418:
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146:
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265:
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616:
472:
352:
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135:
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897:. This high-volume, mass-production car was introduced in 1934 and sold 760,000 units over the next 23 years of production. This application was the first iteration of the modern structural integration of body and chassis, using spot welded deeply stamped steel sheets into a structural cage, including sills, pillars, and roof beams. In addition to a unitary body with no separate frame, the Traction Avant also featured other innovations such as
36:
429:
Initially seen on almost all vehicles, the ladder frame was gradually phased out on cars in favor of perimeter frames and unitized body construction. It is now seen mainly on large trucks. This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails from front to rear, but poor resistance to torsion or warping if simple, perpendicular cross-members are used. The vehicle's overall height will be greater due to the
273:
2522:
908:(1934–1937), Budd supplied a variation – three main sections from the Airflow's body were welded into what Chrysler called a bridge-truss construction. Unfortunately, this method was not ideal because the panel fits were poor. To convince a skeptical public of the strength of unibody, both Citroën and Chrysler created advertising films showing cars surviving after being pushed off a cliff.
1790:
486:
of the increase in the size of the transmission and propeller shaft humps since each row had to cover frame rails as well. Several models had the differential located not by the customary bar between axle and frame, but by a ball joint atop the differential connected to a socket in a wishbone hinged onto a crossmember of the frame.
485:
in the late 1950s and early 1960s in which the rails from alongside the engine seemed to cross in the passenger compartment, each continuing to the opposite end of the crossmember at the extreme rear of the vehicle. It was specifically chosen to decrease the overall height of the vehicles regardless
388:
Another feature are the tapered rails that narrow vertically or horizontally in front of a vehicle's cabin. This is done mainly on trucks to save weight and slightly increase room for the engine since the front of the vehicle does not bear as much load as the back. Design developments include frames
372:
While appearing at first glance as a simple form made of metal, frames encounter significant stress and are built accordingly. The first issue addressed is "beam height", or the height of the vertical side of a frame. The taller the frame, the better it can resist vertical flex when force is applied
658:
In a (tubular) spaceframe chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a three-dimensional skeletal frame of tubes, and the body panels have limited or no structural function. To maximize rigidity and minimize weight, the design frequently makes maximum use of triangles, and all
458:
A backbone chassis is a type of automotive construction with chassis that is similar to the body-on-frame design. Instead of a relatively flat, ladder-like structure with two longitudinal, parallel frame rails, it consists of a central, strong tubular backbone (usually rectangular in cross-section)
833:
Integral frame and body construction requires more than simply welding an unstressed body to a conventional frame. In a fully integrated body structure, the entire car is a load-carrying unit that handles all the loads experienced by the vehicle – forces from driving and cargo loads. Integral-type
1091:
A subframe is a distinct structural frame component, to reinforce or complement a particular section of a vehicle's structure. Typically attached to a unibody or a monocoque, the rigid subframe can handle great forces from the engine and drive train. It can transfer them evenly to a wide area of
508:
Similar to a ladder frame, but the middle sections of the frame rails sit outboard of the front and rear rails, routed around the passenger footwells, inside the rocker and sill panels. This allowed the floor pan to be lowered, especially the passenger footwells, lowering the passengers' seating
428:
Named for its resemblance to a ladder, the ladder frame is one of the oldest, simplest, and most frequently used under-body, separate chassis/frame designs. It consists of two symmetrical beams, rails, or channels, running the length of the vehicle, connected by several transverse cross-members.
322:
By far the most common, the C-channel rail has been used on nearly every type of vehicle at one time or another. It is made by taking a flat piece of steel (usually ranging in thickness from 1/8" to 3/16", but up to 1/2" or more in some heavy-duty trucks) and rolling both sides over to form a
546:
In addition to a lowered roof, the perimeter frame allows lower seating positions when that is desirable, and offers better safety in the event of a side impact. However, the design lacks stiffness because the transition areas from front to center and center to rear reduce beam and torsional
1696:
1617:
359:
Originally, boxed frames were made by welding two matching C-rails together to form a rectangular tube. Modern techniques, however, use a process similar to making C-rails in that a piece of steel is bent into four sides and then welded where both ends meet.
834:
bodies for wheeled vehicles are typically manufactured by welding preformed metal panels and other components together, by forming or casting whole sections as one piece, or by combining these techniques. Although this is sometimes also referred to as a
309:
There are three main designs for these. If the material is folded twice, an open-ended cross-section, either C-shaped or hat-shaped (U-shaped), results. "Boxed" frames contain closed chassis rails, either by welding them up or by using premanufactured
385:, arched frames sit lower—roughly level with their axles—and curve up over the axles and then back down on the other side for bumper placement. Kick-ups do the same thing without curving down on the other side and are more common on the front ends.
561:
This is a modification of the perimeter frame, or of the backbone frame, in which the passenger compartment floor, and sometimes the luggage compartment floor, have been integrated into the frame as loadbearing parts for strength and rigidity. The
1857:
721:
a space-frame chassis. Using a three-dimensional frame that consists of a cage of narrow tubes that, besides being under the body, run up the fenders and over the radiator, cowl, and roof, and under the rear window, it resembles a
363:
In the 1960s, the boxed frames of conventional
American cars were spot-welded in multiple places down the seam; when turned into NASCAR "stock car" racers, the box was continuously welded from end to end for extra strength.
994:
The unibody is now the preferred construction for mass-market automobiles. This design provides weight savings, improved space utilization, and ease of manufacture. Acceptance grew dramatically in the wake of the two
821:
A type of body/frame construction in which the body of the vehicle, its floor plan and chassis form a single structure. Such a design is generally lighter and more rigid than a vehicle having a separate body and
331:
Hat frames resemble a "U" and may be either right-side-up or inverted, with the open area facing down. They are not commonly used due to weakness and a propensity to rust. However, they can be found on 1936–1954
1007:
after 2005 (by the late 2000s truck-based compact SUVs were phased out and replaced with crossovers). An additional advantage of a strong-bodied car lies in the improved crash protection for its passengers.
279:
frame, with heavy c-shaped longitudinal rails (slightly arced over the rear axle), a similarly sized c-shaped crossmember just forward of the axle, and a tophat-shaped smaller gauge crossmember towards the
956:
Since then, more cars were redesigned to the unibody structure, which is now "considered standard in the industry". By 1960, the unitized body design was used by
Detroit's Big Three on their compact cars
695:
was the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis, made feasible by integrating an aluminium space-frame into the bodywork. Audi A8 models have since used this construction method co-developed with
380:
As looks, ride quality, and handling became more important to consumers, new shapes were incorporated into frames. The most visible of these are arches and kick-ups. Instead of running straight over both
392:
On perimeter frames, the areas where the rails connect from front to center and center to rear are weak compared to regular frames, so that section is boxed in, creating what are called "torque boxes".
389:
that use multiple shapes in the same frame rail. For example, some pickup trucks have a boxed frame in front of the cab, shorter, narrower rails underneath the cab, and regular C-rails under the bed.
1449:
980:
had a weaker-than-usual frame and body framework welded to the chassis to provide stiffness, in 1960, Chrysler moved from body-on-frame construction to a unit-body design for most of its cars.
489:
The X-frame was claimed to improve on previous designs, but it lacked side rails and thus did not provide adequate side impact and collision protection. Perimeter frames replaced this design.
922:
went into production in 1938, although its front longitudinal beams were stamped separately and then attached to the main body. It was so successful that the Soviet post-war mass produced
1036:
with the weight advantages of
Unibody construction." This design was also used with the XJC concept developed by American Motors before its absorption by Chrysler, which later became the
838:
structure, because the car's outer skin and panels are made load-bearing, there are still ribs, bulkheads, and box sections to reinforce the body, making the description
817:
The terms "unibody" and "unit-body" are short for "unitized body", "unitary construction", or alternatively (fully) integrated body and frame/chassis. It is defined as:
1024:
platform using the manufacturing principles (unisides, floorplan with integrated frame rails and crumple zones, and roof panel) used in its passenger cars, such as the
459:
that carries the power-train and connects the front and rear suspension attachment structures. Although the backbone is frequently drawn upward into, and mostly
417:
343:
Abandoned for a while, the hat frame regained popularity when companies started welding it to the bottom of unibody cars, effectively creating a boxed frame.
1267:
1297:
1730:
1763:
1205:
1092:
relatively thin sheet metal of a unitized body shell. Subframes are often found at the front or rear end of cars and are used to attach the
1032:
for a new type of frame called the "Uniframe a robust stamped steel frame welded to a strong unit-body structure, giving the strength of a
941:
utilized a unibody structure. By 1941, unit construction was no longer a new idea for cars, "but it was unheard of in the low-price field
1492:
539:, discontinued in 2011, was one of the last perimeter frame passenger car platforms in the United States. The fourth to seventh generation
1322:
288:
for strength or aluminum alloys to achieve a more lightweight construction. In the case of a separate chassis, the frame is made up of
1057:
630:
Where the
Volkswagen frame design relies heavily on a strong backbone, the Renault design is much closer to a typical perimeter frame
914:
was the second
European and the first German car manufacturer to produce a car with a unibody structure – production of the compact
1671:
1186:
1053:
1918:
1359:
938:
748:
509:
height and thereby reducing both the roof-line and overall vehicle height, as well as the center of gravity, thus improving
323:
C-shaped beam running the length of the vehicle. C-channel is typically more flexible than (fully) boxed of the same gauge.
100:
1238:
72:
2390:
1119:
that incorporated a front subframe to isolate the passenger compartment from the engine, suspension, and steering loads.
178:
Until the 1930s, virtually every car had a structural frame separate from its body. This construction design is known as
1376:
188:
in passenger cars had become common, and the trend to unibody for passenger cars continued over the ensuing decades.
2556:
1834:
1800:
1740:
1627:
1459:
1215:
119:
79:
659:
the forces in each strut are either tensile or compressive, never bending, so they can be kept as thin as possible.
2561:
1824:
1115:, GM's M/L platform vans (Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari, which included an all-wheel drive variant), and the unibody
2566:
17:
463:
the floor of the vehicle, the body is still placed on or over (sometimes straddling) this structure from above.
2415:
1079:
1004:
688:
utilized a lightweight, multi-tubular, triangulated frame over which an aerodynamic aluminum body was crafted.
520:
cars in the United States, but not in the rest of the world, until the unibody gained popularity. For example,
86:
57:
53:
1536:
726:. A skin is attached to the outside of the frame, often made of aluminum. This body construction is, however,
2493:
2410:
2327:
145:
2525:
68:
2274:
1911:
970:
958:
1514:
2571:
2476:
1045:
1420:
581:
cars of the 1950s and 1960s, where it was called a "frame floor" in
English-language advertisements.
311:
1049:
894:
754:
525:
1101:
1087:
has a carbon fibre central monocoque, with front and rear steel subframes, mounting the mechanicals
1037:
521:
215:
532:, and lower cars, introduced in the 1950s to increase sales – without costly structural changes.
2231:
567:
46:
860:
A key role in developing the unitary body was played by the
American firm the Budd Company, now
830:
architecture to the lighter unitized/integrated body structure that is now used for most cars.
678:) who understood the theory of the true spaceframe from either architecture or aircraft design.
185:
2576:
2448:
2094:
1904:
667:
1656:
1104:. It normally has pressed or box steel construction but may be tubular and/or other material.
1969:
1084:
930:
of 1950 introduced unibody design to automobiles with a wheelbase as long as 3.2 m (126 in).
536:
887:, an engineer with Budd, designed an automobile prototype with a full unitary construction.
2395:
1112:
1093:
973:, its Rambler-badged automobiles continued exclusively building variations of the unibody.
578:
238:
Transverse lateral forces caused by road conditions, side wind, and steering of the vehicle
93:
1003:
in which compact SUVs using a truck platform (primarily the USA market) were subjected to
8:
2488:
2382:
2357:
2337:
2289:
2057:
1041:
1000:
772:
723:
714:
543:
used a perimeter frame integrated with an internal skeleton that serves as a clamshell.
2294:
2168:
1644:
1163:
1021:
869:
861:
663:
540:
289:
1886:
588:, of which over eight million were made, also used a platform frame. The frame of the
547:
resistance and is used in combination with torque boxes and soft suspension settings.
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2196:
1927:
1830:
1796:
1736:
1623:
1455:
1355:
1211:
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898:
685:
574:
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2443:
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2011:
2001:
1964:
1158:
1148:
977:
962:
905:
556:
510:
452:
442:
422:
297:
141:
pickup truck chassis holds the vehicle's engine, drivetrain, suspension, and wheels
1394:
853:
body. The Lambda had an open layout with unstressed roof, which made it less of a
2405:
2332:
2148:
2077:
950:
884:
864:. Budd supplied pressed-steel bodywork, fitted to separate frames, to automakers
600:
577:, where it was called "body-on-pan" construction. Another German example are the
573:
Platform chassis were used on several successful
European cars, most notably the
475:
1891:
1493:"From the Carriage Trade to Carbon Fiber All about an automobile's body/chassis"
1448:
Genta, Giancarlo; Morello, Lorenzo; Cavallino, Francesco; Filtri, Luigi (2014).
945:
wanted a bigger share of that market." The single unit-body construction of the
919:
497:
264:
2352:
2254:
2158:
2153:
1347:
934:
926:
of 1946 copied unibody structure from the Opel Kapitän. Later Soviet limousine
923:
839:
800:
482:
987:
in their vehicle design to reduce vibrations and chassis flex, except for the
642:
589:
2550:
2515:
2304:
2269:
2264:
2216:
2188:
2163:
2089:
2072:
2021:
1984:
1974:
1133:
1128:
1108:
1033:
1020:) during the late 1970s incorporated unibody construction when designing the
996:
850:
846:
827:
783:
765:
682:
651:
615:
517:
407:
284:
Typically, the material used to construct vehicle chassis and frames include
245:
180:
168:
1040:. The design is still used in modern-day sport utility vehicles such as the
991:, which had a bolt-on front apron (erroneously referred to as a subframe).
2481:
2438:
2420:
2211:
2206:
2173:
2067:
2062:
2043:
2028:
2016:
2006:
1991:
1979:
1947:
1143:
984:
915:
709:
675:
671:
501:
377:
have taller frame rails than other vehicles instead of just being thicker.
276:
196:
901:. The result was a low-slung vehicle with an open, flat-floored interior.
2535:
2347:
2342:
2279:
2259:
2130:
942:
563:
447:
2309:
2226:
2178:
2125:
2038:
2033:
1025:
927:
529:
471:
351:
337:
1097:
890:
877:
647:
134:
2455:
2109:
2082:
2052:
1323:"Thread: Mercedes Benz 190SL, the 'Teutonic T-bird' is born, 1954..."
1153:
1116:
1029:
845:
The first attempt to develop such a design technique was on the 1922
835:
789:
621:
606:
585:
430:
333:
232:
1896:
592:
used a minimal interpretation of a platform chassis under its body.
285:
35:
2400:
2284:
2140:
2099:
1590:
1074:
988:
946:
807:
248:
from starting and acceleration, as well as compression from braking
172:
355:
High-performance custom frame, using boxed rails and tube sections
2221:
2104:
1996:
1298:"Automotive History: An X-Ray Look At GM's X Frame (1957 – 1970)"
1138:
1017:
692:
272:
163:
849:
to provide structural stiffness and a lower body height for its
662:
The first true spaceframe chassis were produced in the 1930s by
1591:"The Designs of John Tjaarda Result in the 1936 Lincoln Zephyr"
1611:
171:
to which all other components are attached, comparable to the
1560:, "Avtolegendy SSSR" Nr 23, DeAgostini, 2009, ISSN 2071-095X
873:
865:
810:
shows underfloor welded reinforcements, but no distinct frame
730:
stress-bearing and still requires the addition of a chassis.
697:
481:
This is the design used for the full-size
American models of
374:
192:
1576:, "Avtolegendy SSSR" Nr.3, DeAgostini, 2009, ISSN 2071-095X
2299:
1447:
983:
Most of the
American-manufactured unibody automobiles used
911:
382:
1764:"Chrysler moves to Unibody (unit-body construction): 1960"
1938:
953:
was convinced "that unibody was the wave of the future."
857:
shell and more like a bowl. One thousand were produced.
306:
sections by folding, rolling, or pressing steel plate.
211:
To support the vehicle's mechanical components and body
1537:"20 Cars that Changed the Automotive Industry Forever"
207:
The main functions of a frame in a motor vehicle are:
949:
provided weight savings and Nash's Chairman and CEO,
524:
introduced this construction on their 3rd generation
1672:"Great American Cars Of The Forties – 1941 Nash 600"
1107:
Examples of passenger car use include the 1967–1981
214:
To deal with static and dynamic loads without undue
826:Vehicle structure has shifted from the traditional
199:continue to use a separate frame as their chassis.
153:- for the unitized body - is also a form of a frame
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1697:"My Mother's Compact Car: Twenty Years Of Rambler"
1346:
717:for lightweight sports-car body construction that
235:twisting transmitted by going over uneven surfaces
1822:
1048:. This design is also used in large vans such as
893:purchased this fully unitary body design for the
2548:
1239:"Kenworth Heavy Duty Body Builder Manual - 2012"
1096:to the vehicle. A subframe may also contain the
969:). After Nash merged with Hudson Motors to form
228:Weight of the body, passengers, and cargo loads.
1792:Jeep: The History of America's Greatest Vehicle
1181:
1179:
421:Ladder chassis with diagonal cross-bracing and
433:sitting above the frame instead of inside it.
1912:
1111:, the numerous years and models built on the
570:with ridges and hollows to give it strength.
1176:
566:used to assemble the components needs to be
373:to the top of the frame. This is the reason
27:Main supporting structure of a motor vehicle
1295:
713:(meaning 'super-light') was trademarked by
1919:
1905:
1823:Burger, Gerry; Hendrickson, Steve (2000).
1490:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1187:"Body on frame vs. Unibody: Pros and cons"
1622:. Skokie, Ill.: Louis Weber. p. 54.
401:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1724:
1722:
1517:. Hagley Museum and Library. 29 May 2013
1443:
1441:
1078:
646:
496:
470:
446:
416:
350:
271:
263:
167:, is the main supporting structure of a
144:
133:
1475:
1368:
1354:. Haynes Publishing. pp. 150–164.
241:Torque from the engine and transmission
14:
2549:
1788:
1451:The Motor Car Past, Present and Future
1418:
1374:
1203:
792:"safety cell" in red and orange (2005)
1926:
1900:
1728:
1719:
1491:Simanaitis, Dennis (5 October 2011).
1438:
1421:"Shift to Unitized Body No Slam Dunk"
1375:Ulrich, Lawrence (12 November 2010).
1296:Niedermeyer, Paul (19 January 2012).
939:front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
528:in 1948. This frame type allowed for
516:This became the prevalent design for
302:. These are ordinarily made of steel
2521:
1829:. MBI Publishing. pp. 123–124.
1207:A textbook of automobile engineering
513:and road-holding in passenger cars.
268:A ladder frame, named for its shape
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2494:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1669:
1352:Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator
1210:. Laxmi Publications. p. 410.
24:
1248:. PACCAR. August 2012. p. 203
1016:American Motors (with its partner
492:
367:
25:
2588:
1880:
1593:. The Old Motor. 27 December 2014
1419:Visnic, Bill (1 September 2008).
1063:
550:
161:, also historically known as its
138:
2530:
2520:
2511:
2510:
1937:Part of a series of articles on
1864:. Vol. 22. 1977. p. 24
1735:. New Albany Books. p. 27.
799:
782:
764:
747:
614:
599:
436:
34:
1850:
1816:
1782:
1756:
1689:
1663:
1605:
1583:
1567:
1551:
1539:. Magic Online. 13 October 2014
1529:
1507:
1412:
412:
45:needs additional citations for
1387:
1340:
1315:
1289:
1260:
1231:
1197:
636:
504:prototype with perimeter frame
259:
251:Sudden impacts from collisions
13:
1:
2328:Approach and departure angles
1887:What Is the A-Frame on a Car?
1377:"Speaking of Understatements"
1169:
999:of the 1970s and that of the
451:Backbone chassis of the 1962
1670:Ted, Tidious (8 July 2014).
1454:. Springer. pp. 23–26.
202:
150:
7:
2391:Automotive light bulb types
1795:. Motorbooks. p. 124.
1789:Foster, Patrick R. (2014).
1122:
1068:
1011:
971:American Motors Corporation
741:Integrated unibody examples
317:
10:
2593:
1399:engineering-dictionary.org
1072:
918:started in 1935. A larger
876:, and the French company,
733:
640:
554:
466:
440:
405:
2506:
2469:
2431:
2381:
2370:
2320:
2247:
2187:
2139:
2118:
1955:
1946:
1934:
1872:– via Google Books.
1858:"AMC Pacer station wagon"
1846:– via Google Books.
1812:– via Google Books.
1729:Narus, Donald J. (2012).
1619:Great cars of the forties
1268:"International HX Series"
2557:Automotive chassis types
2411:high-intensity discharge
1038:Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)
1034:conventional heavy frame
624:"platform frame" chassis
609:"platform frame" chassis
396:
346:
2562:Automotive technologies
1275:internationaltrucks.com
643:Space frame § Cars
476:Rolling X-frame chassis
2567:Structural engineering
2095:Stressed member engine
1088:
895:Citroën Traction Avant
824:
755:Citroën Traction Avant
700:, and marketed as the
668:William Bushnell Stout
655:
579:Mercedes-Benz "Ponton"
505:
478:
455:
425:
402:Full under-body frames
356:
326:
281:
269:
154:
142:
2227:Windshield/windscreen
1204:Rajput, R.K. (2007).
1085:Lamborghini Aventador
1082:
933:The streamlined 1936
819:
650:
537:Ford Panther platform
500:
474:
450:
420:
354:
275:
267:
148:
137:
2396:Daytime running lamp
1701:Automobile Quarterly
1113:GM X platform (1962)
1028:and all-wheel-drive
757:unitized body (1934)
530:annual model changes
186:unibody construction
54:improve this article
2358:Weight distribution
2290:Omniview technology
1046:Land Rover Defender
1042:Jeep Grand Cherokee
773:Nash Ambassador 600
715:Carrozzeria Touring
290:structural elements
2477:Registration plate
1892:What Is Car frame?
1826:Hot rodder's bible
1655:has generic name (
1381:The New York Times
1089:
1022:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)
976:Although the 1934
937:with conventional
842:more appropriate.
724:geodesic structure
664:Buckminster Fuller
656:
541:Chevrolet Corvette
506:
479:
456:
426:
357:
282:
270:
195:, buses, and most
155:
143:
2572:Structural system
2544:
2543:
2502:
2501:
2366:
2365:
2197:Glass run channel
2131:Trunk/boot/dickie
1928:Automotive design
1770:. 14 January 2021
1515:"Joseph Ledwinka"
1361:978-1-84425-413-2
1302:Curb Side Classic
1058:Mercedes Sprinter
967:Chevrolet Corvair
899:front-wheel drive
862:ThyssenKrupp Budd
707:The Italian term
686:racing sports car
575:Volkswagen Beetle
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2584:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2461:Window deflector
2444:Side-view mirror
2379:
2378:
2002:Continental tire
1965:Backbone chassis
1953:
1952:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
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1612:Auto editors of
1609:
1603:
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1600:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1558:GAZ-M20 «Pobeda»
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1511:
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1495:. Road and Track
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1277:. Navistar. 2018
1272:
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1253:
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1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1159:Motorcycle frame
1149:Locomotive frame
978:Chrysler Airflow
963:Plymouth Valiant
906:Chrysler Airflow
803:
786:
768:
751:
702:Audi Space Frame
618:
603:
557:Platform chassis
526:Commodore models
443:Backbone chassis
423:lightening holes
184:. By the 1960s,
175:of an organism.
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2592:
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2587:
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2545:
2540:
2498:
2465:
2427:
2375:
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2333:Breakover angle
2316:
2243:
2183:
2135:
2114:
1942:
1930:
1925:
1883:
1878:
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1732:Nash, 1939-1954
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1373:
1369:
1362:
1348:Ludvigsen, Karl
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1328:. February 2010
1321:
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1304:
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1198:
1193:. 23 June 2017.
1185:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1125:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1014:
951:George W. Mason
885:Joseph Ledwinka
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
804:
795:
794:
793:
787:
778:
777:
776:
775:cutaway drawing
769:
760:
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743:
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645:
639:
634:
633:
632:
631:
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619:
611:
610:
604:
559:
553:
495:
493:Perimeter frame
469:
445:
439:
415:
410:
404:
399:
370:
368:Design features
349:
329:
320:
262:
223:These include:
205:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Vehicle frame"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Frame (vehicle)
15:
12:
11:
5:
2590:
2580:
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2542:
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2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2432:Other elements
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2376:
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2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2353:Turning radius
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Bumper sticker
2251:
2249:
2248:Other elements
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1881:External links
1879:
1876:
1875:
1862:Car and Driver
1849:
1835:
1815:
1801:
1781:
1755:
1741:
1718:
1688:
1662:
1628:
1614:Consumer Guide
1604:
1582:
1566:
1550:
1528:
1506:
1474:
1460:
1437:
1411:
1386:
1367:
1360:
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1216:
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1174:
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1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Partial frames
1062:
1013:
1010:
1005:CAFE standards
935:Lincoln-Zephyr
924:GAZ-M20 Pobeda
840:semi-monocoque
805:
798:
797:
796:
788:
781:
780:
779:
770:
763:
762:
761:
753:
746:
745:
744:
740:
739:
738:
737:
735:
732:
719:only resembles
641:Main article:
638:
635:
629:
628:
620:
613:
612:
605:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
555:Main article:
552:
551:Platform frame
549:
494:
491:
483:General Motors
468:
465:
441:Main article:
438:
435:
414:
411:
406:Main article:
403:
400:
398:
395:
369:
366:
348:
345:
336:cars and some
328:
325:
319:
316:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
249:
246:tensile forces
242:
239:
236:
229:
220:
219:
212:
204:
201:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2589:
2578:
2577:Vehicle parts
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2533:
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2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Hood ornament
2268:
2266:
2265:Front-end bra
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Quarter glass
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
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2186:
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2172:
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2167:
2165:
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2157:
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2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
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2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
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2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Quarter panel
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Body-on-frame
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
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1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1838:
1836:9780760307670
1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1804:
1802:9781627882187
1798:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1744:
1742:9781467521246
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1707:(2): 33. 1994
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1676:Retrorambling
1673:
1666:
1658:
1653:|author=
1646:
1631:
1629:9780881762808
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1570:
1559:
1554:
1538:
1532:
1516:
1510:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1463:
1461:9789400785519
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1217:9788170089919
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Body-on-frame
1132:
1130:
1129:Bicycle frame
1127:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:GM F platform
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:energy crises
992:
990:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
847:Lancia Lambda
843:
841:
837:
831:
829:
828:body-on-frame
823:
818:
809:
802:
791:
785:
774:
767:
756:
750:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
711:
705:
703:
699:
694:
691:In 1994, the
689:
687:
684:
683:Jaguar C-Type
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
653:
652:Jaguar C-Type
649:
644:
623:
617:
608:
602:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
558:
548:
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:body-on-frame
514:
512:
503:
499:
490:
487:
484:
477:
473:
464:
462:
454:
449:
444:
437:Backbone tube
434:
432:
424:
419:
409:
408:Body-on-frame
394:
390:
386:
384:
378:
376:
365:
361:
353:
344:
341:
339:
335:
324:
315:
313:
307:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
278:
274:
266:
250:
247:
244:Longitudinal
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:Vertical and
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
222:
221:
218:or distortion
217:
213:
210:
209:
208:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
182:
181:body-on-frame
176:
174:
170:
169:motor vehicle
166:
165:
160:
159:vehicle frame
152:
147:
140:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2482:vanity plate
2421:trafficators
2232:washer fluid
2212:Power window
2207:Opera window
2119:Compartments
2007:Crumple zone
1992:Cabrio coach
1956:
1936:
1866:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1825:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1791:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1731:
1709:. Retrieved
1704:
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1665:
1633:. Retrieved
1618:
1613:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1585:
1578:(in Russian)
1573:
1569:
1562:(in Russian)
1557:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1465:. Retrieved
1450:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1380:
1370:
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:vwvortex.com
1325:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:kenworth.com
1245:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1206:
1199:
1191:autonews.com
1190:
1144:Coachbuilder
1106:
1102:transmission
1090:
1050:Ford Transit
1015:
993:
985:torque boxes
982:
975:
955:
932:
910:
903:
889:
882:
859:
854:
844:
832:
825:
820:
816:
727:
718:
710:Superleggera
708:
706:
701:
690:
680:
676:Stout Scarab
661:
657:
583:
572:
560:
545:
534:
515:
507:
502:Bertone FW11
488:
480:
460:
457:
427:
413:Ladder frame
391:
387:
379:
371:
362:
358:
342:
330:
321:
312:metal tubing
308:
303:
298:
293:
286:carbon steel
283:
277:Pickup truck
206:
190:
179:
177:
162:
158:
156:
139:Ladder frame
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2416:sealed beam
2348:Roll center
2343:Ride height
2280:Japan black
2275:Instruments
2260:Curb feeler
2126:Hood/bonnet
1395:"unit body"
1332:28 February
1307:28 February
1223:28 February
959:Ford Falcon
851:torpedo car
637:Space frame
590:Citroën 2CV
584:The French
564:sheet metal
375:semi-trucks
338:Studebakers
292:called the
260:Frame rails
191:Nearly all
2551:Categories
2202:Greenhouse
1768:allpar.com
1425:Wards Auto
1170:References
1094:suspension
1054:VW Crafter
928:GAZ-12 ZIM
453:Lotus Elan
216:deflection
80:newspapers
2456:Tow hitch
2374:equipment
2300:Tire/tyre
2159:Gull-wing
2149:Butterfly
2110:Trunk lid
2053:Monocoque
1957:Framework
1868:2 January
1842:2 January
1808:2 January
1774:2 January
1645:cite book
1543:10 August
1521:10 August
1499:10 August
1164:C-channel
1154:Monocoque
1117:AMC Pacer
883:In 1930,
855:monocoque
836:monocoque
808:Fiat 126p
790:Saab 9000
681:The 1951
622:Renault 4
607:VW Beetle
586:Renault 4
431:floor pan
334:Chevrolet
233:torsional
203:Functions
2516:Category
2401:Headlamp
2383:Lighting
2372:Exterior
2338:Overhang
2321:Geometry
2305:run-flat
2285:Nerf bar
2100:Subframe
2068:Platform
2058:Overhang
1970:Beltline
1748:28 March
1711:28 March
1681:28 March
1635:28 March
1616:(1985).
1597:28 March
1564:, p. 3-4
1467:28 March
1430:28 March
1404:28 March
1350:(2010).
1281:14 April
1252:14 April
1123:See also
1075:Subframe
1069:Subframe
1012:Uniframe
989:Chevy II
947:Nash 600
904:For the
674:and the
672:Dymaxion
511:handling
318:C-Shaped
173:skeleton
110:May 2013
2526:Commons
2222:Sunroof
2174:Suicide
2169:Sliding
2164:Scissor
2105:Tonneau
2090:Spoiler
1997:Chassis
1139:Chassis
1026:Hornets
1018:Renault
920:Kapitän
916:Olympia
891:Citroën
878:Citroën
806:Polski
734:Unibody
693:Audi A8
568:stamped
467:X-frame
304:channel
197:pickups
164:chassis
151:unibody
94:scholar
2536:Portal
2406:hidden
2154:Canopy
2063:Pillar
2044:shaker
2029:Grille
2022:skirts
2017:ponton
2012:Fender
1985:Dagmar
1980:Bumper
1833:
1799:
1739:
1626:
1580:, p. 3
1574:ZIM-12
1458:
1358:
1214:
1098:engine
1030:Eagles
965:, and
822:frame.
522:Hudson
193:trucks
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2489:Theft
2470:Legal
2449:power
2310:spare
2295:Parts
2237:wiper
2189:Glass
2141:Doors
2039:scoop
1271:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
1001:2000s
874:Buick
866:Dodge
771:1942
698:Alcoa
670:(the
654:frame
461:above
397:Types
383:axles
347:Boxed
299:beams
294:rails
101:JSTOR
87:books
2439:Horn
2179:Swan
2083:rack
2078:Roof
2034:Hood
1948:Body
1939:cars
1870:2023
1844:2023
1831:ISBN
1810:2023
1797:ISBN
1776:2023
1750:2016
1737:ISBN
1713:2016
1683:2016
1657:help
1637:2016
1624:ISBN
1599:2016
1545:2016
1523:2016
1501:2016
1469:2016
1456:ISBN
1432:2016
1406:2016
1356:ISBN
1334:2015
1309:2015
1283:2019
1254:2019
1225:2015
1212:ISBN
1100:and
1083:The
1056:and
1044:and
943:Nash
912:Opel
880:.
870:Ford
666:and
535:The
280:rear
149:The
73:news
728:not
327:Hat
296:or
56:by
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