the City of

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Two days after the killings of Hampton and Clark, on December 6, 1969, members of the Weathermen destroyed numerous police vehicles in a retaliatory bombing spree at 3600 N. Halsted Street in Chicago. After that, the group became more radical. On May 21, 1970, the group issued a "Declaration of War"

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A federal grand jury did not return any indictment against any of the individuals involved with the planning or execution of the raid, including the officers involved in killing Hampton. O'Neal, who had given the FBI the floor plan of the apartment and drugged Hampton, later admitted his involvement

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At 4 am, the heavily armed police team arrived at the site, divided into two teams, eight for the front of the building and six for the rear. At 4:45 am, they stormed the apartment. Mark Clark (22), sitting in the front room of the apartment with a shotgun in his lap, was on security duty.

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As part of the larger COINTELPRO operation, the FBI was determined to prevent any improvement in the effectiveness of the BPP leadership. The FBI orchestrated an armed raid with the Chicago police and Cook County State's Attorney on Hampton's Chicago apartment. They had obtained detailed information

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Hampton rose quickly in the Black Panthers based on his organizing skills, oratorical gifts, and charisma. Once he became leader of the Chicago chapter, he organized weekly rallies, participated in strikes, worked closely with the BPP's local People's Clinic, taught political education classes every

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report, "The raid ended the promising political career of Cook County State's Atty. Edward V. Hanrahan, who was indicted but cleared with 13 other law-enforcement agents on charges of obstructing justice. Bernard Carey, a Republican, defeated him in the next election, in part because of the support

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Released on May 15, 1970, the reports of a federal grand jury criticized the actions of the police, the surviving Black Panthers, and the Chicago news media. The grand jury called the police department's raid "ill conceived" and said many errors were committed during the post-raid investigation and

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Hampton met the Young Lords in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood the day after they were in the news for occupying a police community workshop at the Chicago 18th District Police Station. He was arrested twice with Jimenez at the Wicker Park Welfare Office, and both were charged with "mob action"

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Of course, there's also the legacy that, without a young leader, I think the West Side of Chicago degenerated a lot into drugs. And without leaders like Fred Hampton, I think the gangs and the drugs became much more prevalent on the West Side. He was an alternative to that. He talked about serving

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Fred Hampton, drugged by barbiturates, was sleeping on a mattress in the bedroom with Deborah Johnson (18) who was eight and a half months pregnant with their child. Police officers removed her from the room while Hampton lay unconscious in bed. Then the raiding team fired at the head of the south

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On the evening of December 3, Hampton taught a political education course at a local church, which was attended by most Panther members. Afterward, as was typical, he was accompanied to his Monroe Street apartment by Johnson and several Panthers: Blair Anderson, James Grady, Ronald "Doc" Satchell,

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O'Neal joined the party and quickly rose in the organization, becoming Director of Chapter Security and Hampton's bodyguard. In 1969, the FBI Special Agent in Charge (SAC) in San Francisco wrote Hoover that the agent's investigation had found that, in his city at least, the Panthers were primarily

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was determined to prevent the formation of a cohesive Black movement in the United States. Hoover believed the Panthers, Young Patriots, Young Lords, and similar radical coalitions that Hampton forged in Chicago were a stepping stone to the rise of a revolution that could cause a radical change in

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In 1982, the City of Chicago, Cook County, and the federal government agreed to a settlement in which each would pay $ 616,333 (equivalent to $ 1.95 million per payee in 2023) to a group of nine plaintiffs, including the mothers of Hampton and Clark. The $ 1.85 million settlement (equivalent to $

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Jury foreman James T. Hicks stated that they could not consider the charges made by surviving Black Panthers who had been in the apartment; they had told reporters that the police had entered the apartment shooting. The survivors were reported to have refused to testify during the inquest because

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On the night of November 13, 1969, while Hampton was in California, Chicago police officers John J. Gilhooly and Frank G. Rappaport were killed in a gun battle with Panthers; one died the next day. A total of nine police officers were shot. Spurgeon Winter Jr, a 19-year-old Panther, was killed by

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program to forestall the formation of the Rainbow Coalition, but the BPP did make an alliance with the Young Patriots and Young Lords. In repeated directives, Hoover demanded that COINTELPRO personnel investigate the Rainbow Coalition, "destroy what the stands for", and "eradicate its 'serve the

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We got to face some facts. That the masses are poor, that the masses belong to what you call the lower class, and when I talk about the masses, I'm talking about the white masses, I'm talking about the black masses, and the brown masses, and the yellow masses, too. We've got to face the fact that

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The seven Panthers who survived the raid were indicted by a grand jury on charges of attempted murder, armed violence, and other weapons charges. These charges were subsequently dropped. During the trial, the Chicago Police Department claimed that the Panthers were the first to fire shots, but a

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I believe Fred Hampton was drugged. The reason why is because when he woke up when the person said, "Chairman, chairman," he was shaking Fred's arm, you know, Fred's arm was folded across the head of the bed. And Fred—he just raised his head up real slow. It was like watching a slow motion. He

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Hampton's body was dragged into the bedroom doorway and left in a pool of blood. The officers directed their gunfire at the remaining Panthers who had been sleeping in the north bedroom This included Ronald “Doc” Satchel (18), Blair Anderson (18), Verlina Brewer (17), and Brenda Harris (19).

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Documents secured by Senate investigators in the early 1970s revealed that the FBI actively encouraged violence between the Panthers and other radical groups; this provoked multiple murders in cities throughout the country. On July 16, 1969, an armed confrontation between party members and the

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At a press conference the next day, the police announced the arrest team had been attacked by the "violent" and "extremely vicious" Panthers and defended themselves accordingly. In a second press conference on December 8, the police leadership praised the assault team for their "remarkable

542:. O'Neal instigated an armed clash between them on April 2, 1969. The Panthers became effectively isolated from their power base in the Chicago ghetto, so the FBI worked to undermine its ties with other radical organizations. O'Neal was instructed to "create a rift" between the party and 504:

began to decimate the nationwide Panther leadership, Hampton's prominence in the national hierarchy increased rapidly and dramatically. Eventually, he was in line to be appointed to the party's Central Committee Chief of Staff. He would have achieved this position had he not been killed.

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against the U.S. government and, for the first time, used its new name, the "Weather Underground Organization". They adopted fake identities and decided to pursue covert activities only. These initially included preparations to bomb a U.S. military non-commissioned officers' dance at

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published a page 1 article titled, "Exclusive – Hanrahan, Police Tell Panther Story." The article included photographs supplied by Hanrahan's office that depicted bullet holes in a thin white curtain and door jamb as evidence that the Panthers fired multiple bullets at the police.

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in Chicago, had visited the apartment on December 6, when it was still unsecured. He took numerous photographs of the crime scenes. A member of the Black Panthers was allowing visitors to tour the apartment. Challem's photographs did not show the bullet holes reported by the

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some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. We say you don't fight racism with racism. We're gonna fight racism with solidarity. We say you don't fight capitalism with no black capitalism; you fight capitalism with socialism.

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He said the four were selected from a group of candidates submitted to his office by groups and individuals representing both Chicago's black and white communities. Civil rights leaders and spokesmen for the black community were reportedly disappointed with the selection.

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Shortly after the raid, Cook County Coroner Andrew Toman began forming a special six-member coroner's jury to hold an inquest into the deaths of Hampton and Clark. On December 23, Toman announced four additions to the jury, who included two African-American men: physician

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feeding breakfast to children. Hoover responded with a memo implying that the agent's career prospects depended on his supplying evidence to support Hoover's view that the BPP was "a violence-prone organization seeking to overthrow the Government by revolutionary means".

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to work with it; he had recently been arrested twice for interstate car theft and impersonating a federal officer. In exchange for having his felony charges dropped and receiving a monthly stipend, O'Neal agreed to infiltrate the BPP as a counterintelligence operative.

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Although Hampton was not known to take drugs, Cook County chemist Eleanor Berman later reported that she had run two tests, each showing evidence of barbiturates in Hampton's blood. An FBI chemist failed to find similar traces, but Berman stood by her findings.

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Jeffrey Haas, who was Hampton's lawyer, has praised some of Hampton's politics and his success in unifying movements. But Haas criticizes the way Hampton and the BPP organized in a pyramidal/vertical structure, contrasting this with the horizontal structure of

929:, the then deputy minister of defense for the Illinois Black Panther Party, called the raiding party an "execution squad". As is typical in settlements, the three government defendants did not acknowledge claims of responsibility for plaintiffs' allegations. 605:

into a drink that Hampton consumed during the dinner to sedate Hampton so he would not awaken during the subsequent raid. O'Neal left after dinner. At about 1:30 am, December 4, Hampton fell asleep mid-sentence while talking to his mother on the telephone.

1055:"We've known that our job is to lead white kids into armed revolution... Kids know the lines are drawn: revolution is touching all of our lives. Tens of thousands have learned that protest and marches don't do it. Revolutionary violence is the only way." — 3109: 904:

of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois dismissed the suit against 21 of the defendants before jury deliberations. After jurors deadlocked on a verdict, Perry dismissed the suit against the remaining defendants.

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organized the raid, using officers attached to his office. Hampton had recently strongly criticized Hanrahan, saying that Hanrahan's talk about a "war on gangs" was really rhetoric used to enable him to carry out a "war on black youth".

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Brewer, Satchel, Anderson, and Harris were seriously wounded, then beaten and dragged into the street. They were arrested on charges of aggravated assault and attempted murder of the officers. They were each held on $ 100,000 bail.

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about the apartment, including a layout of furniture, from O'Neal. An augmented, 14-man team of the SAO (state Special Prosecutions Unit) was organized for a predawn raid; they were armed with a search warrant for illegal weapons.

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published a page 1 article with the headline: "Those 'bullet holes' aren't." According to the article, the alleged bullet holes (supposedly the result of the Panthers shooting in the direction of the police) were nail heads.

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is a documentary shot from within the movement, released in 1971. It has no narration, relying solely on footage shot from within the Black Panther organization and portraying Hampton and his colleagues on their own terms.

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Chicago, Cook County, and federal governments. It took years for the case to get to trial, which lasted 18 months. It was reported to have been the longest federal trial up to that time. After its conclusion in 1977, Judge

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In 1969, Hampton, now deputy chairman of the BPP Illinois chapter, conducted a meeting condemning sexism. After 1969, the party considered sexism counter-revolutionary. In 1970, about 40–70% of party members were women.

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In 1968, Hampton was accused of assaulting an ice cream truck driver, stealing $ 71 worth of ice cream bars, and giving them to kids in the street. He was convicted in May 1969 and served time in prison. In a memoir,

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The FBI believed that Hampton's leadership and talent for communication made him a major threat among Black Panther leaders. It began keeping close tabs on his activities. Investigations have shown that FBI Director

878:. The jury qualified their verdict on Hampton's death as "based solely and exclusively on the evidence presented to this inquisition"; police and expert witnesses provided the only testimony during the inquest. 1005:

In 1990, the Chicago City Council unanimously passed a resolution, introduced by then-Alderman Madeline Haithcock, commemorating December 4, 2004, as Fred Hampton Day in Chicago. The resolution read in part:

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The injured Panthers said they heard two shots. According to Hampton's supporters, the shots were fired point-blank at Hampton's head. According to Johnson, an officer then said: "He's good and dead now."

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A civil lawsuit was later filed on behalf of the survivors and the relatives of Hampton and Clark. It was resolved in 1982 by a settlement of $ 1.85 million (equivalent to $ 5.84 million in 2023); the

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and stills photographer Norris McNamara to document the scene. This footage was instrumental in proving the raid was an assassination. The footage was later released as part of the 1971 documentary

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said that such a man to whom the community could relate need not be black. The jury eventually included a third black man, who had been a member of the first coroner's jury sworn in on December 4.

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shows in detail how that group was deeply influenced by Hampton and his death—as well as showing that Hampton kept his distance from them for being what he called "adventuristic, masochistic and

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raised. His eyes were open. He raised his head up real slow, you know, with his eyes toward the entranceway, toward the bedroom and laid his head back down. That was the only movement he made

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operative in the local Panthers organization. In December 1969, Hampton was drugged, then shot and killed in his bed during a predawn raid at his Chicago apartment by a tactical unit of the

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morning at 6 am, and launched a project for community supervision of the police. Hampton was also instrumental in the BPP's Free Breakfast Program. When Bob Brown left the party with

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reconstruction of the events. It said that the surviving Black Panthers' refusal to cooperate hampered the investigation, and that the press "improperly and grossly exaggerated stories".

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was also killed and several others were seriously wounded. In January 1970, the Cook County Coroner held an inquest; the coroner's jury concluded that Hampton's and Clark's deaths were

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program and documents associated with the killings, many scholars now consider Hampton's death, at age 21, a deliberate murder or an assassination at the FBI's initiative.

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the community, talked about breakfast programs, educating the people, community control of police. So I think that that's unfortunately another legacy of Fred's murder.

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Jeffrey Haas, with his law partners G. Flint Taylor and Dennis Cunningham and attorney James D. Montgomery, were the attorneys for the plaintiffs in the federal suit

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The bed and room where Hampton was fatally shot during the raid, showing a large amount of blood on his side of the mattress and numerous bullet holes in the walls.

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and the FBI leading up to the attack. Law enforcement sprayed more than 100 gunshots throughout the apartment; the occupants fired once. During the raid, Panther

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said, "I would have had more confidence in the jury if one of them had been a black man who has a rapport with the young and the grass roots in the community."

251:(FBI) identified Hampton as a radical threat. It tried to subvert his activities in Chicago, sowing disinformation among black progressive groups and placing a 4316: 500:-fomented SNCC/Panther split, Hampton assumed chairmanship of the Illinois state BPP. This automatically made him a national BPP deputy chairman. As the FBI's 5973: 2776: 449: 4291: 4263: 3362: 2177: 2136: 4732: 3775: 3660: 1099:. The events of his rise to prominence, Hoover's targeting of him, and Hampton's subsequent death are also recounted with footage in the 2015 documentary 5876: 3173: 2232: 765:

The police called their raid on Hampton's apartment a "shootout". The Black Panthers called it a "shoot-in", because so many shots were fired by police.

3520: 3459: 3812: 1512:"In 1969, charismatic Black Panthers leader Fred Hampton was killed in a hail of gunfire. 50 years later, the fight against police brutality continues" 1380:"In 1969, Charismatic Black Panthers Leader Fred Hampton Was Killed in a Hail of Gunfire. 50 Years Later, the Fight Against Police Brutality Continues" 1568: 1353: 3233: 2989: 939:, Newton writes that Hampton "was murdered in his sleep by Chicago police with FBI collusion." This view is also presented in Jakobi Williams's book 484: 424:. Emphasizing that racial and ethnic conflict among gangs would only keep its members entrenched in poverty, Hampton strove to forge an anti-racist, 5993: 3421: 1771: 996:, conducted additional research and wrote a book about these events. It was published in 2009. He said that Chicago was worse off without Hampton: 4783:

From COINTELPRO to the Shadow Government: As Fred Hampton Jr. Is Released From 9 Years of Prison, a Look Back at the Assassination of Fred Hampton

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Supreme Court of the United States heard an appeal by defendants but voted 5–3 in 1980 to remand the case to the District Court for a new trial.

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who had developed close ties to Hampton and the Chicago Black Panther Party during the late 1960s, interviewed Johnson about the raid. She said:

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later investigation found that the Chicago police fired between 90 and 99 shots, while the only Panthers shot was from Clark's dropped shotgun.

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On September 7, 2007, a bust of Hampton by sculptor Preston Jackson was erected outside the Fred Hampton Family Aquatic Center in Maywood.

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police. Another Panther, Lawrence S. Bell, was charged with murder. In an unsigned editorial headlined "No Quarter for Wild Beasts", the

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The FBI opened a file on Hampton in 1967. It tapped Hampton's mother's phone in February 1968 and by May placed Hampton on the bureau's "

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In March 2006, supporters of Hampton's charity work proposed the naming of a Chicago street in his honor. Chicago's chapter of the

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Over the next year, Hampton and his friends and associates achieved many successes in Chicago. Perhaps the most important was a

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After the raid, the apartment was left unguarded. The Panthers sent some members to investigate, accompanied by videographer

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The FBI released a batch of racist cartoons in the Panthers' name, aimed at alienating white activists. It also launched a

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Four weeks after witnessing Hampton's death at the hands of the police, Johnson gave birth to their son, Fred Hampton Jr.

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Chicago Police Department resulted in one BPP member being mortally wounded, and six others arrested on serious charges.

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processor. As a youth, Hampton was gifted both in the classroom and athletically, and hoped to play center field for the

200:(August 30, 1948 – December 4, 1969) was an American activist. He came to prominence in his late teens and early 20s in 5983: 5943: 3887:

From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago

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From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago

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From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago

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From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago

601:. O'Neal was already there, having prepared a late dinner, which the group ate around midnight. O'Neal had slipped the 324: 4397: 1051:

later said was intended to be "the most horrific hit the United States government had ever suffered on its territory".

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the greatest threat, saying "nothing is more important than stopping fascism, because fascism will stop us all."

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of African Americans in the early 20th century out of the South. They both worked at the Argo Starch Company, a

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Using anonymous letters, the FBI sowed distrust and eventually instigated a split between the Panthers and the

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convened for the inquest on January 6, 1970. On January 21, they ruled the deaths of Hampton and Clark to be

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Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement

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Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement

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On April 19, 2022 the Village Board of Maywood designated Hampton's childhood home as a historical landmark.

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urged that Chicago police officers approaching suspected Panthers "should be ordered to be ready to shoot."

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referred to being born on the same day Hampton was murdered. Hampton's son condemned Jay-Z for doing so.

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Williams, Jakobi (2013). "Law Enforcement Repression and the Assassination of Chairman Fred Hampton".

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destroyed numerous police vehicles in a retaliatory bombing spree at 3600 N. Halsted Street, Chicago.

5948: 5851: 5070: 3923: 2484:"The Assassination of Fred Hampton: New Documents Reveal Involvement of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover" 1339:

Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence

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FBI document, May 27, 1969, "Director FBI to SAC San Francisco", available at the FBI reading room.

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Iberia HAMPTON et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Edward V. HANRAHAN et al., Defendants-Appellees,

1713: 964: 932: 275: 4753:"The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther" 4604: 3386:

Search and Destroy: A Report by the Commission of Inquiry into the Black Panthers and the Police

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United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, September 12, 1979, page 1, paragraph 13

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Mourners passing the bier of Hampton. His funeral in December was attended by over 5,000 people.

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The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther

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Manufacturing Hysteria: A History of Scapegoating, Surveillance, and Secrecy in Modern America

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The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther

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Five thousand people attended Hampton's funeral. He was eulogized by black leaders, including

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article had appeared with the Hanrahan-supplied photos, Challem contacted a reporter at the

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Artists SEIITH and Kiko King referenced Hampton in their 2020 song "Ghost of Fred Hampton".

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at a peaceful picket of the office. Later, the Rainbow Coalition was joined nationwide by

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efforts to disrupt the Black Panthers of Chicago by the "leveling of trumped-up charges".

8: 5531: 5511: 5262: 5181: 4889: 2365:, "To Disrupt, Discredit and Destroy", in Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas (eds), 1132: 848: 759: 719: 425: 252: 205: 169: 159: 2680: 935:

is among the writers who have concluded that Hampton was assassinated. In his 2016 book

5758: 5394: 5334: 5201: 5141: 5030: 4980: 4495: 4062: 3356: 2692: 2027: 1986: 1945: 1709: 469: 417: 315:(generally shortened to Summit), and moved with his parents to another Chicago suburb, 286:

each paid one-third to a group of nine plaintiffs. Given revelations about the illegal

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Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960–1974

3021:"The police raid that killed two Black Panthers, shook Chicago and changed the nation" 5521: 5136: 5075: 4995: 4823: 4770: 4708: 4682: 4275: 4067: 3891: 3852: 3825: 3334: 3099: 3030: 2934: 2898: 2840: 2794: 2784: 2633: 2594: 2548: 2509: 2505:

We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century

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We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century

2084: 2031: 1990: 1949: 1890: 1836: 1763: 1699: 1674: 1343: 1301: 1091: 952: 871: 774: 687:

In the early 1990s, Jose "Cha Cha" Jimenez, a former president and co-founder of the

316: 5826: 5790: 5715: 5471: 5369: 4936: 4931: 4829: 4793:. 36:48 real audio. Tape: Fred Hampton, Deborah Johnson. Guests: Fred Hampton Jr., 4398:"'Trial of the Chicago 7' Honored With Inaugural Ensemble Tribute at Gotham Awards" 4338: 4132: 3277: 2019: 1978: 1937: 1120: 1056: 901: 566: 332: 233: 213: 189: 20: 2969:

Bennett, Hans (2010). "The Black Panthers and the Assassination of Fred Hampton".

913:

5.84 million in 2023) was believed to be the largest ever in a civil rights case.

5516: 5339: 5131: 5116: 4853: 4816: 4790: 4295: 4247: 4098: 3816: 3284: 3260: 3237: 3202: 3177: 3151: 3070: 3025: 2871: 2687: 2590: 2490: 2411: 2388: 2377: 2316: 1193: 956: 914: 747: 635: 585: 515: 461: 1640:"Murder or 'Justifiable Homicide'?: The Death of the Revolutionary Fred Hampton" 1481:"Murder or "Justifiable Homicide"?: The Death of the Revolutionary Fred Hampton" 5684: 5486: 5267: 5176: 5146: 5126: 5121: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5060: 5045: 5025: 4990: 4951: 4905: 4757: 3487: 2886: 2580: 2362: 2072: 2023: 2004:

Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the

1982: 1963:

Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the

1941: 1922:

Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the

1246: 1230: 1227:, saying, "They ain't gonna send us campin' like they did my man Fred Hampton." 1152: 1048: 651:, "upon that discovery, an officer shot him twice in his head and killed him". 647:

bedroom. Hampton was wounded in the shoulder by the shooting. According to the

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In 1966, Fred Hampton turned 18. At that time, he started identifying with the

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to conceal the FBI's role in Hampton's death and the existence of COINTELPRO.

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African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States

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Fellow Black Panther Harold Bell said that he heard the following exchange:

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The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent

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In early October, Hampton and his girlfriend Deborah Johnson (now known as

453: 421: 4367:"Author Says The Chicago 7 Trial Reflected 'All The Conflicts In America'" 3596:. Bend, Oregon. United Press International. January 22, 1970. p. 12. 2837:

Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity

2544:

Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity

1020:

A public pool was named in his honor in his hometown of Maywood, Illinois.

339:

with honors and varsity letters, and a Junior Achievement Award, in 1966.

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has long been considered the politically conservative newspaper, and the

688: 433: 365: 357: 353: 328: 229: 4764: 4545:"Nobody's Savior – Jay-Z Cannot Deliver Us into an Era of Racial Equity" 3738: 3736: 2911:

Iberia Hampton, et al. vs. Plaintiffs-Appellants, v Edward V. Hanrahan,

2137:"50 Years After His Death, Fred Hampton's Legacy Looms Large In Chicago" 5841: 5821: 5501: 5318: 5308: 5252: 5166: 5085: 5000: 4776: 1224: 1156: 926: 864: 562: 501: 493: 406: 361: 311:

Fredrick Allen Hampton Sr. was born on August 30, 1948, in present-day

287: 179: 4858: 1606:"Nothing but a Northern Lynching: The Death of Fred Hampton Revisited" 5389: 4794: 4575:"Fred Hampton Jr. Upset About Jay-Z Lyrics On 'Murder To Excellence'" 3733: 2990:"'The Murder Of Fred Hampton' Still Has Much To Teach, Watch It Here" 1461: 1242: 1234: 705: 523: 347: 320: 4809: 4491:"Judas and the Black Messiah' to Premiere at Sundance Film Festival" 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3617: 3615: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 1095:

episode 12, "A Nation of Law?", chronicles Hampton's leadership and

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Interview by Jose "Cha-Cha" Jimenez, c. 1990, File Folder 10, Box 4

2681:"Edward Hanrahan, Prosecutor Tied to '69 Panthers Raid, Dies at 88" 2416: 2050: 1188: 224:

political organization that initially included the Black Panthers,

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is a 2021 film about O'Neal's betrayal of Hampton. The film stars

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in setting up the raid. He committed suicide on January 15, 1990.

3683: 3624:"Fatal Black Panther raid in Chicago set off sizable aftershocks" 3612: 3590:"Illinois jury rules Black Panther deaths 'justifiable homicide'" 3584: 3582: 3302:""Fred Hampton Jr. Speaks About the Assassination of His Father"" 2711: 1237:, which also contains references to black civil rights activists 241: 201: 70: 6039:

People murdered by law enforcement officers in the United States

4289:"The Death of a Black Panther – The Fred Hampton Story, 1969–70" 4005:"Trailblazing Father George Clements Marks 60 Years As A Priest" 3646: 2342:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 275–276. 4623:"Fred Hampton on your campus, you can't resist his / HiiiPoWeR" 3949:"The priest who channeled Black Power into the Catholic Church" 3196:"Editorial: When the Tribune and Sun-Times agree on policy ..." 2663: 2661: 1076:, was used as evidence in the civil suit. The 2002 documentary 768:

On December 11 and 12, the two competing daily newspapers, the

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Harold Bell, Verlina Brewer, Louis Truelock, Brenda Harris and

4805:"Power Anywhere Where There's People" A Speech By Fred Hampton 3776:"Panther Slayings Split the City Into 'Name Calling' Factions" 3579: 4207:"Fred Hampton childhood home gets historical landmark status" 2885: 2579: 2456:"Second Cop in Gun Battle Dies, Wounded Describe Nightmare", 2071: 1258:

references Hampton's murder in "Don't Die" on his 2012 album

1213: 4429:"Who's Who in The Trial of the Chicago 7: A Character Guide" 4229:

Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism

3132:

Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism

2658: 546:, whose Chicago headquarters was near that of the Panthers. 4241:"Ex-Weather Underground Member Kathy Boudin Granted Parole" 3709:

Franklin, Tim; Crawford, William B Jr. (November 2, 1982).

1725: 1723: 1373: 1371: 19:

This article is about the 1960s activist. For his son, see

4460:"'Judas and the Black Messiah' Rescheduled for Early 2021" 4155:"Maywood street statue honor slain Panther leader Hampton" 3422:"The Black Panthers and the Assassination of Fred Hampton" 2881: 2879: 1440:"Fred Hampton on Revolution – Bay Area Television Archive" 1289: 1287: 1163:

on February 1, 2021. For his performance, Kaluuya won the

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

236:

to help them end infighting and work for social change. A

3521:"For More Selected for Jury to Probe Panther Raid Deaths" 497: 232:(which organized Hispanics), and an alliance among major 1720: 1698:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 167–190. 1368: 3810:

Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia

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Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia

2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1798:"The True History Behind 'Judas and the Black Messiah'" 1284: 1119:, Hampton appears serving free breakfast with the BPP. 967:. Clements spoke at Hampton's funeral, and also said a 4027:"The Black Panther Raid and the death of Fred Hampton" 1539: 1537: 1410:"From the Bullet to the Ballot | Jakobi Williams" 622:

Site of Black Panther Party Raid, Fred Hampton's Death

4836:

Grand Valley State University Oral History Collection

3392:. Metropolitan Applied Research Center. p. 249. 3061:"Justice Dept. plans probe Into shooting of Panthers" 2909:

Churchill and Vander Wall cited court transcripts of

2777:"Towards the De-Miseducation of the African-American" 1866: 1864: 1862: 1735: 1671:

Chronicle of the Seventh Son Black Panther Mark Clark

1331: 1329: 364:. Shortly after, Hampton urged not only peace in the 2866:

DePaul University Special Collections and Archives.

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The Marxists Internet Archive: Fred Hampton Archive

4723:"Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948 - December 4, 1969)" 3661:"US Jury Assails Police in Chicago on Panther Raid" 3193: 2367:

Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party

1534: 963:", part of his revolutionary activities during the 4828:is available for free viewing and download at the 4276:"Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story" 3745:"Plaintiffs in Panther Suite 'Knew We Were Right'" 3330:Roy Wilkins: The Quiet Revolutionary and the NAACP 3231:""Exclusive – Hanrahan, Police Tell Panther Story" 2817: 2699: 1859: 1326: 1176:Jeffrey Haas wrote an account of Hampton's death, 4801:. Tuesday, March 5, 2002. Retrieved May 12, 2005. 4515: 4264:Weather Underground Declaration of a State of War 4058:"Plaintiffs in Panther Suit 'Knew We Were Right'" 3343:. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023 2850: 2200:"Fifty Years of Fred Hampton's Rainbow Coalition" 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 1827:Gottlieb, Jeff; Cohen, Jeff (December 26, 1976). 5910: 5877:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention 4825:Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story 4773:(A 1971 documentary film directed by Howard Alk) 4096: 3708: 3361:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3166: 3164: 2625: 1673:. United States: Rose Morris. pp. 203–214. 1451: 1449: 1420: 1074:Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story 2964: 2962: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 1037: 5724:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution 3514: 3512: 3510: 2762:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution 2097: 1102:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution 979: 5679:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom 4874: 4173: 4056:Sheppard, Nathaniel Jr. (November 14, 1982). 3743:Sheppard, Nathaniel Jr. (November 14, 1982). 3480: 3161: 2011:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1970:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1929:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1826: 1446: 937:Unsolved Civil Rights Murder Cases, 1934–1970 5974:Assassinated American civil rights activists 4728:National Archives and Records Administration 4701:Incognegro — A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid 3844:Unsolved Civil Rights Murder Cases 1934–1970 3557:"Panther Inquest Jury Selections Questioned" 3375: 2959: 2619: 2429: 1342:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 84–85. 1300:. Cornell University Press. pp. 60–61. 1293: 1062: 894: 649:National Archives and Records Administration 216:, he founded the anti-racist, anti-classist 4842:Why the US government murdered Fred Hampton 4797:, Rosa Clemente. Interviewer: Amy Goodman. 3518: 3507: 3134:. UK, Red Dragon Print Collective, c. 1970. 2755: 2753: 2751: 851:and attorney Julian B. Wilkins, the son of 807:. On the morning of December 12, after the 634:The office of Cook County State's Attorney 4881: 4867: 4157:. Itsabouttimebpp.com. September 9, 2007. 3975:"Chicago Negro Parish Marks Panther Death" 2632:. Univ. of California Press. p. 308. 428:, multiracial alliance among the BPP, the 37: 4749:Transcribed speeches and collected works. 4695: 4129:"Village of Maywood Parks and Recreation" 3550: 3548: 3546: 3416: 3414: 2696:, June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2009. 1729: 716:break-in at an FBI office in Pennsylvania 5613:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America 4231:. UK, Red Dragon Print Collective, 1970. 4055: 3883: 3742: 3621: 3018: 2926: 2748: 2227: 2225: 2110: 1876: 1791: 1789: 1693: 1633: 1631: 1599: 1597: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1335: 1014: 756:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 729: 674: 625: 617: 485:Everett McKinley Dirksen U.S. Courthouse 474: 302: 5994:Left-wing populism in the United States 4888: 4735:from the original on February 11, 2021. 3634:from the original on September 16, 2017 3091: 2968: 2760:Nelson, Stuart Jr. (January 23, 2015). 2337: 2164: 2162: 2003: 1962: 1921: 1603: 1165:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 786:the liberal paper. On December 11, the 483:(right) at a protest rally outside the 405:places this incident in the context of 319:, at age 10. His parents had come from 298: 228:(which organized poor whites), and the 5911: 4542: 4439:from the original on February 13, 2021 4408:from the original on December 18, 2020 4395: 4109:from the original on February 21, 2014 4099:"Chicago: 'Fred Hampton Day' declared" 4097:Monica Moorehead (December 16, 2004). 4037:from the original on February 21, 2014 3884:Williams, Jakobi (February 28, 2013). 3840: 3773: 3711:"County OKs Panther Death Settlements" 3655: 3554: 3543: 3531:from the original on December 21, 2016 3411: 2774: 2759: 2540: 2322: 2257: 2239:from the original on February 14, 2021 2147:from the original on November 10, 2020 1808:from the original on February 14, 2021 1753: 1668: 679:Chicago police removing Hampton's body 565:), who was pregnant with their child ( 382: 4862: 4649:GHOST OF FRED HAMPTON feat. KIKO KING 4503:from the original on January 12, 2021 4488: 4470:from the original on January 16, 2021 4457: 4426: 4377:from the original on January 11, 2021 4364: 4340:The '60s (TV Mini-Series 1999) – IMDb 3399:from the original on January 30, 2013 3019:Mitchell, Robert (December 4, 2019). 2730:IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2646:from the original on January 31, 2017 2607:from the original on January 31, 2017 2561:from the original on January 31, 2017 2522:from the original on January 31, 2017 2222: 1886:Don't Call Me Black, Call Me American 1883:Jones, Cornelius (October 23, 2013). 1882: 1786: 1774:from the original on December 9, 2020 1650:from the original on October 20, 2019 1637: 1628: 1594: 1567:Dolan, Thomas J. (January 22, 1970). 1566: 1549: 1478: 885: 259:'s Office, who received aid from the 16:African-American activist (1948–1969) 4672: 4521: 4458:Rubin, Rebecca (December 22, 2020). 4347:from the original on January 9, 2021 4319:from the original on January 9, 2021 4187:from the original on October 4, 2013 4161:from the original on January 9, 2021 3904:from the original on January 9, 2021 3865:from the original on January 9, 2021 3774:Koziol, Ronald (December 14, 1969). 3755:from the original on January 9, 2021 3671:from the original on January 9, 2021 3600:from the original on January 9, 2021 3555:Siddon, Arthur (December 24, 1969). 3495:from the original on January 9, 2021 3326: 3308:from the original on January 9, 2021 3194:The Editorial Board (May 27, 2021). 3112:from the original on January 9, 2021 3000:from the original on January 9, 2021 2947:from the original on January 9, 2021 2823: 2805:from the original on January 9, 2021 2736:from the original on August 10, 2007 2705: 2667: 2573: 2501: 2288:from the original on January 9, 2021 2210:from the original on January 9, 2021 2180:from the original on January 9, 2021 2159: 1903:from the original on January 9, 2021 1870: 1847:from the original on January 9, 2021 1741: 1543: 1468:from the original on March 22, 2021. 1426: 1390:from the original on January 9, 2021 1356:from the original on January 9, 2021 1314:from the original on January 9, 2021 1223:referenced Hampton in its 1996 song 951:Hampton was very close with Chicago 508: 5385:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 4489:Rubin, Rebecca (January 12, 2021). 3519:O'Brien, John (December 24, 1969). 3462:from the original on March 29, 2021 3041:from the original on March 26, 2021 2726:"Hampton v. City Of Chicago, et al" 1604:Rutberg, Susan (December 6, 2017). 1509: 1455: 1377: 1294:Stubblefield, Anna (May 31, 2018). 1212:, American rapper and entrepreneur 1139:as he was denied counsel, with the 204:as deputy chairman of the national 13: 6019:Members of the Black Panther Party 4819:Brief notes on Young Lords origins 4543:Harris, LaTesha (March 24, 2021). 4396:McNary, Dave (December 17, 2020). 4365:Gross, Terry (November 18, 2020). 3786:from the original on March 7, 2016 3721:from the original on March 4, 2016 3622:Grossman, Ron (December 4, 2014). 3567:from the original on March 7, 2016 3483:"The Last Hours of William O'Neal" 3481:Michael Ervin (January 25, 1990). 3456:Washington University in St. Louis 3327:Ryan, Yvonne (November 19, 2013). 2864:The Collection on the Young Lords, 2629:Deep Politics and the Death of JFK 2260:"Black Panther Party True History" 1616:from the original on April 3, 2019 1414:University of North Carolina Press 14: 6050: 5858:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song 5593:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 4740: 4227:Anonymous (Weather Underground). 3209:from the original on June 1, 2021 1795: 1756:"Fred Hampton: American Activist" 1714:10.5149/9781469608167_williams.10 1582:from the original on May 14, 2016 1510:Lee, William (December 3, 2019). 1378:Lee, William (December 3, 2019). 544:Students for a Democratic Society 450:Students for a Democratic Society 5890: 5889: 5817:1968 Olympics Black Power salute 4721: 4640: 4615: 4597: 4567: 4536: 4527: 4482: 4451: 4427:Allen, Nick (October 16, 2020). 4420: 4389: 4358: 4331: 4315:. November 22, 1981. p. 4. 4301: 4282: 4268: 4257: 4183:. Movingoutmovingon.bloghi.com. 4078:from the original on May 5, 2021 3333:. University Press of Kentucky. 3145:"Five years later Hampton alive" 2933:. UNC Press Books. p. 185. 2444: 1638:Thamm, Natalie (April 7, 2019). 1479:Thamm, Natalie (April 7, 2019). 1456:Ali, Rasha (February 13, 2021). 1170: 1135:as Hampton, in which he advises 946: 661:"Is he dead?... Bring him out." 572: 5964:American anti-poverty advocates 5646:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther 5578:New Afrikan Black Panther Party 5365:Deacons for Defense and Justice 5081:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) 4234: 4221: 4199: 4147: 4121: 4090: 4049: 4019: 3997: 3967: 3941: 3916: 3890:. UNC Press Books. p. 10. 3877: 3834: 3798: 3474: 3448:"Interview with William O'Neal" 3440: 3369: 3320: 3294: 3270: 3247: 3224: 3187: 3180:. Interview with Jeffrey Haas, 3137: 3124: 3085: 3053: 3012: 2987: 2981: 2920: 2829: 2768: 2673: 2534: 2495: 2476: 2463: 2450: 2393: 2356: 2331: 2300: 2251: 2192: 2170:"The Panthers and the Patriots" 2129: 2038: 1997: 1956: 1915: 1820: 1754:Hannah, Rosa (April 18, 2017). 1747: 1687: 1662: 1186:refers to Hampton in the novel 1155:as Hampton and was directed by 344:Third World socialist struggles 249:Federal Bureau of Investigation 43:Hampton speaking at a rally in 5837:New Haven Black Panther trials 5673:In the Event Anyone Disappears 5527:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 3092:Mantler, Gordon Keith (2013). 2971:Journal of Pan African Studies 2469:"No Quarter for Wild Beasts", 1569:"Panther Inquest Backs Police" 1503: 1472: 1432: 1402: 1233:refers to Hampton in his song 920: 420:among Chicago's most powerful 1: 6024:People from Maywood, Illinois 6004:Deaths by firearm in Illinois 5588:New Panther Vanguard Movement 5563:Black Riders Liberation Party 4666: 4278:– via Internet Archive. 2482:Democracy Now!, 01 Feb. 2021 1273:List of homicides in Illinois 375:Hampton became active in the 6029:People from Summit, Illinois 5979:Assassinated revolutionaries 5568:Black Women's Defense League 5434:United Front Against Fascism 5319:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) 4209:. apnews.com. April 20, 2022 3563:. Chicago. section 1, p. 4. 3527:. Chicago. section 1, p. 4. 2893:. South End Press. pp. 1829:"Was Fred Hampton Executed?" 1038:Weather Underground reaction 794:Jack Challem, editor of the 754:'s successor as head of the 725: 395:—Fred Hampton on solidarity. 293: 257:Cook County State's Attorney 7: 6034:People murdered in Illinois 5939:African-American communists 5732:Judas and the Black Messiah 5416:Free Breakfast for Children 4298:, Inteldocu, July 31, 2011. 2686:September 21, 2020, at the 2473:, November 15, 1969, p. 10. 2079:. South End Press. p. 1297:Ethics Along the Color Line 1266: 1200: 1148:Judas and the Black Messiah 980:Legal and political effects 798:, the student newspaper at 752:Martin Luther King Jr. 430:Young Patriots Organization 403:Frank B. Wilderson III 10: 6055: 5934:African-American activists 5832:Murder of Betty Van Patter 5660:The Murder of Fred Hampton 5639:Interview with Bobby Seale 4766:The Murder of Fred Hampton 4246:November 14, 2007, at the 3259:February 23, 2016, at the 3130:Weather Underground Anon. 2889:; Jim Vander Wall (1988). 2583:; Jim Vander Wall (2002). 2508:. NYU Press. p. 216. 2460:, November 14, 1969, p. 1. 2115:. NYU Press. p. 216. 2075:; Jim Vander Wall (1988). 2024:10.1177/107769900908600411 1983:10.1177/107769900908600411 1942:10.1177/107769900908600411 1128:The Trial of the Chicago 7 1115:In the 1999 TV miniseries 1109:The Murder of Fred Hampton 1089:Much of the first half of 1067: 853:J. Ernest Wilkins Sr. 841: 711:The Murder of Fred Hampton 577: 307:Hampton in a 1966 yearbook 212:chapter. As a progressive 198:Fredrick Allen Hampton Sr. 18: 5984:African-American Marxists 5944:American anti-capitalists 5885: 5809: 5750: 5605: 5545: 5449: 5442: 5403: 5352: 5327: 5291: 5235: 5109: 4973: 4960: 4919: 4898: 4815:October 25, 2012, at the 4777:FBI files on Fred Hampton 3979:The Catholic News Archive 3815:January 13, 2017, at the 3236:December 4, 2014, at the 3176:December 8, 2009, at the 2927:Williams, Jakobi (2013). 2626:Peter Dale Scott (1996). 2489:February 3, 2021, at the 2410:January 31, 2017, at the 2387:January 31, 2017, at the 2376:January 31, 2017, at the 1760:University North Carolina 1072:A 27-minute documentary, 1063:Media and popular culture 1028:Fraternal Order of Police 974: 895:1970 civil rights lawsuit 261:Chicago Police Department 185: 175: 165: 150: 142: 131: 121: 113: 98: 82: 52: 36: 29: 5959:American revolutionaries 5619:Black Panthers: A Report 5457:American Indian Movement 5222:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor 4294:January 9, 2021, at the 3924:"History of Holy Angels" 3841:Newton, Michael (2016). 3283:January 9, 2021, at the 2870:January 9, 2021, at the 2670:, pp. 92, 299, 353. 2547:. AK Press. p. 66. 2315:January 9, 2021, at the 2258:Gipson, Therlee (2018). 1336:Burrough, Bryan (2016). 1278: 1221:Rage Against the Machine 1133:Kelvin Harrison Jr. 971:for him at Holy Angels. 487:in Chicago, October 1969 436:under the leadership of 337:Proviso East High School 5694:All Power to the People 5583:New Black Panther Party 5573:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 5477:Black Panthers (Israel) 5157:Marshall "Eddie" Conway 5051:Elbert "Big Man" Howard 4789:April 28, 2005, at the 3849:McFarland & Company 3220:(subscription required) 2915:., Defendants-Appellees 2775:Mosley, Dwight (2020). 1239:Martin Luther King, Jr. 1079:The Weather Underground 965:Black Catholic Movement 826:Civil rights activists 658:"That's Fred Hampton." 613: 276:U.S. federal government 93:Chicago, Illinois, U.S. 6009:Extrajudicial killings 5929:Activists from Chicago 5708:A Huey P. Newton Story 5492:George Jackson Brigade 5482:British Black Panthers 5462:Black Guerrilla Family 5046:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt 4673:Haas, Jeffrey (2009). 3278:"At Hampton Apartment" 3254:"Panther Battle Scene" 3150:March 4, 2016, at the 1578:. Chicago. p. 3. 1161:Sundance Film Festival 1159:. It premiered at the 1060: 1012: 1003: 735: 680: 669: 631: 623: 488: 392: 308: 57:Fredrick Allen Hampton 5783:Revolutionary Suicide 5558:Black Panther Militia 5467:Black Liberation Army 5404:Programs and projects 5248:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin 5217:Russell Maroon Shoatz 4705:Duke University Press 4309:"The Seeds of Terror" 4033:. December 19, 2007. 3983:Religion News Service 3953:Religion News Service 2338:Feldman, Jay (2012). 1669:Morris, Rose (2019). 1097:extrajudicial killing 1053: 1015:Monuments and streets 1008: 998: 876:justifiable homicides 859:An official with the 800:Wright Junior College 733: 678: 664:"He's barely alive." 656: 629: 621: 567:Fred Hampton Jr. 519:the U.S. government. 478: 387: 346:, as well as reading 313:Summit Argo, Illinois 306: 269:justifiable homicides 240:, Hampton considered 6014:Justifiable homicide 5872:Black power movement 5847:Rice–Poindexter case 5799:Black Against Empire 5653:Finally Got the News 5606:Films and television 4810:National Young Lords 4679:Chicago Review Press 4585:on November 29, 2022 3291:, December 12, 1969. 3267:, December 11, 1969. 3244:, December 11, 1969. 2835:Berger, Dan (2006), 2541:Berger, Dan (2006). 2143:. December 5, 2019. 2054:. February 12, 2021. 1802:Smithsonian Magazine 1209:Murder to Excellence 1045:Fort Dix, New Jersey 1030:opposed this effort. 984:According to a 2007 925:Ten days afterward, 861:Chicago Urban League 438:Jose Cha Cha Jimenez 299:Early life and youth 234:Chicago street gangs 5897:Black Panther Party 5532:White Panther Party 5512:Polynesian Panthers 5263:Robert Hillary King 5182:Denise Oliver-Velez 4891:Black Panther Party 4731:. August 25, 2016. 4605:"Down Rodeo Lyrics" 3985:. December 19, 1969 3782:. section 1, p. 7. 3158:, December 8, 1974. 3098:. UNC Press Books. 3073:. December 22, 1969 2732:. January 4, 1978. 2206:. August 25, 2016. 2204:southsideweekly.com 1219:American rock band 994:Hampton v. Hanrahan 849:Theodore K. Lawless 796:Wright College News 760:Weather Underground 720:Richard Kleindienst 554:people' programs". 383:Activity in Chicago 253:counterintelligence 206:Black Panther Party 160:Black Panther Party 99:Cause of death 45:Grant Park, Chicago 5999:COINTELPRO targets 5667:Teach Our Children 5553:Assata's Daughters 5395:Robert F. Williams 5335:Stokely Carmichael 5202:George W. Sams Jr. 5142:Veronza Bowers Jr. 5031:Barbara Easley-Cox 4981:JoNina Abron-Ervin 4852:2023-11-23 at the 4755:– video report by 4313:The New York Times 4135:on October 5, 2010 4063:The New York Times 3955:. December 2, 2019 3928:Our Lady of Africa 3749:The New York Times 3665:The New York Times 3458:. April 13, 1989. 3199:chicagotribune.com 3143:Barbara Reynolds, 2693:The New York Times 2502:Bush, Rod (2000). 2174:www.jacobinmag.com 1644:STMU History Media 1485:STMU History Media 886:Federal grand jury 736: 681: 632: 624: 540:Blackstone Rangers 489: 470:Black Lives Matter 418:nonaggression pact 309: 5969:Anti-revisionists 5954:American Marxists 5906: 5905: 5601: 5600: 5522:The Pink Panthers 5429:Rainbow Coalition 5422:The Black Panther 5411:Ten-Point Program 5348: 5347: 5137:Dhoruba bin Wahad 5076:Joan Tarika Lewis 4996:William Lee Brent 4761:December 4, 2009. 4714:978-0-8223-5993-7 3452:digital.wustl.edu 3289:Chicago Sun-Times 3184:December 9, 2009. 2845:978-1-904859-41-3 2639:978-0-520-20519-2 2554:978-1-904859-41-3 2515:978-0-8147-1318-1 2122:978-0-8147-1318-1 2111:Rod Bush (2000). 1744:, pp. 15–16. 1705:978-0-8078-3816-7 1576:Chicago Sun-Times 1522:on March 22, 2021 1491:on March 22, 2021 1092:Eyes on the Prize 872:blue-ribbon panel 775:Chicago Sun-Times 509:FBI investigation 442:Rainbow Coalition 440:, leading to the 218:Rainbow Coalition 208:and chair of the 195: 194: 143:Years active 6046: 5949:American Maoists 5898: 5893: 5892: 5852:Robert Templeton 5827:Intercommunalism 5810:Related articles 5791:A Taste of Power 5716:Night Catches Us 5472:Black Liberators 5447: 5446: 5370:W. E. B. Du Bois 5227:James Dixon York 5110:East Coast based 4974:West Coast based 4971: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4937:Kathleen Cleaver 4932:Eldridge Cleaver 4892: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4843: 4830:Internet Archive 4795:Mutulu Olugabala 4736: 4718: 4697:Wilderson, Frank 4692: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581:. Archived from 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4555:on June 24, 2021 4551:. Archived from 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4305: 4299: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4254:August 21, 2003. 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131:. 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Edgar Hoover 511: 462:Red Guard Party 426:class-conscious 398: 394: 385: 351:revolutionaries 325:Great Migration 323:as part of the 301: 296: 284:City of Chicago 166:Political party 158:chapter of the 94: 91: 87: 78: 68: 67:August 30, 1948 62: 60: 59: 58: 48: 32: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5767:Seize the Time 5763: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5626:Black Panthers 5622: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Dalit Panthers 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5304:William O'Neal 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5283:Albert Woodfox 5280: 5278:Herman Wallace 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5236:Southern based 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177:Lonnie McLucas 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5152:W. Paul Coates 5149: 5147:Safiya Bukhari 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Ashanti Alston 5124: 5122:Sundiata Acoli 5119: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5101:Michael Zinzun 5098: 5096:Robert Trivers 5093: 5091:Geronimo Pratt 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5071:George Jackson 5068: 5063: 5061:Ericka Huggins 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5026:B. Kwaku Duren 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4991:Charles Barron 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4968: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4952:David Hilliard 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4906:Huey P. 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Rap Brown 5207:Afeni Shakur 5197:Nile Rodgers 5192:Alex Rackley 5162:Jamal Joseph 5066:Bobby Hutton 5056:John Huggins 5041:Reggie Forte 5011:Mark Comfort 4986:Richard Aoki 4947:Fred Hampton 4946: 4927:Elaine Brown 4824: 4798: 4782: 4765: 4756: 4726: 4700: 4674: 4654:, retrieved 4648: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4583:the original 4578: 4569: 4557:. Retrieved 4553:the original 4548: 4538: 4529: 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4494: 4484: 4472:. Retrieved 4463: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4432: 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4401: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4370: 4360: 4349:, retrieved 4339: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4312: 4303: 4284: 4270: 4259: 4251: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4149: 4139:December 21, 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4102: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4061: 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4030: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3978: 3969: 3957:. Retrieved 3952: 3943: 3931:. 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