31:
483:. Its composition was more complicated than that of the novel, because she consulted more friends, and getting a work staged required more steps than getting a manuscript published. The premiere took place on 25 June 1750; the play was an instant hit. Measured by the number of first-run performances, the number of spectators, and the box office receipts, it was one of the ten most successful new plays of the eighteenth century in France. It was helped by the novelty of having a woman as author, and by the vogue of
186:
gambler, drunk and wife-beater, who was jailed for domestic violence. In 1718, deeply in debt and already living apart, the
Graffignys signed a document, which gave her authority to deal with the family's finances and required him to leave Lorraine for Paris. In 1723 she obtained a legal separation. He died in 1725, under mysterious circumstances. As a widow, Françoise de Graffigny was free from her brutal husband, but she never fully recovered from the financial losses or the emotional trauma of her marriage.
257:. Her two-month stay at Cirey has been the best-known part of her life, because the thirty-odd letters she wrote about it to Devaux were published in 1820. The letters were, however, inaccurately transcribed, severely cut, revised and in fact added to by the anonymous 1820 editor. He or she inserted anecdotes and witticisms to make Voltaire seem more illustrious, and took every opportunity to show Françoise de Graffigny as a sentimental, foolish and irresponsible gossip.
549:
Her relations with Devaux had cooled over the years, and their correspondence was interrupted by quarrels several times in the 1750s; nevertheless, she continued to write to him until the eve of her death. Although he never undertook the project of editing their letters, a fantasy they had often discussed, he preserved the collection of their letters and her manuscripts. Most of the collection is now in the
786:: Grasset, in 1771, and attributed by the publisher to Françoise de Graffigny. The publisher does not explain the provenance of the manuscript. There is no mention of the play in the alleged author's correspondence and no manuscript of it among her papers. It is probable that she was not the author, and that the publisher put her name on the titlepage, hoping to capitalize on her reputation.
472:). Her novel was an immediate success with readers; by the end of 1748 there were fourteen editions, including three of an English translation. Over the next hundred years, more than 140 editions appeared, including an edition in 1752 revised and expanded by the author, several different English translations, two in Italian, and others in German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish.
276:. Émilie intercepted a letter from Devaux which mentioned the work, leapt to the false conclusion that her guest had copied a canto and circulated it, and accused her of treachery. For a month after that, Françoise de Graffigny was a virtual prisoner at Cirey, until her lover Desmarest passed through en route to Paris and took her on the final leg of her journey.
134:, was a flop in 1758, and even her novel fell out of favor after 1830. From then until the last third of the twentieth century, she was almost forgotten, but thanks to new scholarship and the interest in women writers generated by the feminist movement, Françoise de Graffigny is now regarded as a significant French writer of the eighteenth century.
513:, a charming young woman whose high nobility and low wealth seemed to condemn her to a convent or a marriage of convenience. Françoise de Graffigny brought her from a provincial convent to Paris in September 1746, and played a major role in arranging her love-match marriage to the financier philosopher
573:
As explained above, "Graffigny" is not a family name, but the name of an estate. Spelling was not standardized in the eighteenth century, and one finds the name written and printed many ways. The author herself usually wrote it "Grafigny". As the
Lorraine scholar Georges Mangeot pointed out long ago,
789:
The works of Raoul Henri Clément
Auguste Antoine Marquis, who was born in 1863 in Graffigny-Chemin, died in 1934, and wrote under the pen name Henry de Graffigny, are sometimes confused with those of Françoise de Graffigny. Henry was immensely prolific, and wrote more than two hundred books, ranging
356:
She moved into her new house on 27 November 1742. In the summer of 1743 she sublet an upper floor apartment to Pierre Valleré, a lawyer, and had a brief but intense fling with him, the only liaison besides
Desmarest she mentions in her letters. Although relations between them were often strained, he
548:
She died peacefully at home in Paris on 12 December 1758, after suffering a seizure while playing cards with three old friends. She had been in failing health for a long time. It took Valleré and others ten years to settle her estate; she left many debts, but in the end her assets covered them all.
185:
François de
Graffigny seemed to have a promising future, and the couple produced three children within five years: Charlotte-Antoinette (born June 1713, died December 1716); Jean-Jacques (born March 1715, lived only a few days) and Marie-Thérèse (born March 1716, died December 1717). But he was a
260:
The first few weeks at Cirey seemed like a wonderful dream come true. Voltaire read from his works in progress and joined in performances of his plays. The hostess, Émilie, showed off her estate, her furnishings, her clothes and jewelry, and her formidable learning. There were constant visitors,
365:
Yet this was the time when she began the work that would eventually bring her fame and material comfort, if not wealth. As early as 1733, her letters to Devaux mention writing projects, some his, some joint, and some hers. When she went to Paris, she carried with her several of her manuscripts,
357:
remained with her, as her lodger, legal adviser, and companion, until her death; and he was the principal executor of her will. Her finances remained a problem; in 1744 she staked her hopes on an investment that proved unsound, and she found herself in early 1746 deeper in debt than ever.
284:
Her plan to live as companion to the duchesse de
Richelieu worked only for a short time, because the duchess died of tuberculosis in August 1740. She then lived as a boarder in two convents, and stayed with a wealthy friend. Finally, in autumn 1742, she rented her own house on the rue
352:
in late 1741; when he returned to Paris without funds to re-equip himself, he accepted money from his mistress even though he had already decided to leave her. The emotional shock of his betrayal never fully healed, but his departure left her free to pursue her own ambitions.
206:, who had trained to become a lawyer but dreamed of being a writer; known to everyone as Panpan, he became her closest friend and confidant, and in 1733 they began a correspondence that continued until her death. This idyllic period came to an end in 1737, when duke
189:
Françoise de
Graffigny's mother died in 1727, and her father remarried just months afterward, and moved to a remote town in Lorraine, where he too died in 1733, leaving his daughter free of all family obligations. By that date, the court of Lorraine had moved to
226:; this lady had been Marie-Élisabeth-Sophie de Lorraine, princesse de Guise, before her marriage in April 1734. Françoise de Graffigny planned to join them in Paris in spring 1739, but she needed to bridge the winter months, and wheedled an invitation to
292:, who retired from the stage in 1741, and began to receive her friends from the literary world at casual dinners, called the "Bout-du-Banc". Through Jeanne Quinault, Françoise de Graffigny met most of the authors writing in Paris in this era –
707:
Besides the early works mentioned in the article above, Françoise de
Graffigny wrote several short plays to be performed by the children of Maria Theresa of Austria and her husband, the Emperor François-Étienne of Lorraine. They include
561:. Beginning in 1985, a team headed by J. A. Dainard has been publishing her letters for the first time. They may well prove to be her most important work, because of her insider's view of French literary life in the heyday of the
161:
On 19 January 1712, not yet seventeen years old, Mademoiselle d'Happoncourt was married in the church of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port to François Huguet, a young officer in the duke's service. He was a son of the wealthy mayor of
1657:
Scores of excellent critical and interpretive articles and chapters in books have been devoted to Françoise de
Graffigny and her works in the past thirty years. These surveys provide indications for further reading.
337:
479:, Françoise de Graffigny was a celebrity. Thanks largely to her fame, she found new protectors, and her financial situation improved. With renewed energy and self-assurance, she turned her attention to her play,
417:, or A bad example leads to as many virtues as vices). Françoise de Graffigny's contribution was singled out for praise. This success encouraged her to accept another task from Caylus, the outline of a
401:
Her fellow participants at Jeanne
Quinault's Bout-du-Banc insisted that she contribute a piece to their next collective work. Comte de Caylus gave her the outline of a "nouvelle espagnole", a type of
1414:
The estate near Paris of Louis de Bourbon-Condé, comte de Clermont, a prince of the royal blood, who was passionately interested in theater; he had assisted Françoise de Graffigny in having
489:(tear-jerking comedy). It was revived several times in the next few years, but quickly faded from the repertory. The author's reputation was damaged by the failure of her second play,
727:
Discourse on the topic "Que l'amour des Lettres inspire l'amour de la Vertu" (The love of literature inspires the love of virtue), submitted for the competition sponsored by the
202:
was in charge of the court's music; around 1727 he and Françoise de Graffigny began a passionate affair which lasted until 1743. She also met an even younger man,
178:
and the couple took the title "de Graffigny" as their name. On her side, the bride received a large house inherited by her mother from Jacques Callot, situated in
790:
from serious works on aviation, chemistry and engineering for a general audience, to science fiction, adventure stories, and theater. Henry, not Françoise, wrote
344:, duc de Nivernais, comte de Pont-de-Veyle, and comte de Saint-Florentin. Her lover Desmarest was away much of the time with his regiment, and was trapped in the
1790:
1634:, and English Showalter, eds. "Mme de Graffigny and French epistolary writers of the eighteenth century." Papers from the Yale Symposium of 2–3 April 1999.
223:
517:
on 17 August 1751. Earlier that same summer, she moved from her house on the rue Saint-Hyacinthe to another on the rue d'Enfer, with an entrance into the
341:
521:. Here she received her friends, visitors from all over Europe, and many of the most famous French writers and political figures of the era, including
1476:. The best available edition; contains a valuable introduction, shows variants of early editions, and provides supplementary materials in appendices.
436:
Her confidence restored with the two short stories, she began writing two more substantial works, an epistolary novel, published in December 1747 as
1795:
1648:
Suites. Travaux du groupe d'étude du XVIIIe siècle, Université de Strasbourg II, volume 5. Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1989.
1746:
1715:
1435:
398:). None of these works was ever published, and some of them were destroyed, but others survive in manuscript or in fragments among her papers.
1688:
Smith, David. "Bibliographie des œuvres de Mme de Graffigny, 1745-1855." Ferney-Voltaire: Centre international d'étude du XVIIIe siècle, 2016.
150:. Her father, François d'Happoncourt, was a cavalry officer. Her mother, Marguerite Callot, was a great-niece of the famous Lorraine artist
30:
1780:
542:
336:, Claude Henri de Fuzée de Voisenon, and others – as well as nobles who enjoyed their company and dabbled in writing themselves, like
325:
1102:
This street no longer exists. It was located in the present 6th arrondissement, near the rue Soufflot and the boulevard Saint-Michel.
565:, her unprecedentedly detailed and intimate account of a woman's life in eighteenth-century France, and her lively colloquial style.
550:
288:
These first years in Paris were difficult, but not unproductive. She began to make new friends, the most important being the actress
329:
1785:
254:
122:, a novel published in 1747, she became the world's best-known living woman writer after the success of her sentimental comedy
1800:
1726:
195:
297:
1564:
405:
in vogue since the seventeenth century, which she developed on her own. The volume appeared in March 1745, with the title
1815:
449:
558:
1745:
505:
Madame de Graffigny's fame also made her house a popular place for social gatherings, and she was one of the important
1549:
1523:
824:
755:, have been attributed to Françoise de Graffigny, when they are in fact only the names of characters in her plays,
724:, 1750, of which full texts survive in manuscript. An unnamed work sent to Vienna in 1753 has not been identified.
305:
1805:
530:
1752:
345:
1512:. Biblio 17. Paris, Seattle, Tübingen: Papers on French Seventeenth Century Literature, 1993. pp. 317–72.
313:
1810:
663:, written in 1752, staged for the Imperial family in Vienna in October 1752, published in English Showalter,
534:
207:
118:
433:
was never publicly attributed to Françoise de Graffigny until the recent publication of her correspondence.
820:
675:
510:
816:
737:, play staged anonymously at the Comédie-Italienne in June 1753; never published; only fragments survive.
317:
1119:
2007:08. "Bout-du-banc" means literally "end of the bench" but idiomatically something like "potluck".
812:
514:
203:
198:. There she met a dashing cavalry officer, Léopold Desmarest, thirteen years her junior, whose father
453:
265:. The conversation ranged over every topic imaginable, always enlivened by Voltaire's sparkling wit.
214:. Françoise de Graffigny's friends and protectors were dispersed and she herself had nowhere to go.
211:
1820:
1674:
1616:
1595:
1469:
728:
683:
262:
231:
679:, ed. J. A. Dainard et al., Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1985--. Volumes 1–15 in print in 2016.
127:
246:
163:
1735:
804:
538:
155:
485:
1775:
1770:
657:, letters from Cirey written 1738–39, published with letters by other correspondents, 1820.
562:
518:
509:
hostesses in mid-century Paris. She was assisted by the presence of her cousin's daughter,
309:
1585:. Melbourne: Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1999. pp. 201–217.
701:
179:
8:
460:, which supplied most of the historical background for her story. She was also following
194:, where she lived with the support of the duke's widow, the dowager duchess and regent,
1631:
321:
1698:
1318:
The rue d'Enfer no longer exists; it was incorporated into the boulevard Saint-Michel.
1462:
DeJean, Joan, and Nancy K. Miller, eds. David Kornacker, tr. Françoise de Graffigny,
506:
58:
575:
293:
250:
227:
175:
147:
1723:
1450:
Lettres Portugaises, Lettres d'une Péruvienne et autres romans d'amour par lettres
440:(Letters from a Peruvian Woman), and a sentimental comedy, staged in June 1750 as
301:
1730:
647:, written 1747, staged in the private theater at Berny, March 1753, published in
469:
289:
199:
171:
1673:
Ionescu, Christina. "Bibliographie: Mme de Graffigny, sa vie et ses œuvres." In
1583:
The Culture of the Book. Essays from Two Hemispheres in Honour of Wallace Kirsop
1541:
Smith, D. W. "La Composition et la publication des contes de Mme de Graffigny."
574:
however, the place name has been standardized as "Graffigny" (it is now part of
268:
Yet trouble was brewing. Voltaire read from his scandalous burlesque poem about
245:, where the dowager duchess of Lorraine and her court had moved into the famous
1202:, p. 142-58. Vera L. Grayson, "The Genesis and Reception of Mme de Graffigny's
554:
151:
593:
Nouvelle espagnole ou Le mauvais exemple produit autant de vertus que de vices
411:
Nouvelle espagnole ou Le mauvais exemple produit autant de vertus que de vices
382:, alleged sage). In her letters she also mentions a traditional comedy called
1764:
1577:
McEachern, Jo-Ann, and David Smith. "The First Edition of Mme de Graffigny's
522:
241:
The journey from Lunéville to Cirey took two and half months; she stopped at
174:. In honor of the marriage, the groom received from his father the estate at
143:
54:
429:(Five Fairy Tales). Although several of her friends knew of her authorship,
126:
in 1750. Her reputation as a dramatist suffered when her second play at the
808:
497:' Daughter), which was withdrawn soon after its premiere on 27 April 1758.
333:
253:
she stayed with a friend, the marquise de Stainville, mother of the future
1627:
Anthology of articles on Françoise de Graffigny from an Oxford colloquium.
191:
1702:
1444:
Bray, Bernard, and Isabelle Landy-Houillon, eds. Françoise de Graffigny,
461:
269:
158:, where her father was commander of the duke of Lorraine's horse guards.
1707:
1405:
The former duke of Lorraine had become emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
418:
379:
210:
ceded his duchy to France to obtain French support for his marriage to
110:
1739:
741:
494:
798:
783:
242:
235:
106:
687:, ed. English Showalter. "Vif". Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2001.
444:. The inspiration for the novel came from seeing a performance of
137:
1483:. "Oxford World classics." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
526:
414:
374:(The Reunion of Common Sense and Wit), and a verse comedy called
1455:
DeJean, Joan, and Nancy K. Miller, eds. Françoise de Graffigny,
1677:
Françoise de Graffigny, femme de lettres: écriture et réception
1619:
Françoise de Graffigny, femme de lettres: écriture et réception
1606:. The only biography that makes full use of the correspondence.
634:
349:
1223:
Smith, "Popularity". McEachern and Smith, "Mme de Graffigny's
452:; immediately afterwards, in May 1743, she began to read the
402:
395:
886:. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1978. "Villers-lès-Nancy", p. 238.
782:, drame en 3 actes en prose, was published with the address
1452:. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1983. pp. 15–56, 239–247.
704:
in 1747; rejected; never published; only fragments survive.
390:(The Truthful World) and a short supernatural novel called
1747:"Graffigny, Françoise d'Issembourg d'Happoncourt de"
1050:
English Showalter, "Graffigny at Cirey: A Fraud Exposed."
665:
Madame de Graffigny and Rousseau: Between the Two Discours
222:
Finally in 1738 she arranged to become a companion to the
16:
French novelist, playwright, and salon hostess (1695–1758)
1510:
Femmes dramaturges en France (1650–1750), pièces choisies
1479:
Mallinson, Jonathan, ed. and tr. Françoise de Graffigny,
23:
Françoise d'Issembourg d'Happoncourt, Madame de Graffigny
101:; 11 February 1695 – 12 December 1758), better known as
1266:, London: Oxford University Press, 1957. A. Joannidès,
771:, which were provisional titles for early versions of
553:
at Yale University, and other parts of it are in the
409:(Anthology by these Gentlemen); her story was called
1260:
La Comédie Française au 18e siècle, étude économique
386:(The School for friends), a fantastic comedy called
261:
including luminaries like the scientist-philosopher
1440:. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1985--, in progress.
691:
464:'s device of a foreign visitor in France as in the
742:Works mistakenly attributed to Madame de Graffigny
633:, written 1747, staged for the Imperial family in
154:. While she was still a girl, her family moved to
1470:Mallinson, Jonathan, ed. Françoise de Graffigny,
799:Authors advised and edited by Madame de Graffigny
425:, published later in 1745 in a collection called
142:Françoise d'Issembourg d'Happoncourt was born in
1762:
1016:, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1988, pp. 93-115.
962:Henry Desmarest (1661-1741): Biographie Critique
1493:Trousson, Raymond, ed. Françoise de Graffigny,
1486:Nicoletti, Gianni, ed. Françoise de Graffigny,
1039:La Vie privée de Voltaire et de Mme Du Châtelet
655:La Vie privée de Voltaire et de Mme Du Châtelet
370:(The Honest Man), an allegorical comedy called
138:Early life, marriage, and widowhood in Lorraine
99:Françoise d'Issembourg du Buisson d'Happoncourt
1791:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
1113:"Divine Thalie": the career of Jeanne Quinault
731:in 1752; never published; no manuscript known.
182:, where the couple lived for about six years.
1466:. New York: MLA, 1993; revised edition, 2002.
1459:. New York: MLA, 1993; revised edition, 2002.
884:Dictionnaire des châteaux de France: Lorraine
234:, had been living since 1734 with her lover,
1504:Gethner, Perry, ed. Françoise de Graffigny,
1309:, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981, vol. 1.
1262:, Paris, La Haye: Mouton, 1967. John Lough,
1566:Mme de Graffigny's Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1736:The Correspondence of Madame de Graffigny
1666:1977-1997: the Present State of Studies."
1598:Françoise de Graffigny: Her Life and Works
1474:. "Vif". Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2002
166:, Jean Huguet. Like her father, he was an
578:), and that spelling should be followed.
551:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
217:
1501:. Paris: Laffont, 1996. pp. 59–164.
763:, respectively. The César website lists
1796:French women dramatists and playwrights
1642:Vierge du Soleil/Fille des Lumières: la
326:François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif
1763:
1516:
1392:"Une Biographie de Mme de Graffigny",
1718:La Correspondance de Mme de Graffigny
1709:La Correspondance de Mme de Graffigny
1563:McEachern, Jo-Ann, and David Smith. "
1550:The Popularity of Mme de Graffigny's
1438:Correspondance de Madame de Graffigny
684:Madame de Graffigny: Choix de lettres
676:Correspondance de Madame de Graffigny
372:La Réunion du Bon-sens et de l'Esprit
366:including a sentimental drama called
330:Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée
1396:11 (1914-1919), pp. 65-77, 145-153.
1307:Correspondance générale d'Helvétius
1268:La Comédie Française de 1680 à 1900
716:, published posthumously, and also
13:
1429:
964:. Paris: Picard, 1965, pp. 167-69.
586:
116:Initially famous as the author of
14:
1832:
1781:18th-century French women writers
1692:
1499:Romans de femmes du XVIIIe Siècle
1249:Grayson, "Genesis and Reception".
1189:Smith, "Composition," pp. 136-41.
1180:Smith, "Composition," pp. 131-36.
448:, Voltaire's play set during the
1568:: Identifying the First Edition.
1054:21, 1 (January 1996), pp. 29-44.
692:Unpublished works (partial list)
559:Bibliothèque nationale de France
500:
29:
1652:
1408:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1105:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1032:
1019:
1006:
993:
980:
967:
954:
1753:New International Encyclopedia
1554:: The Bibliographical Evidence
941:
928:
915:
902:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
825:Jean-François de Saint-Lambert
637:in October 1749, published in
615:, 1747; revised edition, 1752.
1:
1786:18th-century French novelists
1464:Letters from a Peruvian Woman
831:
306:Philippe Néricault Destouches
196:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
1801:18th-century French diarists
1589:
1270:, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1901.
821:Charles Palissot de Montenoy
511:Anne-Catherine de Ligniville
232:Émilie, marquise du Châtelet
208:François-Étienne de Lorraine
7:
1481:Letters of a Peruvian Woman
817:Claude Guimond de La Touche
769:Les Effets de la prévention
671:175, 1978, pp. 115–80.
318:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset
314:Barthélemy-Christophe Fagan
10:
1837:
1816:Writers from Nancy, France
1670:2000:05, pp. 295–324.
1572:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
1558:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
1536:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
1424:
1305:D. W. Smith et al., eds.,
1646:de Mme de Grafigny et ses
1617:Mallinson, Jonathan, ed.
1610:
454:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
360:
81:
65:
40:
28:
21:
1675:Jonathan Mallinson, ed.
1664:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1552:Lettres d’une Péruvienne
1530:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1495:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1490:. Bari: Adriatica, 1967.
1488:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1472:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1457:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1446:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1225:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1204:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1067:, vol. 1, letters 60-91.
747:Several titles, such as
700:, play submitted to the
613:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
597:Recueil de ces Messieurs
581:
477:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
450:Spanish conquest of Peru
438:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
407:Recueil de ces Messieurs
376:Héraclite, prétendu sage
279:
212:Maria Theresa of Austria
119:Lettres d'une Péruvienne
1638:2002:6, pp. 3–116.
1574:9, no. 1 (1996): 21–35.
1538:7, no. 1 (1994): 71–74.
1264:Paris Theatre Audiences
813:François-Antoine Devaux
761:L'Ignorant présomptueux
718:L'Ignorant présomptueux
568:
515:Claude Adrien Helvétius
263:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
204:François-Antoine Devaux
1806:French women novelists
1699:Françoise de Graffigny
1560:3, no. 1 (1990): 1-20.
1381:Françoise de Graffigny
1368:Françoise de Graffigny
1355:Françoise de Graffigny
1342:Françoise de Graffigny
1329:Françoise de Graffigny
1294:Françoise de Graffigny
1281:Françoise de Graffigny
1238:Françoise de Graffigny
1214:336 (1996), pp. 1-152.
1200:Françoise de Graffigny
1169:Françoise de Graffigny
1156:Françoise de Graffigny
1143:Françoise de Graffigny
1130:Françoise de Graffigny
1091:Françoise de Graffigny
1078:Françoise de Graffigny
1027:Françoise de Graffigny
1001:Françoise de Graffigny
988:Françoise de Graffigny
975:Françoise de Graffigny
949:Françoise de Graffigny
936:Françoise de Graffigny
923:Françoise de Graffigny
910:Françoise de Graffigny
897:Françoise de Graffigny
871:Françoise de Graffigny
858:Françoise de Graffigny
845:Françoise de Graffigny
218:From Lorraine to Paris
170:or squire, the lowest
92:Françoise de Graffigny
805:Jean Galli de Bibiena
722:Le Temple de la vertu
603:La Princesse Azerolle
539:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
475:After the success of
431:La Princesse Azerolle
423:La Princesse Azerolle
224:duchesse de Richelieu
156:Saint-Nicolas-de-Port
1811:French salon-holders
1630:Porter, Charles A.,
1596:Showalter, English,
1436:Dainard, J. A., ed.
1014:Avec Mme Du Châtelet
563:Age of Enlightenment
557:in New York and the
458:History of the Incas
310:Charles Pinot Duclos
230:, the château where
1724:Voltaire Foundation
1685:, pp. 399–414.
1517:Publication history
1212:Studies on Voltaire
773:La Fille d'Aristide
669:Studies on Voltaire
625:La Fille d'Aristide
607:Cinq Contes de fées
491:La Fille d'Aristide
427:Cinq Contes de fées
132:La Fille d'Aristide
113:and salon hostess.
103:Madame de Graffigny
85:Madame de Graffigny
35:Madame de Graffigny
1729:2013-06-02 at the
1632:Joan Hinde Stewart
1545:50 (1996): 275–83.
1528:: Editions of the
729:Académie française
486:comédie larmoyante
322:Pierre de Marivaux
146:, in the duchy of
1258:Claude Alasseur,
819:, Michel Linant,
702:Comédie-Italienne
519:Luxembourg Garden
342:comte de Maurepas
285:Saint-Hyacinthe.
180:Villers-lès-Nancy
128:Comédie-Française
89:
88:
59:Duchy of Lorraine
1828:
1757:
1749:
1662:Davies, Simon. "
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780:Le Fils légitime
649:Œuvres posthumes
639:Œuvres posthumes
576:Graffigny-Chemin
545:, and Voltaire.
466:Lettres Persanes
384:L'École des amis
298:Claude Crébillon
294:Louis de Cahusac
251:Demange-aux-Eaux
172:rank of nobility
72:
69:12 December 1758
51:11 February 1695
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
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1731:Wayback Machine
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1430:Modern editions
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710:Ziman et Zenise
694:
631:Ziman et Zenise
589:
587:Published works
584:
571:
533:, Montesquieu,
503:
470:Persian Letters
421:with the title
368:L'Honnête Homme
363:
338:comte de Caylus
290:Jeanne Quinault
282:
255:duc de Choiseul
220:
200:Henry Desmarest
140:
105:, was a French
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1693:External links
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1548:Smith, D. W. "
1546:
1543:French Studies
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1522:Smith, D. W. "
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1069:
1065:Correspondance
1063:Dainard, ed.,
1056:
1043:
1041:, Paris, 1820.
1031:
1018:
1012:René Vaillot,
1005:
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399:
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388:Le Monde vrai
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346:besieged city
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76:Paris, France
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64:
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56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1751:
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1653:Bibliography
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1394:Pays lorrain
1393:
1388:
1383:, p. 334-39.
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1357:, p. 329-33.
1354:
1349:
1344:, p. 325-29.
1341:
1336:
1331:, p. 252-90.
1328:
1323:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1296:, p. 233-51.
1293:
1288:
1283:, p. 313-19.
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1254:
1245:
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1211:
1207:
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1199:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1171:, p. 128-31.
1168:
1163:
1158:, p. 93-106.
1155:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1090:
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1052:French Forum
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809:Antoine Bret
791:
779:
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768:
764:
760:
756:
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721:
720:, 1748, and
717:
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682:
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71:(1758-12-12)
1776:1758 deaths
1771:1695 births
1703:Data.bnf.fr
1644:Péruvienne
1532:(1967-1993)
1379:Showalter,
1366:Showalter,
1353:Showalter,
1340:Showalter,
1327:Showalter,
1292:Showalter,
1279:Showalter,
1236:Showalter,
1198:Showalter,
1167:Showalter,
1154:Showalter,
1145:, p. 81-84.
1141:Showalter,
1132:, p. 75-80.
1128:Showalter,
1093:, p. 63-80.
1089:Showalter,
1080:, p. 47-62.
1076:Showalter,
1029:, p. 33-39.
1025:Showalter,
999:Showalter,
986:Showalter,
977:, p. 26-29.
973:Showalter,
951:, p. 22-24.
947:Showalter,
934:Showalter,
925:, p. 20-21.
921:Showalter,
912:, p. 16-19.
908:Showalter,
899:, p. 15-16.
895:Showalter,
873:, p. 11-15.
869:Showalter,
856:Showalter,
843:Showalter,
735:La Baguette
698:Les Pantins
462:Montesquieu
270:Joan of Arc
164:Neufchâteau
1765:Categories
1524:Graffigny
860:, p. 8-10.
832:References
765:La Brioche
531:Fontenelle
523:d'Alembert
419:fairy tale
380:Heraclitus
274:La Pucelle
111:playwright
47:1695-02-11
1604:, 2004:11
1590:Biography
495:Aristides
413:(Spanish
392:Le Sylphe
249:, and at
192:Lunéville
176:Graffigny
1727:Archived
1625:2004:12.
1526:Rediviva
1003:, p. 32.
784:Lausanne
243:Commercy
236:Voltaire
148:Lorraine
107:novelist
1756:. 1905.
1711:website
1683:2004:12
1425:Sources
1418:staged.
938:, p. 1.
847:, p. 1.
753:Célidor
651:, 1770.
641:, 1770.
627:, 1758.
621:, 1750.
609:, 1745.
599:, 1745.
535:Prévost
527:Diderot
415:novella
247:château
1611:Essays
635:Vienna
543:Turgot
446:Alzire
361:Writer
350:Prague
168:écuyer
1579:Cénie
1508:. In
1506:Cénie
1497:. In
1448:. In
1416:Cénie
1208:Cénie
757:Phaza
645:Phaza
619:Cénie
605:, in
595:, in
582:Works
507:salon
481:Cénie
442:Cénie
396:Sylph
394:(The
280:Paris
228:Cirey
144:Nancy
124:Cénie
82:Title
55:Nancy
1740:EMLO
1681:SVEC
1668:SVEC
1636:SVEC
1623:SVEC
1602:SVEC
1206:and
1117:SVEC
767:and
759:and
751:and
749:Azor
712:and
569:Name
66:Died
41:Born
1738:in
1701:on
1581:."
1556:."
1534:."
1210:."
456:'s
348:of
96:née
1767::
1750:.
1679:.
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1600:,
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1227:."
1115:,
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807:,
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541:,
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529:,
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238:.
130:,
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57:,
827:.
794:.
775:.
493:(
468:(
378:(
94:(
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
