553:. This gave huge power to the agent, something that grated on Pegahmagabow as he did not get along with his own agent, John Daly. First Nation members who served in the army during World War I were particularly active as political activists. They had travelled the world, earned the respect of the comrades in the trenches, and refused to be sidelined by the newly empowered Indian agent. Historian Paul Williams termed these advocates "returned soldier chiefs", and singled out a few, including Pegahmagabow, as being especially active. This caused intense disagreements with Daly and eventually led to Pegahmagabow being deposed as chief. Daly and other agents who came in contact with Pegahmagabow were incredibly frustrated by his attempts, in his words, to free his people from "white slavery". The Indian agents labelled him a "mental case" and strove to sideline him and his supporters.
545:) as a non-permanent active member. Following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps, he was elected chief of the Parry Island Band from February 1921. Once in office he caused a schism in the band after he wrote a letter calling for certain individuals and those of mixed race to be expelled from the reserve. He was re-elected in 1924 and served until he was deposed via an internal power struggle in April 1925. Before the motion could go through, Pegahmagabow resigned. A decade later, he was appointed councillor from 1933 to 1936. In 1933 the
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at its feet, representing the
Caribou Clan that Pegahmagabow belonged to. The Eagle was his spirit animal. The artist Tyler Fauvelle spent eight months sculpting the statue, which spent a further year in casting. Fauvelle chose to erect it in Parry Sound rather than Wasauksing to reach a larger
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and during the battle he was recorded playing an important role as a link between the units on the 1st
Battalion's flank. When the battalion's reinforcements became lost, Pegahmagabow was instrumental in guiding them and ensuring that they reached their allocated spot in the line.
591:, and his memory is also commemorated on a plaque honoring him and his regiment on the Rotary and Algonquin Regiment Fitness Trail in Parry Sound. He was honored by the Canadian Forces by naming the 3rd Canadian Ranger Patrol Group HQ Building at CFB Borden after him.
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and brought back enough ammunition to enable his post to carry on and assist in repulsing heavy enemy counter-attacks. For these efforts he received a second Bar to his
Military Medal, becoming one of only 39 Canadians to receive this honour.
489:, Pegahmagabow was involved in fighting off a German attack at Orix Trench near Upton Wood. His company was almost out of ammunition and in danger of being surrounded. Pegahmagabow braved heavy machine gun and rifle fire by going into
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soldier, and that there may have been jealousy on the part of some officers who he felt might have been suspicious of the number of
Germans Pegahmagabow claimed to have shot because he did not use an observer while sniping.
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was inspired in part by
Pegahmagabow. The novel's protagonist is a fictional character who, like Pegahmagabow, serves as a military sniper during World War I, although Pegahmagabow also appears as a minor character.
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In 2003 the
Pegahmagabow family donated his medals and chief head dress to the Canadian War Museum where they can be seen as of 2010 as part of the World War I display. While researching his 2005 novel
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The war ended in
November 1918 and in 1919 Pegahmagabow was invalided back to Canada. He had served for almost the whole war, and had built a reputation as a skilled marksman. Using the much-maligned
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He was first awarded the
Military Medal while fighting at the second battle of Ypres, Festubert and Givenchy, for courage above fire in getting important messages through to the rear.
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A married father of six children, Pegahmagabow died on the Parry Island reserve in 1952 at the age of 61. He is a member of the Indian Hall of Fame at the
Woodland Centre in
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for carrying messages along the lines during these two battles. Initially, his commanding officer, Lieutenant
Colonel Frank Albert Creighton, had nominated him for the
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changed its policies and forbade First Nation chiefs from corresponding with the DIA. They directed that all correspondence, as of the spring of 1933, go through the
427:. While there he decorated his army tent with traditional symbols including a Caribou, the symbol of his clan. In early October 1914 he was deployed overseas with the
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his name was Binaaswi ("the wind that blows off"). When Francis was three years old, his father died and his mother subsequently left him to return to her home in the
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564:. The Regional First Nation governments claimed the islands as their own and Pegahmagabow and other chiefs tried in vain to get recognition of their status.
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In addition to the power struggle between the Indian council and the DIA with which Pegahmagabow took issue, he was a constant agitator over the islands in
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in 1916, during which he was wounded in the left leg. He recovered in time to return to the 1st Battalion as they moved to Belgium. He received the
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In January 1912 Pegahmagabow received financial aid for room and board to complete his public school education with the help of the Parry Sound
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His second bar to the Military Medal came at the battle of The Scarpe, in 1918. Only 38 other Canadian men received the honour of two bars.
388:, where he learned traditional skills such as hunting, fishing, and traditional medicine. Pegahmagabow practiced a mix of Catholicism and
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501:, he was credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more. By the time of his discharge, he had served in the appointment of
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450:; it was during this battle that he began to establish a reputation as a sniper and scout. Following the battle he was promoted to
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749:(October 25, 1915 β November 25, 1977) was one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers, serving in World War II and the
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in August 1914, despite Canadian government discrimination that initially excluded minorities. He was posted to the
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Pegahmagabow in 1945 while attending a conference in Ottawa where the National Indian Government was formed.
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1175:"SABATON Release Ninth Studio Album 'The Great War' (July 19th, 2019) | News @ Metal Forces Magazine"
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A Fatherly Eye: Indian Agents, Government Power, and Aboriginal Resistance in Ontario, 1918β1939
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released a song dedicated to Pegahmagabow, titled ''A Ghost in the Trenches", on their album
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2004:
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625:, June 21, 2016, in Parry Sound, near Georgian Bay. The figure has an eagle on one arm, a
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1151:"SABATON History Channel Uploads "A Ghost In The Trenches" - Francis Pegahmagabow; Video"
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organizations. He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including
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public and educate them on the contributions of First Nations people to Canada.
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Binaaswi is one of eight 2020 finalists for the $ 5 polymer bills in Canada.
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soldier, politician and activist in Canada. He was the most highly decorated
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Speaking in The Past Tense: Canadian Novelists on Writing Historical Fiction
1324:"Ranger headquarters named after Canada's most decorated aboriginal soldier"
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Earned his first bar to the Military Medal at the Battle of Passchendaele.
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Canadian journalist Adrian Hayes wrote a biography of Pegahmagabow titled
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Walter Lockwood Haight. He had left school at the age of 12 and worked at
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926:"The deadliest sniper of WWI was Francis Pegahmagabow, an Ojibwa soldier"
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A life-sized bronze statue of Pegahmagabow was erected in his honour on
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1380:"Cpl. Francis Pegahmagabow's Medals donated to the Canadian War Museum"
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Other sources have given Pegahmagabow's birth year as 1888 or 1891.
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Francis Pegahmagabow was born on March 9, 1891, on what is now the
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and fishing camps; he eventually became a marine firefighter.
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Political office-holders of Indigenous governments in Canada
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1352:"Native Soldiers β Foreign Battlefields β A Peaceful Man"
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Pegahmagabow worked as a guard at a munitions plant near
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Upon his return to Canada he continued to serve in the
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Canadian First Nations soldier, politician and activist
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Sounding Thunder: The Stories of Francis Pegahmagabow
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1560:Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper
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415:, Pegahmagabow volunteered for service with the
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1466:Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero
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601:Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero
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37:Francis Pegahmagabow shortly after World War I
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637:In 2019, the history-themed power metal band
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469:On November 6/7, 1917, Pegahmagabow earned a
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1488:"Francis Pegahmagabow: controversial hero"
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438:In April 1915, Pegahmagabow fought in the
421:23rd Canadian Regiment (Northern Pioneers)
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2035:Canadian recipients of the Military Medal
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725:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
308:; March 9, 1891 β August 5, 1952) was an
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2010:Canadian military personnel from Ontario
1432:Parry Sound: Gateway to Northern Ontario
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1468:(2003 ed.). Fox Meadow Creations.
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2015:Canadian Indigenous military personnel
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1435:(2005 ed.). Dundurn Press Ltd.
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1733:Civilization.ca (August 29, 2003).
1534:"Legendary Soldier β Native Leader"
13:
1728:Francis Pegahmagabow's war records
1716:. Michigan State University Press.
1682:
1532:Mackey, Doug (December 12, 2003).
1386:from the original on July 28, 2011
1267:from the original on April 3, 2012
547:Department of Indian Affairs (DIA)
454:. His battalion took part in the
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1650:Wilfrid Laurier University Press
1257:"Windigo in the First World War"
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1740:Canadian Museum of Civilization
1735:"Francis Pegahmagabow's Medals"
1691:Pegahmagabow: Life-Long Warrior
1666:from the original on 2021-11-05
1633:The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario.
1520:from the original on 2021-11-05
1449:from the original on 2021-11-05
1399:Drainie, Bronwyn (March 2015).
1304:from the original on 2021-04-16
1255:Bethune, Brian (May 30, 2005).
1208:from the original on 2020-11-11
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629:slung from its shoulder, and a
605:Pegahmagabow: Life-Long Warrior
485:On August 30, 1918, during the
429:1st Canadian Infantry Battalion
1613:The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario
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475:Second Battle of Passchendaele
446:gas for the first time on the
153:Second Battle of Passchendaele
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577:Native Independent Government
363:
1585:Powers, Lucas (2016-06-21).
1512:Koennecke, Franz M. (2008).
826:Veterans Affairs Canada 2010
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417:Canadian Expeditionary Force
100:Canadian Expeditionary Force
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1619:University of Toronto Press
1288:University of Toronto Press
924:CBC News (April 25, 2017).
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696:Distinguished Conduct Medal
464:Distinguished Conduct Medal
230:Tribal councillor (1933β36)
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1712:McInnes, Brian D. (2016).
1609:Schmalz, Peter S. (1991).
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1486:Hele, Karl (2014-05-28).
1149:BraveWords (2019-06-06).
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1557:Pegler, Martin (2006).
1356:Veterans Affairs Canada
1348:Veterans Affairs Canada
623:National Aboriginal Day
342:Wasauksing First Nation
320:and the most effective
225:Wasauksing First Nation
148:Battle of Passchendaele
2025:Canadian Ojibwe people
1689:Hayes, Adrian (2009).
1514:"Francis Pegahmagabow"
1464:Hayes, Adrian (2003).
1429:Hayes, Adrian (2005).
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440:Second Battle of Ypres
370:Shawanaga First Nation
160:Hundred Days Offensive
131:Second Battle of Ypres
1862:Joseph Arthur Gregory
539:The Northern Pioneers
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433:1st Canadian Division
227:(1921β25 and 1942β45)
106:Years of service
1883:Francis Pegahmagabow
1695:Blue Butterfly Books
1642:Wyile, Herb (2007).
1099:Canadian Forces 2006
541:(known today as the
487:Battle of the Scarpe
243:Francis Pegahmagabow
170:Battle of the Scarpe
80:Parry Sound, Ontario
64:Parry Sound, Ontario
25:Francis Pegahmagabow
1849:(Archibald Belaney)
1676:- Total pages: 327
1637:- Total pages: 334
1580:- Total pages: 352
1459:- Total pages: 253
1378:(August 27, 2003).
1376:Canadian War Museum
1314:- Total pages: 204
456:Battle of the Somme
136:Battle of the Somme
1481:- Total pages: 95
1139:, pp. 225β237
589:Brantford, Ontario
543:Algonquin Regiment
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1985:
1984:
1743:. civilization.ca
1704:978-0-97849-829-0
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1659:978-0-88920-511-6
1648:(2007 ed.).
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1628:978-0-8020-6778-4
1617:(1991 ed.).
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1574:978-1-84603-140-3
1565:Osprey Publishing
1563:(2006 ed.).
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1475:978-0-9681452-8-9
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1442:978-1-896219-91-2
1410:Quill & Quire
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1286:(2003 ed.).
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452:lance corporal
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374:Nobel, Ontario
365:
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358:John Tootoosis
238:
237:
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189:Military Medal
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1180:Metal Forces
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401:lumber camps
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354:Andrew Paull
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2000:1891 births
1911:New Zealand
1901:John Shiwak
1810:Ion Idriess
1088:Mackey 2003
1003:Pegler 2006
907:Powers 2016
413:World War I
390:Anishinaabe
372:reserve in
316:soldier in
43:Nickname(s)
1994:Categories
1951:Ed Klepfer
1803:Billy Sing
1670:2021-07-31
1601:2016-06-22
1524:2016-06-23
1504:2016-06-22
1453:2021-07-31
1421:2016-06-22
1308:2021-07-31
1248:References
1212:2020-11-11
1187:2021-11-11
1160:2021-11-11
1137:Wyile 2007
977:Hayes 2003
965:Hayes 2005
857:Hayes 2003
751:Korean War
627:Ross rifle
513:, and the
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364:Early life
338:councillor
314:Indigenous
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1261:Maclean's
1122:Hele 2014
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386:Shawanaga
350:Fred Loft
223:Chief of
109:1914β1919
1976:Loophole
1847:Grey Owl
1664:Archived
1591:CBC News
1542:Archived
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1265:Archived
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