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offspring in order to allow them to more effectively invest in their own offspring thus ensuring that their own genes are passed on. Common earwig mothers, however, will not eliminate foreign eggs and will actually groom, defend, and provide for them to the same extent at which she cares for her own eggs. A likely explanation would be that common earwig mothers simply cannot differentiate between their own eggs and foreign eggs, but this is not the case. Common earwig mothers immediately and regularly apply a bouquet of cuticular hydrocarbons to the surface of their eggs. This bouquet is family specific and allows for differentiation between the mother's own eggs and foreign eggs. This phenomenon indicates that there is limited selection pressures promoting female common earwigs to reject foreign eggs which allows them to display the altruistic behavior of caring for foreign offspring.
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818:) which is one of the most problematic pests in apple orchards. Research has repeatedly shown that low numbers of common earwigs are associated with wooly apple aphid infestations whereas high numbers of common earwigs lead to decreased aphid populations in orchards so much so that farmers sometimes do not even need to use chemicals or pesticides. Therefore, despite their potential adverse effects on some crops, European common earwigs play a crucial role in managing wooly aphid apple populations in apple orchards. Damage to crops by
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of helpful gut bacteria and providing a food source when food is scarce. In fact, access to sibling feces significantly enhanced the survival rate of nymphs when food was scarce. However, regardless of the scarcity of regular food, nymphs always consume some maternal or nymphal feces which implies that this behavior in earwigs has evolved to have many incentives and is not just a desperate measure to prevent starvation in cases of food scarcity.
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547:. After a complex courtship performance by both the male and female, the male slips his cerci under the tip of the female's abdomen so that his and her ventral abdominal surfaces are in contact with each other, while both face in opposite directions. If not disturbed, pairs can stay in this mating position for many hours. During copulation, the females often move around and feed. Because they provide brood care, female
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stage-specific meaning depending on the chemical contents of the particular pheromone, it will be more likely to attract either nymphs or adults. Benzoquinones are a component of the aggregation pheromone that attracts adult common earwigs. The same was not true for nymph-stage common earwigs which responded well to experimental aggregation pheromones with and without the benzoquinones.
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Unfortunately, they have become relatively harmful pests in residential areas—damaging fruits, vegetables, flowers, and some tree fruit crops. Scientists hope to uncover the necessary components of the
European common earwig aggregation pheromone because this could allow them to manufacture synthetic aggregation pheromones to use as bait to draw them away from crops and gardens.
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nymphs return to the nest and stay there during the daytime. In the free-foraging phase, different family units will interact, and the nymphs no longer return to their nests after foraging. Instead, they go on long foraging excursions and shelter in trees and crevices. At this point, females may produce a second brood since they have finished raising and tending to the first brood.
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the larval stage to the first instar (term for a developmental stage in insects) and will continue to defend the aggregated family group in the burrow and on nocturnal foraging excursions. She guards them until they reach maturity after about one month. It is possible for the female to lay a second brood in one season and by the end of August all of the young reach maturity.
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inaccessible stimuli. This indicates that common earwigs detect and respond to this aggregation pheromone through olfaction rather than through a mechanism such as contact chemoreception. This helps the earwigs detect shelters to hide in during the daytime after their nocturnal foraging excursions.
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despite these concerns. Feces possess antimicrobial properties that can prevent the growth of certain dangerous pathogens. Keeping feces in the nest also fosters allo-coprophagy (consumption of the feces of other members of one’s species) which can have positive effects such as promoting the transfer
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Maternal care can drastically increase the survival and development of young earwigs, contributing to their overall reproductive success. However, parental care can be costly as well. It is widely accepted that relations between parents and offspring are shaped by an intersection of selfish and
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The cerci stimulation is followed by abdomen arching, bobbing, and twisting before copulation occurs. Research suggests that male cerci are necessary for reproductive success because of their role as either secondary sexual characteristics for courtship or as weapons in altercations; males with
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of
European earwigs also depends on temperature. The occurrence of European earwigs can be predicted based on weather parameters. Hibernating adults can tolerate cool temperatures, but their survival is reduced in poorly drained soils such as clay. To avoid excessive moisture, they seek the southern
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An anatomical diagram of the common earwig can be found to the right. Section A represents the head, B represents the thorax, and C represents the abdomen. The numbers correspond to different body parts. 1 is pointing to the pronotum (a plate-like structure that covers the thorax), and 2 is pointing
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In the spring, she spreads them out into a single layer and the young emerge from the eggs. After the eggs hatch in the spring, the mother continues to care for the nymphs, providing protection, grooming, food, and sometimes even regulating the temperature in the nest. The mother provides food from
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feed on the fruits (primarily on parts where the fruit is already rotting or cracked) and contaminate the fruits with frass (powdery wood debris that is the result of insect foraging/ boring).They damage young plum and peach trees in early spring when other food is scarce by devouring blossoms and
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There are two distinct phases of the common earwig’s life: the nesting phase and the free-foraging phase. In the nesting phase, family units consist of the male and female pair and then just the female and her nymphs. They may leave the nest at night for foraging excursions, but the mother and her
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European common earwigs can produce either one or two broods per year. Females and males often hibernate together in pairs in underground nests. Females oviposit, or lay, their eggs at the end of winter/ beginning of spring and then expel the male from the nest. These eggs are pale yellow or cream
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in the pest management of other insects. The
European common earwig is an omnivore and is also referred to as a generalist predator or scavenger meaning they have many different forms of prey and will feed on whichever prey species is most available. The European earwig is a natural predator of a
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Common earwigs exhibit varying levels of maternal care. Female earwigs typically show maternal care through behaviors such as guarding and tending to their eggs and nymphs. The female cares for her young by shifting the eggs about and continuously cleaning them with her mouth and forceps to avoid
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have intensive nutritional requirements which likely motivates their activity during copulation—especially because female
European earwigs rarely ever feed during oviposition (laying of the eggs), incubation, and brood care. Matings occurred frequently among clustered individuals particularly in
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Group living comes with many benefits but also many costs. One example is the accumulation of feces in a shared nesting site which can become a breeding ground for a wide variety of fungi and pathogenic bacteria or attract predators and help them locate the nest. Risks escalate in nest-dwelling
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Courtship will then progress to tactile stimulation by the males and sometimes females, if they are receptive. The males tend to use their cerci to stroke and encircle the female’s body. Both sexes participate in waving, bobbing, and stroking movements, but only males use their forceps to
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is reddish-brown in color with a flattened elongated body and slender beaded antennae. Earwigs possess pairs of pincers or forceps at the tip of the flexible abdomen. Both sexes have these pincers. In males, they are large and curved, whereas in females, they are straight. Nymphs are similar to
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survives in a variety of environments. It is also a common household insect in North
America. They are often considered a household pest because of their tendency to invade crevices in homes and consume pantry foods, though they may also act as beneficial species depending on the circumstances.
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altruistic tendencies that ultimately reflect a compromise of each individual’s evolutionary interests. The common earwigs, as well as any species, have to carefully weigh the increased offspring survival benefits and the potential parental fecundity costs associated with parental care.
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One explicit form of altruistic behavior in common earwigs is the fact that females do not reject foreign offspring or eggs and will exhibit the same level of care to foreign eggs as her own eggs. In many species, kin bias prevents parents from investing care and energy into any foreign
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has been known to cause significant damage to crops, flowers, and fruit orchards when at high population levels. Some of the commercially valuable vegetables it feeds upon include cabbage, cauliflower, chard, celery, lettuce, potato, beet, and cucumber among others. Earwigs readily consume
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Scientists believe that common earwigs produce this aggregation pheromone in their tibial glands, cuticular lipids, or fecal matter. Males, females, and nymphs all exhibit strong responses to the aggregation pheromone. However, there is mounting evidence that the aggregation pheromones are
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species produce aggregation pheromones that trigger specific behavioral responses from members of the same species regardless of their sex or developmental stage. Research shows that common earwigs display significant behavioral responses to both physically accessible and physically
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European common earwigs aggregate in shelters during the day in groups ranging from 50 to 100 individuals per square meter. Common earwigs seek out dark and humid shelters for use, and they prefer shelters that have been occupied previously due to the presence of an aggregation pheromone.
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teeth. Females have straight and slender forceps that are 3 mm long, and are less robust and straighter. Studies have demonstrated the significance of these cerci for use as displays in early courtship and as a tactile stimulus for the female during copulation, as well as feeding and
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encircle the female. It is interesting to note that the cerci seem to be strictly used for courtship/stimulation and defense against any potential threats; the males do not ever use the forceps aggressively as claspers to hold the female in place during copulation.
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Thriving in cool, moist habitats, European earwigs exhibit optimal growth at a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Their daily abundance in a given year has been linked to factors such as temperature, wind velocity, and the prevalence of easterly winds. The
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have well-developed wings, they are fairly weak and are rarely, if ever, used. Instead, as their main form of transportation, earwigs are carried from one place to another on clothing or commercial products like lumber, ornamental shrubs and even newspaper bundles.
470:. They prefer meat or sugar to natural plant material even though plants are a major natural food source. European earwigs prefer aphids to plant material such as leaves and fruit slices of apple, cherry and pear. Adults eat more insects than do nymphs.
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to the elytra (tough outer wings used to protect the more delicate hind wings). 3 is pointing to the delicate hind wings peeking out, and 4 is pointing to the abdomen. 5 is pointing to the cerci (paired appendages on the abdomen of many insects).
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European earwigs spend the daytime in cool, dark, inaccessible places, such as flowers, fruits, and wood crevices. They are primarily active at night, seeking out food ranging from plant matter to small insects. Though they are
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fungal growth and pathogens through careful extraction of fungal spores from the eggs. She protects the eggs by staying close to the nest, fiercely defending against predators, applying chemical protection against
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and several aphid species, and in this regard has been used to control outbreaks of such organisms. The common earwig is an important predator of many different orchard/ crop pests such as the wooly apple aphid
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Courtship in
European common earwigs is unique in the sense that both males and females take active roles in courtship. Unlike most earwig species, detailed observations of the courtship and mating processes in
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locations that allow both partners to cling to a surface. Under laboratory conditions, the mating season peaked during August and
September, and a single mating event enabled females to lay fertilized eggs.
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in the early twentieth century and has since spread throughout much of the continent. It was accidentally introduced into New
Zealand by Early European settlers. European earwigs are most commonly found in
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through egg grooming, and relocating the entire clutch under stressful conditions. Their protection of the eggs involves remaining close to the nest and defending against potential predators.
1964:
Helsen; Trapman; Polflliet; Simonse (2004). "Presence of the common earwig
Forficula auricularia L. in apple orchards and its impact on the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Haussmann)".
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side of well-drained slopes. Sometimes they also occupy the hollow stems of flowers where the soil is poorly drained. Their eggs are capable of resisting damage from cold and heat.
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Carroll DP, Hoyt 1984. (1984). "Augmentation of
European earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for biological control of apple aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an apple orchard".
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look very similar to their adult counterparts except that they are a lighter color. The young go through four nymphal stages and do not leave the nest until after the first
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The mother incubates and cares for the eggs until they hatch. After hatching, the nymphs go through four nymphal instars before reaching maturity and adulthood.
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in body weight and head width, as well as cercus length and width. The males have large, heavy, curved forceps that are very robust and broadened basally with
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comes from the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique in their resemblance to human ears when unfolded. The species name of the common earwig,
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Insecticides have also been successfully implemented, although commercial products are rarely targeted specifically towards earwigs. Multipurpose
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because they already have an aggregation pheromone which already brings the male and female insects into close proximity with one another.
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González-MiguĂ©ns, RubĂ©n; Muñoz-Nozal, Eva; JimĂ©nez-Ruiz, Yolanda; Mas-Peinado, Paloma; Ghanavi, Hamid R; GarcĂa-ParĂs, Mario (2020-11-07).
1119:"Speciation patterns in the Forficula auricularia species complex: cryptic and not so cryptic taxa across the western Palaearctic region"
432:, they are considered as scavengers rather than predators. Often they consume plant matter, though they have also been known to feed on
1709:"Courtship Roles of Male and Female European Earwigs, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), and Sexual Use of Forceps"
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Hehar, Gagandeep Kaur. "Pheromonal communication in European earwigs, forficula auricularia l.(Dermaptera: Forficulidae)." (2007).
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and can damage the crop. Among fruits, they have been found to damage apple and pear orchards. On apple trees specifically,
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Early courtship typically consists of male displays in which they wave or bob the cerci. The common earwigs do not have a
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below the third tarsal segment. The antenna consists of 11–14 segments, and the mouth parts are of the chewing type.
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Gingras J, Tourneur J (2001). "Timing of adult mortality, oviposition, and hatching during the underground phase of
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440:, insect eggs, and dead plants and insects, among other things. Their favorite plants include the common crucifer
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Chant DA, McLeaod JH (1952). "Effects of certain climatic factors on the daily abundance of the European earwig,
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Fulton BB (1927). "Concerning some statements on the habits of the European earwig (Orthoptera: Forficulidae)".
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leaves at night. They are often found wedged among petals of fresh cut carnations, roses, dahlia and zinnia.
1315:. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services: Department of Entomology and Nematology
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Eisner, T. (1960). Defense Mechanisms of Arthropods. II. The Chemical and Mechanical Weapons of an Earwig.
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about 5 mm (0.2 in) below the surface of the ground. The female earwig lays a clutch of about 50
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and Western Europe. There are several other members of the complex distinguished based on mitochondrial
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in an underground nest in the autumn. She enters a dormant state and stays in the nest with the eggs.
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1759:"Love them all: mothers provide care to foreign eggs in the European earwig Forficula auricularia"
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of several morphologically indistinguishable species. There are at least four species in the
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L. (Dermapter: Forficulidae): ultrastructure and resistance to low and high temperatures".
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A detailed analysis of mitochondial DNA from specimens across Europe has established that
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683:. However, keeping feces in the nesting site has actually proved advantageous for
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1929:"Growing up with feces: benefits of allo-coprophagy in families of the European earwig"
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Molecular and reproductive characterization of sibling species in the European earwig (
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emit a foul odor and have a tendency to aggregate together in or near human dwellings.
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Moerkens R, Leirs H, Peusens G, Gobin B (2009). "Are populations of European earwigs,
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1995:, and predation of scale insects in organic and conventionally managed kiwifruit"
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for control of earwigs, grasshoppers, sowbugs and other insects are more common.
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region, and are most active when the daily temperature has minimal fluctuation.
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Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: A world review
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Lamb RJ, Robert J. (1976). "Polymorphism among males of the European earwig,
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is limited as long as there are high population levels of their insect prey.
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Aggregation, courtship, and behavioural interactions in European earwigs,
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Technical Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C
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Guillet S, Josselin N, Vancassel M (2000). "Multiple introductions of the
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Beall G. (1932). "The life history and behavior of the European earwig,
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reveal complex sexual behaviors for both the males and females.
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have elongated flattened brownish-colored bodies, with a shield-shaped
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species complex (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in eastern North America".
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Körner, Maximilian; Diehl, Janina M. C.; Meunier, Joël (2016-07-08).
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Helson H, Vaal F, Blommers L (1998). "Phenology of the common earwig
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whereas those in warmer climates have two clutches per year, forming
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adults in appearance, though their wings are either absent or small.
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has been attempted using some of its natural enemies, including the
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279:. They are about 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) long. The second
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How to know the grasshopper, crickets, cockroaches and their allies
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1801:"Benefits and costs of earwig (Forficula auricularia) family life"
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applies to those found in Scandinavia and Central Europe, whereas
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Van Meyel, Sophie; Devers, Séverine; Meunier, Joël (2019-06-13).
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Chauvin G, Hamon C, Vancassel M, Vannier G (1991). "The eggs of
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L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), in Vancouver, British Columbia".
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Station Bulletin/Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station
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Originating in Europe, western Asia and possibly North Africa,
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859:. United States, Harvard University: Harvard University Press.
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In North America, European earwigs were found to comprise two
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Bugguide.net. Species Forficula auricularia - European Earwig
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Goe MT (1925). "Eight months study of earwigs (Dermaptera)".
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their cerci removed were unable to successfully find a mate.
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Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia
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Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia
365:. Populations in cold continental climates mostly have one
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Crumb SE, Eide PM, Bonn AE (1941). "The European earwig".
1293:. Washington: U. S. Dept. Of Agriculture. pp. 15–18.
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248:, is a specific reference to this feature. The European
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number of other agricultural pests, including the pear
758:, as well as many species of birds. The tachinid flies
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climates, since they were originally discovered in the
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Royal Horticultural Society- Gardening advice: Earwigs
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1654:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
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Illustration of male common earwig with wings extended
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Behura BK (1956). "The biology of the common earwig,
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L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in an apple orchard".
458:. They also like to feed on molasses, as well as on
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908:. Penn State–College of Agricultural Sciences
283:, which is located on the leg, is lobed, extending
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1103:. Dubuque, Iowa: William Brown Co. pp. 13–19.
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1029:A Field Guide to Insects: America North of Mexico
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770:have been introduced in North America to control
720:In addition to the agricultural problems caused,
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275:, two pairs of wings, and a pair of forceps-like
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1487:Weems HV, Skelley PE (1989). "European earwig -
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797:insecticide, has been known to continue killing
1982:
1652:L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). PhD dissertation
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1054:Buckell ER (1929). "The Dermaptera of Canada".
804:Humans have, however, found beneficial uses of
679:species that aggregate in large groups such as
1335:A photographic guide to insects of New Zealand
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1123:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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1080:Fulton BB (1924). "The European earwig".
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906:"Entomological Notes: European Earwigs"
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1491:Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)".
801:up to 17 days after initial spraying.
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837:List of Dermapterans of Sri Lanka
832:List of Dermapterans of Australia
700:Common earwig feeding on a cherry
511:cerci (forceps). Adult males are
1799:Kölliker, Mathias (2007-07-01).
1374:. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
971:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00808.x
928:Vickery, V. and D. Kevan. 1986.
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627:Selfish vs altruistic behavior
611:Earwig life cycle illustration
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1669:(Dermaptera: Forficulidae)".
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538:
263:
1999:New Zealand Plant Protection
1033:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1025:White RA, Borror DJ (1987).
486:
7:
2519:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1567:, L. in British Columbia".
1516:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1372:Handbook of Vegetable Pests
1337:. New Holland. p. 31.
825:
422:
294:
10:
2535:
2039:Princeton University Press
2029:Cranshaw, Whitney (2004).
2012:10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4618
1713:Journal of Insect Behavior
1135:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa070
857:The Other Insect Societies
820:Forficula auricularia
806:Forficula auricularia
799:Forficula auricularia
772:Forficula auricularia
734:Forficula auricularia
722:Forficula auricularia
475:Forficula auricularia
408:
225:. It is also known as the
2509:Insects described in 1758
2229:Dermaptera Species File:
2114:
1989:Maher B, Logan D (2007).
1817:10.1007/s00265-007-0381-7
1671:The Canadian Entomologist
1390:The Canadian Entomologist
1311:Weems HV Jr; Skelley PE.
1224:The Canadian Entomologist
1185:The Canadian Entomologist
1158:Wirth T., et al. (1998).
301:Forficula auriculata
179:
172:
74:Scientific classification
72:
60:
51:
39:
30:
23:
993:"Common European earwig"
520:self-defense purposes.
236:belonging to the family
1725:10.1023/A:1007843227591
1474:10.1080/096708798228356
949:, density dependent?".
363:reproductively isolated
2504:Household pest insects
1888:10.1126/sciadv.aaw0070
871:"Dermaptera - earwigs"
782:
755:Metarhizium anisopliae
743:Bigonicheta spinipenni
701:
640:
612:
565:
504:
354:
321:Forficula mediterranea
206:
2445:Paleobiology Database
2173:Forficula_auricularia
2160:Forficula_auricularia
2146:Forficula auricularia
2116:Forficula auricularia
2097:Forficula auricularia
2087:Forficula auricularia
2077:Forficula auricularia
1993:Forficula auricularia
1941:10.1093/beheco/arw113
1775:10.1093/beheco/arz012
1667:Forficula auricularia
1650:Forficula auricularia
1565:Forficula auricularia
1512:Forficula auricularia
1489:Forficula auricularia
1458:Forficula auricularia
1436:The Annals of Zoology
1432:Forficula auricularia
1386:Forficula auricularia
1220:Forficula auricularia
1181:Forficula auricularia
1162:Forficula auricularia
947:Forficula auricularia
780:
761:Triarthria setipennis
714:Forficula auricularia
705:Forficula auricularia
699:
685:Forficula auricularia
681:Forficula auricularia
663:Forficula auricularia
638:
610:
563:
549:Forficula auricularia
502:
494:Forficula auricularia
443:Sisymbrium officinale
390:Forficula auricularia
352:
313:Forficula auricularia
309:Forficula auricularia
269:Forficula auricularia
257:Forficula auricularia
211:Forficula auricularia
205:
183:Forficula auricularia
25:Forficula auricularia
2292:Fauna Europaea (new)
2083:Encyclopedia of Life
1619:10.1093/jee/77.3.738
855:Costa, J.T. (2006).
371:Forficula auriculata
332:Forficula auriculata
1991:"European earwigs,
1880:2020SciA....6...70W
1493:Entomology Circular
1370:Capinera, J. 2001.
1197:10.4039/Ent133269-2
963:2009EEApp.130..198M
692:Agricultural impact
446:, the white clover
165:F. auricularia
1933:Behavioral Ecology
1763:Behavioral Ecology
1683:10.4039/Ent10869-1
1646:Walker KA (1997).
1588:Entomological News
1546:Entomological News
1402:10.4039/Ent84174-6
1236:10.4039/Ent13249-1
1099:Helfer JR (1963).
816:Eriosoma lanigerum
783:
702:
641:
613:
566:
509:sexually dimorphic
505:
460:nonvascular plants
392:was introduced to
369:per year, forming
355:
207:
2514:Insects of Europe
2486:
2485:
2432:Open Tree of Life
2108:Taxon identifiers
1344:978-1-86966-151-9
749:Erynia forficulae
728:Human interaction
710:corn (maize) silk
639:Female and nymphs
579:European earwigs
455:Dahlia variabilis
452:, and the dahlia
336:Forficula dentata
325:Forficula aeolica
317:Forficula dentata
200:
199:
16:Species of earwig
2526:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2388:NHMSYS0001387317
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2103:
2102:
2089:images and facts
2052:
2036:
2017:
2016:
2014:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:. 30 (4): 31–35.
1962:
1953:
1952:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1868:Science Advances
1859:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1811:(9): 1489–1497.
1796:
1787:
1786:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1248:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
989:
983:
982:
942:
933:
926:
917:
916:
914:
913:
901:
886:
885:
883:
881:
867:
861:
860:
852:
767:Ocytata pallipes
568:European earwig
564:Female with nest
449:Trifolium repens
185:
82:
81:
56:
35:
21:
20:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2419:Observation.org
2417:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2110:
2069:
2049:
2025:
2023:Further reading
2020:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1925:
1921:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1840:
1797:
1790:
1755:
1748:
1705:
1698:
1663:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1599:
1584:
1580:
1561:
1557:
1542:
1535:
1528:10.1139/z91-405
1522:(11): 2873–78.
1508:
1504:
1485:
1481:
1454:
1447:
1428:
1417:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1352:
1345:
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1309:
1298:
1287:
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1150:
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1078:
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1016:
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1004:
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990:
986:
943:
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927:
920:
911:
909:
902:
889:
879:
877:
869:
868:
864:
853:
849:
845:
828:
795:organophosphate
730:
694:
676:
659:
650:
629:
605:
558:
541:
489:
484:
425:
411:
386:
359:sibling species
297:
266:
227:European earwig
218:comprising the
216:species complex
196:
187:
181:
168:
76:
46:The Netherlands
17:
12:
11:
5:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
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2415:
2405:
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2301:
2288:
2279:Fauna Europaea
2275:
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2068:
2067:External links
2065:
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2019:
2018:
2005:(60): 249–53.
1981:
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1954:
1919:
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1838:
1788:
1769:(3): 756–762.
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1171:
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1129:(3): 788–823.
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957:(2): 198–206.
934:
918:
887:
862:
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844:
841:
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834:
827:
824:
774:in the 1920s.
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1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1613:(3): 738–40.
1612:
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1570:
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1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:(6): 174–80.
1395:
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1186:
1182:
1175:
1169:52(1) 260–65.
1168:
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1128:
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1042:
1040:0-395-91170-2
1036:
1031:
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1021:
1019:
1003:on 2014-11-29
1002:
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875:ento.csiro.au
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764:(Fallen) and
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556:Maternal care
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525:sex pheromone
521:
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394:North America
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340:British Isles
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174:Binomial name
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71:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2499:Forficulidae
2115:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2056:
2032:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1965:
1932:
1922:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1808:
1804:
1766:
1762:
1716:
1712:
1677:(1): 69–75.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1627:cite journal
1610:
1606:
1600:
1591:
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1564:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
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1492:
1488:
1482:
1468:(2): 75–79.
1465:
1461:
1457:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1334:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1290:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1230:(1): 49–57.
1227:
1223:
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1213:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1126:
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1100:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1028:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
996:
987:
954:
950:
946:
929:
910:. Retrieved
878:. Retrieved
874:
865:
856:
850:
819:
815:
805:
803:
798:
787:insecticides
784:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
746:, the fungi
741:
733:
731:
721:
719:
713:
704:
703:
684:
680:
677:
668:
662:
660:
651:
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630:
621:
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597:
589:
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522:
506:
493:
490:
482:Reproduction
474:
472:
453:
447:
441:
426:
412:
389:
387:
384:Distribution
377:
374:
370:
361:, which are
356:
335:
331:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
298:
289:
268:
267:
256:
255:
245:
241:
238:Forficulidae
226:
219:
210:
209:
208:
182:
180:
164:
163:
151:
141:Forficulidae
24:
18:
2370:NatureServe
2318:iNaturalist
2140:Wikispecies
1719:(1): 1–17.
1007:23 November
997:arkive.org/
732:Control of
648:Aggregation
593:desiccation
513:polymorphic
416:development
246:auricularia
240:. The name
229:. It is an
2493:Categories
1935:: arw113.
1319:2009-02-22
912:2009-02-22
904:Jacobs S.
843:References
738:parasitoid
674:Coprophagy
657:Pheromones
603:Life cycle
581:overwinter
539:Copulation
430:omnivorous
403:Palearctic
344:haplotypes
264:Morphology
231:omnivorous
131:Dermaptera
111:Arthropoda
61:Female in
2059:67:62–70
1949:1045-2249
1896:2375-2548
1825:1432-0762
1783:1045-2249
1733:1572-8889
1594:: 272–73.
1552:: 234–38.
1442:: 117–42.
1167:Evolution
1143:0024-4082
545:olfaction
517:crenulate
487:Courtship
473:Although
399:temperate
375:Forficula
330:The name
311:complex:
159:Species:
152:Forficula
97:Kingdom:
91:Eukaryota
2375:2.808380
2336:11409231
2204:BugGuide
2180:BioLib:
2131:Q2537221
2125:Wikidata
1914:31922000
1833:17807759
1741:42781005
1691:85778978
1575:: 28–43.
1410:84303785
1244:86817779
1205:85868012
979:85258839
880:29 March
826:See also
791:Diazinon
423:Behavior
295:Taxonomy
285:distally
273:pronotum
190:Linnaeus
137:Family:
107:Phylum:
101:Animalia
87:Domain:
40:Male in
2471:ZooBank
2310:1419845
1905:6941917
1876:Bibcode
1278:: 1–76.
1088:: 1–29.
1062:: 9–27.
959:Bibcode
811:psyllid
464:lichens
438:spiders
409:Habitat
378:dentata
305:complex
220:common
147:Genus:
127:Order:
121:Insecta
117:Class:
42:Hengelo
2463:989381
2450:261522
2437:673084
2408:NZOR:
2362:186036
2284:347896
2271:134317
2258:FORFAU
2245:473785
2232:888572
2196:174662
2057:Psyche
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1947:
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977:
570:nymphs
503:Female
434:aphids
367:clutch
323:, and
250:earwig
242:earwig
234:insect
222:earwig
2458:WoRMS
2401:13068
2349:24345
2331:IRMNG
2323:61524
2266:EUNIS
2222:6JGYS
2209:23281
1874:(1).
1829:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1687:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1240:S2CID
1201:S2CID
975:S2CID
793:, an
574:moult
468:algae
303:is a
277:cerci
214:is a
67:Spain
63:BriĂłn
2424:1809
2396:NCBI
2357:ITIS
2305:GBIF
2253:EPPO
2191:BOLD
2043:ISBN
1966:IOBC
1945:ISSN
1910:PMID
1892:ISSN
1821:ISSN
1779:ISSN
1729:ISSN
1633:link
1499:: 2.
1339:ISBN
1139:ISSN
1035:ISBN
1009:2014
882:2016
752:and
740:fly
585:eggs
466:and
194:1758
2383:NBN
2344:ISC
2240:EoL
2217:CoL
2168:AFD
2155:ADW
2007:doi
1937:doi
1900:PMC
1884:doi
1813:doi
1771:doi
1721:doi
1679:doi
1675:108
1615:doi
1524:doi
1497:318
1470:doi
1434:".
1398:doi
1276:766
1232:doi
1228:132
1193:doi
1189:133
1131:doi
1127:190
1086:207
967:doi
955:130
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