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wrenched out for firewood; even the solid log platforms, where late the great guns stood on tiptoe, had yielded to the farmer's lever, and made, perhaps, joists for his barn, and piles for his bridge. The solid stone portals opening into bomb-proof and magazine, still remained strong and mortised, but down in the battery and dark subterranean quarters the smell was rank, the floor was full of mushrooms; a dog had littered in the innermost powder magazine, and showed her fangs as I held a lighted match before me advancing. Still, the old names and numbers were painted upon the huge doorways beneath the inner parapet: 'Officers quarters, 21,' 'Mess, 12,' 'Cartridge Box, 7.'
541:(NCPC) to oversee the construction of a Fort Circle of parks similar to that proposed in 1919. The NCPC was authorized to begin purchasing land occupied by the old forts, much of which had been turned over to private ownership following the war. Records indicate that the site of Fort Stanton was purchased for a total of $ 56,000 in 1926. The duty of purchasing land and constructing the fort parks changed hands several times throughout the 1920s and 1930s, eventually culminating with the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service taking control of the project in the 1940s.
312:. Upon arriving in Washington, McClellan was appalled by the condition of the city's defenses. "In no quarter were the dispositions for defense such as to offer a vigorous resistance to a respectable body of the enemy, either in the position and numbers of the troops or the number and character of the defensive works... not a single defensive work had been commenced on the Maryland side. There was nothing to prevent the enemy shelling the city from heights within easy range, which could be occupied by a hostile column almost without resistance."
420:, Inspector-General of Artillery, found Fort Stanton to be well-equipped but the garrison poorly trained. The fort was armed with six 32-pounder barbettes, three 24-pounder field howitzers, four 8-inch siege howitzers, one Coehorn mortar, and one 4-inch rifled mortar. The ammunition was listed as "complete and servicible," but the 131 men of a single company of the Heavy Massachusetts Volunteer Artillery that comprised the garrison at the time were "not drilled in artillery; some in infantry."
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still stands adjacent to the grounds of the park. The
Washington D.C. Department of Parks and National Park Service jointly manage the 67 acres (27 ha) of parkland that stand on the site of the fort today. D.C. authorities manage approximately 11 acres (4.5 ha) that contain a recreation center and ball fields, while the National Park Service manages the remaining acreage, which is mostly wooded and contains the remains of forts Stanton and Ricketts. The area also is site to the
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preparing them very great." The experience of surveying and preparing the site of Fort
Stanton would serve the engineers well in the construction of future forts around Washington and in service to the Army of the Potomac. Clearing brush and forest away from the site of Fort Stanton allowed for clear fields of fire for the fort's cannon for several hundred yards in each direction, a technique that would be applied (and later used) to great effect at
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298:, the soldiers previously assigned to construction duties marched instead to battle. In the days that followed the Union defeat at Bull Run, panicked efforts were made to defend Washington from what was perceived as an imminent Confederate attack. The makeshift trenches and earthworks that resulted were largely confined to Arlington and the direct approaches to Washington.
427:, new assessments were made of weak spots in Washington's defenses. In the three years between the construction of Fort Stanton and the attack on Fort Stevens, Fort Stanton's perimeter had been greatly increased with the addition of two subsidiary forts and additional rifle pits and trenches, as well as the completion of the military ring road. A report by Maj. Gen.
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from this direction, the object of the works is to prevent him seizing these heights, and occupying them long enough to shell the navy-yard and arsenal. For this, the works must be made secure against assault, and auxiliary to this object is the construction of roads by which succor can be readily thrown to any point menaced."
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to pass a bill that would consolidate the aging forts into a "Fort Circle" system of parks that would ring the growing city of
Washington. As envisioned by the Commissioners, the Fort Circle would be a green ring of parks outside the city, owned by the government, and connected by a "Fort Drive" road
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on April 9, 1865, the primary reason for garrisoned defenses protecting
Washington ceased to exist. The initial recommendation by Col. Alexander, chief engineer of the Washington defenses, was to divide the defenses into three classes: those that should be kept active (first-class), those that should
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began pushing
Congress to finally build the Fort Circle Drive, many in Washington and the National Park Service were openly questioning whether the plan had outgrown its usefulness. After all, by this time, Washington had grown past the ring of forts that had protected it a century earlier, and city
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postponed the construction of the Fort Drive once more. Though land for the parks had mostly been purchased, construction of the ring road connecting them was pushed back again and again. Other projects managed to find funding, however. In 1949, President Truman approved a supplemental appropriation
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embarked on projects to improve and maintain the parks, which were still under the control of
District authority at that time. At Fort Stanton, CCC members trimmed trees and cleared brush, and maintained and constructed park buildings. Various non-park buildings were also discussed for the land. The
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With the conclusion of the fighting, however, military budgets were slashed, and even the forts that were designated for second- and first-class status were deemed surplus. The guns were removed, surplus equipment sold, and the land returned to its original owners. Fort
Stanton itself was officially
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constructed Our Lady of
Perpetual Help Church on land formerly owned by Dr. J. C. Norwood, a local physician. After the remaining grounds of the fort were purchased in 1925, nearby residents reportedly "walked family cows to Fort Stanton Park to graze before the school bell rang." Today, the church
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that defended the
Virginia approaches to the city. Instead, they were merely intended to deny Confederate artillery the position and warn of any sneak attack upon Washington from the southeast. General Barnard illustrated this in an October 1862 report, saying, "As the enemy cannot enter the city
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region of northern
Virginia. The move was intended to forestall any attempt by Virginia militia or Confederate soldiers to seize the capital city of the United States. Over the next seven weeks, forts were constructed along the banks of the Potomac River and at the approaches to each of the three
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I climbed the high hills one day on the other side, and pushing up by-paths through bramble and laurel, gained the ramparts of old Fort Stanton. How old already seem those fortresses, drawing their amphitheatre around the Capital City! Here the scarf had fallen off in places; the abatis had been
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By the summer of 1862, the fort was already being heavily used. A garrison had been assigned in the winter, and the 1862 report of the Commission to Study the Defenses of Washington describes Fort Stanton as "a work of considerable dimensions, well built, and tolerably well armed. Casemates for
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Despite that speed, not everything went in the engineers' favor. Barnard's report indicates "the sites of Fort... Stanton and others were entirely wooded, which, in conjunction with the broken character of the ground, has made the selection of sites frequently very embarrassing and the labor of
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Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives, Records of the Branch of Recreation, Land Protection, and State Cooperation, Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in NPS Areas, 1933–35, District of Columbia, Boxes 11, National Capital Parks, Narrative Report
503:, a work covering the history of Washington from its inception to the then-present day. The Civil War defenses of Washington figure prominently in the later portions of the book. He uses the state of Fort Stanton as an example of what had become of the forts a decade after they had been built.
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A military road was constructed from Uniontown to the fort to support Fort Stanton and its two subsidiary positions. Tributary roads led from Fort Stanton to the other forts in the Eastern Branch line. These roads were eventually widened into a large ring road that circled most of the 37-mile
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Fort Stanton, located in the Garfield Heights, was the first fort of this line to begin construction. Begun in September 1861, the fort was located almost directly south of the Washington Navy Yard and the Navy Yard Bridge that crossed the Anacostia River and connected Uniontown, a suburb of
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While the Potomac River forts were being built, planning and surveying were ordered for an enormous new ring of forts to protect the city. Unlike the fortifications under construction, the new forts would defend the city in all directions, not just the most direct route through Arlington. In
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To remedy the situation, one of McClellan's first orders upon taking command was to greatly expand Washington's defenses. At all points of the compass, forts and entrenchments would be constructed in sufficient strength to defeat any attack. One area of particular concern was the region of
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Record Group 328, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives, General Records, Planting Files, 1924–67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto", February 7,
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perimeter of Washington, which can be noted in the 1865 map of the city's defenses. In fall 1862, however, the commission examining the defenses noted that "the work on roads about Washington requires ten regiments for twenty days ... or an equivalent of labor in some other shape."
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reversed fires are recommended in northwest and southwest counterscarp angles, and platforms for two or three rifled guns on the east front. The deep ravine which flanks this work on two sides requires some additional precaution, and further study of it is recommended."
233:. It also guarded the approach to the bridge that connected Anacostia (then known as Uniontown) with Washington. Built in 1861, the fort was expanded throughout the war and was joined by two subsidiary forts: Fort Ricketts and Fort Snyder. Following the surrender of the
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of the U.S. Volunteers recommended Fort Stanton receive one 32-pounder howitzer, two 4½-inch rifled guns, four 12-pounder howitzers, and two 12-pounder Napoleons to bolster its defenses and control its position at the center of the Eastern Branch defenses.
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be mothballed and kept in a reserve state (second-class), and those that should be abandoned entirely (third-class). Fort Stanton fell into the first-class category, as it was thought that the fort would be needed to defend the Washington Navy Yard.
442:. With the war winding down, Alexander's duties consisted primarily of maintaining and expanding the already-existing defenses rather than building new forts as Barnard had done. An October 1864 report from Col. Alexander to Brig. Gen.
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to allow Washington's citizens to easily escape the confines of the capital. However, the bill allowing for the purchase of the former forts, which had been turned back over to private ownership after the war, failed to pass both the
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This map shows the location of Fort Stanton, the site of which is highlighted. To the north is the city of Washington, D.C., and the suburb of Uniontown, today known as Anacostia. To the east (not shown) are Forts Snyder and
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Thanks to its status as a first-class fortification, Fort Stanton continued to receive regular maintenance and was continually garrisoned even after the final armistice. Work was even done to strengthen the defenses, as a
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to inspect each of the forts surrounding Washington in late 1862 and make a report on the deficiencies of each. In addition to examining Fort Stanton, the commission analyzed two smaller works that supported Fort Stanton.
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to Fort Stanton, guarding the head of one branch of the ravine just mentioned. Except additional platforms for field guns, and a ditch in front of the gorge stockade, and blockhouses, nothing further seems necessary."
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surface roads already connected the parks, albeit not in as linear a route as envisioned. The plan to link Fort Stanton Park with other fort parks via a grand drive was quietly dropped in the years that followed.
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City Department of Education proposed building a school on parkland, while authorities from the local water utility suggested the construction of a water tower would be suitable for the tall hills of the park.
650:
J.G. Barnard and W.F. Barry, "Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign", (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), pp.
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446:, head of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, lists a series of improvements to Fort Stanton's already-impressive defenses. "Constructing three bastions, two new magazines, bomb-proofs, traverses, platforms,
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at the western end to Fort Mahan at the eastern end, the forts along the Eastern Branch River (as the Anacostia was then known) were not intended to constitute a continuous defensive line as was the
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241:" park system encircling the city of Washington. Though this system of interconnected parks never was fully implemented, the site of the fort is today a park maintained by the
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822:, Issuances, 1811–1941, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Record Group 77, A2232, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, July 10, 1865 Letters Received, 1826-66
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237:, it was dismantled and the land returned to its original owner. It never saw combat. Abandoned after the war, the site of the fort was planned to be part of a grand "
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949:, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), pp. 3–9
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House Executive Document No. 361, 81st Congress, 1st Session, "Supplemental Estimate of Appropriation for the Department of the Interior", October 11, 1949
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was added in the summer of 1865. The fort's parapets were re-sodded with fresh grass for better traction and to improve the look of the fortification.
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Washington, Outside and Inside. A Picture and A Narrative of the Origin, Growth, Excellences, Abuses, Beauties, and Personages of Our Governing City
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Washington, Outside and Inside. A Picture and A Narrative of the Origin, Growth, Excellences, Abuses, Beauties, and Personages of Our Governing City
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991:(Washington, DC: Published for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), p. 129
978:(Washington, DC: Published for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), p. 126
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closed on March 20, 1866. Following the closure, the fort was abandoned to the elements, and the woods of Anacostia rapidly reclaimed the land.
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was identified in the report as "a battery intended to see the ravine in front of Fort Stanton, which it does but imperfectly," while
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Record Group 66, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910–52, Forts, Fort Stanton
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324:. Confederate artillery, were it to be floated across the Potomac in secret and mounted south of the river, could threaten the
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Despite that failure, in 1925, a similar bill passed both the House and Senate, which allowed for the creation of the
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In August 1864, Gen. Barnard was replaced in his capacity as chief engineer of the defenses of Washington by
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Not all the land that made up the site of Fort Stanton was converted to public parkland. In 1920, local
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request of $ 175,000 to construct "a swimming pool and associated facilities" at Fort Stanton Park.
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The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
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859:... 66th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 594
750:, Library of Congress Department of Maps. Republished on Knowledge. Accessed January 6, 2009.
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This article is about the fort in the District of Columbia. For the fort in New Mexico, see
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was named commander of the military district of Washington and the subsequently renamed
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covering Fifth Enrollment Period, ECW Camp N.A. #1, Washington, DC, Apr–Oct 1935
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The fort remained in a constantly deteriorating condition until 1919 when the
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interrupted these plans, and post-war budget cuts instituted by President
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Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
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Following the Confederate raid on Washington that resulted in the
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Washington, with the city itself. Work progressed rapidly, and by
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664:(New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), pp. 101–110
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American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
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An ammunition magazine similar to those built at Fort Stanton.
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Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States
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748:"Military Map of NE Virginia and the Washington Defenses"
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Study of the Organization of the National Capital Parks
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Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive
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Martha Strayer, "JFK Settles Battle Over Ft. Drive",
810:, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, p. 1130
847:(Hartford, CT: James Betts & Co., 1873), p. 221
1004:(PDF p. 4) May 20, 2008. Accessed January 6, 2009.
261:, Federal troops marched from Washington into the
217:-era fortification constructed in the hills above
1831:President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
204:Heavy Massachusetts Volunteer Artillery (131 men)
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641:Culturaltourismdc.org. Accessed January 6, 2009.
2052:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument
301:On July 26, 1861, five days after the battle,
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344:To prevent that threat from coming to pass,
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1017:National Park Service Site for Fort Stanton
286:mid-July, this work was interrupted by the
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632:"Fort Stanton and the Washington Overlook"
519:Commissioners of the District of Columbia
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278:) connecting Virginia to Washington and
2221:1861 establishments in Washington, D.C.
16:Historical fort in Washington, D.C., US
2236:Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.
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945:National Capital Planning Commission,
798:I, 43, Part 2 (serial 91), pp. 280–282
786:I, 37, Part 2 (serial 71), pp. 492–495
774:I, 26, Part 2 (Serial 68), pp. 893–897
689:I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), pp. 391–393
38:Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.
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868:"Linking of Forts Embodied in Plan",
820:Engineer Orders and Circulars, Orders
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594:facility devoted to the history of
388:The commission had been ordered by
225:, USA, and was intended to prevent
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958:"Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use",
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2241:Forts in the District of Columbia
2092:Mary McLeod Bethune Council House
1745:Mary McLeod Bethune Council House
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1002:"Fort Circle Parks: Fort Stanton"
746:Engineer Bureau, War Department.
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539:National Capital Parks Commission
416:An 1864 inspection by Brig. Gen.
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1089:Military District of Washington
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229:artillery from threatening the
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1079:Department of Washington, D.C.
989:The Anacostia Story: 1608–1930
976:The Anacostia Story: 1608–1930
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1826:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality
1094:Department of the Rappahanock
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292:Army of Northeastern Virginia
1099:Defenses of Washington, D.C.
834:, 3 (March 24, 1866), p. 486
701:I, Volume 5, 11, pp. 678–684
164:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
7:
2039:National Capital Parks-East
1788:Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove
1694:Soldiers' and Airmen's Home
1613:National Park Service (Web)
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550:Civilian Conservation Corps
257:and that state joining the
253:Following the secession of
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1916:African American Civil War
1854:George Washington Memorial
987:Louise Daniel Hutchinson,
737:I, 21 (serial. 31), p. 915
18:
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1936:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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962:, Friday, October 2, 1964
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972:Louise Daniel Hutchinson
843:George Alfred Townsend,
637:October 5, 2007, at the
565:By 1963, when President
528:House of Representatives
288:First Battle of Bull Run
1722:National Historic Sites
1618:Map of defenses in 1865
762:I, 21 (serial. 31), 916
713:I, Volume 5, 11, p. 681
592:Smithsonian Institution
466:After the surrender of
404:"may be regarded as an
2191:National Capital Parks
2062:Carter G. Woodson Home
1868:Rock Creek and Potomac
1730:Carter G. Woodson Home
1371:Battery Alexander (MD)
1074:Department of the East
673:U.S., War Department,
662:Reveille in Washington
510:
497:George Alfred Townsend
425:Battle of Fort Stevens
341:
2145:Georgetown Waterfront
934:Washington Daily News
832:Army and Navy Journal
630:Cultural Tourism DC.
513:The Fort Circle Parks
505:
458:," the report reads.
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243:National Park Service
123:National Park Service
90:38.86000°N 76.97722°W
1921:Constitution Gardens
1891:Star-Spangled Banner
1849:Baltimore–Washington
1664:District of Columbia
1416:Battery Martin Scott
1157:Battery Rodgers (VA)
1147:Fort Washington (MD)
495:In 1873, journalist
429:Christopher C. Augur
326:Washington Navy Yard
231:Washington Navy Yard
223:District of Columbia
196:Garrison information
50:District of Columbia
1991:Washington Monument
1976:Pennsylvania Avenue
1961:Korean War Veterans
1803:Washington Monument
1778:Korean War Veterans
1750:Pennsylvania Avenue
1681:National Cemeteries
1396:Fort Mansfield (MD)
1391:Battery Bailey (MD)
1386:Battery Benson (MD)
1123:Army of the Potomac
960:The Washington Post
440:Barton S. Alexander
310:Army of the Potomac
306:George B. McClellan
95:38.86000; -76.97722
86: /
2082:Frederick Douglass
1981:United States Navy
1818:National monuments
1760:National Memorials
1740:Frederick Douglass
1485:Northeast Quadrant
1349:Northwest Quadrant
1053:American Civil War
872:, December 4, 1925
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330:Washington Arsenal
190:American Civil War
119:Controlled by
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1901:National Mall and
1841:National Parkways
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1461:Battery Kingsbury
1376:Fort Simmons (MD)
596:African-Americans
548:, crews from the
444:Richard Delafield
380:Wartime operation
294:marched south to
208:
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2102:Shepherd Parkway
2097:Oxon Run Parkway
2024:Lafayette Square
2011:President's Park
1986:Vietnam Veterans
1886:Potomac Heritage
1798:Vietnam Veterans
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1507:Fort Bunker Hill
1366:Fort Sumner (MD)
1290:Battery Garesche
1230:Fort Tillinghast
1185:Fort C. F. Smith
1180:Fort Ethan Allen
1060:Washington, D.C.
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2001:World War II
1996:West Potomac
1941:George Mason
1926:East Potomac
1858:Clara Barton
1808:World War II
1689:Battleground
1595:Fort Carroll
1585:Fort Stanton
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1550:Fort Chaplin
1522:Fort Lincoln
1502:Fort Slemmer
1476:Fort Stevens
1471:Battery Sill
1466:Fort DeRussy
1340:Fort Willard
1275:Fort Barnard
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147:Site history
129:Open to
36:Part of the
31:Fort Stanton
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21:Fort Stanton
2184:Other areas
2140:Fort Slocum
2072:Fort Dupont
2067:Fort Circle
2029:White House
2019:The Ellipse
1946:Hains Point
1600:Fort Greble
1590:Fort Snyder
1575:Fort Wagner
1560:Fort Dupont
1517:Fort Thayer
1497:Fort Totten
1492:Fort Slocum
1446:Fort Kearny
1431:Fort Gaines
1426:Fort Bayard
1265:Fort Runyon
1255:Fort Albany
1245:Fort Ramsay
1210:Fort Morton
1195:Fort Strong
1067:Departments
608:Fort Greble
544:During the
487:Abandonment
402:Fort Snyder
353:Fort Greble
272:Long Bridge
259:Confederacy
239:Fort Circle
227:Confederate
170:In use
142:Public park
93: /
69:Coordinates
2215:Categories
2120:Rock Creek
2087:Kenilworth
1570:Fort Baker
1565:Fort Davis
1555:Fort Meigs
1545:Fort Mahan
1305:Fort Worth
1285:Fort Scott
1280:Fort Berry
1250:Fort Craig
1175:Fort Marcy
1140:Approaches
1128:XXII Corps
1114:Union Army
619:References
499:published
450:, grading
448:embrasures
346:Brig. Gen.
280:Georgetown
81:76°58′38″W
78:38°51′36″N
2047:Anacostia
1951:Jefferson
1773:Jefferson
1436:Fort Reno
1330:Fort Weed
1320:Fort Lyon
1300:Fort Ward
1220:Fort Cass
613:Anacostia
583:Catholics
366:Christmas
340:Ricketts.
303:Maj. Gen.
290:. As the
263:Arlington
219:Anacostia
215:Civil War
178:Materials
173:1861–1866
155:Fall 1861
139:Condition
46:Anacostia
2165:Montrose
1863:Oxon Run
1856: /
1056:Defenses
635:Archived
602:See also
523:Congress
481:stockade
437:Lt. Col.
318:Maryland
296:Manassas
255:Virginia
201:Garrison
1966:Lincoln
1783:Lincoln
1672:Federal
1662:of the
1138:Potomac
521:pushed
406:outwork
221:in the
1116:Forces
532:Senate
456:abatis
452:glacis
274:, and
213:was a
2130:Bryce
882:1947.
152:Built
651:9–10
590:, a
530:and
328:and
106:Type
1058:of
470:'s
134:Yes
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270:,
48:,
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