191:, was charged and convicted for setting up two republican secret clubs: one for aristocratic members, and one for members with a bourgeois background. Martinovics was found to have stirred up a revolt among the Hungarian serfs, and to have set up four regionally based directorates. Gotthardi, as the intelligence boss of Martinovics, fell under suspicion. On the night of 23/24 July 1795 both men were among those arrested in
236:" epithet to any conspiratorial revolutionary movement, real or imagined (and some were undoubtedly real enough) that threatened the stability of the regime. It seems that during the early 1790s most of those identified as "Jacobin conspirators" were of Hungarian provenance, rather than Austrian.
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became dangerously heated for members of the German-speaking minority with a significant public profile. By the time of his death in 1795 Franz
Gotthardi had become something of a hate figure in certain quarters. He had quickly built up a network of agents whose professional duties included both
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at an annual salary of 2,100 florins. The theater directorship was a cover which may or may not have convinced observers. He became an imperial advisor. By the first part of 1791 Franz
Gotthardi was installed as head of the Imperial Secret Police. Government policy was driven by a fear of secret
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Gotthardi was clearly aware of the activities of the "Jacobin" conspirators organised by
Martinovics, and though there is no indication that he ever conspired with them, it also appears that he never betrayed them to the regular security services. Of the 42 republican club members arrested and
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that he had established with the emperor's late father. At some point between 1792 and 1795 the emperor dispensed with the services of his father's spy chief. During 1794/95 Gotthardi was caught up in a court process triggered by the recently uncovered
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Leopold II died unexpectedly on 1 March 1790, having served as emperor for slightly more than two years. The imperial crown passed on to a new generation. It is clear that
Gotthardi never enjoyed the close working relationship with the young
144:. Given the shadowy nature of the world in which Gotthardi operated, it is unsurprising that many details of his work remain undisclosed. One high-profile recruit known to posterity is the politician, and a leader of the so-called
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reporting on "public opinion" and manipulating it. There are hostile references to his having diligently encouraged espionage and imposed a brutal police system, while clamping down on press freedom.
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According to at least one source, it was due to the conditions of his imprisonment that Franz
Gotthardi died, probably during the final part of July 1795, less than six months after his sentencing.
152:, who was reportedly an exceptionally productive intelligence agent. Another, known to posterity as much for his legacy as a dramatist as for his espionage work up to 1792, was
128:. For Gotthardi there was a focus on recruiting agents and informants, an activity in which he was presumably already well versed on account of his work during the 1780s in
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died and, according to at least one source, the "Josephine system" of surveillance collapsed. The emperor died childless and was therefore succeeded by his younger brother,
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195:. Martinovics reportedly believed that the authorities must already know more than they did, and promptly made a full confusion in the hope of improving his situation.
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convicted, six were executed on 20 May 1795. Martinovics was one of them. Franz
Gotthardi was not among those executed: instead he received a 35-year prison sentence.
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Tomasz
Kamusella: The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009,
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Gotthardi emerged as a police officer, becoming a government advisor and, in 1787, head of the police service in
267:. Weimar Verlag & Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen. 12 March 1795. pp. 7–8
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559:"Martinovics, Ignaz Joseph (Ignác József) ... Jakobiner, * 22.7.1755 Pest, †20.5.1795 Buda. (katholisch)"
463:"Verfassungsdiskussionen in der Habsburgermonarchiezur Zeit der Französischen Revolution Ablauf und Ideen"
567:. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (HiKo), MĂĽnchen. p. 307
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in 1793 made it personal. Meanwhile, Franz
Gotthardi found himself having to relocate from
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Ignác
Martinovics: Report about his acceptance to the Vienna Illuminati Lodge (1792)
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Biographisches
Lexikon des Kaisertums Ă–sterreich (austrian literature online)
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organisations that might be conspiring to emulate the
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officer and subsequently emerged as the head of the
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461:Lucian Maximilian Röthlisberger (October 2010).
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494:Réka Lengyel; Gábor Tüskés (26 November 2017).
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199:Role in the Jacobin conspiracy and imprisonment
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42:. He fell from favour and died in prison after
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16:Austrian-Hungarian secret police officer
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361:The challenge of the French Revolution
59:Franz Gotthardi was probably born in
632:18th-century Austrian businesspeople
55:Beginnings and service to Joseph II
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408:Wien 1792-1795: Hass und Verfolgen
99:between 1789 and her execution by
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622:People from the Habsburg monarchy
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358:Klaus Epstein (8 March 2015).
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500:. Lengyel RĂ©ka. p. 222.
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132:. Principal targets included
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146:Hungarian Jacobin movement
411:. C.H.Beck. p. 252.
322:"Hoffmann, Leopold Alois"
140:and others identified as
564:Neue Deutsche Biographie
557:Helmut Reinalte (1990).
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122:Storming of the Bastille
617:Austrian civil servants
318:Constantin von Wurzbach
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187:His former top agent,
154:Leopold Alois Hoffmann
262:"Franz Gotthardi ..."
79:Service to Leopold II
26:; 1750 – 1795) was a
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472:. Universität Wien
328:. pp. 161–164
290:"Gotthardi Ferenc"
185:Jacobin conspiracy
507:978-963-416-090-8
418:978-3-406-63087-3
371:978-1-4008-6823-0
189:Ignác Martinovics
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142:"Illuminati"
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524:|work=
470:(A 083 101)
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65:coffeehouse
586:Categories
244:References
134:Freemasons
101:guillotine
89:Leopold II
44:Francis II
526:ignored (
516:cite book
437:ignored (
427:cite book
390:ignored (
380:cite book
85:Joseph II
69:Joseph II
571:9 August
476:8 August
332:8 August
299:8 August
271:8 August
83:In 1790
38:for the
234:Jacobin
138:Jesuits
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193:Vienna
166:Danube
162:Vienna
126:Vienna
109:Vienna
91:. The
32:police
466:(PDF)
216:Notes
208:Death
573:2020
542:ISBN
528:help
502:ISBN
478:2020
439:help
413:ISBN
392:help
366:ISBN
334:2020
301:2020
273:2020
230:1789
158:Pest
130:Pest
105:Pest
73:Pest
61:Pest
50:Life
294:ADT
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