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work begins with the assumption that frames are powerful rhetorical entities that "induce us to filter our perceptions of the world in particular ways, essentially making some aspects of our multi-dimensional reality more noticeable than other aspects. They operate by making some information more salient than other information. ..." In "Framing
Analysis From a Rhetorical Perspective" Kuypers details the differences between framing analysis as rhetorical criticism and as a social scientific endeavor, in particular arguing that framing criticism offers insights unavailable to social scientists.
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a particular manner. Frames operate in four key ways: they define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies. Frames are often found within a narrative account of an issue or event, and are generally the central organizing idea." Kuypers' work is based on the premise that framing is a rhetorical process and as such it is best examined from a rhetorical point of view.
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order to secure participants and support. Goffman (1974, p. 43–44) calls this "keying" where "activities, events, and biographies that are already meaningful from the standpoint of some primary framework transpose in terms of another framework" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 474) such that they are seen differently. There are two types of frame transformation:
64:, news (Johnson-Cartee, 1995), politics, and social movements among other applications. "Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy" (Nelson, Oxley, & Clawson, 1997, p. 221). It is related to the concept of
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Framing has been utilized to explain the process of social movements (Snow & Benford, 1988). Movements are carriers of beliefs and ideologies. In addition, they are part of the process of constructing meaning for participants and opposers (Snow & Benford, 1988). Mass movements are said to be
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Kuypers offers a detailed template for doing framing analysis from a rhetorical perspective. According to
Kuypers, "Framing is a process whereby communicators, consciously or unconsciously, act to construct a point of view that encourages the facts of a given situation to be interpreted by others in
71:
Frame analysis is usually done in regard to news media. However, framing is inevitable, as everyone does it. It can speed up the process of interpretation as well as writing and presenting the news. People just may not realize they are using frames. When people are aware that they are using framing,
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is a process required when the proposed frames "may not resonate with, and on occasion may even appear antithetical to, conventional lifestyles or rituals and extant interpretive frames" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 473). When this happens, new values, new meanings and understandings are required in
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In his book, Goffman said that people use their primary framework to examine their world. There are also distinctions within primary frameworks. There are natural and social frameworks. Natural frameworks don't apply social forces to situations. They just exist naturally. However, social frameworks
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first published his work advancing framing analysis as a rhetorical perspective in 1997. His approach begins inductively by looking for themes that persist across time in a text (for
Kuypers, primarily news narratives on an issue or event), and then determining how those themes are framed. Kuypers'
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is the "linkage of two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or problem" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 467). It involves the linkage of a movement to "unmobilized sentiment pools or public opinion preference clusters" (p. 467) of people
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Relevance of the frame to the realities of the participants; a frame must be relevant to participants and inform them. Relevancy can be constrained by empirical credibility or testability, it relates to participant experience, and has narrative fidelity, that is, it fits in with existing cultural
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The relationship between the proposed frame and the larger belief system; centrality – the frame cannot be of low hierarchical significance and salience within the larger belief system. Its range and interrelatedness – if the frame is linked to only one core belief or value that, in itself, is of
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Since frame analyses are conducted manually, they require significant effort and time. Recently, some researchers have proposed to automate parts of frame analysis. For example, one approach aims to find instances of biased news coverage in news articles. The automated approach imitates frame
40:
research method used to analyze how people understand situations and activities. Frame analysis looks at images, stereotypes, metaphors, actors, messages, and more. It examines how important these factors are and how and why they are chosen. The concept is generally attributed to the work of
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Snow and
Benford (1988) say that frame alignment is an important element in social mobilization or movement. They argue that when individual frames become linked in congruency and complementariness, that "frame alignment" occurs (p. 198; Snow et al. 1986, p. 464), producing "frame
2033:
Snow, David A. and Robert D. Benford (1988). "Ideology, Frame
Resonance, and Participant Mobilization". Pp. 197-217 in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney Tarrow (eds.), From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation Across Cultures. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI
1446:"The robustness, completeness, and thoroughness of the framing effort". Snow, Rochford, Worden and Benford (1986) identify three core framing tasks and the degree to which these tasks are attended to will determine participant mobilization. The three tasks are:
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refers to "the clarification and invigoration of an interpretive frame that bears on a particular issue, problem, or set of events" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 469). This interpretive frame usually involves the invigorating of values or
1940:
Dan, Viorela; Raupp, Juliana (2018-08-18). "A systematic review of frames in news reporting of health risks: Characteristics, construct consistency vs. name diversity, and the relationship of frames to framing functions".
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Snow and
Benford (1986) propose that once proper frames are constructed as described above, large-scale changes in society such as those necessary for social movement can be achieved through frame alignment.
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Cycles of protest (Tarrow 1983a; 1983b); the point at which the frame emerges on the timeline of the current era and existing preoccupations with social change. Framing efforts may be affected by previous
2043:
Snow, David A., R. Burke
Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51: 464-481.
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resonance", which is key to the process of a group transitioning from one frame to another (although not all framing efforts are successful). The conditions that affect or constrain framing efforts are:
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are a movement's effort to incorporate participants by extending the boundaries of the proposed frame to include or encompass the views, interests, or sentiments of targeted groups. (Snow et al., 1986,
68:. Framing influences how people interpret or process information. This can set an agenda. However, frame analysis goes beyond agenda-setting by examining the issues rather than the topics.
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Other examples of frames may include: health severity, thematic and episodic, medical, uncertainty, alarmist. What frames are used depends on the event at hand.
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where the scope of change is quite radical as in a change of world views, total conversions of thought, or uprooting of all that is familiar (e.g. moving from
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Economic consequences: looks at the economic consequences of a situation in the news and how it may affect people, groups, institutions, etc. economically
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there are several techniques that can be used. These may include: metaphor, stories, tradition, slogan, jargon, catchphrase, artifact, contrast or spin.
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successful when the frames projected align with the frames of participants to produce resonance between the two parties. This is a process known as
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Matthes, Jörg (2009). "What's in a Frame? A Content
Analysis of Media Framing Studies in the World's Leading Communication Journals, 1990-2005".
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Frame analysis had been proposed as a type of rhetorical analysis for political actors in the 1980s. Political communication researcher
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frame analysis requires that a story is analyzed first. The researcher looks for possible frames that have been loosely defined.
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frame analysis pre-defines frames and then looks for them in the news to see which stories fit into the definitions. The
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do apply social forces to situations. The two are connected because social frameworks stem from natural frameworks.
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Illegal Aliens or
Undocumented Immigrants? Towards the Automated Identification of Bias by Word Choice and Labeling
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There are four types, which include frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension and frame transformation.
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1649: – Generic term for the analysis of social, language policy or historiographical discourse phenomena
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1996:
Jim A. Kuypers, "Framing
Analysis From a Rhetorical Perspective", P. D'Angelo and J. A. Kuypers, eds.,
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Responsibility: makes someone (individual, group, institution, etc.) responsible for a situation
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limited range within the larger belief system, the frame has a high degree of being discounted.
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Nelsen, T. E.; Oxley, Z. M.; Clawson, R. A. (1997). "Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects".
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Frame analysis for political thought has been dominated by two popular cognitive scientists:
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Framing theory and frame analysis is a broad theoretical approach that has been used in
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prognostic framing to suggest solutions, strategies, and tactics to a problem; and
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diagnostic framing for the identification of a problem and assignment of blame;
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2082:"Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News"
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motivational framing that serves as a call to arms or rationale for action.
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who share similar views or grievances but who lack an organizational base.
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Conflict: conflicts between individual people, groups, institutions, etc.
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provides frame analysis, based on scholarly research, for non-profits.
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analysis by using natural language processing and media bias models.
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Human interest: adds emotion or a human side to an issue, event, etc.
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Bush's War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age
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Semetko, Holli A.; Valkenburg, Patti M. Valkenburg (2000-06-01).
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such as the attempt to alter the status of groups of people, and
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1709: – Effect of how information is presented on perception
1661: – Effect of how information is presented on perception
1736: – Form of propaganda in public relations and politics
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Morality: applies religious or moral beliefs to a situation
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Frame alignment—a process to explain social movement theory
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1835:
Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience
47:
Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience
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1765:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1643: – Proposed description of communication phenomena
1757: – Use of figurative language for artistic effect
2052:Chuck Watts, co-founder, Empathy Surplus Project,
2024:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006.
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1832:
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1631: – Word or phrase that has a special meaning
16:Multi-disciplinary social science research method
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2118:Felix Hamborg, Anastasia Zhukova and Bela Gipp,
1667: – Study of how language influences thought
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1655: – Change of the expected pattern of words
1691: – Discipline within qualitative research
1499:
2122:in Proceedings of the iConference 2019, 2019.
1985:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action
1379:
2010:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action
1625: – Academic field of logic and rhetoric
1515:
1408:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action
1790:Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly
1724: – Literary technique used to persuade
1703: – Theory of personality and cognition
1600:
1020:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
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1372:
75:
19:For frame analysis in digital videos, see
2054:http://empathysurplus.com/?recruiter_id=2
1839:. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
2146:whom provides commercial frame analysis.
1939:
1748: – American psychiatrist and author
1637: – Process for formulating strategy
1584:Global interpretive frame transformation
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1110:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
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1415:Distinctions within primary frameworks
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1492:, nurturant parent governance; and
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1673: – Method of cluster analysis
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1594:; religious conversion, etc.).
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1955:10.1080/13698575.2018.1522422
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1541:Four types of frame alignment
1283:List of feminist rhetoricians
1998:Doing News Framing Analysis,
1629:Code word (figure of speech)
1496:, strict father governance.
1273:Glossary of rhetorical terms
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1500:Content analysis in framing
1120:Language as Symbolic Action
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2197:
2171:Social science methodology
1943:Health, Risk & Society
1802:10.1177/107769900908600206
49:and has been developed in
18:
2181:Framing (social sciences)
1917:Mass Communication Theory
1701:Personal construct theory
1516:Common frames in the news
1030:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
2086:Journal of Communication
1831:Goffman, Erving (1974).
1601:Automated frame analysis
1987:, Lexington Press, 2009
1874:10.1023/A:1024834831093
1685: – Type of framing
1635:Concept-driven strategy
970:De Sophisticis Elenchis
76:As rhetorical criticism
2144:Cognitive Policy Works
1763: – British writer
1090:De doctrina Christiana
1080:Dialogus de oratoribus
1000:Rhetorica ad Herennium
226:Captatio benevolentiae
21:video content analysis
2166:Communication studies
1746:Thought Reform (book)
1484:For political thought
1471:myths and narrations.
1258:Communication studies
1100:De vulgari eloquentia
960:Rhetoric to Alexander
62:communication studies
2150:Frameworks Institute
1683:Metaphorical framing
1665:Language and thought
1641:Communication theory
1623:Argumentation theory
1571:Frame transformation
1424:For social movements
2136:Rockridge Institute
1557:Frame amplification
1263:Composition studies
1194:Health and medicine
1060:Institutio Oratoria
267:Eloquentia perfecta
1862:Political Behavior
1647:Discourse analysis
1406:In his 2009 work,
1348:Terministic screen
1130:A General Rhetoric
660:Resignation speech
197:Studia humanitatis
179:Byzantine rhetoric
45:and his 1974 book
35:multi-disciplinary
1722:Rhetorical device
1689:Narrative inquiry
1617:Alternative facts
1592:market capitalism
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1323:Rogerian argument
1070:Panegyrici Latini
162:The age of Cicero
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2020:Jim A. Kuypers,
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2000:Routledge, 2010.
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1983:Jim A. Kuypers,
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384:Method of loci
381:
374:
367:
362:
361:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
320:
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303:
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258:
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188:
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171:
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142:
137:
132:
127:
120:Ancient Greece
116:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
96:
95:
89:
88:
77:
74:
66:agenda-setting
55:policy studies
43:Erving Goffman
38:social science
27:Frame analysis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2193:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:(2): 93–109.
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
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1892:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1846:0-930350-91-X
1842:
1837:
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1827:
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1815:
1811:
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1803:
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1513:
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1507:
1497:
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1490:George Lakoff
1481:
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1389:
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1377:
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1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Toulmin model
1351:
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1339:
1338:Talking point
1336:
1334:
1333:Speechwriting
1331:
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1154:Argumentation
1152:
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1027:
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1021:
1017:
1012:
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1007:
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1001:
997:
992:
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990:De Inventione
987:
982:
981:
977:
972:
971:
967:
962:
961:
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952:
951:
947:
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918:
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845:
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837:
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832:
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827:
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822:
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815:
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807:
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797:
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790:
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712:
710:
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703:
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698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
679:
678:
671:
670:War-mongering
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:Progymnasmata
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Maiden speech
602:
600:
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589:
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583:
580:
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568:
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541:
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366:
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358:
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352:
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347:
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344:
340:
338:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
325:
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
289:
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:
273:
269:
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264:
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262:
259:
257:
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251:
247:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
227:
223:
222:
214:
213:
206:
205:Modern period
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
153:
152:Ancient India
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
135:Attic orators
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
113:
107:
106:
102:
98:
97:
94:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
73:
69:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
36:
32:
29:(also called
28:
22:
2138:articles on
2114:
2089:
2085:
2048:
2039:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1946:
1942:
1921:. Retrieved
1919:. 2011-03-17
1916:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1834:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1604:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1567:p. 469)
1563:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1503:
1487:
1478:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1278:Glossophobia
1250:
1169:Constitutive
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
938:
928:
752:Rhetoricians
708:
665:Stump speech
582:Invitational
535:
520:Dissoi logoi
518:
497:Deliberative
489:Controversia
487:
450:
443:
417:
410:
403:
376:
369:
357:Pronuntiatio
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
286:
274:
265:
248:
241:
224:
195:
157:Ancient Rome
70:
59:
46:
30:
26:
25:
1740:Stovepiping
1494:Frank Luntz
1358:Wooden iron
1318:Rhetrickery
1293:Oral skills
1229:Composition
1164:Contrastive
984:(c. 350 BC)
974:(c. 350 BC)
964:(c. 350 BC)
954:(c. 350 BC)
944:(c. 370 BC)
804:Demosthenes
784:Brueggemann
719:Ideological
570:Homiletics
483:Declamation
473:Apologetics
323:Five canons
191:Renaissance
174:Middle Ages
2160:Categories
1923:2020-02-29
1772:References
1214:Technology
1204:Procedural
1024:(c. 50 BC)
1010:De Oratore
874:Quintilian
869:Protagoras
724:Metaphoric
648:Propaganda
531:Epideictic
445:Sotto voce
399:Persuasion
394:Operations
336:Dispositio
232:Chironomia
2106:0021-9916
1963:1369-8575
1818:216941182
1810:144431380
1728:Semantics
1588:communism
1510:inductive
1506:deductive
1328:Seduction
1159:Cognitive
1147:Subfields
1074:(100–400)
829:Isocrates
769:Augustine
759:Aristotle
734:Narrative
684:Criticism
629:Philippic
543:Panegyric
526:Elocution
507:Dialectic
427:Situation
288:Facilitas
282:Enthymeme
261:Eloquence
243:Delectare
1971:81633513
1882:15874936
1814:ProQuest
1695:Newspeak
1610:See also
1560:beliefs.
1199:Pedagogy
1179:Feminist
950:Rhetoric
940:Phaedrus
934:(380 BC)
884:Richards
854:Perelman
702:Pentadic
697:Dramatic
641:Suasoria
619:Diatribe
560:Forensic
537:Encomium
502:Demagogy
371:Imitatio
343:Elocutio
329:Inventio
299:Informal
218:Concepts
145:Sophists
140:Calliope
130:Atticism
125:Asianism
93:Rhetoric
85:a series
83:Part of
53:theory,
1659:Framing
1475:frames.
1244:Related
1219:Therapy
1209:Science
1174:Digital
1054:(c. 50)
1044:(46 BC)
1034:(46 BC)
1014:(55 BC)
1004:(80 BC)
994:(84 BC)
930:Gorgias
899:Toulmin
894:Tacitus
844:McLuhan
819:Gorgias
814:Erasmus
809:Derrida
774:Bakhtin
764:Aspasia
729:Mimesis
692:Cluster
624:Eristic
614:Polemic
609:Oratory
587:Lecture
350:Memoria
294:Fallacy
237:Decorum
184:Trivium
112:History
33:) is a
2104:
2034:Press.
1969:
1961:
1880:
1843:
1816:
1808:
1303:Pistis
1298:Orator
1224:Visual
1134:(1970)
1124:(1966)
1114:(1521)
1104:(1305)
1040:Orator
980:Topics
909:Weaver
839:Lysias
834:Lucian
824:Hobbes
799:de Man
794:Cicero
592:Public
575:Sermon
550:Eulogy
478:Debate
466:Genres
412:Pathos
378:Kairos
365:Hypsos
311:Scheme
276:Eunoia
256:Device
250:Docere
1967:S2CID
1878:S2CID
1806:S2CID
1755:Trope
1094:(426)
1084:(102)
922:Works
889:Smith
879:Ramus
864:Plato
859:Pizan
789:Burke
779:Booth
714:Genre
709:Frame
452:Topos
437:Grand
432:Style
419:Logos
405:Ethos
389:Modes
316:Trope
2102:ISSN
1959:ISSN
1841:ISBN
1734:Spin
1677:Meme
1504:The
1268:Doxa
1064:(95)
904:Vico
653:Spin
2094:doi
1951:doi
1870:doi
1798:doi
1590:to
1343:TED
1189:New
849:Ong
2162::
2100:.
2090:50
2088:.
2084:.
2060:^
1965:.
1957:.
1947:20
1945:.
1932:^
1915:.
1890:^
1876:.
1866:19
1864:.
1812:.
1804:.
1794:86
1792:.
1780:^
1433:.
87:on
2108:.
2096::
1973:.
1953::
1926:.
1884:.
1872::
1849:.
1820:.
1800::
1387:e
1380:t
1373:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
