3511:
3417:
1322:
3790:
3320:
1393:
4469:
4100:
4542:
4574:
4454:
4512:
4589:
1613:
4328:
4554:
4313:
4367:
3380:
other than
Spanish was forbidden: all government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The use of any other language was forbidden in schools, advertising, religious ceremonies and on-road and shop signs. Publications in other languages were generally forbidden, though citizens continued to use them privately. During the late 1960s, these policies became more lenient yet non-Castilian languages continued to be discouraged and did not receive official status or legal recognition. Additionally, the popularisation of the
4527:
177:
4355:
4343:
4399:
1115:(National Movement). The Falangists were concentrated at local government and grassroot level, entrusted with harnessing the Civil War's momentum of mass mobilisation through their auxiliaries and trade unions by collecting denunciations of enemy residents and recruiting workers into the trade unions. While there were prominent Falangists at a senior government level, especially before the late 1940s, there were higher concentrations of monarchists, military officials and other traditional conservative factions at those levels. However, the Falange remained the sole party.
3057:"during the Civil War, Spanish fascists were forced to subordinate their activities to the nationalist cause. At the helm were military leaders such as General Francisco Franco, who were conservatives in all essential respects. When the civil war ended, Franco was so deeply entrenched that the Falange stood no chance; in this strongly authoritarian regime, there was no room for political opposition. The Falange became junior partners in the government and, as such, they had to accept responsibility for the regime's policy without being able to shape it substantially". The
728:
753:
714:
3248:
3595:
1588:
2377:
1245:
193:
3806:". Since Franco had relied on thousands of North African soldiers, anti-Islamic sentiment "was played down but the centuries-old myth of the Moorish threat lay at the base of the construction of the "communist menace" as a modern-day Eastern plague". The official position was therefore that the wartime Republic was simply a proto-Stalinist monolith, its leaders intent on creating a Spanish Soviet satellite. Many Spanish children grew up believing the war was fought against foreigners and the painter
2299:
4384:
4625:
2901:
2288:
6847:
3829:
43:
1470:
4611:
2887:
2311:
278:
4081:
At the time of Franco's death, Spain still lagged behind most of
Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP per capita and that of the major Western European economies had greatly narrowed. In world terms, Spain was already enjoying a fairly high material standard of living with basic but comprehensive services. However, the period between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s was to prove difficult as in addition to the
6822:
4116:
4024:
3292:. These structures were modelled after the centralised French state. As a result of this type of governance, government attention and initiatives were irregular and often depended more on the goodwill of government representatives than on regional needs. Thus inequalities in schooling, health care or transport facilities among regions were patent: historically affluent regions like
1140:. Falangist founder, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, had a more tolerant position than the national socialists in Germany. This was influenced by the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favor the development of strong antisemitism. Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism.
1122:) which involved the imprisonment and executions of Spaniards found guilty of supporting the values promoted by the Republic: regional autonomy, liberal or social democracy, free elections, socialist leanings, and women's rights, including the vote. The right-wing considered these "enemy elements" to comprise an "anti-Spain" that was the product of
4077:". Concurrent with the absence of social reforms and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to European countries and to a lesser extent to South America. Emigration helped the regime in two ways: the country got rid of surplus population and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances.
1353:. By delaying the issue of republic versus monarchy for his 36-year dictatorship and by refusing to take up the throne himself in 1947, Franco sought to antagonise neither the monarchical Carlists (who preferred the restoration of a Bourbon) nor the republican "old shirts" (original Falangists). Franco ignored the claim to the throne of
3631:
Immediately after the civil war most progressive laws passed by the
Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were nullified. Women could not become judges or testify in a trial. Their affairs and economic lives had to be managed by their fathers and husbands. Until the 1970s, a woman could not open a bank account without having it
4050:(INC), created in 1939 with the goal of agricultural modernisation by means of the creation of irrigated lands, improvements in agrarian technology and training and the installment of settlers. It consolidated the privileges of the landowning classes, protecting to a large extent the large landowners from potential
3618:) as part of its ideological identity meant that the Catholic Church, which traditionally supported the social subordination of women, had preeminence in all aspects of public and private life in Spain. The Catholic Church had a central role in upholding the traditional role of the family and women's place in it.
3429:"the reports that have survived reveal a clergy that was bitter because of the violent anti-clericalism and the unacceptable level of secularisation that Spanish society had reached during the republican years" and the law of 1939 made the priests investigators of peoples' ideological and political pasts.
4065:
On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States (including about $ 1.5 billion in aid 1954–1964), the IMF and technocrats from Opus Dei managed to "convince" the regime to liberalize the economy in 1959 in what amounted to a mini coup d'état which removed the old guard in
4271:
on either side of the coat of arms. In 1938, the columns were placed outside the wings. On 26 July 1945, the commander's ensigns were suppressed by decree and on 11 October a detailed regulation of flags was published that fixed the model of the bi-colour flag in use, but better defined its details,
4169:
committed in Spain under the
Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975. The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis María de Puig and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime. The resolution also urged to provide
4080:
During the 1960s, Spain experienced further increases in wealth. International firms established their factories in Spain. Spain became the second-fastest-growing economy in the world, alongside Brazil and just behind Japan. The rapid development of this period became known as the "Spanish
Miracle".
3437:
recorded that in his family "any allusion to republican relatives was scrupulously avoided; everyone took part in the enthusiasm for the new era and wrapped themselves in the folds of religiosity". Only through silence could people associated with the
Republic be relatively safe from imprisonment or
1279:
possessed at the respective heights of their power. Payne noted that Hitler and Stalin at least maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, while Franco dispensed with even that formality in the early years of his rule. According to Payne, the lack of even a rubber-stamp parliament made Franco's government
3650:
where they were routinely brutalized. They could be admitted to these centers starting at age 16 through police raids, for "immoral behavior," arbitrary reports from family members and individuals ("guardians of morals"), requests from civil and religious authorities, or at the request of the women
3428:
of
February 1939 turned the Church into an extralegal body of investigation as parishes were granted policing powers equal to those of local government officials and leaders of the Falange. Some official jobs required a "good behaviour" statement by a priest. According to historian Julian Casanova,
1299:
The
Organic Law made the executive government ultimately responsible for passing all laws, while defining the Cortes as a purely advisory body elected by neither direct nor universal suffrage. The Cortes had no power over government spending, and the government was not responsible for it; ministers
3529:
Francoism professed a strong devotion to militarism, hypermasculinity and the traditional role of women in society. A woman was to be loving to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband and to reside with her family. Official propaganda confined women's roles to family care and motherhood.
3537:
act, but did not designate a monarch. He had no particular desire for a king because of his strained relations with the legitimist heir to the Crown, Juan of
Bourbon. Therefore, he left the throne vacant with himself as regent and set the basis for his succession. This gesture was largely done to
4501:
and the yoke and arrows as follows: "Quarterly, 1 and 4. quarterly
Castile and León, 2 and 3. per pale Aragon and Navarra, enté en point of Granada. The arms are crowned with an open royal crown, placed on eagle displayed sable, surrounded with the pillars of Hercules, the yoke and the bundle of
3630:
Francoism professed a devotion to the traditional role of a woman in society; that is, being a loving daughter and sister to her parents and brothers, being a faithful wife to her husband, and residing with her family. Official propaganda confined the role of women to family care and motherhood.
3379:
languages that the Republic had granted them for the first time in the history of Spain. The former policy of promoting Spanish as the only official language of the state and education was resumed, even though millions of the country's citizens spoke other languages. The legal usage of languages
4193:. Because of his repressive regional linguistic policies, Franco's memory is still particularly resented in Catalonia and the Basque Country. The Basque Provinces and Catalonia were among the regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War, as well as during his regime.
3432:
The authorities encouraged denunciations in the workplace. For example, Barcelona's city hall obliged all government functionaries to "tell the proper authorities who the leftists are in your department and everything you know about their activities". A law passed in 1939 institutionalised the
4446:
from 1969 to 1975, Juan Carlos used a royal standard which was virtually identical to the one later adopted when he became King in 1975. The earlier standard differed only that it featured the royal crown of a Crown Prince, the King's royal crown has 8 arches of which 5 are visible, while the
1182:
were banned throughout the duration of the dictatorship. Nevertheless, once decrees for economic stabilisation were put forth by the late 1950s, the way was opened for massive foreign investment—"a watershed in post-war economic, social and ideological normalisation leading to extraordinarily
3530:
Most progressive laws passed by the Second Republic were declared void. Women could not become judges, or testify in the trial. They could not become university professors. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was increasing liberalization, yet such measures would continue until Franco's death.
2975:, either accused of whitewashing the regime or being praised as the elaborator of "the first scientific conceptualization" of the regime, famously early characterized it as an "authoritarian regime with limited pluralism". The Francoist regime has been described by other scholars as a "
4789:
Entre 1937 y 1943, el franquismo constituyó un régimen "semi-fascista", pero nunca un régimen fascista cien por cien. Después pasó treinta y dos años evolucionando como un sistema autoritario "posfascista", aunque no consiguió eliminar completamente todos los vestigios residuales del
4031:
The Francoist agrarian colonisation was one of the most ambitious programs related to the regime's agrarian policies, which were an answer to the Republic's Law of Agrarian Reform and the war-time collectivizations. Somewhat inspired by the brief points related to agrarian policy of
3801:
For nearly twenty years after the war, Francoist Spain presented the conflict as a crusade against Bolshevism in defence of Christian civilization. In Francoist narrative, authoritarianism had defeated anarchy and overseen the elimination of "agitators", those "without God" and the
4294:
From the death of Franco in 1975 until 1977, the national flag followed the 1945 regulations. On 21 January 1977, a new regulation was approved that stipulated an eagle with more open wings, with the restored Pillars of Hercules placed within the wings and the tape with the motto
2966:
was the new moniker the regime adopted for itself, yet it only sounded credible to staunch believers. Other later soft definitions include "authoritarian regime" or "constituent or developmental dictatorship", the latter having inner backing from within the regime. During the
266:
1304:(Law of the National Referendum), passed in 1945 approved for all "fundamental laws" to be approved by a popular referendum, in which only the heads of families could vote. Local municipal councils were appointed similarly by heads of families and local corporations through
4250:
At the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War and in spite of the army's reorganisation, several sections of the army continued with their bi-colour flags improvised in 1936, but since 1940 new ensigns began to be distributed, whose main innovation was the addition of the
3404:
Franco's regime often used religion as a means to increase its popularity throughout the Catholic world, especially after the Second World War. Franco himself was increasingly portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of Roman Catholicism, the declared
265:
253:
252:
1432:
also grew in numbers and in budgets to 35,000 airmen and 25,000 sailors by 1945, although for fiscal reasons Franco had to restrain attempts by both services to undertake dramatic expansions. The army maintained a strength of about 400,000 men until the end of the
263:
259:
257:
3491:. Pemán led the Catholicizing state-sponsored schools and allocating generous funding to the Church's schools. Romualdo de Toledo, head of the National Service of Primary Education, was a traditionalist who described the model school as "the monastery founded by
264:
256:
255:
254:
262:
251:
258:
3622:
had also been introduced in the country during the Republic, so the Church immediately asked the new Franco regime to restore its control of family and marriage laws. All Spanish women were required by the state to serve for six months in the Women's Section
261:
260:
3097:. This party, often referred to as Falange, became the sole legal party during Franco's regime, but the term "party" was generally avoided, especially after World War II, when it was commonly referred to as the "National Movement" or just as "the Movement".
4062:, purchased or expropriated and where settlers installed). While its inception dates to the period of hegemony of Fascist powers in Europe, the plan did not fully take off until the 1950s. From 1940 to 1970 around 300 colonisation settlements were created.
3606:
Women had first been granted the right to vote in Spain during the Second Republic. Under the new constitution they had gained full legal status and equal access to the labor market, abortion had been legalized and the crime of adultery abolished.
3998:
The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of
3271:
were promoted as national traditions, while those traditions not considered Spanish were suppressed. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an
3810:
has said "it was instilled in me and I always believed that Spain had won the war against foreign enemies of our historic greatness". About 6,832 Catholic clergy were murdered by the Republicans. Collectively, they are known as the
3575:
The long-delayed selection of Juan Carlos of Bourbon as Franco's official successor in 1969 was an unpleasant surprise for many interested parties as Juan Carlos was the rightful heir for neither the Carlists nor the Legitimists.
3413:, "the symbiosis of religion, fatherland and Caudillo" saw the Church assume great political responsibilities, "a hegemony and monopoly beyond its wildest dreams" and it played "a central role in policing the country's citizens".
249:
3893:
and were forced to include any articles the government desired. Chief editors were nominated by the government and all journalists were required to be registered. All liberal, republican and left-wing media were prohibited.
6858:
3691:. The movement rapidly gained a long-lasting influence in the catholic universities of Chile. The Guildists, presenting themselves as apolitical, were highly critical of perceived detrimental ideological influences in
4541:
3105:
The main point of those scholars that tend to consider the Spanish State to be authoritarian rather than fascist is that the FET-JONS were relatively heterogeneous rather than being an ideological monolith. After
4160:
Spanish opinion has changed. Most statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, and the last Franco statue in Madrid came down in 2005. Additionally, the Permanent Commission of the
5934:
3283:
Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised form of government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the
1155:. It has been estimated that more than 200,000 Spaniards died in the first years of the dictatorship from 1940 to 1942 as a result of political persecution, hunger and disease related to the conflict.
4447:
Prince's one has only 4 arches of which 3 are visible. The Royal Standard of Spain consists of a dark blue square with the coat of arms in the centre. The King's guidon is identical to the standard.
4948:
Franco's description: "The work of pacification and moral redemption must necessarily be undertaken slowly and methodically, otherwise military occupation will serve no purpose". Roberto Cantalupo,
4220:) was passed in 2007 as an attempt to enforce official recognition of the crimes committed against civilians during Franco's rule and to organise under state supervision the search for mass graves.
3499:
sanctioned and sacked thousands of teachers of the progressive left and divided Spain's schools up among the families of falangists, loyalist soldiers and Catholic families. In some provinces, like
3589:
1308:
while mayors were appointed by the government. It was thus one of the most centralised countries in Europe and certainly the most centralised in Western Europe following the fall of the Portuguese
3438:
unemployment. After the death of Franco, the price of the peaceful transition to democracy would be silence and "the tacit agreement to forget the past", which was given legal status by the 1977
3510:
4468:
3651:
themselves or their parents. In practice, girls as young as 11 were forcibly interned. Young women and girls were routinely trafficked to men and forced to bear children, only to have their
248:
6575:
4182:
in order to explain the terrible conditions in which it was built. Finally, it proposed the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities.
1267:-like status, Franco ruled with, on paper, more power than any Spanish leader before or since. He was not even required to consult his cabinet for most legislation. According to historian
4020:
principles. It was the only legal trade union and was under government control. Other trade unions were forbidden and strongly repressed along with political parties outside the Falange.
2990:
While the regime evolved along with its protracted history, its primitive essence remained, underpinned by the legal concentration of all powers into a single person, Francisco Franco, "
1263:
After Franco's victory in 1939, the Falange was declared the sole legally sanctioned political party in Spain and it asserted itself as the main component of the National Movement. In a
1187:"—that marked Spain's "participation in the Europe-wide post-war economic normality centred on mass consumption and consensus, in contrast to the concurrent reality of the Soviet bloc".
961:). Nevertheless, Spain supported them in various ways throughout most of the war while maintaining its neutrality as an official policy of "non-belligerence". Because of this, Spain was
4648:
2228:
4833:«La ausencia de un ideario definido le permitió transitar de unas fórmulas dictatoriales a otras, rozando el fascismo en los cuarenta y a las dictaduras desarrollistas en los sesenta».
5499:
1972:
250:
7336:
4178:, which as well as other Francoist archives remain as of 2006 inaccessible to the public. Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground exhibition in the
1977:
1967:
7094:
3416:
1321:
3538:
appease monarchist factions within the Movement. At the same time, Franco wore the uniform of a captain-general (a rank traditionally reserved for the King), resided in the
3789:
4066:
charge of the economy, despite the opposition of Franco. However, this economic liberalisation was not accompanied by political reforms and oppression continued unabated.
7341:
3384:
and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the state and exclusively in Spanish, reduced the competency of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician.
3319:
4573:
4003:, cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence.
3409:. The regime favoured very conservative Roman Catholicism and it reversed the secularisation process that had taken place under the Republic. According to historian
6853:
6174:"El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)"
7346:
6207:
1365:, son of Infante Juan, as his officially designated heir to the throne, shortly after his 30th birthday (the minimum age required under the Law of Succession).
7803:
7023:
3738:, founded in 1983 by Guzmán, have a Francoist heritage. In the 1970s Pinochet's dictatorship organized ritualized acts reminiscent of Francoist Spain, notably
4848:
1008:". During the 1950s the regime also changed from being openly totalitarian and using severe repression to an authoritarian system with limited pluralism and
3367:
in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. Despite Franco himself being Galician, the government revoked the official statute and recognition for the
6176:[The "Generational Putsch" and the National youth Office: Purge, disciplining and resocialization of youth identities under Pinochet (1973–1980)].
4275:
During this period, two more flags were usually displayed along with the national flag: the flag of Falange (red, black and red vertical stripes, with the
3807:
1143:
At the end of the Spanish Civil War, according to the regime's own figures there were more than 270,000 men and women held in prisons and some 500,000 had
5845:
7798:
4588:
3135:, a military police for civilians, which functioned as a chief means of social control. Larger cities, and capitals, were mostly under the heavily armed
1708:
5776:
7580:
6596:
3984:
The 1966 Press Law dropped the prior censorship regime and allowed media outlets to select their own directors, although criticism was still a crime.
3280:
and many were forbidden entirely, often in an erratic manner. This cultural policy relaxed over time, most notably in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
4197:
3646:
confined ten of thousands of girls and young women deemed 'fallen or at risk of falling', even without having committed any crime, in centers run by
3526:
run by priests and nuns that "their parents had committed great sins that they could help expiate, for which many were incited to serve the Church".
3118:, eschewed syndicalist economics and favoured increased competition as a means of achieving rapid economic growth and integration with wider Europe.
2019:
4453:
4058:
where large landowners owners retained land property and were transformed into irrigated lands with help from the INC vs the comparatively smaller
3073:, a fascist party formed during the Republic, soon transformed itself into the framework of reference in the National Movement. In April 1937, the
938:. As time went on, the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships, although it always preserved residual fascist trappings.
915:. The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as "fascistized dictatorship", or "semi-fascist regime", showing clear influence of
6572:
6225:
3487:. He held the post for 12 years, during which he finished the purging of the ministry begun by the Commission of Culture and Teaching headed by
7158:
7088:
5728:
3664:
3503:, practically all the teachers were dismissed. This process also affected tertiary education, as Ibáñez Martín, Catholic propagandists and the
2119:
1392:
974:
595:
579:
430:
3129:
were either suppressed or controlled by all means, including police repression. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of
7575:
6362:
6005:
4312:
2458:
399:
7494:
5897:"Violation of Women's Human Rights in the Magdalene Laundries of Ireland and the Centers of the Board for the Protection of Women in Spain"
5277:
4683:
1424:
bringing hostilities closer than ever to Spain's border, Franco ordered a partial mobilization, bringing the army to over 750,000 men. The
6118:
5870:
7783:
5474:
2932:
2341:
2097:
1305:
997:
4398:
4678:
4327:
3675:
was an admirer of Francoist Spain. The lawyer Jaime Guzmán, once a student of Eyzaguirre, helped establishing the Francoist-influenced
1334:
5594:
Valiente, Celia (May–June 2017). "Male allies of women's movements: Women's organizing within the Catholic Church in Franco's Spain".
4099:
7637:
3357:, a former kingdom during the Middle Ages and the cradle of the Carlists, possibly due to the region's support during the Civil War.
3208:(PCE) went underground. University students seeking democracy revolted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which was repressed by the
2135:
5808:
3448:
that had taken place in the Republic were declared null and void unless they had been validated by the Church, along with divorces.
7813:
7079:
3089:
2560:
2396:
565:
4511:
4157:, had expressed admiration for Franco's stature who he believed had "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".
7612:
6826:
4432:
3680:
3399:
3364:
3236:
2824:
2694:
1075:
1049:
900:
719:
895:
in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a
7363:
6887:
5596:
4708:
4190:
4036:, the Francoist colonisation underpinned a materialisation of the agrarian policies vowed by Fascism (connected to the Italian
3767:
attended the funeral of Francisco Franco. When Pinochet died in 2006 supporters of late Francisco Franco paid homage in Spain.
1349:", or constitution, supposedly limiting and clearly defining Franco's powers as well as formally creating the modern office of
912:
5957:
4085:
to which Spain was highly exposed, the settling of the new political order took priority over the modernising of the economy.
3077:(Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx and of the Councils of National Syndicalist Offensive) was created from the absorption of the
2465:
107:
7808:
7632:
6689:
6316:
6253:"Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War"
4553:
3301:
927:
4668:
4047:
3178:
1694:
79:
7793:
5730:"Que mi nombre no se borre de la historia": The stakes of including women's historical memory in Spanish politics of memory
4673:
4272:
emphasising a greater style of the Saint John's eagle. The models established by this decree remained in force until 1977.
3515:
2243:
2165:
1803:
1783:
1377:
1342:
1203:
4663:
3993:
1368:
In 1973, due to old age and to lessen his burdens in governing Spain he resigned as Prime Minister and named Navy Admiral
192:
7000:
6678:"Spanish Entepreneurs in the Era of Fascism: From the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship to the Franco Dictatorship, 1923–1945"
4733:
4594:
4559:
4532:
4517:
4366:
4201:
4125:
3756:
3627:), the female branch of the Falange state party, to undergo training for motherhood along with political indoctrination.
3195:
2452:
2140:
1152:
7729:
6832:
907:, which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the
7285:
6292:
6015:
5690:
5661:
5634:
5578:
5458:
5413:
5386:
5085:
5058:
4969:
4933:
4638:
4069:
Economic growth picked up after 1959 after Franco took authority away from these ideologues and gave more power to the
3696:
1996:
86:
5679:"The Republican Mother in Post-Transition Novels of Historical Memory. A Re-Inscription into Spanish Cultural Memory?"
3599:
1722:
1412:
to 250,000 in early 1940, with most soldiers two-year conscripts. Concerns about the international situation, Spain's
7373:
5759:
4698:
4526:
4209:
4150:
3876:
3200:
2103:
126:
6648:
4200:
initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, a move supported since the
3858:
2479:
176:
7838:
7788:
7126:
6965:
5935:"Pilar Dasí, encerrada en el Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: "Había sadismo; fue una salvajada del franquismo""
4354:
4342:
3850:
3812:
1652:
1354:
1281:
904:
789:
60:
6055:
5734:
3184:
7828:
7388:
7331:
7201:
7153:
7148:
7121:
7084:
6990:
4643:
4185:
In Spain, a commission to restore the dignity of the victims of Franco's regime and pay tribute to their memory (
3923:
state radio had the exclusive right to transmit news bulletins, which all broadcasters were required to air. The
3803:
3639:
3425:
3205:
3058:
2925:
2491:
2334:
2043:
1808:
1701:
1516:
1503:
1464:
1219:
1207:
1127:
1037:
875:
746:
621:
306:
93:
4897:
Preston (1993), Chapter 10. "The Making of a Dictator: Franco and the Unification April 1937", pp. 248–274.
3070:
2754:
2674:
2581:
2410:
1361:, who designated himself as his heir; Franco found him too liberal. Instead, in 1969, Franco selected the young
1089:
1080:
7773:
6800:
6782:
6752:
6733:
6711:
5714:
5533:
5273:
5195:
5166:
4205:
3854:
3731:
3484:
2248:
1512:
64:
6147:
4165:"firmly" condemned in a resolution unanimously adopted in March 2006 the "multiple and serious violations" of
3703:
2510:
1541:
and the military occupation, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara.
1190:
On 26 July 1947, Spain was declared a kingdom, but no monarch was designated until in 1969 Franco established
981:
kingdom again, but defined Franco as the head of state for life with the power to choose the person to become
7403:
7221:
6995:
6792:
5783:
4658:
3715:
3496:
3381:
2994:
of Spain by the Grace of God", embodying national sovereignty and "only responsible before God and History".
2664:
2113:
2048:
2014:
1763:
1657:
920:
3349:, which were officially classified as "traitor regions". The fueros were kept in the third Basque province,
3049:, a scholar of Spain notes that "scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the
1939:
75:
7833:
7326:
7290:
7116:
6604:
5833:
El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: Prostitución, Moralidad e Intervención Estatal durante el Franquismo
5809:"Peña Grande, la maternidad de los horrores que sobrevivió a Franco: "Las monjas nos exponían como ganado""
3735:
3480:
2516:
1962:
1729:
2714:
2704:
1944:
1687:
7393:
6917:
4008:
3643:
3260:
3229:
3190:
3061:
voted in 1946 to deny the Franco regime recognition until it developed a more representative government.
2842:
2498:
1093:
5363:
3919:
3730:, visited Chile 1974 after which Opus Dei begun to spread in the country. Opus Dei helped establish the
1612:
1372:
to the said post, but Franco remained as the Chief of State, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and
7253:
6950:
6880:
5246:
4493:
In 1938, Franco adopted a variant of the coat of arms reinstating some elements originally used by the
4383:
4224:
3652:
3647:
3475:
The Catholic Church's ties with the Franco dictatorship gave it control over the country's schools and
3276:
tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities were subject to
3111:
2918:
2860:
2533:
2440:
2327:
2218:
1565:
1560:. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to gain sovereignty of the British overseas territory of
314:
4759:
7823:
7647:
7427:
7353:
7099:
7043:
7038:
6229:
4703:
4154:
4073:
technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off, creating the "
3688:
2485:
2175:
2053:
1768:
1748:
1413:
1144:
1029:
1001:
392:
17:
6088:
4693:
4137:
In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. In Germany, a squadron named after
2961:
2799:
2376:
7768:
7622:
7268:
7143:
6940:
6034:
4547:
Simplified version used on stamps, lottery tickets, identity documents, and buildings. (1938–1945).
3929:
3839:
3692:
3585:
3539:
3213:
3078:
2291:
2125:
2108:
1346:
1148:
911:. The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the
608:
6546:
6452:
6394:
3488:
2709:
7818:
7383:
7241:
6980:
4474:
4422:
4223:
Investigations have begun into wide-scale child abduction during the Franco years. The number of
3843:
3718:
in Spain with the aim of preventing undesired reforms in future as it happened in Spain with the
3461:
3334:
2818:
2724:
2263:
1773:
1350:
1227:
1223:
988:
Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky, reassigned authority from the
891:
The nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence. Months after the start of the
733:
53:
4303:("One, Great and Free") moved over the eagle's head from its previous position around the neck.
3410:
2784:
2669:
7321:
6970:
6960:
5187:
4280:
4104:
3723:
3668:
3289:
3217:
2504:
2235:
2180:
2068:
1891:
1508:
1416:, and threats of invasion led him to undo some of these reductions. In November 1942, with the
1362:
1310:
1211:
1191:
1071:
7164:
6268:
5896:
5678:
5624:
5478:
5157:
Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p 31, and Paul Preston, "The Theorists of extermination" essay in
5075:
4794:
4494:
4179:
4108:
2699:
2273:
1525:
1178:
naturally tilted its regime to ally with the United States. Independent political parties and
1118:
The Francoists took control of Spain through a comprehensive and methodical war of attrition (
7660:
7617:
7514:
7474:
7449:
7258:
7206:
6873:
6677:
6282:
5651:
5048:
4921:
4579:
4488:
4459:
4428:
4418:
4213:
3719:
3711:
3221:
3022:
2759:
2416:
1520:
198:
100:
5838:
The Women's Protection Board: Prostitution, Morality and State Intervention during Francoism
4012:
was created. It was inspired by the ideas of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who thought that
2446:
7547:
7479:
7469:
7316:
7275:
7263:
6930:
5841:
4713:
4333:
4318:
4245:
3635:
by her father or husband. In the 1960s and 1970s these restrictions were somewhat relaxed.
3611:
3393:
3010:
2951:
2679:
2619:
2130:
2073:
1919:
1866:
1758:
1681:
1663:
1647:
1381:
1315:
931:
472:
356:
5831:
5777:"El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: la construcción de la moralidad pública en España"
5376:
4279:
in the centre of the black stripe) and the traditionalist flag (white background with the
3460:
were forbidden. Children had to be given Christian names. Franco was made a member of the
2539:
8:
7597:
7484:
7464:
7454:
7236:
7211:
6975:
6699:
6317:"La colonización agraria franquista: Mitos, límites y realidades de una política agraria"
5983:
5871:"El Patronato, la cárcel de la moral franquista para adolescentes: "Era como la Gestapo""
4653:
4498:
4436:
4298:
4268:
4252:
4162:
4142:
4082:
4070:
3743:
3739:
3561:
3546:
and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were
3169:
3131:
3006:
2639:
2634:
2303:
2063:
2024:
1914:
1881:
1876:
1634:
1618:
1456:
1369:
1300:
were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone as the "Chief" of state and government. The
1239:
1195:
1111:
460:
214:
31:
3936:
The Roman Catholic Church had its own media outlets, including the Ya newspaper and the
2571:
2403:
1715:
1670:
1293:
1174:
that soon followed the end of hostilities in 1945, in the face of which Franco's strong
1032:
at the age of 82. He restored the monarchy before his death and made his successor King
517:
7778:
7592:
7587:
7489:
7459:
7408:
7248:
7231:
7170:
7067:
7033:
6925:
5180:
5113:
4688:
4260:
4187:
comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo
4094:
3903:
3492:
3439:
3247:
3173:
3137:
3126:
2946:
2779:
2422:
2358:
2253:
2190:
1788:
1676:
1596:
1264:
1256:
4786:«La tesis defendida por Payne en dicho dossier puede sintetizarse con estas palabras:
2764:
1202:
with the intention of continuing the Francoist regime, but those hopes ended with his
817:
Nationalist capital and centre of power, while administrative functions were moved to
7607:
7519:
7504:
7499:
7439:
7378:
7368:
7280:
7189:
7175:
7131:
7110:
7048:
6796:
6778:
6748:
6729:
6707:
6685:
6386:
6288:
6011:
5908:
5755:
5710:
5686:
5657:
5630:
5574:
5529:
5454:
5447:
Richards, Michael (2010). "Grand Narratives, Collective Memory, and Social History".
5409:
5382:
5319:
5304:
5269:
5217:
5191:
5162:
5081:
5054:
4965:
4929:
4390:
4283:
in the middle), representing the National Movement which had unified Falange and the
4256:
4017:
3784:
3569:
3372:
3165:
3150:
2956:
2870:
2794:
2769:
2689:
2590:
2527:
2472:
2434:
2213:
2170:
2003:
1753:
1641:
1549:
1474:
1425:
1409:
1105:
970:
950:
908:
892:
863:
774:
551:
6192:
6173:
4138:
3663:
Francoism had an influence abroad in Chile, where it found clear expressions in the
2972:
2789:
7701:
7694:
7539:
7398:
7304:
7226:
7136:
7104:
7018:
6908:
6900:
6673:
6555:
6472:
6378:
6187:
6067:
6007:
Jaime Guzmán: una democracia contrarevolucionaria : el político de 1964 a 1980
5681:. In DeVries, Kelly; France, John; Neilberg, Micheal S; Schneid, Frederick (eds.).
5605:
5521:
5261:
4130:
4120:
3707:
3672:
3594:
3376:
3360:
3337:
to the regions and abolished the centuries-old fiscal privileges and autonomy (the
3330:
3285:
3224:
against Franco. Like others at the time, Franco evinced a concern about a possible
3146:
2998:
2521:
1909:
1886:
1846:
1587:
1268:
1248:
942:
935:
859:
837:
418:
341:
155:
6859:
Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini y a Adolf Hitler
3764:
3075:
Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista
2684:
1397:
1292:(Constituent Law of the Cortes) the same year, which saw the grand opening of the
7567:
7562:
7358:
7053:
6836:
6579:
5749:
5626:
Dictatorships in the Hispanic World: Transatlantic and Transnational Perspectives
5350:
5334:
5289:
5232:
4926:
Guerra y memoria en la España contemporánea: War and Memory in Contemporary Spain
4630:
4443:
4276:
4189:) was approved in the summer of 2004 and was directed by the then-Vice President
4146:
4074:
4042:
3968:
3950:
3368:
3309:
3038:
3030:
2984:
2905:
2749:
2744:
2381:
2223:
2078:
1831:
1793:
1778:
1417:
1184:
1009:
1005:
855:
529:
483:
351:
6516:
6497:
5500:"The regulation of identity through names and naming in Twentieth Century Spain"
2037:
7710:
7627:
7602:
7529:
7444:
7028:
6955:
6627:
6382:
5609:
4922:"The Memory of Murder: Mass Killing, Incarceration and the Making of Francoism"
4051:
4033:
4013:
3768:
3632:
3619:
3445:
3406:
3054:
3002:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2629:
2268:
2258:
1826:
1545:
1530:
1494:
1478:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1341:
regent for life with sole right to appoint his successor; and in 1966, another
1244:
1199:
1175:
1167:
1151:
as stateless enemies. Between six and seven thousand exiles from Spain died in
1085:
1021:
1013:
675:
592:
298:
294:
6072:
5137:
4906:Ángela Cenarro Lagunas, "Historia y memoria del Auxilio Social de Falange" in
3483:, a member of the National Catholic Association of Propagandists, to lead the
7762:
7744:
7731:
7668:
7524:
6777:, (London: Serif, 2010). First-hand account of travels around Spain in 1949.
6770:
6390:
5912:
4241:
3956:
3901:
was established as a network of government media, including daily newspapers
3794:
3552:
3465:
3453:
3434:
3263:-centric unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity.
3046:
2208:
1871:
1841:
1798:
1276:
1215:
1033:
982:
954:
502:
383:
182:
4255:
to the shield. The new arms were allegedly inspired in the coat of arms the
3683:
in the 1960s. This has been interpreted as a reaction inspired in Francoist
1934:
1924:
1404:
During the first year of peace, Franco dramatically reduced the size of the
1109:. The sole legal party of Francoist Spain, it was the main component of the
7715:
7673:
7557:
7413:
6653:
6123:
5378:
En el combate por la historia: la República, la guerra civil, el franquismo
4616:
4166:
3751:
3469:
3264:
3107:
3034:
3026:
2891:
2774:
2739:
2428:
2315:
1929:
1836:
1498:
1434:
1429:
1405:
1358:
1272:
1252:
1163:
962:
958:
896:
533:
3110:, the Falange opposed free capital markets, but the ultimately prevailing
2955:
label. Following the defeat of Fascism in much of Europe in World War II,
992:, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the
965:
by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II, while its
7655:
7552:
6945:
6586:, 17 February 2005 (article in German language). Accessed 26 August 2006.
6056:"Cambio e institucionalización de la "nueva derecha" chilena (1967–2010)"
5650:
Threlfall, Mónica; Cousins, Christine; Fernandez, Celia Valiente (2005).
4924:. In Ribeiro de Menezes, Alison; Quance, Roberta; Walsh, Anne L. (eds.).
3977:
3938:
3747:
3684:
3676:
3590:
Gender violence and rape in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition
3305:
3225:
3188:(UGT) trade unions were outlawed and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist
3122:
3042:
2009:
1538:
1326:
1285:
1179:
1159:
1132:
1025:
993:
946:
237:
5117:
5024:
4624:
4284:
2900:
1147:. Large numbers of those captured were returned to Spain or interned in
6721:
5306:
The Transformation of Spain: From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy
5108:
Pérez Ledesma, Manuel (1994). "Una Dictadura 'por la gracia de Dios'".
4170:
public access to historians (professional and amateurs) to the various
3944:
3917:
and Pyresa government news agencies were created in 1939 and 1945. The
3890:
3277:
3018:
3014:
2645:
1861:
1856:
1421:
1333:
The referendum law was used twice during Franco's rule—in 1947, when a
1214:. With the death of Franco on 20 November 1975, Juan Carlos became the
1130:". The latter allegation pre-dated Falangism, having evolved after the
1123:
222:
6457:
6252:
6208:"Lucía Hiriart, la mujer de poder de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet"
4760:"Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940"
4141:
has been renamed because as a pilot he led the escorting units in the
7509:
7216:
6839: (archived July 2, 2007), the Spanish Constitution under Franco.
3962:
3543:
3523:
3323:
3313:
3297:
3273:
3252:
3161:
3157:
2367:
1851:
1561:
1511:. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. When the
1162:
resulted in its international ostracism in the early years following
989:
810:
389:
386:
373:
369:
5362:
Roman, Mar. "Spain frets over future of flamenco." 27 October 2007.
5348:"The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest"
4016:
would be ended by grouping together workers and owners according to
3828:
3568:
is a technical, legal formulation which states sovereign dignity in
2159:
1063:
42:
6935:
6649:"Victims of Spanish 'stolen babies network' call for investigation"
6632:
6520:
6501:
4649:
Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain
3727:
3557:
3504:
3479:
were once again placed in schoolrooms. After the war, Franco chose
3476:
3457:
3342:
3268:
3115:
2968:
2030:
1577:
1534:
1469:
1171:
1055:
1017:
869:
537:
30:"Spanish State" redirects here. For the current Spanish state, see
6846:
3734:
in 1989. Both the University of the Andes and the political party
6865:
6363:"El nacional-sindicalismo español como proyecto económico-social"
5933:
Palau Galdón, María; García Carbonell, Marta (November 5, 2023).
5568:
5448:
5403:
4405:
4171:
4000:
3449:
3354:
2980:
2624:
1557:
1486:
1097:
966:
924:
916:
779:
364:
6547:
Primera condena al régimen de Franco en un recinto internacional
6261:
5282:
4849:"Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'"
3085:
Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista
1537:(known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Only in 1975, with the
277:
6821:
6420:
6178:
5683:
Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War: Realms of
4264:
3507:
ensured professorships were offered only to the most faithful.
3346:
3338:
3293:
818:
331:
6745:
Historia de España en el siglo XX. III, La dictadura de Franco
6573:
Almunia, Joaquin: EU-Kommission (4): Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung
6284:
Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939–1975
5327:
3156:
Members of the oppressed ranged from Catholic trade unions to
3087:, which itself was the result of an earlier absorption of the
1170:
and did not become a member until 1955. This changed with the
1012:. As a result of these reforms, Spain was allowed to join the
6896:
6342:
4115:
3924:
3556:(Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies), he was referred to as
3350:
3235:
Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until
3216:(PNV) went into exile and in 1959 the armed separatist group
2058:
1194:
as his official heir-apparent. Franco was to be succeeded by
1137:
784:
5932:
1568:
in 1969. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985.
6374:
5958:"'De Franco a Pinochet': La historia de un fracaso exitoso"
5312:
4023:
3975:
Notable independent media outlets included humour magazine
3772:
3500:
3145:
due to their grey uniforms. Franco was also the focus of a
2185:
1553:
1482:
1284:
served as a makeshift legislature until the passing of the
1059:
685:
290:
6432:
6408:
4950:
Fu la Spagna: Ambasciata presso Franco: de la guerra civil
3239:
despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.
1493:
Spain attempted to retain control of the last remnants of
878:. During Franco's rule, Spain was officially known as the
6550:
6326:(19). Andorra: Centro de Estudios Locales de Andorra: 96.
6242:
Michael Richards, ''Unearthing Franco's Legacy'', p. 129.
6089:"Influencias de Juan Vázquez de Mella sobre Jaime Guzmán"
5649:
3913:
3542:, appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a
1280:"the most purely arbitrary in the world." The 100-member
6628:"Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie"
6367:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea
4803:
3889:
Under the 1938 Press Law, all newspapers were put under
3667:(1973–1990), in particular in the period prior to 1980.
3533:
In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy through the
2979:" ("Spanish-style Fascism") or as a specific variant of
1552:
its independence and the next year ceded the exclave of
6330:
4765:
4439:, crowned with an imperial crown and open royal crown.
6226:""Viudos de Franco" homenajearon a Pinochet en España"
6010:(in Spanish). Santiago: RIL editores. pp. 28–29.
5622:
4884:
Paul Preston, Chapter 6 "The Making of a Caudillo" in
3933:, the government television network, debuted in 1956.
2997:
The consistent points in Francoism included above all
1507:
right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve
1000:. This led to massive economic growth, second only to
6854:
Relations of Members of the United Nations with Spain
3994:
Economic history of Spain § Franco era (1939–75)
1440:
1054:
On 1 October 1936, Franco was formally recognised as
6704:
La España de Franco (1939–1975). Política y Sociedad
6119:"Los informes secretos de la CIA sobre Jaime Guzmán"
5643:
5453:. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 128–129.
5046:
5042:
5040:
5038:
4606:
3746:. Even Guzmán, once clearly influenced by Francoist
3121:
The Spanish State was authoritarian: Non-government
5981:
5901:
Transatlantic Studies Network, University of Malaga
3942:radio network. Other pro-government media included
3927:were 10-minute newsreels shown at all cinemas. The
3706:Guzmán became advisor and speechwriter of dictator
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5623:Swier, Patricia; Riordan-Goncalves, Julia (2013).
5179:
5161:, pp 42–67. University of Notre Dame Press.
1515:became independent in 1956, Spain surrendered its
1074:), which governed the territories occupied by the
5894:
5566:
5212:
5210:
5035:
5017:
4198:Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory
2945:Initially the regime embraced the definition of "
1004:, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the "
874:. After his death in 1975 due to a heart attack,
7760:
5751:En cuerpo y alma: Ser mujer en tiempos de Franco
5616:
5402:Casanova, Julian (2010). "The Faces of Terror".
5297:
4174:of the Francoist regime, including those of the
6142:
6140:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5829:
5573:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 295.
5408:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 108.
3793:Spanish anti-communist volunteer forces of the
3522:The orphaned children of "Reds" were taught in
3420:Franco with Catholic Church dignitaries in 1946
3100:
1078:. In April 1937, Franco assumed control of the
282:Territories and colonies of the Spanish State:
6287:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 58–60.
5964:(in Spanish). Universidad de Chile. 2007-05-29
5863:
5747:
5324:, pp. 347, 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press
5207:
4289:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
3053:to be a core fascist". According to historian
2435:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
1106:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
7804:States and territories disestablished in 1975
6881:
6682:Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in Europe
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
5774:
5726:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5107:
5080:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 244.
4145:. As recently as 2006, the BBC reported that
3778:
3742:. After 1980 Francoist influence gave way to
2926:
2335:
1329:riding in a ceremonial parade in Madrid, 1975
883:
867:
849:
147:
6438:
6426:
6414:
6348:
6314:
6137:
6116:
5994:
5982:Góngora, Álvaro; de la Taille, Alexandrine;
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5670:
5278:United Nations Security Council Resolution 7
4964:, pp. 2–3. Cambridge University Press,
4040:or the agrarian policy elements of the Nazi
3153:to save the country from chaos and poverty.
2233:
6698:
6640:
6473:"Spain relocates dictator Franco's remains"
5823:
5811:(in Spanish). El Confidencial. June 3, 2018
5138:"La educación en el franquismo (1936–1975)"
5135:
5053:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114.
4809:
4111:, until his body was moved in October 2019.
3857:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3695:, corporations (e.g. trade unions) and the
3579:
3572:and had been used only by monarchs before.
3468:whilst Spain itself was consecrated to the
1548:pressure, Franco granted Spain's colony of
1501:(1954–1962), Madrid became the base of the
1408:—from almost one million at the end of the
1092:, who was executed in November 1936 by the
7799:States and territories established in 1939
6888:
6874:
6720:
6680:. In James, Harold; Tanner, Jakob (eds.).
6672:
6148:"Libros: El Imperio del Opus Dei en Chile"
6086:
6040:
5801:
5124:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
4913:
4821:
4771:
4679:List of people executed by Francoist Spain
4263:from the Moors, but replacing the arms of
3899:Delegación Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda
3204:(ERC) party were banned in 1939 while the
2933:
2919:
2342:
2328:
1166:as Spain was not a founding member of the
1136:of the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic
969:economy, still trying to recover from the
276:
6619:
6465:
6191:
6165:
6071:
5941:
5720:
5182:Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective
5047:Bowen, Wayne H.; José E. Álvarez (2007).
4107:, Franco was entombed in the monument of
3877:Learn how and when to remove this message
3775:, attended a memorial service in Madrid.
3535:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado
2136:1947 Spanish law of succession referendum
2120:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado
1384:became the country's new Prime Minister.
644:856,045 km (330,521 sq mi)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
6646:
6450:
6360:
6336:
6271:p. 169 Liturgical Press (February 2000).
6171:
6029:
6027:
5990:(in Spanish). Zig-Zag. pp. 225–226.
5676:
5593:
5520:
5446:
5401:
5237:, p. 13, 1997 Oxford University Press US
5222:, p. 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press
4984:, p. 4. Cambridge University Press.
4114:
4098:
4022:
3788:
3593:
3509:
3415:
3341:) in two of the three Basque provinces:
3318:
3259:Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a
3246:
3149:, which taught that he had been sent by
3090:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
2561:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
2459:Falange Española de las JONS (Auténtica)
2397:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
1468:
1391:
1320:
1271:, Franco had more day-to-day power than
1243:
1218:. He initiated the country's subsequent
1024:figures: his regime was assisted by the
973:, suffered from chronic depression. The
6280:
5428:Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 108–115
5186:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p.
5094:
4782:
4780:
3750:, adopted economic liberalism from the
3681:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
3638:However, from 1941 until well into the
3553:Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles
3400:History of the Catholic Church in Spain
3333:eliminated the autonomy granted by the
3125:and all political opponents across the
2987:, the Armed Forces and Traditionalism.
1335:referendum revived the Spanish monarchy
1058:—the Spanish equivalent of the Italian
1050:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
14:
7761:
6742:
6728:(in Spanish). University of Valencia.
6053:
5851:from the original on December 28, 2023
5177:
5067:
4919:
4846:
4837:, cap. «El franquismo como dictadura».
4834:
4709:Spanish Republican government in exile
3382:compulsory national educational system
3304:fared much better than others such as
3242:
7159:Natural Sites of Community Importance
6869:
6625:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6024:
5374:
5073:
4475:Royal standard of the Prince of Spain
4267:with those of Navarre and adding the
4230:
4046:). The policy was carried out by the
3658:
2109:Army Conscription and Replacement Law
1529:. The year after, Mohammed V invaded
1523:, retaining only a few exclaves, the
1497:throughout Franco's rule. During the
1230:and autonomous devolved governments.
899:over the territory controlled by the
27:Period of Spanish history (1936–1975)
5926:
5339:p. 13. 1996. Oxford University Press
4928:. Editorial Verbum. pp. 34–36.
4777:
4674:Language policies of Francoist Spain
3855:adding citations to reliable sources
3822:
3702:Already in the first days after the
3516:Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus
3433:purging of public offices. The poet
3387:
2166:Francisco Franco National Foundation
1804:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
1020:Franco was one of Europe's foremost
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
7638:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
6647:Tremlett, Giles (27 January 2011).
6603:. 27 September 2008. Archived from
6453:"Los pueblos que se inventó Franco"
6117:Basso Prieto, Carlos (2013-11-05).
5888:
5597:Women's Studies International Forum
5567:Fernandez de Mata, Ignacio (2010).
4734:Member states of the United Nations
4595:Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain
4427:From 1940 to 1975, Franco used the
3757:The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism
2983:marked by the preponderance of the
2466:Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
2453:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
2141:1966 Spanish organic law referendum
876:Spain transitioned into a democracy
24:
7784:Catholicism and far-right politics
6895:
6763:
6529:
5557:Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p. 113
5437:Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p. 103
5050:A Military History of Modern Spain
4797:En torno a la Dictadura franquista
4669:Instituto Nacional de Colonización
4639:Art and culture in Francoist Spain
4502:arrows of the Catholic Monarchs".
4048:Instituto Nacional de Colonización
3179:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
3093:by José Antonio Primo de Rivera's
3083:(Traditionalist Communion) by the
2695:Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis
1997:Art and culture in Francoist Spain
1695:Instituto Nacional de Colonización
1473:Map of Spain in 1960. Present-day
1441:Colonial empire and decolonisation
1376:(Chief of the Movement). However,
1028:, particularly the United States.
354:(official); under the doctrine of
25:
7850:
6833:Text of Franco's Fundamental Laws
6814:
6517:Madrid removes last Franco statue
6281:Sánchez, Antonio Cazorla (2010).
5895:Iglesias Aparicio, Pilar (2021).
5840:] (PhD thesis) (in Spanish).
5548:Unearthing Franco's Legacy p. 112
5528:. HarperPress. pp. 317–318.
5381:(in Spanish). Pasado y Presente.
4952:, Madrid, 1999: pp. 206–208.
4762:. INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
4699:Spanish question (United Nations)
4664:Government-in-exile of José Giral
4406:Traditionalist Movement (Carlism)
4321:(July 17, 1936 – August 29, 1936)
4191:María Teresa Fernández de la Vega
3716:institutionalization of Francoism
3714:of 1980 Jaime Guzmán studied the
3201:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya
2104:Law of Political Responsibilities
6845:
6820:
6747:(1st ed.). Madrid: Taurus.
6626:Adler, Katya (18 October 2011).
6498:Europe diary: Franco and Finland
6451:Hernando, Silvia (30 May 2018).
6060:Revista de Sociologia e Política
5830:Guillén Lorente, Carmen (2018).
5291:Franco and the Spanish Civil War
4623:
4609:
4587:
4580:Coat of arms of Francisco Franco
4572:
4552:
4540:
4525:
4510:
4467:
4452:
4397:
4382:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4326:
4311:
4202:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
3827:
3813:martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
3720:post-Franco constitution of 1977
3196:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
3114:, some of whom were linked with
2899:
2885:
2375:
2309:
2297:
2287:
2286:
1653:National Council of the Movement
1611:
1586:
1414:possible entry into World War II
1355:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
1282:National Council of the Movement
1043:
913:exile of Republican institutions
751:
726:
712:
246:
191:
175:
41:
7814:1975 disestablishments in Spain
7202:Autonomous communities of Spain
6589:
6565:
6510:
6491:
6444:
6361:Perfecto, Miguel Ángel (2015).
6354:
6308:
6274:
6256:Journal of Contemporary History
6245:
6236:
6218:
6200:
6193:10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006
6110:
6080:
6004:Moncada Durruti, Belén (2006).
5975:
5768:
5748:Morcillo Gómez, Aurora (2015).
5741:
5709:. Faber and Faber Ltd. London.
5699:
5587:
5560:
5551:
5542:
5514:
5492:
5467:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5395:
5368:
5356:
5342:
5255:
5240:
5225:
5171:
5151:
5008:
4999:
4987:
4975:
4955:
4942:
4900:
4891:
4878:
4726:
4644:European interwar dictatorships
4482:
3797:entrain at San Sebastián, 1942
3640:Spanish transition to democracy
3610:The Franco regime's embrace of
3495:". The clergy in charge of the
3426:Law of Political Responsibility
3059:United Nations Security Council
2499:Movimiento Falangista de España
2044:Gender roles in Francoist Spain
1809:Spanish transition to democracy
1723:Sindicato Español Universitario
1702:Instituto Nacional de Industria
1517:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
1465:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
1418:Allied landings in North Africa
1387:
1378:Carrero Blanco was assassinated
1222:, ending with Spain becoming a
1038:Spanish transition to democracy
747:Spanish transition to democracy
52:needs additional citations for
7613:National and regional identity
6315:Alares López, Gustavo (2020).
6267:Butler, Alban and Peter Doyle
6098:(in Spanish). 467–468: 661–670
5336:Fascism: Past, Present, Future
5248:Fascism: Past, Present, Future
5234:Fascism: Past, Present, Future
4872:
4866:
4840:
4827:
4815:
4750:
4684:Nationalist foreign volunteers
3763:In 1975 Pinochet and his wife
3064:
2865:
2480:Falange Española Independiente
2249:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)
1604:
1513:French protectorate in Morocco
1290:Ley Constitutiva de las Cortes
803:
13:
1:
6793:University of Wisconsin Press
6676:; Rey, Fernando del (2017) .
5988:Jaime Eyzaguirre en su tiempo
5735:Université libre de Bruxelles
5727:García Dueñas, Lydia (2022).
5268:, p. 316, 2006, HarperPress,
5136:Viñao Frago, Antonio (2014).
4910:11–12 (2010), pp. 71–74.
4743:
4659:Francoist concentration camps
3185:Unión General de Trabajadores
2417:Falanga National Radical Camp
2114:Fundamental Laws of the Realm
2049:Motherhood in Francoist Spain
2015:Censorship in Francoist Spain
1764:Francoist concentration camps
1658:Spanish Syndical Organization
1233:
1158:Spain's strong ties with the
7809:1936 establishments in Spain
6269:Butler's Lives of the Saints
5782:(in Spanish). Archived from
5629:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5077:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975
4460:Standard of Francisco Franco
4412:
4259:adopted after the taking of
4210:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
3736:Independent Democratic Union
3101:Fascism and authoritarianism
3071:Falange Española de las JONS
2755:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
2675:Nicasio Álvarez de Sotomayor
2582:Falange Española de las JONS
2411:Falange Española de las JONS
1963:Economy of Spain (1939-1959)
1730:Servicio Exterior de Falange
1571:
1090:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
1081:Falange Española de las JONS
858:between 1936 and 1975, when
7:
7794:Former monarchies of Europe
7633:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
6035:Gazmuri y Su "Gremialismo"
5775:Álvarez Fernández, Carlos.
5653:Gendering Spanish Democracy
5321:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
5309:, p. 7. 1985. Quartet Books
5219:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
4847:Reuter, Tim (19 May 2014).
4602:
3251:Francoist demonstration in
3041:—some authors also include
2843:List of Falangist movements
2511:Unidad Falangista Montañesa
2244:Francoist language policies
1489:) were still part of Spain
1422:German occupation of France
1345:was held to approve a new "
1302:Ley del Referendum Nacional
10:
7855:
6665:
6383:10.5944/etfv.27.2015.15752
6054:Alenda, Stéphanie (2014).
5610:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.004
5570:Unearthing Franco's Legacy
5450:Unearthing Franco's Legacy
5405:Unearthing Franco's Legacy
5288:De Menses, Filipe Ribeiro
5159:Unearthing Franco's Legacy
5074:Payne, Stanley G. (2011).
5025:"Spain – The Franco Years"
4486:
4416:
4239:
4225:lost children of Francoism
4176:Fundación Francisco Franco
4092:
3991:
3987:
3782:
3779:Narrative of the Civil War
3697:Christian Democratic Party
3583:
3397:
3391:
3237:just months before he died
2861:Falangism in Latin America
2534:Republican Social Movement
2492:Falange Española Auténtica
2441:Bolivian Socialist Falange
2219:Lost children of Francoism
2098:Francoist electoral regime
2064:Revisionist historiography
1940:Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
1784:First Francoist government
1575:
1504:Organisation armée secrète
1450:
1444:
1325:Franco and U.S. President
1237:
1047:
315:Tangier International Zone
29:
7688:
7646:
7538:
7435:
7426:
7312:
7303:
7197:
7188:
7075:
7066:
7011:
6916:
6907:
6087:Díaz Nieva, José (2008).
6073:10.1590/1678-987314225209
5754:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI.
5677:Finnerty, Deidre (2013).
5656:. Routledge. p. 64.
5178:Kaplan, Lawrence (1992).
4888:(1993), pp. 171–198.
4704:Spanish Republican exiles
4155:League of Polish Families
4133:, taken down in late 2008
4088:
3689:Chilean university reform
3665:military dictatorship era
3648:Catholic religious orders
2715:Alfonso García Valdecasas
2705:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
2486:National Alliance July 18
2176:National Alliance July 18
1945:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
1769:Spain during World War II
1749:Spanish coup of July 1936
1709:Fuerzas Armadas de España
1688:Tribunal de Orden Público
1306:local municipal elections
1068:Junta de Defensa Nacional
949:(its supporters from the
945:, Spain did not join the
798:
767:
691:
681:
671:
667:
657:
653:
648:
640:
635:
631:
618:
605:
589:
576:
561:
548:
544:
524:
512:
508:
496:
492:
482:
478:
466:
454:
444:
440:
428:
424:
412:
408:
398:
379:
363:
347:
337:
324:
275:
231:
209:
171:
166:
141:
7291:Wars and armed conflicts
6931:Ancient History Timeline
6791:(1st ed.). Madison, WI:
6706:(in Spanish). Síntesis.
6571:Von Martyna Czarnowska,
6172:González, Yanko (2015).
6033:Rojas Sánchez, Gonzalo.
5877:(in Spanish). 2018-07-12
5705:Tremlett, Giles (2006).
4994:The Splintering of Spain
4982:The Splintering of Spain
4962:The Splintering of Spain
4795:Glicerio Sanchez Recio.
4719:
4336:(August 30, 1936 – 1938)
4235:
4218:Ley de Memoria Histórica
3920:Radio Nacional de España
3818:
3804:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy
3704:1973 Chilean coup d'état
3687:against elements of the
3655:immediately afterwards.
3644:Women's Protection Board
3586:Women in Francoist Spain
3580:Women in Francoist Spain
3540:Royal Palace of El Pardo
3214:Basque Nationalist Party
3206:Communist Party of Spain
3080:Comunión Tradicionalista
2665:Ángel Alcázar de Velasco
2126:Organic Law of the State
1576:Not to be confused with
1357:, son of the last king,
1149:Nazi concentration camps
1128:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy
1101:Comunión Tradicionalista
1096:. He merged it with the
393:personalist dictatorship
7839:Anti-anarchism in Spain
7789:Modern history of Spain
6991:Transition to democracy
6966:Reaction and revolution
6743:Tusell, Javier (1999).
4435:: the Bend between the
4423:Royal Standard of Spain
3732:University of the Andes
3462:Supreme Order of Christ
3335:Second Spanish Republic
2819:La Conquista del Estado
2304:Conservatism portal
2264:Second Spanish Republic
1973:Second Development Plan
1774:Spain and the Holocaust
1351:Prime Minister of Spain
1224:constitutional monarchy
1220:transition to democracy
1016:in 1955 and during the
905:1937 Unification Decree
734:Second Spanish Republic
338:Official languages
307:Protectorate in Morocco
219:("One, Great and Free")
7829:Military dictatorships
7581:International Interest
7389:Science and technology
7085:Autonomous communities
6827:Francoist dictatorship
6258:33.3 (July 1998): 355.
5937:(in Spanish). El País.
5685:. Brill. p. 216.
5351:A Country Study: Spain
5147:(51). Curitiba: 20–21.
4920:Graham, Helen (2009).
4822:Cabrera & Rey 2017
4792:
4694:Sociological Francoism
4372:Civil flag (1936–1975)
4360:State flag (1945-1977)
4348:State flag (1938–1945)
4204:'s victory during the
4134:
4126:Plaza del Ayuntamiento
4112:
4028:
3957:La Vanguardia Española
3798:
3603:
3519:
3421:
3327:
3290:Miguel Primo de Rivera
3256:
3220:was created to wage a
2977:Fascismo a la española
2800:Enrique Zóbel de Ayala
2234:
2181:National Union (Spain)
2069:Sociological Francoism
1978:Third Development Plan
1968:First Development Plan
1490:
1401:
1363:Juan Carlos of Bourbon
1330:
1260:
1192:Juan Carlos of Bourbon
1072:National Defense Junta
975:1947 Law of Succession
884:
868:
862:ruled Spain after the
850:
846:Francoist dictatorship
841:
148:
7774:20th century in Spain
7618:National Day of Spain
6850:Texts on Wikisource:
6726:Fascismo y Franquismo
6597:"Bones of Contention"
5789:on September 18, 2018
5375:Viñas, Ángel (2012).
4787:
4568:Personal Coat of arms
4489:Coat of arms of Spain
4429:Royal Bend of Castile
4419:Royal Bend of Castile
4214:Historical Memory Law
4119:Equestrian statue of
4118:
4102:
4093:Further information:
4026:
3792:
3754:and writings such as
3712:Constitution of Chile
3598:Franco and his wife,
3597:
3566:Por la Gracia de Dios
3513:
3485:Ministry of Education
3419:
3398:Further information:
3322:
3250:
3023:national conservatism
2952:nacional-sindicalista
2760:Pilar Primo de Rivera
2710:Rafael García Serrano
2236:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
1472:
1451:Further information:
1395:
1380:in the same year and
1324:
1247:
1238:Further information:
1185:rapid economic growth
1094:Republican government
1036:, who would lead the
854:), was the period of
844:), also known as the
7745:40.52139°N 3.77500°W
7222:Constitutional Court
6829:at Wikimedia Commons
6700:Moradiellos, Enrique
6232:on February 5, 2015.
6152:Universidad de Chile
5842:University of Murcia
4714:White Terror (Spain)
4246:Symbols of Francoism
4180:Valley of the Fallen
3851:improve this section
3710:. While writing the
3612:National Catholicism
3550:(Head of State) and
3514:Franco visiting the
3394:National Catholicism
3232:against his regime.
3011:national Catholicism
2785:Rafael Sánchez Mazas
2680:Juan Antonio Ansaldo
2670:Martín Almagro Basch
2620:National syndicalism
2274:Valley of the Fallen
2229:Diplomatic relations
2131:Political Reform Act
2091:Laws and referendums
2074:Symbols of Francoism
1920:Carlos Arias Navarro
1867:National Catholicism
1682:General Police Corps
1664:Frente de Juventudes
1648:Council of the Realm
1382:Carlos Arias Navarro
1316:Carnation Revolution
1088:, who had succeeded
851:dictadura franquista
473:Carlos Arias Navarro
357:National Catholicism
61:improve this article
7834:Totalitarian states
7741: /
7165:Plazas de soberanía
6429:, pp. 103–104.
6251:Julio de la Cueva,
6214:. 16 December 2021.
5202:franco integralism.
4886:Franco: A Biography
4654:Francoist Catalonia
4495:House of Trastámara
4437:Pillars of Hercules
4433:standard and guidon
4431:as Head of State's
4299:Una, Grande y Libre
4269:Pillars of Hercules
4253:eagle of Saint John
4227:may reach 300,000.
4212:'s government. The
4163:European Parliament
4143:bombing of Guernica
4109:Valle de los Caídos
4103:By the decision of
3930:Televisión Española
3773:failed coup of 1981
3744:economic liberalism
3740:Acto de Chacarillas
3616:nacionalcatolicismo
3570:absolute monarchies
3562:by the Grace of God
3326:celebration in 1941
3243:Spanish nationalism
3007:Spanish nationalism
2957:"organic democracy"
2906:Politics portal
2825:Twenty-Seven Points
2700:José Luis de Arrese
2635:Spanish nationalism
2025:Eagle of Saint John
1915:Luis Carrero Blanco
1882:Spanish nationalism
1877:Spanish irredentism
1635:Movimiento Nacional
1619:Eagle of Saint John
1526:Plazas de soberanía
1495:its colonial empire
1457:Spanish West Africa
1374:Jefe del Movimiento
1370:Luis Carrero Blanco
1286:organic law of 1942
1240:Movimiento Nacional
1196:Luis Carrero Blanco
1112:Movimiento Nacional
1030:Franco died in 1975
985:and his successor.
936:single-party system
901:Nationalist faction
720:Nationalist faction
566:Nationalist victory
461:Luis Carrero Blanco
242:("Grenadier March")
215:Una, Grande y Libre
32:Government of Spain
7750:40.52139; -3.77500
7394:Telecommunications
7095:Biosphere Reserves
6996:Contemporary Spain
6986:Spain under Franco
6926:Prehistoric Iberia
6787:Payne, S. (1987).
6722:Saz Campos, Ismael
6578:2006-02-13 at the
6324:Revista de Andorra
5294:, p. 87, Routledge
5005:Payne, pp. 231–234
4689:Pact of forgetting
4506:State Coat of arms
4499:Saint John's eagle
4261:Emirate of Granada
4231:Flags and heraldry
4153:of the right-wing
4135:
4113:
4105:King Juan Carlos I
4095:Pact of forgetting
4056:tierras reservadas
4038:Bonifica integrale
4029:
4009:Sindicato Vertical
3808:Julian Grau Santos
3799:
3659:Influence in Chile
3604:
3520:
3481:José Ibáñez Martín
3440:Pact of forgetting
3422:
3328:
3257:
3191:Sindicato Vertical
3141:, commonly called
3127:political spectrum
2947:totalitarian state
2780:Julio Ruiz de Alda
2725:José Antonio Girón
2447:Phalange Française
2429:Lebanese Phalanges
2254:Pact of Forgetting
2191:Spanish Solidarity
1789:Stabilization Plan
1677:Armed Police Corps
1491:
1402:
1331:
1265:state of emergency
1261:
1257:Meeting at Hendaye
1228:elected parliament
1204:1973 assassination
1120:guerra de desgaste
990:Falangist movement
919:in fields such as
536: •
532: •
227:("Further Beyond")
7724:
7723:
7684:
7683:
7608:Myths and legends
7576:National Interest
7422:
7421:
7374:Largest companies
7299:
7298:
7286:Political parties
7254:Foreign relations
7184:
7183:
7132:Iberian Peninsula
7080:Autonomous cities
7062:
7061:
6825:Media related to
6789:The Franco Regime
6775:The Face of Spain
6691:978-0-7546-0077-0
6674:Cabrera, Mercedes
6607:on 4 October 2008
6479:. 24 October 2019
6439:Alares López 2020
6427:Alares López 2020
6415:Alares López 2020
6351:, pp. 96–97.
6349:Alares López 2020
5737:. pp. 33–35.
5522:Burleigh, Michael
5145:Educar em Revista
5029:countrystudies.us
4281:Cross of Burgundy
4257:Catholic Monarchs
4060:tierras en exceso
3887:
3886:
3879:
3785:Spanish Civil War
3726:, the founder of
3724:Josemaría Escrivá
3677:Guildist Movement
3558:Caudillo of Spain
3388:Roman Catholicism
3365:language politics
3230:Judaic conspiracy
3222:low-intensity war
3176:separatists. The
3166:liberal democrats
3164:organisations to
3151:Divine Providence
2943:
2942:
2871:Fascist symbolism
2770:Dionisio Ridruejo
2659:Notable adherents
2591:Spanish Civil War
2540:Falange Auténtica
2528:La Falange (1999)
2352:
2351:
2214:Hispanic eugenics
2004:Cantos nacionales
1754:Spanish Civil War
1642:FET y de las JONS
1550:Equatorial Guinea
1481:, as well as the
1475:Equatorial Guinea
1296:on 18 July 1942.
1210:separatist group
1056:Caudillo of Spain
909:FET y de las JONS
893:Spanish Civil War
864:Spanish Civil War
842:España franquista
831:
830:
775:Equatorial Guinea
763:
762:
759:
758:
739:
738:
498:• 1969–1976
468:• 1973–1975
446:• 1938–1973
414:• 1936–1975
267:
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Francoist Spain"
16:(Redirected from
7846:
7824:Francisco Franco
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7704:
7697:
7433:
7432:
7364:Financial crisis
7354:Economic history
7310:
7309:
7227:Cortes Generales
7195:
7194:
7137:Peninsular Spain
7073:
7072:
7024:Pre-Roman Iberia
7019:General overview
6914:
6913:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6849:
6842:
6824:
6805:Luis Fernandez.
6758:
6739:
6717:
6695:
6659:
6658:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6593:
6587:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6559:, 17 March 2006
6544:
6527:
6526:
6523:, 17 March 2005
6514:
6508:
6507:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6393:. Archived from
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6321:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6278:
6272:
6265:
6259:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6228:. Archived from
6222:
6216:
6215:
6212:SWI swissinfo.ch
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6144:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6051:
6038:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6001:
5992:
5991:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5954:
5939:
5938:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5781:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5724:
5718:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5477:. Archived from
5471:
5465:
5464:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5372:
5366:
5364:Associated Press
5360:
5354:
5346:
5340:
5333:Laqueur, Walter
5331:
5325:
5316:
5310:
5303:Gilmour, David,
5301:
5295:
5286:
5280:
5262:Michael Burleigh
5259:
5253:
5244:
5238:
5231:Laqueur, Walter
5229:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5185:
5175:
5169:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5133:
5122:
5121:
5105:
5092:
5091:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5044:
5033:
5032:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4959:
4953:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4917:
4911:
4908:Pliegos de Juste
4904:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4810:Moradiellos 2000
4807:
4801:
4784:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4737:
4730:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4591:
4576:
4556:
4544:
4529:
4514:
4471:
4456:
4401:
4391:Falange Movement
4386:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4330:
4315:
4277:yokes and arrows
3891:prior censorship
3882:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3831:
3823:
3708:Augusto Pinochet
3673:Jaime Eyzaguirre
3625:Sección Femenina
3518:in San Sebastián
3497:education system
3489:José María Pemán
3286:House of Bourbon
3147:personality cult
3095:Falange Española
2999:authoritarianism
2965:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2904:
2903:
2892:Spain portal
2890:
2889:
2888:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2577:
2572:Falange Española
2567:
2566:
2522:National Falange
2423:Falange Filipina
2404:Falange Española
2379:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2316:Spain portal
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2239:
2054:Francoist mottos
1910:Francisco Franco
1887:Spanish unionism
1847:Authoritarianism
1716:Cortes Españolas
1671:Sección Femenina
1615:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1435:Second World War
1396:Armed forces in
1294:Cortes Españolas
1269:Stanley G. Payne
1249:Francisco Franco
1010:economic freedom
943:Second World War
887:
873:
860:Francisco Franco
853:
822:
807:
755:
754:
743:
742:
730:
729:
716:
715:
709:
708:
693:
692:
627:20 November 1975
601:14 December 1955
568:
540:
518:Cortes Españolas
450:Francisco Franco
433:
419:Francisco Franco
359:
327:and largest city
313:
305:
288:
280:
269:
268:
238:Marcha Granadera
195:
179:
161:
160:
159:
151:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
7854:
7853:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7769:Francoist Spain
7759:
7758:
7749:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7720:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7680:
7675:Toro de Osborne
7642:
7623:Public holidays
7534:
7495:Life expectancy
7418:
7384:Property bubble
7295:
7180:
7058:
7054:Spanish miracle
7007:
6981:Second Republic
6903:
6894:
6840:
6837:Wayback Machine
6817:
6812:
6766:
6764:Further reading
6761:
6755:
6736:
6714:
6692:
6668:
6663:
6662:
6645:
6641:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6580:Wayback Machine
6570:
6566:
6560:
6545:
6530:
6524:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6480:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6449:
6445:
6437:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6262:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6186:(512): 87–111.
6170:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6129:
6127:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6066:(52): 159–180.
6052:
6041:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6002:
5995:
5980:
5976:
5967:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5942:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5907:(11): 231–244.
5893:
5889:
5880:
5878:
5875:El Confidencial
5869:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5725:
5721:
5707:Ghosts of Spain
5704:
5700:
5693:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5621:
5617:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5484:
5482:
5475:"Franco edicts"
5473:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5343:
5332:
5328:
5318:Payne, Stanley
5317:
5313:
5302:
5298:
5287:
5283:
5260:
5256:
5245:
5241:
5230:
5226:
5216:Payne, Stanley
5215:
5208:
5198:
5176:
5172:
5156:
5152:
5140:
5134:
5125:
5110:Historia Social
5106:
5095:
5088:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5045:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4960:
4956:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4918:
4914:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4853:Forbes Magazine
4845:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4785:
4778:
4772:Saz Campos 2004
4770:
4766:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4631:Politics portal
4629:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4598:
4592:
4583:
4577:
4563:
4557:
4548:
4545:
4536:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4463:
4457:
4444:Prince of Spain
4425:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4393:
4387:
4373:
4370:
4361:
4358:
4349:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4287:under the name
4248:
4238:
4233:
4147:Maciej Giertych
4097:
4091:
4075:Spanish Miracle
4043:Generalplan Ost
3996:
3990:
3969:El Diario Vasco
3883:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3848:
3832:
3821:
3787:
3781:
3661:
3592:
3584:Main articles:
3582:
3548:Jefe del Estado
3446:Civil marriages
3411:Julian Casanova
3402:
3396:
3390:
3245:
3198:(PSOE) and the
3103:
3067:
3039:anti-liberalism
3031:anti-Catalanism
2985:Catholic Church
2959:
2939:
2898:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2765:Onésimo Redondo
2750:Narciso Perales
2745:Gustavo Morales
2660:
2652:
2651:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:Francoist Spain
2593:
2585:
2575:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2391:
2382:Yoke and arrows
2380:
2348:
2310:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2279:
2278:
2224:Carlo-francoism
2204:
2196:
2195:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2079:Yoke and arrows
2038:El Generalísimo
1991:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1832:Anti-liberalism
1822:
1814:
1813:
1794:Spanish miracle
1779:First Francoism
1744:
1736:
1735:
1629:
1616:
1581:
1574:
1564:and closed its
1544:In 1968, under
1467:
1449:
1443:
1390:
1337:with Franco as
1242:
1236:
1145:fled into exile
1062:and the German
1052:
1046:
1006:Spanish miracle
928:economic policy
921:labor relations
866:with the title
856:Spanish history
834:Francoist Spain
827:
826:
825:
808:
804:
794:
752:
727:
713:
660:
624:
611:
598:
582:
569:
564:
554:
530:Interwar period
528:
499:
469:
457:
447:
429:
415:
355:
328:
320:
319:
311:
303:
286:
271:
270:
247:
243:
241:
226:
220:
218:
205:
204:
203:
201:
196:
188:
187:
185:
180:
162:
153:
146:
145:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7852:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7819:Fascist states
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7671:
7666:
7665:Cultural icons
7663:
7658:
7652:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7544:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7242:Prime Minister
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7161:
7156:
7154:National parks
7151:
7149:Municipalities
7146:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7129:
7124:
7122:Extreme points
7119:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7029:Spanish Empire
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6971:First Republic
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6941:Medieval Spain
6938:
6936:Roman Hispania
6933:
6928:
6922:
6920:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6843:
6830:
6816:
6815:External links
6813:
6811:
6810:
6803:
6785:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6753:
6740:
6734:
6718:
6712:
6696:
6690:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6639:
6618:
6588:
6584:Weiner Zeitung
6564:
6528:
6509:
6504:, 6 July 2006
6490:
6464:
6443:
6431:
6419:
6407:
6353:
6341:
6339:, p. 147.
6329:
6307:
6294:978-1444306507
6293:
6273:
6260:
6244:
6235:
6217:
6199:
6182:(in Spanish).
6164:
6136:
6109:
6079:
6062:(in Spanish).
6039:
6023:
6017:978-9562845205
6016:
5993:
5974:
5940:
5925:
5903:(in Spanish).
5887:
5862:
5822:
5800:
5767:
5760:
5740:
5733:(MSc thesis).
5719:
5698:
5692:978-9004259966
5691:
5669:
5663:978-0415347945
5662:
5642:
5636:978-1611475906
5635:
5615:
5586:
5580:978-0268083526
5579:
5559:
5550:
5541:
5534:
5513:
5491:
5466:
5460:978-0268083526
5459:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5415:978-0268083526
5414:
5394:
5388:978-8493914394
5387:
5367:
5355:
5341:
5326:
5311:
5296:
5281:
5254:
5239:
5224:
5206:
5196:
5170:
5150:
5123:
5093:
5087:978-0299110741
5086:
5066:
5060:978-0275993573
5059:
5034:
5016:
5014:Payne, p. 323.
5007:
4998:
4986:
4974:
4970:978-0521821780
4954:
4941:
4935:978-8479625177
4934:
4912:
4899:
4890:
4877:
4865:
4839:
4826:
4814:
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4776:
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4516:
4509:
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4479:
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4466:
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4458:
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4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4396:
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4388:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4206:2004 elections
4139:Werner Mölders
4090:
4087:
4052:expropriations
4034:FE de las JONS
4014:class struggle
3989:
3986:
3885:
3884:
3835:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3780:
3777:
3771:, who led the
3769:Antonio Tejero
3669:Traditionalist
3660:
3657:
3620:Civil marriage
3581:
3578:
3493:Saint Benedict
3407:state religion
3392:Main article:
3389:
3386:
3353:, and also in
3302:Basque Country
3244:
3241:
3182:(CNT) and the
3138:Policía Armada
3102:
3099:
3066:
3063:
3055:Walter Laqueur
3003:anti-Communism
2973:Juan José Linz
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2895:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:Related topics
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Andrés Soriano
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Ramiro Ledesma
2732:
2730:Manuel Hedilla
2727:
2722:
2720:Pierre Gemayel
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Third Position
2627:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2517:National Front
2514:
2507:
2505:National Union
2502:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
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2407:
2400:
2392:
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2384:
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2350:
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2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:Spanish Maquis
2266:
2261:
2259:Project Islero
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:Related topics
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2106:
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2093:
2090:
2089:
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2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:Traditionalism
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Anti-communism
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
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1638:
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1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1570:
1546:United Nations
1531:Spanish Sahara
1509:French Algeria
1479:Western Sahara
1461:Spanish Sahara
1453:Spanish Guinea
1447:Spanish Empire
1445:Main article:
1442:
1439:
1389:
1386:
1235:
1232:
1200:Prime Minister
1176:anti-communism
1168:United Nations
1086:Manuel Hedilla
1084:, then led by
1045:
1042:
1026:Western powers
1022:anti-communist
1014:United Nations
885:Estado Español
829:
828:
824:
823:
813:served as the
801:
800:
799:
796:
795:
793:
792:
790:Western Sahara
787:
782:
777:
771:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
749:
740:
737:
736:
731:
723:
722:
717:
705:
704:
699:
689:
688:
683:
679:
678:
676:Spanish peseta
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
638:
637:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
622:Franco's death
619:
616:
615:
614:1 January 1967
612:
606:
603:
602:
599:
590:
587:
586:
583:
580:Succession law
577:
574:
573:
570:
562:
559:
558:
555:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
526:
525:Historical era
522:
521:
514:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
464:
463:
458:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
431:Prime Minister
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
381:
377:
376:
367:
361:
360:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
334:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
309:
301:
295:Western Sahara
283:
281:
273:
272:
245:
244:
229:
228:
207:
206:
197:
190:
189:
181:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
149:Estado Español
142:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7851:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
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7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
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7764:
7757:
7754:
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7714:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
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7586:
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7579:
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7554:
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7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
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7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7347:median income
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:Head of State
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:Enlightenment
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6771:Gerald Brenan
6769:
6768:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6684:. Routledge.
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6643:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6601:The Economist
6598:
6592:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6568:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6447:
6441:, p. 99.
6440:
6435:
6428:
6423:
6417:, p. 97.
6416:
6411:
6397:on 2021-06-02
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6337:Perfecto 2015
6333:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6296:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6277:
6270:
6264:
6257:
6254:
6248:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5998:
5989:
5985:
5984:Vial, Gonzalo
5978:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5936:
5929:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5810:
5804:
5793:September 18,
5785:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5761:9788432317835
5757:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5554:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5526:Sacred Causes
5523:
5517:
5502:. 6 July 2016
5501:
5495:
5481:on 2008-06-26
5480:
5476:
5470:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5434:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5292:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:Sacred Causes
5263:
5258:
5252:Google Books.
5251:
5249:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4903:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4812:, p. 20.
4811:
4806:
4800:
4799:Hispania Nova
4798:
4791:
4783:
4781:
4774:, p. 90.
4773:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4607:
4596:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4476:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4440:
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4242:Flag of Spain
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4196:In 2008, the
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4006:In 1940, the
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3836:This section
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3795:Blue Division
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3765:Lucía Hiriart
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3653:babies stolen
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3454:contraception
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3435:Carlos Barral
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3082:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:generalissimo
3048:
3047:Stanley Payne
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:pan-Hispanism
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
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2685:Agustín Aznar
2683:
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2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
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2655:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:Greater Spain
2638:
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2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
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2390:Organizations
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2209:Blue Division
2207:
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2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
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2153:Neo-Francoism
2150:
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2028:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2001:
1999:
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1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1976:
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1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Pan-Hispanism
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Anti-semitism
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
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1810:
1807:
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1799:Burgos trials
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1628:Organizations
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1398:San Sebastián
1394:
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1379:
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1371:
1366:
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1360:
1356:
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1297:
1295:
1291:
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1277:Joseph Stalin
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
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1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:King of Spain
1213:
1209:
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1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
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1177:
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1077:
1073:
1069:
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1057:
1051:
1044:Establishment
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:Juan Carlos I
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
983:King of Spain
980:
977:made Spain a
976:
972:
968:
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960:
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952:
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937:
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929:
926:
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906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
886:
881:
880:Spanish State
877:
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871:
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861:
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843:
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835:
820:
816:
812:
806:
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781:
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776:
773:
772:
770:
768:Today part of
766:
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547:
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531:
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519:
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511:
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503:Juan Carlos I
501:
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491:
487:
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183:Flag of Spain
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143:Spanish State
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7726:
7674:
7661:Coat of arms
7558:Bullfighting
7548:Architecture
7515:Prostitution
7475:Homelessness
7450:Demographics
7404:Trade unions
7342:unemployment
7327:Car industry
7259:Human rights
7207:Constitution
7163:
7109:
7089:ranked lists
7001:1975–present
6985:
6841:(in Spanish)
6809:. Editorial.
6806:
6788:
6774:
6744:
6725:
6703:
6681:
6654:The Guardian
6652:
6642:
6631:
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6605:the original
6600:
6591:
6583:
6567:
6561:(in Spanish)
6554:
6525:(in English)
6512:
6506:(in English)
6493:
6481:. Retrieved
6476:
6467:
6456:
6446:
6434:
6422:
6410:
6399:. Retrieved
6395:the original
6370:
6366:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6323:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6283:
6276:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6238:
6230:the original
6220:
6211:
6202:
6183:
6177:
6167:
6156:. Retrieved
6154:(in Spanish)
6151:
6128:. Retrieved
6124:El Mostrador
6122:
6112:
6100:. Retrieved
6095:
6082:
6063:
6059:
6006:
5987:
5977:
5966:. Retrieved
5961:
5928:
5916:. Retrieved
5904:
5900:
5890:
5879:. Retrieved
5874:
5865:
5855:December 28,
5853:. Retrieved
5837:
5832:
5825:
5813:. Retrieved
5803:
5791:. Retrieved
5784:the original
5770:
5750:
5743:
5729:
5722:
5706:
5701:
5682:
5672:
5652:
5645:
5625:
5618:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5569:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5525:
5516:
5504:. Retrieved
5494:
5483:. Retrieved
5479:the original
5469:
5449:
5442:
5433:
5424:
5404:
5397:
5377:
5370:
5358:
5349:
5344:
5335:
5329:
5320:
5314:
5305:
5299:
5290:
5284:
5265:
5257:
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5227:
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5201:
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5173:
5158:
5153:
5144:
5109:
5076:
5069:
5049:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4996:, p. 7.
4993:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4925:
4915:
4907:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4873:Payne (2000)
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:
4842:
4829:
4824:; Capítulo V
4817:
4805:
4796:
4788:
4767:
4757:(in Spanish)
4752:
4728:
4617:Spain portal
4560:Coat of arms
4533:Coat of arms
4518:Coat of arms
4492:
4483:Coat of arms
4441:
4426:
4404:Flag of the
4389:Flag of the
4296:
4293:
4288:
4274:
4249:
4222:
4217:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4167:human rights
4159:
4136:
4124:
4079:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3873:
3864:
3849:Please help
3837:
3800:
3762:
3755:
3752:Chicago Boys
3701:
3662:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3574:
3565:
3551:
3547:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3474:
3470:Sacred Heart
3444:
3431:
3423:
3403:
3359:
3329:
3288:and General
3282:
3265:Bullfighting
3258:
3234:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3155:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3123:trade unions
3120:
3108:World War II
3104:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3050:
3027:anti-Masonry
2996:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2950:
2944:
2897:
2883:
2817:
2795:Óscar Únzaga
2775:Luis Rosales
2740:Charles Luca
2690:Tomás Borrás
2644:
2598:
2580:
2570:
2559:
2538:
2526:
2509:
2497:
2490:
2478:
2473:Fuerza Nueva
2471:
2464:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2366:
2158:
2118:
2096:
2036:
2029:
2002:
1995:
1930:Manuel Fraga
1837:Anti-Masonry
1759:White Terror
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1669:
1662:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1543:
1524:
1502:
1499:Algerian War
1492:
1406:Spanish Army
1403:
1388:Armed forces
1373:
1367:
1359:Alfonso XIII
1338:
1332:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1289:
1273:Adolf Hitler
1262:
1253:Adolf Hitler
1189:
1180:trade unions
1164:World War II
1157:
1142:
1131:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:to form the
1100:
1079:
1076:Nationalists
1067:
1053:
987:
978:
940:
897:dictatorship
890:
879:
845:
833:
832:
814:
809:In wartime,
805:
702:Succeeded by
701:
696:
682:Calling code
659:• 1940
572:1 April 1939
557:17 July 1936
534:World War II
516:
456:• 1973
236:
232:
221:
213:
211:Motto:
210:
199:Coat of arms
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
7748: /
7480:Immigration
7470:Health care
7332:Communities
7317:Agriculture
7117:Earthquakes
6976:Restoration
6946:Reconquista
5918:December 5,
5815:December 5,
5276:; see also
5112:(20): 175.
4835:Tusell 1999
4597:(1969–1975)
4582:(1940–1975)
4562:(1945–1977)
4535:(1938–1945)
4520:(1936–1938)
4477:(1969–1975)
4462:(1940–1975)
4378:Party flags
4307:State flags
4027:INC emblem.
4018:corporative
3978:La Codorniz
3939:Cadena COPE
3867:August 2024
3748:corporatism
3685:corporatism
3600:Carmen Polo
3306:Extremadura
3112:technocrats
3065:Development
3043:integralism
2960: [
2602:(1939–1975)
2594:(1936–1939)
2586:(1934–1937)
2576:(1933–1934)
2565:(1931–1934)
2031:El Caudillo
2010:Cara al Sol
1539:Green March
1533:during the
1485:territory (
1347:organic law
1327:Gerald Ford
1311:Estado Novo
1133:Reconquista
994:technocrats
947:Axis powers
941:During the
697:Preceded by
609:Organic Law
585:6 July 1947
513:Legislature
352:Catholicism
202:(1945–1977)
186:(1945–1977)
117:August 2020
7763:Categories
7736:03°46′30″W
7733:40°31′17″N
7598:Mass media
7593:Literature
7485:Irreligion
7465:Euthanasia
7455:Disability
7237:Government
7212:Corruption
7034:Golden Age
6801:0299110702
6783:189795963X
6754:8430603328
6735:8437059100
6713:8477387400
6483:4 November
6401:2021-05-29
6373:. Madrid:
6158:2022-05-19
6130:2021-09-29
6102:11 October
5968:2022-05-10
5881:2019-04-07
5715:0802716741
5535:0007195745
5485:2005-12-16
5274:0007195745
5197:0870237985
5167:0268032688
4744:References
4487:See also:
4417:See also:
4334:State flag
4319:State flag
4240:See also:
4083:oil shocks
3992:See also:
3945:Cadena SER
3783:See also:
3693:the Church
3671:historian
3524:orphanages
3477:crucifixes
3363:also used
3278:censorship
3274:Andalusian
3019:militarism
3015:monarchism
2812:Literature
2646:Hispanidad
1935:Blas Piñar
1925:Juan Yagüe
1862:Monarchism
1857:Militarism
1521:Mohammed V
1343:referendum
1234:Government
1153:Mauthausen
1124:Bolsheviks
1048:See also:
934:, and the
932:aesthetics
663:25,877,971
649:Population
596:membership
380:Government
365:Demonym(s)
223:Plus Ultra
87:newspapers
7779:Francoism
7588:Languages
7490:Languages
7460:Education
7409:Transport
7249:Elections
7232:Judiciary
7171:Provinces
7068:Geography
7049:Civil War
6956:Expansion
6611:6 October
6391:1130-0124
5913:2444-9792
5717:. p. 211.
5604:: 43–51.
5506:27 August
4858:22 August
4790:fascismo.
4413:Standards
4131:Santander
3963:El Correo
3838:does not
3633:co-signed
3602:, in 1968
3458:abortions
3343:Guipuzcoa
3324:Falangist
3314:Andalusia
3298:Catalonia
3261:Castilian
3253:Salamanca
3162:anarchist
3158:communist
2949:" or the
2866:Francoism
2368:Falangism
2171:New Force
1852:Falangism
1605:Francoism
1572:Francoism
1562:Gibraltar
1426:Air Force
1410:Civil War
971:civil war
951:civil war
811:Salamanca
552:Civil War
390:one-party
387:Francoist
348:Religion
167:1936–1975
18:Franquism
7711:Category
7572:Fiestas
7520:Religion
7505:Pensions
7500:Naturism
7440:Abortion
7379:Taxation
7369:Forestry
7281:Monarchy
7276:Military
7269:Intersex
7190:Politics
7176:Wildlife
7111:Comarcas
7044:Military
7039:Economic
7012:By topic
6918:Timeline
6901:articles
6724:(2004).
6702:(2000).
6633:BBC News
6576:Archived
6556:El Mundo
6521:BBC News
6502:BBC News
6477:BBC News
6300:23 April
5962:Noticias
5846:Archived
5524:(2006).
5118:40340643
4875:, p. 645
4603:See also
4497:such as
4285:Requetés
4172:archives
3728:Opus Dei
3505:Opus Dei
3373:Galician
3269:flamenco
3116:Opus Dei
2992:Caudillo
2969:Cold War
2614:Ideology
2359:a series
2357:Part of
2292:Category
1821:Ideology
1597:a series
1595:Part of
1578:Frankism
1535:Ifni War
1420:and the
1339:de facto
1288:and the
1226:with an
1172:Cold War
1066:—by the
1018:Cold War
998:Opus Dei
967:autarkic
963:isolated
925:autarkic
870:Caudillo
815:de facto
672:Currency
538:Cold War
400:Caudillo
374:Spaniard
7695:Outline
7648:Symbols
7568:Cuisine
7540:Culture
7428:Society
7399:Tourism
7305:Economy
7144:Islands
7127:Forests
7105:Climate
7100:Borders
6909:History
6835:at the
6666:Sources
6458:El País
6377:: 147.
4123:in the
4071:liberal
4001:autarky
3988:Economy
3859:removed
3844:sources
3679:at the
3450:Divorce
3377:Catalan
3355:Navarre
3310:Galicia
3300:or the
3255:in 1937
3226:Masonic
3170:Catalan
2981:Fascism
2625:Fascism
2553:History
1990:Culture
1957:Economy
1743:History
1558:Morocco
1487:Morocco
1314:in the
1206:by the
1126:and a "
1098:Carlist
979:de jure
959:Germany
917:fascism
838:Spanish
780:Morocco
620:•
607:•
591:•
578:•
563:•
550:•
384:Unitary
370:Spanish
342:Spanish
325:Capital
289:Spain,
233:Anthem:
156:Spanish
101:scholar
7716:Portal
7656:Anthem
7563:Cinema
7510:People
7359:Energy
6899:
6807:Franco
6799:
6781:
6751:
6732:
6710:
6688:
6389:
6291:
6179:Atenea
6014:
5911:
5758:
5713:
5689:
5660:
5633:
5577:
5532:
5457:
5412:
5385:
5272:
5194:
5165:
5116:
5084:
5057:
4968:
4932:
4265:Sicily
4121:Franco
4089:Legacy
3911:. The
3909:Pueblo
3642:, the
3544:canopy
3369:Basque
3361:Franco
3347:Biscay
3339:fueros
3331:Franco
3294:Madrid
3212:. The
3210:grises
3194:. The
3174:Basque
3143:grises
3037:, and
2160:Búnker
1904:People
1566:border
1463:, and
1400:, 1942
1259:, 1940
1208:Basque
1064:Führer
923:, the
903:. The
819:Burgos
488:
484:Prince
436:
404:
332:Madrid
312:
304:
299:Guinea
287:
235:
152:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
7702:Index
7628:Sport
7603:Music
7530:Women
7445:Crime
7322:Banks
6951:Union
6897:Spain
6320:(PDF)
6096:Verbo
6092:(PDF)
5849:(PDF)
5836:[
5787:(PDF)
5780:(PDF)
5141:(PDF)
5114:JSTOR
4720:Notes
4236:Flags
4149:, an
3925:No-Do
3819:Media
3351:Alava
2964:]
2837:Lists
2240:(ETA)
2059:No-Do
1138:Moors
1002:Japan
955:Italy
785:Spain
108:JSTOR
94:books
7669:Flag
7525:Time
7414:Wine
7264:LGBT
6797:ISBN
6779:ISBN
6749:ISBN
6730:ISBN
6708:ISBN
6686:ISBN
6613:2008
6485:2019
6387:ISSN
6375:UNED
6302:2013
6289:ISBN
6104:2015
6012:ISBN
5920:2023
5909:ISSN
5857:2023
5817:2023
5795:2018
5756:ISBN
5711:ISBN
5687:ISBN
5658:ISBN
5631:ISBN
5575:ISBN
5530:ISBN
5508:2019
5455:ISBN
5410:ISBN
5383:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5192:ISBN
5163:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5055:ISBN
4966:ISBN
4930:ISBN
4860:2017
4732:See
4421:and
4244:and
3966:and
3907:and
3897:The
3842:any
3840:cite
3588:and
3501:Lugo
3456:and
3424:The
3375:and
3345:and
3267:and
3228:and
3168:and
3160:and
3069:The
2186:23-F
2020:DGCT
1554:Ifni
1483:Ifni
1477:and
1430:Navy
1428:and
1251:and
1160:Axis
1060:Duce
957:and
641:1940
636:Area
297:and
291:Ifni
80:news
7553:Art
7337:GDP
6551:EFE
6379:doi
6188:doi
6184:512
6068:doi
5606:doi
4442:As
4208:by
4151:MEP
4129:of
3951:ABC
3914:EFE
3853:by
3464:by
3312:or
3218:ETA
3172:or
1556:to
1519:to
1275:or
1255:in
1212:ETA
1198:as
996:of
888:).
686:+34
63:by
7765::
6795:.
6773:,
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