17:
959:
Trickl (Károly Guhr's wife), Erzsébet Schäffer (Menyhért
Schauermann's wife), Teréz Arnold (János Schramm's wife), Mária Arnold (György Schraub's wife), János Árvai (Albrecht), Imre Tillinger, Rózsa Wilhelm (Imre Tillinger's wife), József Kampfl, Marika Szenácz, György Arnold, József Lábadi, János Guth, Mihály Neumann, József Pári, Terézia Koszter (József Pári's wife), János Müller, Mária Schultz (János Müller's wife), Viktor Geiger.
958:
Some memories of the survivors of this forced labour: Irén Frank (Dr. János
Mesterházy's wife), Katalin Diszlberger (Ede Kretz's wife), Borbála Pálfi (István Elblinger's wife), Rozália Lauer (Mihály Hauck's wife), Teréz Löffler (Mátyás Lauer's wife), Veronika Relics (Márton Grubics's wife), Anna
479:(маленькая работа), meaning "little work". The expression originated during the first wave of deportations of Hungarian civilians: after occupation of Hungarian towns, civilians were rounded up for "little work", the removal of ruins. The largest single deportation of the first wave occurred in
516:
were to be deported for forced labour from the occupied territories, including
Hungary. Soviet authorities had deportation quotas for each region, and when the target was missed, it was completed with ethnic Hungarians. Hungarian prisoners of war were also deported during this period.
641:
started negotiations for the return of
Hungarian deportees in early 1946. The first wave of widespread returns occurred June to November 1946, and was interrupted until May 1947. The last group of Hungarians to return, numbering about 3,000, was only able to do so in 1953–1955, after
899:
Imre Tatár, "Bánhidától
Kijevig: egy volt munkaszolgálatos emlékezése a hazai táborra és a szovjet hadifogságra" (From Banhida to Kiev: memories of a former labour camp inmate of his time in a Hungarian camp and Soviet captivity),
613:
High-ranking and lower ranking officials of public administration and all kind of non-leftist members of local governments or members of the parliament, who served during the "capitalist era" (incl. interwar period or even pre-WW1
432:. While exact numbers are not known, it is estimated that up to 600,000 Hungarians were deported, including an estimated 200,000 civilians. An estimated 200,000 perished. Hungarian forced labour was part of a larger system of
498:, and to make up for the shortfall, some 100,000 civilians were detained in Budapest and its suburbs. Those deported in the first wave were mainly located in northwestern Hungary, in the path of the advancing
857:
Tamás Stark, "Ethnic
Cleansing and Collective Punishment: Soviet Policy Towards Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees in the Carpathian Basin" in: "Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe" (2003)
524:
403:
985:
An extraordinary insight into
Communism in Stalin's time. The author describes the everyday life of a Soviet labour camp in detail using black humour but never giving in to hatred.
1013:
243:
751:
Mária Gál, Balogh Attila Gajdos, Ferenc Imreh, "Fehér könyv az 1944. őszi magyarellenes atrocitásokról" ("White Book of
Atrocities against Hungarians in 1944"), (1995)
96:
646:'s death. Hungarian sources estimate that 330,000-380,000 forced labourers returned in total, leaving an estimated 200,000 who perished in transit or captivity.
258:
133:
396:
253:
248:
1053:
356:
998:
389:
705:
128:
626:
443:
to the Soviet Union in the context of the
Romania-Hungary Transylvanian dispute. In 1944, many Hungarians were accused by Romanians of being "
717:
346:
331:
28:
553:
In the Soviet Union, Hungarians were placed in approximately 2,000 camps. A large number of camps were subsequently identified: 44 camps in
752:
830:
625:, the sentences of the survivors were annulled and 3,500 former convicts returned home. The total number of convicts was estimated by the
1018:
505:
The second, more organised wave occurred 1–2 months later, in
January 1945, and involved people from across Hungary. According to Soviet
336:
231:
221:
184:
910:
1023:
1003:
673:
433:
194:
86:
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36:
281:
101:
63:
1028:
976:
949:
931:
236:
106:
1048:
216:
211:
1043:
863:
808:
162:
111:
546:. Survivor testimony suggests a high death rate in the camps and in transit from various causes, including epidemic
145:
116:
429:
199:
742:
On September 26, 1944 the Romanian Council of Minister passed a decree on the dissolution of German nationality
121:
58:
316:
204:
167:
226:
179:
150:
174:
91:
838:
1033:
1038:
714:
506:
448:
610:
paramilitary youth organisation who were made to serve in auxiliary forces by the end of the war
827:
606:
366:
376:
527:(known by its Russian acronym, GUPVI), with its own system of labour camps, similar to the
157:
138:
907:
451:
all Hungarians with German names were sent to the Soviet Union, in accordance with Soviet
8:
919:
812:
468:
444:
189:
729:
661:
495:
371:
774:
972:
945:
927:
859:
804:
618:
This group of prisoners was sent to Gulag camps, rather than the GUPVI camp network.
487:
425:
306:
939:Áztat tollal nem írhatom ... , Collective, Janus Pannonius Múzeum Pécs, May 2017, 97
622:
296:
276:
908:
Genocide or genocidal massacre?: The case of Hungarian prisoners in Soviet custody
875:
914:
834:
828:"Forgotten Victims of World War II: Hungarian Women in Soviet Forced Labor Camps"
721:
570:
543:
491:
301:
286:
16:
656:
574:
513:
291:
53:
992:
643:
558:
730:"Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)
803:
Gyorgy Dupka, Alekszej Korszun (1997) "A Malenykij Robot Dokumentumokban",
440:
421:
926:Венгерские военнопленные в СССР: Документы 1941-1953 годов. Moscow, 2005.
756:
447:" and transferred to the Soviet administration. In early 1945, during the
760:
638:
594:
535:
499:
768:"The White Book of Atrocities Against Hungarians in the Autumn of 1944"
601:
Former soldiers who had served in occupation forces in Soviet territory
589:
Another group of deportees consisted of Hungarians sentenced by Soviet
554:
509:
452:
654:
The story of the forced labor program was told in the 2018 drama film
629:
organisation of Hungarian Gulag survivors to be approximately 10,000.
566:
547:
715:„Malenki Robot" Magyar kényszermunkások a Szovjetunióban (1944–1955)
590:
480:
20:
Memorial plaque for forced labour of Hungarians in the Soviet Union
578:
562:
539:
484:
464:
966:
Antonia Jullien), Viktor et Klára, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2015, 205
439:
In addition, an unknown number of Hungarians were deported from
528:
326:
68:
521:
876:"Fajr International Film Festival : Eternal Winter"
1014:
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
597:
activities". These included the following categories:
811:(documents about deportations of Hungarians from
525:Main Department for Affairs of POWs and Internees
990:
565:, 119 in Northern Russia, 53 in the vicinity of
418:forced labour of Hungarians in the Soviet Union
490:reports allegedly overestimated the number of
471:, such forced labour has been referred to as
397:
753:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
404:
390:
1054:Political repression in Communist Hungary
674:Foreign forced labour in the Soviet Union
434:foreign forced labour in the Soviet Union
853:
851:
649:
15:
823:
821:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
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520:POWs and civilians were handled by the
991:
904:(2002), vol. 115, issue 4, pp 1156–87.
845:, (2002) vol 29, issue 1-2, pp. 77-91.
584:
848:
458:
923:(2000), vol. 1, issue 3, pp 109–118.
818:
791:Corvinus Library - Hungarian History
686:
467:and among the Hungarian minority of
999:Post–World War II forced migrations
550:, harsh weather, and malnutrition.
259:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
893:
475:, a corrupted form of the Russian
282:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
1065:
254:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
249:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
1024:Unfree labor during World War II
1004:Unfree labor in the Soviet Union
97:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
430:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1019:Hungary–Soviet Union relations
868:
797:
745:
736:
534:Deportees were transported in
1:
679:
424:was not researched until the
357:Massive labor force transfers
1029:Allied occupation of Hungary
7:
1009:Hungarian People's Republic
667:
449:"de-Germanisation" campaign
10:
1070:
1049:Hungarian prisoners of war
37:Forced population transfer
902:Hadtörténelmi közlemények
632:
87:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
1044:Anti-Hungarian sentiment
843:Hungarian Studies Review
195:Kurds from Transcaucasia
507:State Defence Committee
367:Twenty-five-thousanders
244:Polish and Soviet Jews
21:
765:English translation:
650:Media representations
377:Virgin Lands campaign
19:
538:to transit camps in
420:in the aftermath of
920:Human Rights Review
813:Carpathian Ruthenia
780:on February 4, 2011
585:Political prisoners
488:Rodion Malinovsky's
102:Chechens and Ingush
39:in the Soviet Union
913:2021-05-12 at the
839:Ágnes Huszár Várdy
833:2009-12-11 at the
720:2008-03-14 at the
664:for best actress.
662:international Emmy
637:The government of
496:Battle of Budapest
459:POWs and civilians
372:NKVD labor columns
327:POW Administration
64:Forced settlements
22:
980:
977:978-2-343-06863-3
953:
950:978-963-9873-48-3
932:978-5-8243-0659-0
426:fall of Communism
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307:Operation Vistula
1061:
1034:1940s in Hungary
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773:. Archived from
772:
749:
743:
740:
734:
728:
713:
703:
660:, which won an
623:de-Stalinisation
494:taken after the
492:prisoners of war
477:malenkaya rabota
406:
399:
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297:Operation Priboi
277:June deportation
217:Meskhetian Turks
24:
23:
1069:
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1064:
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1062:
1060:
1059:
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1039:1945 in Hungary
989:
988:
982:
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962:Viktor Geiger (
955:
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934:
915:Wayback Machine
896:
894:Further reading
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835:Wayback Machine
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722:Wayback Machine
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604:Members of the
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544:Western Ukraine
461:
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351:
311:
302:Operation Vesna
287:Operation North
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38:
12:
11:
5:
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712:(in Hungarian)
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657:Eternal Winter
651:
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575:Ural Mountains
571:Central Russia
514:ethnic Germans
473:málenkij robot
469:Transcarpathia
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292:Operation Osen
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168:NKVD operation
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151:NKVD operation
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139:NKVD operation
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122:NKVD operation
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112:Crimean Tatars
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54:Dekulakization
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809:963-8352-33-7
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644:Joseph Stalin
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573:, 276 in the
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559:Baltic states
557:, 158 in the
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163:Ingrian Finns
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26:
25:
18:
935:(in Russian)
918:
901:
879:. Retrieved
870:
842:
799:
790:
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
747:
738:
727:(in English)
655:
653:
636:
620:
617:
605:
588:
552:
536:freight cars
533:
519:
504:
476:
472:
462:
441:Transylvania
438:
422:World War II
417:
415:
341:
134:from Romania
983:(in French)
761:Cluj-Napoca
706:Tamás Stark
639:Ferenc Nagy
595:anti-Soviet
212:Lithuanians
993:Categories
784:2006-07-12
680:References
577:and 64 in
555:Azerbaijan
510:Order 7161
453:Order 7161
342:Hungarians
268:Operations
158:Harbinites
59:Evacuation
757:Kolozsvár
627:Szorakész
591:tribunals
569:, 627 in
567:Leningrad
561:, 131 in
548:dysentery
483:. Soviet
445:partisans
347:Romanians
237:1955–1959
232:1944–1946
180:Karachays
117:Estonians
911:Archived
881:15 April
831:Archived
718:Archived
668:See also
500:Red Army
481:Budapest
428:and the
332:Japanese
200:Latvians
45:Policies
29:a series
27:Part of
621:During
607:Levente
579:Siberia
563:Belarus
540:Romania
485:Marshal
465:Hungary
337:Germans
185:Koreans
175:Kalmyks
129:Germans
107:Chinese
92:Balkars
78:Peoples
975:
948:
930:
862:
807:
633:Return
522:NKVD's
190:Kumyks
146:Greeks
964:tran.
837:, by
778:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
614:era.)
593:for "
529:Gulag
222:Poles
69:Gulag
973:ISBN
946:ISBN
928:ISBN
883:2023
860:ISBN
805:ISBN
542:and
416:The
755:,
708:,
463:In
995::
981:.
968:p.
954:.
941:p.
917:,
850:^
841:,
820:^
789:,
688:^
581:.
531:.
512:,
502:.
455:.
436:.
31:on
979:)
971:(
952:)
944:(
885:.
815:)
787:.
759:/
405:e
398:t
391:v
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