221:, and time before emission depend on both the fluorophore structure and its chemical environment, since the molecule in its excited state interacts with surrounding molecules. Wavelengths of maximum absorption (≈ excitation) and emission (for example, Absorption/Emission = 485 nm/517 nm) are the typical terms used to refer to a given fluorophore, but the whole spectrum may be important to consider. The excitation wavelength spectrum may be a very narrow or broader band, or it may be all beyond a cutoff level. The emission spectrum is usually sharper than the excitation spectrum, and it is of a longer wavelength and correspondingly lower energy. Excitation energies range from
884:
379:
3764:
90:
43:
402:
Fluorophore molecules could be either utilized alone, or serve as a fluorescent motif of a functional system. Based on molecular complexity and synthetic methods, fluorophore molecules could be generally classified into four categories: proteins and peptides, small organic compounds, synthetic
750:), hence called environment-sensitive. Often dyes are used inside cells, which are impermeable to charged molecules; as a result of this, the carboxyl groups are converted into an ester, which is removed by esterases inside the cells, e.g.,
4361:
Sirbu, Dumitru; Luli, Saimir; Leslie, Jack; Oakley, Fiona; Benniston, Andrew C. (2019). "Enhanced in vivo
Optical Imaging of the Inflammatory Response to Acute Liver Injury in C57BL/6 Mice Using a Highly Bright Near-Infrared BODIPY Dye".
4305:
Bindels, Daphne S.; Haarbosch, Lindsay; van Weeren, Laura; Postma, Marten; Wiese, Katrin E.; Mastop, Marieke; Aumonier, Sylvain; Gotthard, Guillaume; Royant, Antoine; Hink, Mark A.; Gadella, Theodorus W. J. (January 2017).
289:, prolonged single-molecule microscopy showed that 20-90% of all particles never emit fluorescence. On the other hand, conjugated polymer nanoparticles (Pdots) show almost no dark fraction in their fluorescence.
745:
to bind to certain cations. When the dye contains an electron-donating and an electron-accepting group at opposite ends of the aromatic system, this dye will probably be sensitive to the environment's polarity
4004:
Pons T, Medintz IL, Farrell D, Wang X, Grimes AF, English DS, Berti L, Mattoussi H (2011). "Single-molecule colocalization studies shed light on the idea of fully emitting versus dark single quantum dots".
301:
or photoresistance (loss of fluorescence upon continuous light excitation). Other parameters should be considered, as the polarity of the fluorophore molecule, the fluorophore size and shape (i.e. for
511:
2071:
269:(in picoseconds): duration of the excited state of a fluorophore before returning to its ground state. It refers to the time taken for a population of excited fluorophores to decay to 1/
675:, one of the simplest aromatic hydrocarbons, is excited at 254 nm and emits at 300 nm. This discriminates fluorophores from quantum dots, which are fluorescent semiconductor
57:
1475:
755:
2091:
4175:
Li Z, Zhao X, Huang C, Gong X (2019). "Recent advances in green fabrication of luminescent solar concentrators using nontoxic quantum dots as fluorophores".
492:
473:
4151:
3030:
2572:
1823:
1102:
469:
1032:
539:
531:
836:
994:
562:
445:
2783:
1456:
804:
586:
4042:"Hydroxy-terminated conjugated polymer nanoparticles have near-unity bright fraction and reveal cholesterol-dependence of IGF1R nanodomains"
737:
Additionally, various functional groups can be present to alter their properties, such as solubility, or confer special properties, such as
159:, peptides, nucleic acids). Fluorophores are notably used to stain tissues, cells, or materials in a variety of analytical methods, such as
147:, or as a probe or indicator (when its fluorescence is affected by environmental aspects such as polarity or ions). More generally they are
2285:
816:
792:
336:
may be higher depending on grafted modifications and conjugated molecules), but there are also much larger natural fluorophores that are
263:: efficiency of the energy transferred from incident light to emitted fluorescence (the number of emitted photons per absorbed photons).
4413:
Taki, Masayasu (2013). "Chapter 5. Imaging and sensing of cadmium in cells". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.).
3848:
185:(FITC), has been one of the most popular fluorophores. From antibody labeling, the applications have spread to nucleic acids thanks to
4445:
1152:
201:. Newer generations of fluorophores, many of which are proprietary, often perform better, being more photostable, brighter, or less
1187:
769:
63:
4251:
3988:
3885:
4563:
313:
257:(in molcm): links the quantity of absorbed light, at a given wavelength, to the concentration of fluorophore in solution.
213:
The fluorophore absorbs light energy of a specific wavelength and re-emits light at a longer wavelength. The absorbed
3957:
3919:
3838:
3730:
2312:
28:
4558:
409:
GFP, YFP, and RFP (green, yellow, and red, respectively) can be attached to other specific proteins to form a
4210:
Liu, J.; Liu, C.; He, W. (2013), "Fluorophores and Their
Applications as Molecular Probes in Living Cells",
4093:"Real-time light-driven dynamics of the fluorescence emission in single green fluorescent protein molecules"
3794:
17:
1049:
353:
4494:
Jiang, Xiqian; Wang, Lingfei; Carroll, Shaina L.; Chen, Jianwei; Wang, Meng C.; Wang, Jin (2018-08-20).
4446:"Locally Excited State-Charge Transfer State Coupled Dyes as Optically Responsive Neuron Firing Probes"
182:
4444:
Sirbu, Dumitru; Butcher, John B.; Waddell, Paul G.; Andras, Peter; Benniston, Andrew C. (2017-09-18).
3833:
668:
398:, purple is a mixture of quinine and rhodamine 6g. Solutions are about 0.001% concentration in water.
341:
270:
164:
4553:
3843:
309:
4496:"Challenges and Opportunities for Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes in Redox Biology Applications"
302:
160:
53:
3752:
855:
3945:
3909:
3771:
Fluorescent dyes find a wide use in industry, going under the name of "neon colors", such as:
251:(nm)): corresponds to the peak in the excitation and emission spectra (usually one peak each).
120:
that can re-emit light upon light excitation. Fluorophores typically contain several combined
4584:
4273:
2099:
4104:
3748:
664:
155:, serving as a markers (or dyes, or tags, or reporters) for affine or bioactive reagents (
8:
3914:. Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer. pp. 246–9.
406:
290:
4239:
4108:
3873:
4528:
4495:
4395:
4343:
4192:
4068:
4041:
3744:
1013:
352:(PE, APC...) are ≈240kDa. As of 2020, the smallest known fluorophore was claimed to be
218:
186:
883:
4533:
4515:
4476:
4468:
4426:
4387:
4379:
4335:
4327:
4293:
4247:
4196:
4132:
4127:
4092:
4073:
4022:
3984:
3953:
3915:
3881:
3820:
3776:
657:
465:
117:
69:
4399:
293:
can have a dark fraction from protein misfolding or defective chromophore formation.
4523:
4507:
4460:
4418:
4371:
4347:
4319:
4221:
4212:
4184:
4122:
4112:
4063:
4053:
4014:
3788:
3702:
1726:
1558:
349:
333:
226:
3081:
1764:
975:
937:
862:
747:
727:
626:
606:
602:
507:
279:: the difference between the maximum excitation and maximum emission wavelengths.
4422:
4225:
3717:
1673:
1068:
870:
742:
731:
719:
695:
641:
622:
410:
367:
325:
298:
178:
4091:
Garcia-Parajo MF, Segers-Nolten GM, Veerman JA, Greve J, van Hulst NF (2000).
4579:
4573:
4519:
4472:
4383:
4331:
4307:
4237:
3871:
3852:
3708:
3534:
3412:
3385:
1633:
1595:
1564:
956:
820:
810:
723:
582:
550:
363:(2–10 nm diameter, 100–100,000 atoms) are also considered fluorophores.
345:
329:
234:
152:
148:
4566:- a comprehensive resource for fluorescence technology and its applications.
4117:
4537:
4480:
4464:
4430:
4391:
4375:
4339:
4308:"mScarlet: a bright monomeric red fluorescent protein for cellular imaging"
4136:
4077:
4026:
4018:
3736:
3514:
892:
738:
707:
687:
676:
632:
414:
391:
360:
286:
285:: the proportion of the molecules not active in fluorescence emission. For
114:
4511:
205:-sensitive than traditional dyes with comparable excitation and emission.
3813:
3807:
3352:
1691:
1222:
798:
691:
613:
501:
477:
437:
387:
383:
222:
170:
132:
121:
110:
4417:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 99–115.
682:
They can be attached to proteins to specific functional groups, such as
4323:
4188:
3693:
1549:
900:
826:
786:
545:
378:
214:
156:
94:
4090:
4058:
3782:
1857:
1492:
866:
830:
715:
699:
645:
598:
578:
483:
453:
441:
305:
pattern), and other factors can change the behavior of fluorophores.
248:
190:
72:
by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.
3775:
Multi-ton scale usages in textile dyeing and optical brighteners in
3713:
BR: Brightness: Molar absorption coefficient * quantum yield / 1000
751:
703:
618:
593:
574:
518:
432:
194:
140:
907:
887:
Bovine
Pulmonary Artery Endothelial cell nuclei stained blue with
427:
organic fluorophores belong to following major chemical families:
4152:"Fluorescent molecule breaks size record for green-emitting dyes"
3851:(FRAP) - an application for quantifying mobility of molecules in
3763:
3740:
3439:
896:
672:
637:
569:
535:
526:
459:
418:
395:
370:
hinder the tagged molecule and affect the fluorescence polarity.
337:
198:
125:
4304:
382:
Fluorescence of different substances under UV light. Green is a
2040:
2021:
1745:
1708:
876:
APC, APCXL, RPE, BPE (Phyco-Biotech, Greensea, Prozyme, Flogen)
782:
653:
557:
144:
1909:
1782:
1653:
711:
683:
449:
230:
174:
89:
776:
189:. Other historically common fluorophores are derivatives of
4040:
Koner AL, Krndija D, Hou Q, Sherratt DJ, Howarth M (2013).
1615:
888:
4443:
136:
3735:
Fluorophores have particular importance in the field of
765:, and do not necessarily share structural similarities.
297:
These characteristics drive other properties, including
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4039:
202:
4238:
Juan Carlos
Stockert, Alfonso Blázquez-Castro (2017).
4003:
3872:
Juan Carlos
Stockert, Alfonso Blázquez-Castro (2017).
4360:
403:
oligomers and polymers, and multi-component systems.
4493:
4278:
4209:
314:
relay their fluorescence at even longer wavelengths
124:groups, or planar or cyclic molecules with several
3943:
3803:Synergists for insecticides and experimental drugs
1315:suitable for protein labeling and electrophoresis
1299:suitable for protein labeling and electrophoresis
1283:suitable for protein labeling and electrophoresis
1267:suitable for protein labeling and electrophoresis
3758:
4571:
671:and stabilize the energy absorbed. For example,
34:Agents that emit light after excitation by light
4246:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 96–134.
4174:
912:
908:Examples of frequently encountered fluorophores
3880:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 61–95.
851:Seta, SeTau and Square Dyes (SETA BioMedicals)
240:The main characteristics of fluorophores are:
3819:Fluorescent sea dye is used to help airborne
895:stained red with MitoTracker Red CMXRos, and
3978:
3800:Fine arts and design (posters and paintings)
1973:(Biostatus) (usable excitation down to 488)
1956:(Biostatus) (usable excitation down to 488)
131:Fluorophores are sometimes used alone, as a
3952:. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 267–74.
2094:, oxidized form, light catalyzes oxidation
1132:aka Cychrome, R670, Tri-Color, Quantum Red
553:, including DRAQ5, DRAQ7, and CyTRAK Orange
486:derivatives and ring-substituted squaraines
3950:Handbook of biological confocal microscopy
3907:
3849:Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
3698:Em (nm): Emission wavelength in nanometers
1759:Non-toxic substitute for Ethidium Bromide
1554:Em (nm): Emission wavelength in nanometers
356:, a compound of 14 atoms and only 123 Da.
319:
245:Maximum excitation and emission wavelength
229:, and emission energies may continue from
4527:
4126:
4116:
4067:
4057:
143:of certain structures, as a substrate of
27:For uses and theory of fluorescence, see
4415:Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality
4244:Fluorescence Microscopy in Life Sciences
4143:
3939:
3937:
3878:Fluorescence Microscopy in Life Sciences
3762:
882:
377:
88:
3983:(3rd ed.). Springer. p. 954.
3981:Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy
3657:monomer, faster photobleach than mPlum
2118:
903:and imaged on a fluorescent microscope.
14:
4572:
4168:
4149:
3946:"Fluorophores for confocal microscopy"
3934:
1979:
1888:DNA (543ex/712em), RNA (590ex/607em)
4412:
1570:
663:These fluorophores fluoresce due to
36:
4203:
3816:to collect more light / wavelengths
3720:: time to reduce brightness by 50%
1904:7-aminoactinomycin D, CG-selective
899:stained green with Alexa Fluor 488
24:
4500:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
3874:"Chapter 3 Dyes and Fluorochromes"
3692:Ex (nm): Excitation wavelength in
1852:(Biostatus) (red excitation dark)
1548:Ex (nm): Excitation wavelength in
741:which binds to sugars or multiple
366:The size of the fluorophore might
25:
4596:
4547:
3839:Fluorescence in the life sciences
3823:teams locate objects in the water
3731:Fluorescence in the life sciences
1813:Vital stain, TOTO: Cyanine Dimer
308:Fluorophores can also be used to
29:Fluorescence in the life sciences
4554:The Database of fluorescent dyes
2016:AM ester, low/high calcium (Ca)
842:DY and MegaStokes Dyes (Dyomics)
488:, including Seta and Square dyes
312:of other fluorescent dyes or to
273:(≈0.368) of the original amount.
41:
4487:
4437:
4406:
4354:
4298:
4267:
4231:
3724:
761:The following dye families are
208:
4453:Chemistry - A European Journal
4240:"Chapter 4 Fluorescent Labels"
4084:
4033:
3997:
3972:
3901:
3865:
3810:to give off a glow-like effect
3759:Uses outside the life sciences
3542:Peridinin Chlorophyll (PerCP)
1182:Peridinin chlorophyll protein
324:Most fluorophores are organic
13:
1:
4564:The Molecular Probes Handbook
3944:Tsien RY; Waggoner A (1995).
3859:
3795:Organic light-emitting diodes
2072:2'7'Dichorodihydrofluorescein
413:, synthesized in cells after
913:Reactive and conjugated dyes
359:Fluorescence particles like
255:Molar absorption coefficient
7:
4423:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_5
4226:10.2174/1385272811317060003
3827:
1050:3-Hydroxyisonicotinaldehyde
854:Quasar and Cal Fluor dyes (
813:(Thermo Scientific, Pierce)
651:Dipyrromethene derivatives:
373:
354:3-hydroxyisonicotinaldehyde
10:
4601:
4150:Cozens, Tom (2020-12-16).
3728:
879:Vio Dyes (Miltenyi Biotec)
328:of 20–100 atoms (200–1000
219:energy transfer efficiency
183:fluorescein isothiocyanate
26:
3844:Quenching of fluorescence
3834:Category:Fluorescent dyes
3743:studies, for example, in
3103:heterodimer, crosslinked
2731:weak dimer, (Invitrogen)
342:green fluorescent protein
303:polarization fluorescence
1818:TO-PRO: Cyanine Monomer
873:) (Columbia Biosciences)
775:DRAQ and CyTRAK probes (
4118:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7237
2878:weak dimer, (Clontech)
2778:weak dimer, (Clontech)
845:Sulfo Cy dyes (Cyandye)
320:Size (molecular weight)
310:quench the fluorescence
4559:Table of fluorochromes
4465:10.1002/chem.201703366
4376:10.1002/cmdc.201900181
4019:10.1002/smll.201100802
3948:. In Pawley JB (ed.).
3911:Microscopic Techniques
3768:
3753:small molecule sensors
1511:Allophycocyanin (APC)
1200:PerCP-Cy5.5 conjugate
1063:QY 0.15; pH sensitive
904:
856:Biosearch Technologies
848:HiLyte Fluor (AnaSpec)
399:
98:
93:A fluorophore-labeled
4512:10.1089/ars.2017.7491
3979:Lakowicz, JR (2006).
3766:
3729:Further information:
3327:tetramer, (Clontech)
3025:tetramer, (Clontech)
2829:tetramer, (Clontech)
2523:tetramer, (Clontech)
1476:Lissamine Rhodamine B
886:
756:fluorescein-diacetate
730:or non-specifically (
665:delocalized electrons
381:
92:
4294:Columbia Biosciences
3749:immunohistochemistry
3227:monomer, (Clontech)
2736:GFP (S65T mutation)
2690:GFP (S65L mutation)
2621:GFP (S65C mutation)
2551:GFP (S65A mutation)
2436:GFP (Y66W mutation)
2173:GFP (Y66F mutation)
2152:GFP (Y66H mutation)
2119:Fluorescent proteins
2092:Dihydrorhodamine 123
2035:AM ester. pH > 6
1740:in aqueous solution
407:Fluorescent proteins
291:Fluorescent proteins
4459:(58): 14639–14649.
4183:(40): 12373–12387.
4109:2000PNAS...97.7237G
3908:Rietdorf J (2005).
3767:Fluorescent sea dye
1527:APC-Cy7 conjugates
1236:FITC; pH sensitive
989:Succinimidyl ester
970:Succinimidyl ester
951:Succinimidyl ester
536:nitrobenzoxadiazole
161:fluorescent imaging
4324:10.1038/nmeth.4074
4189:10.1039/C9TC03520F
4156:chemistryworld.com
3777:laundry detergents
3769:
3745:immunofluorescence
3583:monomer (Evrogen)
3486:dimer, (Clontech)
3201:monomer (Evrogen)
2852:monomer (Evrogen)
2685:monomer (Evrogen)
1980:Cell function dyes
1506:Sulfonyl chloride
1137:PE-Cy7 conjugates
1121:PE-Cy5 conjugates
905:
493:Squaraine rotaxane
400:
187:carboxyfluorescein
99:
70:clean up the lists
4253:978-1-68108-519-7
4177:J. Mater. Chem. C
4103:(13): 7237–7242.
4059:10.1021/nn3042122
4013:(14): 2101–2108.
3990:978-0-387-31278-1
3887:978-1-68108-519-7
3821:search and rescue
3747:, cell analysis,
3686:
3685:
3608:dimer, (Evrogen)
3565:mKate (TagFP635)
3302:dimer, (Evrogen)
3153:dimer, (Evrogen)
3001:dimer, (Evrogen)
2662:dimer, (Evrogen)
2116:
2115:
2054:AM ester. pH 7.2
1977:
1976:
1929:TOTO-3, TO-PRO-3
1802:TOTO-1, TO-PRO-1
1571:Nucleic acid dyes
1542:
1541:
807:(Setareh Biotech)
795:(Setareh Biotech)
667:which can jump a
350:phycobiliproteins
149:covalently bonded
118:chemical compound
109:, similarly to a
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
4592:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4450:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4213:Curr. Org. Chem.
4207:
4201:
4200:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4061:
4052:(2): 1137–1144.
4037:
4031:
4030:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3869:
3789:Safety equipment
3703:Molecular weight
2499:dimer (Evrogen)
2123:
2122:
2074:, oxidized form
1984:
1983:
1727:Ethidium Bromide
1575:
1574:
1559:Molecular weight
1217:(GE Healthcare)
917:
916:
861:SureLight Dyes (
763:trademark groups
474:thiacarbocyanine
466:indocarbocyanine
334:molecular weight
227:visible spectrum
135:in fluids, as a
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4570:
4569:
4550:
4545:
4492:
4488:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4411:
4407:
4370:(10): 995–999.
4359:
4355:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4236:
4232:
4208:
4204:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4089:
4085:
4038:
4034:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3977:
3973:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3830:
3761:
3733:
3727:
3688:Abbreviations:
3413:B-phycoerythrin
3386:R-phycoerythrin
3232:DsRed2 ("RFP")
3082:Allophycocyanin
3031:Kusabira Orange
2573:Midoriishi Cyan
2121:
1982:
1824:Thiazole Orange
1765:Acridine Orange
1573:
1544:Abbreviations:
1103:R-Phycoerythrin
976:Methoxycoumarin
938:Hydroxycoumarin
915:
910:
743:carboxyl groups
728:click chemistry
627:malachite green
607:acridine yellow
603:acridine orange
470:oxacarbocyanine
376:
326:small molecules
322:
211:
83:
77:
74:
67:
46:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4548:External links
4546:
4544:
4543:
4506:(6): 518–540.
4486:
4436:
4405:
4353:
4312:Nature Methods
4297:
4277:
4266:
4252:
4230:
4220:(6): 564–579,
4202:
4167:
4142:
4083:
4032:
3996:
3989:
3971:
3958:
3933:
3920:
3900:
3886:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:lipid bilayers
3846:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3760:
3757:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:Photostability
3714:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:DsRed monomer
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:monomer (MBL)
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:monomer (MBL)
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:Wild Type GFP
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:monomer (MBL)
2474:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:CyTRAK Orange
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:Chromomycin A3
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:Lucifer yellow
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:Pacific Orange
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
914:
911:
909:
906:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:Phycobilisomes
859:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
834:
824:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
780:
773:
748:solvatochromic
732:glutaraldehyde
720:acetyl bromide
696:isothiocyanate
661:
660:
648:
642:phthalocyanine
629:
623:crystal violet
610:
590:
566:
554:
551:anthraquinones
542:
540:benzoxadiazole
532:pyridyloxazole
523:
515:
498:
489:
480:
456:
417:of a suitable
411:fusion protein
375:
372:
348:, and several
321:
318:
299:photobleaching
295:
294:
280:
274:
264:
258:
252:
247:(expressed in
210:
207:
179:isothiocyanate
153:macromolecules
85:
84:
64:embedded lists
58:indiscriminate
49:
47:
40:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4597:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3961:
3959:0-306-44826-2
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3921:3-540-23698-8
3917:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Quantum yield
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:phycobilisome
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:heterotrimer
3433:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:heterotrimer
3406:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:tandem dimer
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:CG-selective
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:AT-selective
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:AT-selective
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:AT-selective
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:Quantum yield
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:PE-Texas Red
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
957:Aminocoumarin
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
918:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
837:Abberior Dyes
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
821:Sigma Aldrich
818:
815:
812:
811:DyLight Fluor
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
768:
767:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:organic azide
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
677:nanoparticles
674:
670:
666:
659:
655:
652:
649:
647:
643:
639:
636:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
617:
615:
611:
608:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
584:
583:cresyl violet
580:
576:
573:
571:
567:
564:
561:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
530:
528:
524:
522:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
503:
499:
496:
494:
490:
487:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
434:
430:
429:
428:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
371:
369:
364:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
344:(GFP) is 27 k
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
292:
288:
284:
283:Dark fraction
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
261:Quantum yield
259:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
236:
235:near infrared
232:
231:visible light
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
91:
81:
78:February 2016
71:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
30:
19:
4585:Luminescence
4503:
4499:
4489:
4456:
4452:
4439:
4414:
4408:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4318:(1): 53–56.
4315:
4311:
4300:
4274:Omlc.ogi.edu
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4243:
4233:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4159:. Retrieved
4155:
4145:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3980:
3974:
3963:. Retrieved
3949:
3925:. Retrieved
3910:
3903:
3891:. Retrieved
3877:
3867:
3814:Solar panels
3808:highlighters
3791:and clothing
3785:formulations
3770:
3737:biochemistry
3734:
3725:Applications
3687:
3525:~10,000 kDa
3391:565 >498
3257:mStrawberry
2593:dimer (MBL)
2364:mTurquoise2
1860:Iodide (PI)
1543:
1140:480;565;743
1124:480;565;650
1014:Pacific Blue
995:Cascade Blue
893:mitochondria
801:(Invitrogen)
762:
760:
739:boronic acid
736:
708:carbodiimide
688:active ester
681:
662:
650:
635:derivatives:
633:Tetrapyrrole
631:
616:derivatives:
612:
596:derivatives:
592:
572:derivatives:
568:
563:cascade blue
560:derivatives:
556:
548:derivatives:
544:
529:derivatives:
525:
517:
514:derivatives)
500:
497:See Tau dyes
495:derivatives:
491:
482:
462:derivatives:
458:
446:Oregon green
435:derivatives:
431:
424:
423:
415:transfection
405:
401:
392:Rhodamine 6G
390:, yellow is
365:
361:quantum dots
358:
323:
307:
296:
287:quantum dots
282:
277:Stokes shift
276:
266:
260:
254:
244:
239:
225:through the
212:
209:Fluorescence
169:
165:spectroscopy
130:
107:fluorochrome
106:
102:
100:
75:
68:Please help
52:may contain
51:
18:Fluorochrome
4364:ChemMedChem
4259:24 December
3893:24 December
3638:mRaspberry
3588:TurboFP635
3282:TurboFP602
3252:(Clontech)
2976:weak dimer
2926:weak dimer
2784:Azami Green
2457:mKeima-Red
2431:weak dimer
2334:weak dimer
2307:weak dimer
1692:Mithramycin
1457:X-Rhodamine
1223:Fluorescein
819:and Tracy (
805:Bella Fluor
799:Alexa Fluor
692:carboxylate
614:Arylmethine
587:oxazine 170
521:derivatives
504:derivatives
502:Naphthalene
478:merocyanine
438:fluorescein
425:Non-protein
388:Rhodamine B
384:fluorescein
223:ultraviolet
215:wavelengths
181:derivative
171:Fluorescein
115:fluorescent
111:chromophore
103:fluorophore
60:information
4574:Categories
4161:2021-12-03
3965:2008-12-13
3927:2008-12-13
3860:References
3694:nanometers
3351:monomer, (
3006:ZsYellow1
2286:T-Sapphire
1550:nanometers
1391:(625);650
1377:594;(640)
1360:572;(620)
1343:570;(615)
1340:(512);550
1241:BODIPY-FL
1027:Maleimide
1008:Hydrazide
999:(375);401
901:phalloidin
839:(Abberior)
827:FluoProbes
787:Invitrogen
658:aza-BODIPY
546:Anthracene
527:Oxadiazole
394:, blue is
368:sterically
249:nanometers
177:-reactive
173:, via its
157:antibodies
95:human cell
54:unverified
4520:1523-0864
4473:0947-6539
4384:1860-7187
4332:1548-7105
4197:203003761
3781:Advanced
3662:mScarlet
3353:Tsien lab
3158:tdTomato
3133:TurboRFP
2981:TurboYFP
2931:mCitrine
2809:ZsGreen1
2642:TurboGFP
1858:Propidium
1493:Texas Red
1304:G-Dye400
1288:G-Dye300
1272:G-Dye200
1256:G-Dye100
831:Interchim
793:EverFluor
777:BioStatus
772:(Biotium)
716:maleimide
700:hydrazine
646:bilirubin
599:proflavin
579:Nile blue
484:Squaraine
464:cyanine,
454:Texas red
442:rhodamine
421:carrier.
386:, red is
233:into the
193:(TRITC),
191:rhodamine
4538:29320869
4481:28833695
4431:23430772
4400:85544665
4392:30920173
4340:27869816
4137:10860989
4078:23330847
4046:ACS Nano
4027:21710484
3828:See also
3806:Dyes in
3783:cosmetic
3682:monomer
3537:complex
3491:Katusha
3461:monomer
3424:240 kDa
3397:250 kDa
3277:monomer
3128:monomer
3093:105 kDa
3076:monomer
3056:mOrange
2951:monomer
2901:monomer
2711:Emerald
2601:396,475
2504:AmCyan1
2383:monomer
2359:monomer
2313:Cerulean
2259:monomer
2241:Azurite
2236:monomer
2213:monomer
2132:Em (nm)
2129:Ex (nm)
2107:587/635
2104:548/579
2045:491/494
2010:490/405
2007:361/330
1993:Em (nm)
1990:Ex (nm)
1964:599/644
1947:600/647
1882:712;607
1879:543;590
1876:LDS 751
1777:DNA/RNA
1772:530/640
1750:290;520
1731:210;285
1584:Em (nm)
1581:Ex (nm)
1538:Far Red
1530:650;755
1434:QY 0.28
1417:QY 0.23
1400:QY 0.28
1383:QY 0.15
1366:QY 0.67
1349:QY 0.15
1332:QY 0.12
1192:490,675
1157:480;565
1108:480;565
926:Em (nm)
923:Ex (nm)
752:fura-2AM
706:groups (
704:carboxyl
686:groups (
619:auramine
594:Acridine
575:Nile red
519:Coumarin
433:Xanthene
374:Families
338:proteins
267:Lifetime
237:region.
195:coumarin
141:staining
122:aromatic
4529:6056262
4348:3539874
4105:Bibcode
4069:3584654
3797:(OLEDs)
3741:protein
3622:51.4 k
3560:trimer
3551:35 kDa
3466:HcRed1
3440:mCherry
3307:AsRed2
3183:TagRFP
2834:TagYFP
2667:TagGFP
2481:TagCFP
2112:pH 6/9
2004:Indo-1
1912:Orange
1634:Hoechst
1596:Hoechst
1205:FluorX
1153:Red 613
897:F-actin
722:), and
673:benzene
638:porphin
570:Oxazine
460:Cyanine
419:plasmid
396:quinine
199:cyanine
145:enzymes
126:π bonds
113:) is a
4536:
4526:
4518:
4479:
4471:
4429:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4250:
4195:
4135:
4125:
4076:
4066:
4025:
3987:
3956:
3918:
3884:
3751:, and
3613:mPlum
3509:dimer
3415:(BPE)
3388:(RPE)
3380:dimer
3360:J-Red
3332:mRFP1
3316:~110k
3241:~110k
3090:657.5
3084:(APC)
2906:Venus
2883:Topaz
2546:dimer
2528:mTFP1
2411:CyPet
2264:GFPuv
2218:EBFP2
2147:Notes
2041:Fluo-4
2022:Fluo-3
1999:Notes
1961:DRAQ7
1944:DRAQ5
1893:7-AAD
1869:668.4
1785:Green
1746:GelRed
1709:YOYO-1
1636:33258
1598:33342
1590:Notes
1520:104 k
1470:XRITC
1451:TRITC
1439:TRITC
1405:Cy5.5
1371:Cy3.5
1188:TruRed
1179:35kDa
1170:PerCP
1114:240 k
1097:NBD-X
932:Notes
783:BODIPY
770:CF dye
654:BODIPY
609:, etc.
589:, etc.
565:, etc.
558:Pyrene
538:, and
512:prodan
508:dansyl
476:, and
452:, and
332:; the
330:Dalton
197:, and
133:tracer
4449:(PDF)
4396:S2CID
4344:S2CID
4193:S2CID
4128:16529
4007:Small
3673:0.70
3649:0.15
3625:0.10
3600:0.34
3597:26 k
3478:0.03
3475:~52k
3452:0.22
3427:0.98
3400:0.84
3371:0.20
3344:0.25
3341:~30k
3319:0.21
3294:0.35
3291:26 k
3268:0.29
3244:0.55
3215:~28k
3169:0.69
3145:0.67
3142:26 k
3119:0.60
3096:0.68
3067:0.69
3043:0.60
3017:0.65
2996:55.7
2993:0.53
2990:26 k
2967:0.77
2956:YPet
2942:0.76
2917:0.57
2869:0.61
2857:EYFP
2821:0.91
2818:105k
2796:0.74
2769:0.60
2757:EGFP
2728:0.69
2722:0.68
2654:0.53
2651:26 k
2610:0.77
2515:0.75
2468:0.24
2422:0.51
2399:0.15
2388:ECFP
2375:0.93
2350:0.40
2339:mCFP
2325:0.62
2298:0.60
2208:0.27
2205:0.18
2194:EBFP
2100:SNARF
2059:DCFH
2051:1097
2013:1010
1970:~700
1921:~500
1910:SYTOX
1794:~600
1783:SYTOX
1756:1239
1719:1271
1665:~400
1656:Blue
1654:SYTOX
1414:1272
1380:1102
1354:Cy3B
1105:(PE)
867:PerCP
865:, RPE
726:(via
712:thiol
684:amino
450:eosin
175:amine
4580:Dyes
4534:PMID
4516:ISSN
4477:PMID
4469:ISSN
4427:PMID
4388:PMID
4380:ISSN
4336:PMID
4328:ISSN
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3335:584
3313:592
3310:576
3288:602
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