Battle of Flodden - Knowledge

2610:"qui obiit in exercitu in Northumberland" (who died in the army in Northumberland), which perhaps indicates that the death occurred elsewhere than at Flodden, or that the place of death was unknown. In the Responde Books the earlier Sasines (property documents) are silent as to the campaign. The later Sasines refer to it as "bellum", or "campus bellicus," and it is not till 1518 that Flodden is named, and then only about half-a-dozen times. ..., It must be borne in mind that it is only the King's vassals or tenants who left heirs in lands in the comparatively small portion of Scotland then held by the King, whose names can be expected to appear in the present Accounts. Besides the names in the following list, there are many other instances of Sasines taken in favour of the heirs of persons whom we know from other sources to have died at Flodden. p.clxii 1375: 1430:

overview of the field. He was, however, well-known for taking risks in battle and it would have been out of character for him to stay back. Encountering the same difficulties as the previous attack, James's men nevertheless fought their way to Surrey's bodyguard but no further. The final uncommitted Scottish formation, Argyll and Lennox's Highlanders held back, perhaps awaiting orders. The last English formation to engage was Stanley's force which, after following a circuitous route from Barmoor, finally arrived on the right of the Scottish line. They loosed volleys of arrows into Argyll and Lennox's battle, whose men lacked armour or any other effective defence against the archers. After suffering heavy casualties the Highlanders scattered.

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armoured men in the front rank so that the English archers had little impact. The outnumbered English battle was forced back and elements of it began to run off. Surrey saved his son from disaster by ordering the intervention of Dacre's light horsemen, who were able to approach unobserved in the dead ground that had been exploited earlier by the vanguard. The eventual result was a stalemate in which both sides stood off from each other and played no further part in the battle. According to later accounts, when Huntley suggested that they rejoin the fighting, Home replied: "the man does well this day who saves himself: we fought those who were opposed to us and beat them; let our other companies do the same!".

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approach. James quickly saw the threat and ordered his army to break camp and move to Branxton Hill, a commanding position which would deny the feature to the English and still give his pike formations the advantage of a downhill attack if the opportunity arose. The disadvantage was that the Scots were moving onto ground that had not been reconnoitred. The Lord Admiral, arriving with his vanguard at Branxton village, was unaware of the new Scottish position which was obscured by smoke from burning rubbish; when he finally caught sight of the Scottish army arrayed on Branxton Hill, he sent a messenger to his father urging him to hurry and also sending his

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frontal attack on Flodden Edge, uphill in the face of the Scottish guns in their prepared position and in all probability be defeated, or to refuse battle, earning disgrace and the anger of King Henry. Waiting for James to make a move was not an option because his 26,000 strong army desperately needed resupply, the convoy of wagons bringing food and beer for the troops from Newcastle having been ambushed and looted by local Englishmen. During a council of war on Wednesday evening, an ingenious alternative plan was devised, advised by "the Bastard" Heron, who had intimate local knowledge and had recently arrived at the English camp.

2861: 1455:. The Scottish ambassador, Andrew Brounhill, was given instructions to explain "how this cais is hapnit." Brounhill's instructions blame James IV for moving down the hill to attack the English on marshy ground from a favourable position, and credits the victory to Scottish inexperience rather than English valour. The letter also mentions that the Scots placed their officers in the front line in medieval style, where they were vulnerable, contrasting this loss of the nobility with the English great men who took their stand with the reserves and at the rear. The English generals stayed behind the lines in the 1223:. James may have assumed that Surrey was heading for Berwick-upon-Tweed for resupply, but he was actually intending to outflank the Scots and either attack or blockade them from the rear. At 5 am on the morning of Friday, 9 September, after a damp night on short rations and having to drink water from streams because the beer had run out, Surrey's men set off westwards to complete their manoeuvre. Their objective was Branxton Hill, lying less than 2 miles (3.2 km) north of James's camp at Flodden. To re-cross the River Till, the English army split into two; one force under Surrey crossed several 1397: 1128: 52: 1043: 1193: 1577: 1389:

been poorly sited instead of being carefully emplaced, which was usually required for such heavy weapons, further slowing their ponderous rate of fire. This may explain English claims that the Scottish guns were destroyed by return fire, when in fact they were captured undamaged after the battle. The apparent silence of the Scottish artillery allowed the light English guns to turn a rapid fire on the massed ranks of infantry, although the effectiveness of this bombardment is difficult to assess.

902:. Surprising the Scots with a sudden volley of arrows, the English killed as many as 600 of the Scots before they were able to escape, leaving their booty and the Home family banner behind them. Although the "Ill Raid" had little effect on the forthcoming campaign, it may have influenced James's decision not to fight an open battle against Surrey on the same ground. Whether the raid was undertaken solely on Lord Home's initiative, or whether it had been authorised by James is unknown. 1243: 1418: 5648: 2990: 1995: 1855: 2584:. The battle was mentioned because of the declaration James IV had made at Twiselhaugh respecting the heritage of the heirs of potential casualties, which waived feudal fees. Some of the lands noted were those held under Matthew, Earl of Lennox, who died in the battle of Flodden Field, "in campo bellico de Flodoun" (in the field of war at Flodden). Other great seal charters mentioned an altar dedicated for remembrance at 911: 1009: 1480: 5636: 873:. Only a small number of the light horsemen of the Scottish border had been sent to France. A northern army was maintained with artillery and its expense account started on 21 July. The first captains were recruited in Lambeth. Many of these soldiers wore green and white Tudor colours. Surrey marched to Doncaster in July and then Pontefract, where he assembled more troops from northern England. 1512:, 'the bills disappointed the Scots of their long spears, on which they relied.' The infantrymen at Flodden, both Scots and English, had fought essentially like their ancestors, and Flodden has been described as the last great medieval battle in the British Isles. This was the last time that bill and pike would come together as equals in battle. Two years later 1730:

they might know one another and brought the king furth of the feild, upoun ane dun hackney," and also that the king escaped from the field but was killed between Duns and Kelso. Similarly, John Lesley adds that the body taken to England was "my lord Bonhard" and James was seen in Kelso after the battle and then went secretly on pilgrimage in far nations.

1331:, and six great serpentines. These modern weapons fired an iron ball weighing up to 66 pounds (30 kg) to a range of 2,000 yards (1,800 m). However, the heaviest of these required a team of 36 oxen to move each one and were only able to fire once every twenty minutes at the most. They were commanded by the king's secretary, 4986: 2601:, a record of royal income, also gives names of the fallen. These were feudal tenants who held their lands from the King and would pay their dues directly to the exchequer. The names of landless men or those who held their lands from a landlord would not appear in this record. The preface to the published volume of the 1714:) and a detailed account of the battle written by Lord Howard. Brian Tuke mentioned in his letter to Cardinal Bainbridge that the coat was lacerated and chequered with blood. Catherine suggested Henry should use the coat as his battle-banner, and wrote she had thought to send him the body too, as Henry had sent her the 1378:

The western side of the battlefield, looking south-south-east from the monument erected in 1910. towards Branxton Hill on the skyline. The Scottish army advanced down the ploughed field, the English down the grassy field in the foreground. The modern boundary between the two fields marks the position

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On Sunday 4 September, James and the Scottish army had taken up a position at Flodden Edge, a hill to the south of Branxton. This was an immensely strong natural feature since the flanks were protected by marshes on one side and steep slopes on the other, leaving only a direct approach. The amount of

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and began to pillage farms and villages, taking anything of value before burning the houses. Surrey had taken the precaution of sending Sir William Bulmer north with 200 mounted archers, which Bulmer augmented with locally levied men to create a force approaching 1,000 in strength. On 13 August, they

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and marsh which so badly hampered the Scots advance is now drained. A monument, erected in 1910, is easily reached from Branxton village by following the road past St Paul's Church. There is a small car park and a clearly marked and signposted battlefield trail with interpretive boards which make it

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to Rome on 20 September, claiming 12,000 Scots had died, with fewer than 500 English casualties. Italian newsletters put the Scottish losses at 18,000 or 20,000 and the English at 5,000. Brian Tuke, the English Clerk of the Signet, sent a newsletter stating 10,000 Scots killed and 10,000 escaped the

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Surrey's army lost 1,500 men killed in battle. There were various conflicting accounts of the Scottish loss. A contemporary account produced in French for the Royal Postmaster of England, in the immediate aftermath of the battle, states that about 10,000 Scots were killed, a claim repeated by Henry

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The usual form of entry is "qui obiit in bello" (who died in the war), "in campo bellico" (in field of war), or "in campo" (in the field); but the forms also occur "qui obiit sub vixillo regis", (who died under the king's banner), which probably denotes that the fallen man was killed at Flodden, or

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It is unclear whether James had seen the difficulty encountered by the battle of the three earls, but he followed them down the slope regardless, making for Surrey's formation. James has been criticised for placing himself in the front line, thereby putting himself in personal danger and losing his

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as a groundwater seepage zone, made worse by days of heavy rain. As they struggled to cross the waterlogged ground, the Scots lost the cohesion and momentum on which pike formations depended for success. Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and the Scots began

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The next phase started when Home and Huntley's battle on the Scottish left advanced downhill towards the opposite troops commanded by Edmund Howard. They advanced, according to the English, "in good order, after the Alamayns manner, without speaking a word". The Scots had placed their most heavily

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Pitscottie says the vanguard crossed the bridge at 11 am and that James would not allow the Scots artillery to fire on the vulnerable English during this manoeuvre. This is not credible, since the bridge is some 6 miles (9.7 km) distant from Flodden, but James's scouts must have reported their

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After besieging and capturing several English border castles, James encamped his invading army on a commanding hilltop position at Flodden, awaited the English force that had been sent against him and declined a challenge to fight in an open field. Surrey's army, therefore, carried out a circuitous

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on 21 October, where the 17-month-old King was crowned in the Chapel Royal. The General Council of Lords made special provisions for the heirs of those killed at Flodden, following a declaration made by James IV at Twiselhaugh, and protection for their widows and daughters. Margaret Tudor remained

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However, according to contemporary English reports, Thomas Howard marched on foot leading the English vanguard to the foot of the hill. Howard was moved to dismount and do this by taunts of cowardice sent by James IV's heralds, apparently based on his role at sea and the death two years earlier of

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At about 4 pm on Friday in wet and windy weather, James began the battle with an artillery duel, but his big guns did not perform as well as he had hoped. Contemporary accounts put this down to the difficulty for the Scots of shooting downhill, but another factor must have been that their guns had

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pendant to underline the gravity of his situation. In the meantime, he positioned his troops on the dead ground from where he hoped that the Scots could not assess the size of his force. James declined to attack the vulnerable vanguard, reportedly saying that he was "determined to have them all in

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The battle began with an artillery duel followed by a downhill advance by Scottish infantry armed with pikes. Unknown to the Scots, an area of marshy land lay in their path, which had the effect of breaking up their formations. That gave the English troops the chance to bring about a close-quarter

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Soon after the battle, there were legends that James IV had survived. A Scottish merchant at Tournai in October claimed to have spoken with him, and Lindsay of Pitscottie records two myths: "thair cam four great men upon hors, and every ane of thame had ane wisp upoun thair spear headis, quhairby

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of the Scottish East March who had been killed by John "The Bastard" Heron in 1508, James invaded England with an army of about 30,000 men. However, both sides had been making lengthy preparations for this conflict. Henry VIII had already organised an army and artillery in the north of England to

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And now, for a conclusion, recommend me to your master and tell him if he be so hardy to invade my realm or cause to enter one foot of my ground I shall make him as weary of his part as ever was man that began any such business. And one thing I ensure him by the faith that I have to the Crown of

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The fierce fighting continued, centred on the contest between Surrey and James. As other English formations overcame the Scottish forces they had initially engaged, they moved to reinforce their leader. An instruction to English troops that no prisoners were to be taken explains the exceptional

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as appointed. James had no intention of leaving his carefully prepared position, perhaps recalling the fate of the Ill Raid on the same plain; he replied to Surrey that it was "not fitting for an Earl to seek to command a King". This put Surrey in a difficult position; the choice was to make a

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The Scots' advance down the hill was resisted by a hail of arrows, an incident celebrated in later English ballads. Hall says that the armoured front line was mostly unaffected; this is confirmed by the ballads which note that some few Scots were wounded in the scalp and, wrote Hall, James IV

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England and by the word of a King, there shall never King nor Prince make peace with me that ever his part shall be in it. Moreover, fellow, I care for nothing but for misentreating of my sister, that would God she were in England on a condition she cost the Schottes King not a penny.

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In the meantime, James had observed Home and Huntley's initial success and ordered the advance of the next battle in line, commanded by Errol, Crawford and Montrose. At the foot of Branxton Hill, they encountered an unforeseen obstacle, an area of marshy ground, identified by modern

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on 11 August at his tent at the siege was recorded. The Herald declared that Henry should abandon his efforts against the town and go home. Angered, Henry said that James had no right to summon him, and ought to be England's ally, as James was married to his (Henry's) sister,

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as "keen and sharp spears 5 yards long". Although the pike had become a Swiss weapon of choice and represented modern warfare, the hilly terrain of Northumberland, the nature of the combat, and the slippery footing did not allow it to be employed to the best effect.

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Upon Surrey's arrival, he deployed his troops on the forward slope of Piper Hill to match the Scottish dispositions. On his right, facing Hume and Huntley, was a battle composed of men from Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire, commanded by Surrey's third son,

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and known as "the Flowers of the Forest". Despite having the finest armour available, the king's corpse was found to have two arrow wounds, one in the jaw, and wounds from bladed weapons to the neck and wrist. He was the last monarch to die in battle in the

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in November with a shipload of armaments which were transported to Stirling. The English already knew the details of this planned shipment from a paper found in a bag at Flodden field. Now that James IV was dead, Antoine d'Arces promoted the appointment of

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In addition to these relics, the gold crucifix worn by James IV on the field of battle, set with three balas rubies and three sapphires and containing a fragment of the True Cross, was listed in the jewel book inventory of Henry VIII in the chapel of the

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A diagram published in 1859, showing the arrangement of opposing forces at the Battle of Flodden. An error is that Edward Stanley's force is shown incorporated into the left of the English line, when in fact he arrived on the Scottish flank late in the

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to drop them "so that it seemed as if a wood were falling down" according to a later English poem. Reaching for their side-arms of swords and axes, they found themselves outreached by the English bills in the close-quarter fighting that developed.

1668:, it was viewed by the captured Scottish courtiers William Scott and John Forman who acknowledged it was the king's. (Forman, the king's sergeant-porter, had been captured by Richard Assheton of Middleton.) The body was then embalmed and taken to 1560:, which contains the unique "Flodden Window." It depicts and names the archers and their priest in stained glass. The window has been called the oldest known war memorial in the UK. The success of the Cheshire yeomanry, under the command of 815:. However, the fleet was so badly delayed that it played no part in the war; unfortunately, James had sent most of his experienced artillerymen with the expedition, a decision which was to have unforeseen consequences for his land campaign. 1782:

on 19 September, and set up a General Council of the Realm "to sit upon the daily council for all matters occurring in the realm" of thirty-five lords including clergymen, lords of parliament, and two of the minor barons, the lairds of

1467:. A version of Howard's declaration to James IV that he would lead the vanguard and take no prisoners was included in later English chronicle accounts of the battle. Howard claimed his presence in "proper person" at the front was his 1639:

retrieved a powder flask belonging to James IV and gave it to Henry VIII. A cross with rubies and sapphires with a gold chain worn by James and a hexagonal table salt with the figure of St Andrews on the lid were given to Henry by

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with a sword, a dagger and a turquoise ring in 1681. The family tradition was either that these items belonged to James IV or were arms carried by Thomas Howard at Flodden. The sword blade is signed by the maker Maestre Domingo of

1880:(published in 1582) that, according to the lists that were compiled throughout the counties of Scotland, there were about 5,000 killed. A plaque on the monument to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk (as the Earl of Surrey became in 1514) at 1524:

noted the Scots' iron spears and their initial "very good order after the German fashion", but concluded that "the English halberdiers decided the whole affair, so that in the battle the bows and ordnance were of little use."

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Each year, the neighbouring Scottish town of Coldstream marks the Battle of Flodden with a traditional horse ride to the battlefield and then having a service to mark all those who perished during the fight during the town's

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gave a location for the king's death; "Pipard's Hill," now unknown, which may have been the small hill on Branxton Ridge overlooking Branxton church. Dacre took the body to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where according to Hall's

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on 1 September. Surrey had 500 soldiers with him and was to be joined at Newcastle by 1,000 experienced soldiers and sailors with their artillery, who would arrive by sea under the command of Surrey's son, also called

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by their French allies; a new weapon which had proved devastating in continental Europe, but required training, discipline and suitable terrain to use effectively. The Scottish artillery, consisting mainly of heavy

1075:'s story is that a part of the Scottish army returned to Scotland, and the rest stayed at Ford waiting for Norham to surrender and debating their next move. James IV wanted to fight and considered moving to assault 1062:

says that Lady Heron was a prisoner (in Scotland), and negotiated with James IV and the Earl of Surrey her own release and that Ford Castle would not be demolished for an exchange of prisoners. The English herald,

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James' army, somewhat reduced from the original 42,000 by sickness and desertion, still amounted to about 34,000, outnumbering the English force by 8,000. The Scottish army was organised into four divisions or

1079:, but the Earl of Angus spoke against this and said that Scotland had done enough for France. James sent Angus home, and according to Holinshed, the Earl burst into tears and left, leaving his two sons, the 1765:

ran out of his tent and escaped the weapons of his knights; it was found that mice had gnawed away the strings and buckle of the king's helmet; and in the morning his tent was spreckled with a bloody dew.

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mortality amongst the Scottish nobility. James himself was killed in the final stage of the battle; his body was found surrounded by the corpses of his bodyguard of the Archers' Guard, recruited from the

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discovered the body of James IV on the battlefield. He later wrote that the Scots "love me worst of any Englishman living, by reason that I fande the body of the King of Scots." The chronicle writer

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composed of men from the northeast of Scotland. The third was commanded by James himself together with his son Alexander and the Earls of Cassillis, Rothes and Caithness. On the right, the Earls of

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Henry also replied by letter on 12 August, writing that James was mistaken and that any of his attempts on England would be resisted. Using the pretext of revenge for the murder of Robert Kerr, a

2473: 2289: 1691:(thigh-armour), were taken to the shrine of Saint Cuthbert at Durham Cathedral. Much of the armour of the Scottish casualties was sold on the field, and 350 suits of armour were taken to 3057:

also featured the battle in its first season, giving an accurate picture of what occurred and explaining the battle dynamics, showing the weakness and strong points of weapons used, etc.

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as Regent to rule Scotland instead of Margaret and her son. Albany, who lived in France, came to Scotland on 26 May 1515. By that date Margaret had given birth to James's posthumous son

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march to position themselves in the rear of the Scottish camp. The Scots countered that by abandoning their camp and occupying the adjacent Branxton Hill and denying it to the English.

4279:, vol. 2, no. 341, 29 September 1513: "Cadaver Scotorum Regis adductum est Eboratum, ideo quod venit ante festum divi Michaelis civitatem Eboracensem (York), quam dixerat se capturum." 2334: 2251: 314: 1347:'s force of cavalry and archers had been the last to leave Barmoor and would not arrive on the left flank until later in the day. A reserve of mounted Borderers commanded by Thomas, 4185: 2844:

arch remains of the medieval church where James IV's body was said to have rested after the battle – the rest is Victorian, dating from 1849 in the "Norman" style.

1532:, writing sixty years later, noted that the Scottish bullets flew over the English heads while the English cannon was effective: the one army placed so high and the other so low. 1499:

used by the Scots. The pike was an effective weapon only in a battle of movement, especially to withstand a cavalry charge. The Scottish pikes were described by the author of the

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at council before the engagement. Lord Lindsay advised the King to withdraw, comparing their situation to an honest merchant playing dice with a trickster, and wagering a gold

4123:, Suffolk Record Society 27 (1985), pp. 6, 153, inventory of 1524; plate gilt;, "ii grett pottis with the scottishe kingis armys on the hed of theym, 300 ounces.": Green, R., 2895:

of the battle in 2013 was commemorated by a programme of projects and events bringing together communities from both sides of the border. A number were funded by an £887,300

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taking part in the Battle of Flodden Field; however, there is an old tradition that the Munros of Argyll are descended from a Flodden survivor. One of these descendants was

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A legend grew that while the artillery was being prepared in Edinburgh before the battle, a demon called Plotcock had read out the names of those who would be killed at the

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Around forty-five English soldiers were knighted by the Earl of Surrey after the battle. Edward Hall mentions some of their positions in the army's advance from Newcastle.

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there over the centuries, but excavations conducted between 2009 and 2015 found no trace of 16th century work and concluded that James may have reused some features of an

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was taken and partly demolished after the Scottish heavy artillery had breached the recently refurbished outer walls. The Scots then moved south, capturing the castles of

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was regent in England. On 27 August, she issued warrants for the property of all Scotsmen in England to be seized. On hearing of the invasion on 3 September, she ordered

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near London. A payment of £12-9s-10d was made for the "sertying ledying and sawdryng of the ded course of the King of Scottes" and carrying it York and to Windsor.

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In the meantime, Surrey was reluctant to commit his army too early, since once in the field they had to be paid and fed at enormous expense. From his encampment at

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and John Inglis could find no trace of him. The historian R. L. Mackie wondered if the incident really happened as a masquerade orchestrated by an anti-war party:

4370:(the lacerated cloak of the Scottish king was sent here (Tournai), chequered in our (English) manner and dyed with blood): Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), p. 164, has 1528:

Despite Tuke's comment (he was not present), this battle was one of the first major engagements in the British Isles where artillery was significantly deployed.

5663: 307: 997:; the exact date of the crossing is not recorded, but is generally accepted to have been 22 August. The Scottish troops were unpaid and were only required by 781:, sent a letter to James threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking his peace treaties with England on 28 June 1513, and subsequently James was 2461: 610: 973:, King James sent notice to the English, one month in advance, of his intent to invade. This gave the English time to gather an army. After a muster on the 5813: 5788: 2491: 2284: 1698:

Thomas Hawley, the Rouge Croix pursuivant, was first with news of the victory. He brought the "rent surcoat of the King of Scots stained with blood" to

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of rather old-fashioned design, typically firing a ball of only about 1 pound (0.45 kg), but they were easily handled and capable of rapid fire.

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A later sixteenth-century Scottish attitude to the futility of the battle was given by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, in words that he attributed to

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saying his mother had told him to say James should not go to war or take the advice of women. Then before the king could reply, the man vanished.

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which was signed in 1502. However, relations were soon soured by repeated cross-border raids, rivalry at sea leading to the death of the Scottish

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On Thursday, 8 September, Surrey moved his army from Wooler Haugh and instead of heading northwest towards Flodden, he turned east across the

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brought James IV's letter of 26 July to him. James asked him to desist from attacking France in breach of their treaty. Henry's exchange with

5783: 439: 5734: 1115:, which had been carried by the English in victories against the Scots in 1138 and 1346. On 3 September, Surrey moved his advanced guard to 2154: 1778:, where a room at the top of a tower is called 'Queen Margaret's bower'. Ten days after the Battle of Flodden, the Lords of Council met at 1023:

and made a proclamation for the benefit of the heirs of anyone killed during this invasion. By 29 August after a siege of six days, Bishop

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supposed, nearly every noble family in Scotland would have lost a member at Flodden. The dead are remembered by the song (and pipe tune) "

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A legend arose that James had been warned against invading England by supernatural powers. While he was praying in St Michael's Kirk at

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A number of subsequent property transactions give names of the fallen. A register of royal charters was kept and published as the

1174:, agreeing that they would join in battle on Friday between 12 noon and 3 pm, and asked that James would face him on the plain at 1005:, while the bulk of the army followed the course of the Tweed downstream to the northeast to invest the remaining border castles. 5823: 2223: 2059: 5798: 2638: 2175: 1636: 1299: 245: 5712:

Flodden 500 years anniversary (2013): Follow the community archaeological project excavating in and around Flodden battlefield

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in 1549 and repeated in John Polemon's 1578 account of the battle. When James was in council at the camp at Flodden Edge, a

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while he awaited the completion of the muster and the arrival of the Lord Admiral whose ships had been delayed by storms.

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A view of Flodden Hill which shows its steep gradient. The crest of the hill was without trees at the time of the battle.

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featured the battle. The depiction was fictionalized in certain respects, for example by having the title character,

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Haugh on Wednesday 7 September, compared this position to a fortress in a challenge sent to James IV by his herald,

4237:(Oliver & Boyd, 1958), pp. 258–259, with map, the suggested hill is location of the 1910 monument: Stow, John, 2180: 2045: 819: 353: 3313:, vol. 1 (1920), p. 609 no. 1317, p. 623 no. 1342, wardrobe warrant for banners for Earl of Surrey, 1 August 1512. 4251:

Remains Historical and Literary connected with Lancaster and Chester: Visitation of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1533

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against a bent halfpenny. Their King was the gold piece, England the trickster, and Thomas Howard the halfpenny.

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prepared an ambush for the Scots as they returned north laden with the spoils of their looting, by hiding in the

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to die in battle. That and the loss of a large proportion of the nobility led to a political crisis in Scotland.

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battle for which they were better equipped. James IV was killed in the fighting and became the last monarch from

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Reports and papers of the architectural and archaeological societies of the counties of Lincoln and Northampton

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VIVAT REX! An Exhibition Commemorating the 500th Anniversary of the Accession of Henry VIII (The Grolier Club)

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VIII on 16 September while he was still uncertain of the death of James IV. William Knight sent the news from

5803: 5594: 4634:, vol. 13 no. 51 (January 1899), pp. 101–111, quotes Riddell, and, vol. 13, no. 52 (April 1899), pp. 168–172. 2885: 2203: 1656: 1549: 1545: 1084: 986: 886: 205: 144: 17: 3074:, on the battlefield at the head of the English troops while heavily pregnant. The filming location was the 5833: 5583: 5370:

Grummit, DAvid (January 2018). "Flodden 1513: Re-examining British Warfare at the End of the Middle Ages".

5326: 4651:

London (1626), chapter 2, as a song made by the commons of England and "to this day not forgotten of many."

2274: 1872:

field. Tuke reckoned the total Scottish invasion force to have been 60,000 and the English army at 40,000.

1820: 1104: 1055: 760: 666: 500: 324: 43: 5602: 5090: 5076: 4730: 4688: 4664: 3508: 2605:

gives this explanation and guide to the variety of Latin phrases used to describe deaths in the campaign;

728:

Centuries of intermittent warfare between England and Scotland had been formally brought to an end by the

2597: 2509: 2162: 5793: 5690:

Sir Walter Scott's account of the Laird of Muirhead's role protecting James IV in the Battle of Flodden

4660: 4409: 2651: 1892: 1757:

doubts if there was a significant anti-war faction. Three other portents of disaster were described by

1750: 1208: 1200: 1067:, came to Ford to appoint a place for battle on 4 September, with extra instructions that any Scottish 949: 853: 823: 565: 545: 4934: 1264: 5778: 2589: 2482: 1464: 756: 736: 729: 540: 408: 363: 2923:

The Battle of Flodden Field, told from several different perspectives, is the subject of the novel,

865:, had been appointed Lieutenant-General of the army of the north and was issued with banners of the 5773: 5727: 5722: 5711: 3000: 2341: 2264: 2158: 717: 678: 480: 373: 78: 2864:

On the 500th anniversary of the battle a minute's silence for the town's dead was observed at the

1235:

numbering some 15,000 commanded by the Lord Admiral and including the artillery train, crossed at

966:. She prepared banners for an army, including her heraldry, in case she herself was called north. 625: 4710: 3004: 2865: 2446: 2305: 2116: 2005: 1960: 1452: 1343:. Of the central battles, one was commanded by the Lord Admiral and the other by Surrey himself. 1310:. Some sources state that there was a fifth battle acting as a reserve, perhaps commanded by the 1141: 945: 744: 505: 388: 383: 5155:; another lost news-sheet printed by Richard Pynson which was the source used in Edward Hall's 5147:

said to be a field despatch; Brian Tuke's news-letter to Cardinal Bainbridge; an Italian poem,

4476: 2860: 2782: 2775: 2585: 2052: 1795: 1641: 1596: 1592: 1422: 1220: 1167: 1064: 978: 835: 786: 535: 2488:

David, William, and George Lyon. All three brothers-in-law of Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum

1610:

the Duke kept two silver-gilt cups engraved with the arms of James IV, which he bequeathed to

1127: 857:

counter the expected invasion. Some of the guns had been returned to use against the Scots by

5512: 5491: 5323:

pp. 163–164, Dr. William Knight to Cardinal Bainbridge, 20 September 1513, Lille (Latin)

3958: 3828: 3562: 3262: 3161: 2896: 2142: 1896: 1787:

and Inverrugy. This committee was intended to rule in the name of Margaret Tudor and her son

1459:

style. The loss of so many Scottish officers meant there was no one to coordinate a retreat.

1307: 963: 751:

with France by diverting Henry's English troops from their campaign against the French king,

740: 693:. In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle ever fought between the two kingdoms. 635: 600: 590: 495: 51: 5145:

Articles of the Bataill bitwix the Kinge of Scottes and therle of Surrey in Brankstone Field

4356: 4349: 1396: 5716: 3403:

Courtney Herber, 'Katherine of Aragon: Diligent Diplomat and learned Queen', Aidan Norrie,

3102: 3066: 2900: 2715: 2097: 1843: 1824: 1774:

The wife of James IV, Queen Margaret Tudor, is said to have awaited news of her husband at

1561: 1002: 923: 866: 686: 595: 585: 154: 4976:. Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House. 24 June 1878 – via Internet Archive. 1192: 1042: 8: 5668: 5579: 5297: 5184: 5171: 5143:

The earliest accounts of the battle are English. These contemporary sources include; the

4871:

A general & heraldic dictionary of the Peerage & Baronetage of the British Empire

4151: 4105:

Chamley, Benson (June 2003). "Sir Richard Cholmondeley, Cheshire's most famous unknown".

4001: 3071: 3053: 2972: 2566: 2552: 2547: 2149: 2134: 2120: 2111: 1788: 1734:

reported a rumour that James IV had escaped the field, leaving his Squire of Attendance,

1699: 1669: 1517: 1513: 1216: 955: 795:, to join the ships of Louis XII of France. The fleet of twenty-two vessels commanded by 752: 674: 620: 580: 555: 510: 485: 456: 413: 393: 358: 343: 128: 116: 5316: 5206: 1015:, which fell to the Scots on 29 August after a six-day bombardment by James's artillery. 530: 5673: 5469: 5114: 4736: 2877: 2835:

The battlefield still looks much as it probably did at the time of the battle, but the

2631: 2441: 1811: 1804: 1607: 1344: 1340: 1283: 1275: 1076: 670: 525: 140: 111: 86: 5680:

Coldstream civic week. Annual event with commemorative rideout to the Flodden Memorial

515: 5561: 5557: 5537: 5518: 5497: 5476: 5422: 5396: 5379: 5356: 5337: 5286: 5122: 4973: 4364:

lacerata paludamenta Regis Scotorum hue missa fuerunt, tincta sanguine et variegatijs

3422: 3206: 2836: 2792: 2786: 2562: 1775: 1754: 1738:

to fight on, and that the English may have mistaken Elphinstone's body for the king.

1692: 1599:

awarded on account of their ancestor's victory at Flodden, a modified version of the

1587:

As a reward for his victory, Thomas Howard was subsequently restored to the title of

1095: 1072: 1071:

who were sent to Surrey were to be met where they could not view the English forces.

1001:

to serve for forty days. Once across the border, a detachment turned south to attack

998: 827: 778: 520: 1920:

Contemporary English ballads also recalled the significance of the Scottish losses:

1888:

that "12,000 at the least of the best gentlemen and flower of Scotland" were slain.

1359:

which were their favoured weapon. There was also a large contingent of well-trained

926:

for the invasion set off towards England dragged by borrowed oxen. On 19 August two

5160: 4898:

Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland

2881: 2804: 2693: 2328: 2318: 1815: 1711: 1632: 1628: 1108: 919: 605: 338: 249: 237: 225: 213: 158: 739:

and the capture of his ships in 1511, and increasingly bellicose rhetoric by King

5306: 5197: 5167: 4189: 4170: 4158: 4136: 4085: 3997: 3950: 3535: 3205:. Published by Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2005. Edited by Jeremy Black. pp. 95–97. 2951: 2348: 2311: 1873: 1858:

The Flodden memorial cross, erected in 1910, contemplated by the Tudor historian

1799: 1731: 1723: 1615: 1611: 1588: 1565: 1468: 1364: 1332: 1224: 812: 782: 550: 368: 2880:, reputedly houses the oldest war memorial in Great Britain, constructed by Sir 1635:'s 1639 composition, with his ancestor's sword, gauntlet and helm from Flodden. 1351:

were positioned to the rear. The English infantry was equipped with traditional

5595:

The Life of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1443–1524

4644: 4178: 2945: 2941: 2930:

Flodden from the perspective of a Yorkshire archer is the subject of the novel

2912: 2892: 2684: 2656: 2519: 2506:

Sir Iain (John) MacFarlane 11th Baron of Arrochar, 8th Chief of Clan MacFarlane

2437: 2124: 1718:, his prisoner from Thérouanne, but "Englishmen's hearts would not suffer it." 1603:

with the lower half of the lion removed and an arrow through the lion's mouth.

1505: 1328: 1236: 1196: 1094:, he issued an order for forces raised in the northern counties to assemble at 1024: 1020: 890: 882: 840: 800: 682: 630: 560: 470: 398: 348: 292: 82: 3988:, vol. 1 (1912), p. 406 no. 660, Brian Tuke to Richard Pace, 22 September 1513 708:

British historians sometimes use the Battle of Flodden to mark the end of the

5767: 5749: 5736: 5383: 2899:

grant including the expansion of the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum and archaeology,

2849: 2818: 2625: 2422: 1859: 1645: 1620: 1536:

sustained a significant arrow wound. Many of the archers were recruited from

1509: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1451:

Soon after the battle, the council of Scotland decided to send for help from

1440: 1356: 1315: 1228: 1163: 1028: 1012: 959: 948:. The king himself set off that night with two hastily prepared standards of 938: 808: 791: 748: 713: 702: 1710:

with Hawley, and then sent John Glyn on 16 September with James's coat (and

1256:

front of me on one plain field and see what all of them can do against me".

1246:

A map published in 1859, showing the features of the battlefield at Flodden.

1242: 914:

Sketch of Edinburgh in 1544 looking south, detail showing the Netherbow Port

5449: 5217:

The Trewe Encountre or Batayle Lately Don Between England and Scotland etc.

5193: 3949:, HMSO (1954), 4–5, instruction for Sir Andrew Brownhill, 16 January 1514: 3075: 2918: 2556: 2513: 1978: 1758: 1703: 1681: 1435: 1171: 895: 870: 831: 768: 5221:

Petrie, George, 'Account of Floddon in the 'Trewe Encountre' manuscript',

2592:, a border town. These names include Adam Hacket, husband of Helen Mason. 1576: 5180: 4362:, Brian Tuke to Richard Pace, Bainbridge's secretary, 22 September 1513, 3538:

The Scottish chronicle or, a complete history and description of Scotland

3092: 2455: 1977:

After Flodden, many Scottish nobles are believed to have been brought to

1974:

Branxton Church was the site of some burials from the Battle of Flodden.

1623:. There is some doubt whether the weapons are of the correct period. The 1529: 1456: 1348: 1314:. The Scottish infantry had been equipped with 18 feet (5.5 m) long 1059: 1047: 1036: 1032: 990: 804: 709: 5173:

Grafton's Chronicle, or History of England: The Chronicle at Large, 1569

4387:, 1st Series, vol. 1 (Richard Bentley, London, 1825), pp. 82–84, 88–89: 1884:

put the figure at 17,000. Edward Hall, thirty years after, wrote in his

1583:

was given an augmentation of honour to commemorate the Battle of Flodden

1417: 789:. James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the 56:

The Flodden Memorial on Piper's Hill, overlooking the site of the battle

5471:

My Wound is Deep: A History of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560

2968: 2823: 2465: 2128: 2019: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1964: 1742: 1677: 1553: 1537: 1521: 1212: 1136:

fortification which James constructed on the hill is disputed; several

1091: 994: 974: 811:, from where it might cut the English line of communication across the 774: 5679: 4989:

Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath et., IV Henry VI to 1660

4395:, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2261, (written before news of the battle) 424: 2964:

by Jane Oliver (1955) is a fictional account of the life of James IV.

2766: 2575: 2372:

Sir William Cockburn of Langton and his eldest son and heir Alexander

2366: 1746: 1660: 1410: 1368: 1320: 1252: 1152: 1137: 733: 4666:

Historie and Cronicles of Scotland, by Robert Lindesay of Pitscottie

3510:

Historie and Cronicles of Scotland, by Robert Lindesay of Pitscottie

3268:, vol. 1: 1509–1514 (1920), pp. 952–967. Date accessed: 26 July 2012 2989: 1994: 1981:

for interment, as being the nearest consecrated ground in Scotland.

977:

of Edinburgh, the Scottish host moved to Ellemford, to the north of

4974:"Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland" 3178: 3079: 1881: 1854: 1784: 1779: 1541: 1324: 1232: 1175: 1149: 1112: 970: 929: 899: 5719:

Greentrax Recordings compilation CD of songs and music of Flodden.

5647: 2497:

Sir William M'Clellan of Bomby. A personal friend of King James IV

5151:

in part based on Tuke's letters; a news-sheet printed in London,

4711:"Influence of the pre-reformation church on Scottish place-names" 4587:, Edinburgh (1778), p. 180 "gleed half-penny", "common hazarder." 4404:

Rosalind K. Marshall, 'The Jewellery of James V, King of Scots',

2841: 2725: 1707: 1688: 1401: 1352: 1145: 1116: 910: 685:, in northern England, between an invading Scots army under King 188:

Adam Hepburn 2nd earl of Bothwell Lord High Admiral of Scotland

5459:

Mackie, J.D., "The Auld Alliance and the Battle of Flodden", in

5010:, (1809), 557–558, 564: additional details from C. H. Browning, 2903:

and education projects, exhibitions and a solemn commemoration.

1400:

An early 16th century depiction of pikemen in close combat with

1008: 743:

in claiming to be the overlord of Scotland. Conflict began when

185:

William Hay 4th Earl of Erroll Lord High Constable of Scotland

5635: 4125:

History, Topography, and Antiquities of Framlingham and Saxsted

1479: 1360: 1278:. That on the left wing was commanded by the Earls of Home and 1159: 1068: 944:

followed with the gunner Robert Borthwick and master carpenter

677:

and resulted in an English victory. The battle was fought near

5701: 3524:

Chronicle: Union of the two noble and illustrious Houses, 1548

5534:

With a Bended Bow: Archery in Medieval and Renaissance Europe

5050: 4494:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1814), pp. 264–265: MacDougall, Norman, 3061: 1868: 1404:; the fighting at Flodden must have had a similar appearance. 5278:

Burke's Landed Gentry of Scotland under Henderson of Fordell

3632:, 1st Series, vol. 1, Richard Bentley, London (1825), 85–87. 1286:. Next in the line was the battle commanded by the Earls of 989:. The Scottish army, numbering some 42,000 men, crossed the 5327:

English Heritage Battlefield Report: Flodden, (1995), 13 pp

4860:, Edinburgh, Andrew Elliot, 1911, Appendix III, pp. 204–207 1762: 1673: 764: 4453:, vol. 2 (Scottish Text Society: Edinburgh, 1895), p. 146. 969:

In keeping with his understanding of the medieval code of

5706: 4391:, vol. 2 (1867), no. 316 (news sent to Duke of Ferrara): 1425:

of the hand-to-hand fighting at the height of the battle.

1335:, an able diplomat, but who had no artillery experience. 755:. At this time, England was involved as a member of the " 4546:

Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554

4530:

Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554

4295:, 1st series, vol. 1, London (1824), 88: Aikman, James, 3934:

Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554

3405:

Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty

2884:

in memory of the Battle of Flodden and the archers from

1695:. A list of horses taken at the field runs to 24 pages. 3573:. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne: 51–65. 2614: 1019:

On 24 August, James IV held a council or parliament at

881:

On 5 August, a force estimated at up to 7,000 Scottish

5622:

Archaeologia Aeliana or Miscellaneous Tracts: Volume 6

4632:

The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries

5695: 2852:" – held in the first week of August. 2427:

Archibald Graham, 3rd of Garvock – King James' cousin

1745:, a man strangely dressed in blue had approached his 5311:, 1st Series, vol. 1, Richard Bentley, London (1825) 4961:

4936:

3265:

Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII

3162:

Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII

2948:

of Scotland and culminates in the Battle of Flodden.

2708:

Ninian Markenfield of Markington (d. 1527), rearward

1564:, led to his later appointment as Lieutenant of the 5321:, 3rd Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1846) 1803:guardian or 'tutrix' of the King, but was not made 1676:, a city that James had promised to capture before 1327:(known as "the Seven Sisters"), together with four 1199:, which allowed the English artillery to cross the 5536:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press Ltd. 5468: 5223:Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scotland 5119:The Clan Munro (Clan an Rothaich): A Beacon Ablaze 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4498:(Tuckwell, 1997), pp. 265–266, 303: Mackie, R.L., 2576:Names of Scottish casualties from property records 2433:Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum, and his son David 1595:. The arms of the Dukes of Norfolk still carry an 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 2967:There is no historical record of anyone from the 5765: 5511:Rose, Edward P. F.; Mather, J. D., eds. (2012). 5319:Original Letters Illustrative of English History 5309:Original Letters Illustrative of English History 4626:A number of names collected from the manuscript 4559:The Scot who was a Frenchman, the Duke of Albany 4385:Original Letters Illustrative of English History 4293:Original Letters Illustrative of English History 3630:Original Letters Illustrative of English History 1926:To tell you plaine, twelve thousand were slaine, 1905:We'll hae nae mair lilting, at the yowe-milking, 1706:. She sent news of the victory to Henry VIII at 1282:and consisted of a combination of Borderers and 1111:where he was presented with the banner of Saint 322: 5664:An account of the battle, from Our Past History 5435:Leather, G. F. T., "The Battle of Flodden", in 4885:Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia 4617:Hall (1809), p. 563, with 1,500 English killed. 4464:The Household and Court of James IV of Scotland 4107:The Family History Society of Cheshire Magazine 3363:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland 3322:J. D. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden' in 1219:and headed north, making camp at Barmoor, near 5685:A monument of the Battle of Flodden, Pastscape 5313:pp. 82–99, Catherine of Aragon's letters. 4741: 4291:, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2313: Ellis, Henry, ed., 4062:, vol. 1 (1912), 407, (translated from Latin). 3326:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh 1951), pp. 35–83, at 53–57 3179:"Remembering Flodden | Map of the Battle" 1614:in 1524. The Duke's descendants presented the 803:on 25 July accompanied by James as far as the 5707:Flodden 1513, the remembering Flodden project 5271:Bingham, C., "Flodden and its Aftermath", in 5025:"World's oldest war memorial nears milestone" 4312:J. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden', in 4183:18th-century print, National Portrait Gallery 3602:Vaughan, Jenny; Nolan, John (December 2016). 3119: 3117: 2812:Christopher Pickering of Killington (d. 1519) 1087:, with most of the Douglas kindred to fight. 918:On 18 August, five cannons brought down from 440: 308: 5437:History of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club 5390: 4925:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 466 no. 2984. 4340:, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2325, no. 2460. 4075:, vol. 2, Scottish Text Society (1895), 145. 3601: 3166:Archaeologia Aeliana or Miscellaneous Tracts 1984: 1914:The flowers of the forest are all wede away. 1323:, included five great curtals and two great 1211:. From there, the English picked up the old 1170:. Surrey complained that James had sent his 5814:Registered historic battlefields in England 5789:Battles of the War of the League of Cambrai 5560:(May 2006), Campaign Series 168; 96 pages; 5461:Transactions of the Franco-Scottish Society 5299:The Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513 4724: 3833:, Vol 1 (1920), No. 2246 (modern spelling). 3761:, Scottish History Society, (1953), p. xxxi 3498:(Tuckwell: East Linton, 1997), pp. 272–273. 3377:, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2222, item 16. 3157: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3018:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2246:Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone 1911:Sighing and moaning, on ilka green loaning, 1736:Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone 1367:. The English artillery consisted of light 5702:Flodden 1513 communities Ecomuseum project 5510: 5454:Miscellany of the Scottish History Society 4966: 4928: 4449:Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., 4314:Miscellany of the Scottish History Society 4299:, vol. 2 (1827), 259 note, quoting Stow's 4071:Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., 3560: 3390:, vol. 6 part 1 (Hague, 1741), pp. 49–50: 3324:Miscellany of the Scottish History Society 3114: 2927:, by Elisabeth McNeill, published in 2007. 2917:(1808), an epic poem in six cantos by Sir 2395:William Cunningham, 1st Laird of Craigends 665:was fought on 9 September 1513 during the 447: 433: 315: 301: 5829:16th-century military history of Scotland 5475:. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. 5409:Hodgkin, T., "The Battle of Flodden", in 4173:Anthony van Dyck, and the Earl of Arundel 3735:Petrie, George, "An account of Floddon", 3198: 3196: 3038:Learn how and when to remove this message 2979: 2079:Learn how and when to remove this message 1769: 1651: 1491:Flodden was essentially a victory of the 777:, already a signatory to the anti-French 5553:Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat 5466: 4963:, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1883), pp. 428–429. 4883:Source: Way, George and Squire, Romily, 4649:The Pleasant Historie of Jack of Newbery 4253:, vol. 98 (Chetham Society, 1876), p. 59 4177:, pp. 3–4, 64: Fruytier's picture is at 4009:Cronicles of England, Scotland and Wales 3737:Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland 3563:"The Banner and Cross of Saint Cuthbert" 3512:, vol. 1 (STS: Edinburgh, 1899), p. 262. 3244:, SHS (1953), 307–308, 315–316, 318–319. 3203:The Seventy Greatest Battles of All Time 3152: 3140: 3126: 2934:, by Harry Nicholson, published in 2011. 2859: 2418:Robert Elliot, 13th Chief of Clan Elliot 1944:That day made many a fatherlesse childe, 1853: 1575: 1478: 1446: 1416: 1395: 1373: 1263: 1241: 1191: 1126: 1041: 1007: 909: 747:, declared war on England to honour the 200:William Sinclair 2nd Earl of Caithness 27:1513 battle between England and Scotland 5419:Flodden: The Anglo-Scottish War of 1513 5416: 5369: 5331: 5159:These sources are compared in the 1995 4858:Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513 4668:, vol. 1 (STS: Edinburgh, 1899), p. 260 4372:majesta regia accepit paludamentum eius 4104: 3416: 2840:easy to visualise the battle. Only the 2224:William Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Caithness 1487:, reputed to have been used at Flodden. 876: 454: 14: 5766: 5578: 5350: 5295: 5209:The History and Chronicles of Scotland 5113: 4923:Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland 4674:(Tuckwell: East Linton, 1997), p. 265. 4515:(London, 1578), p. 69: Giovio, Paolo, 4492:The History and Chronicles of Scotland 4478:History of Scotland by George Buchanan 4353:, vol. 1 (London, 1912) p. 408 no. 660 3193: 2582:Register of the Great Seal of Scotland 2176:Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll 1891:As the nineteenth-century antiquarian 1379:of the marsh encountered by the Scots. 1107:. By 28 August, Surrey had arrived at 5489: 5225:, vol. 7, Edinburgh (1866–7), 141–152 4909:Walter Scott, The Laird of Muirhead, 4480:, vol. 2 (Glasgow, 1848), pp. 198–199 3394:, vol. 13 (London, 1712), pp. 375–376 2800:Roger Fenwick, Constable of Newcastle 2404:Sir William Douglas 6th of Drumlanrig 2241:William Borthwick, 3rd Lord Borthwick 1187: 1122: 859:Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy 689:and an English army commanded by the 428: 296: 5784:Battles between England and Scotland 5531: 5452:, "The English Army at Flodden", in 5199:Pauli Jovii historiarum sui temporis 4517:Pauli Jovii historiarum sui temporis 4328:, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2283, no. 2287. 4181:, Van Dyck's work does not survive; 3699:, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1814), 276–277. 3016:adding citations to reliable sources 2983: 2872:The stained-glass Flodden Window in 2830: 2615:English soldiers knighted at Flodden 2474:John Hunter 14th Laird of Hunterston 2296:Other chieftains, nobles and knights 2186:William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose 2017:adding citations to reliable sources 1988: 1967:. According to Pitscottie, a former 203:Matthew Stewart 2nd Earl of Lennox 191:David Kennedy 1st earl of Cassilis 5573:Story of Inverkeithing & Rosyth 5467:Paterson, Raymond Campbell (1997). 5266:Battles and Battlefields in England 4440:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1814), p. 279. 4220:(Oliver & Boyd, 1958), p. 269: 4206:Inventory of Elizabeth I of England 4161:: see linked report by Ralph Moffat 3561:Longstaffe, W. Hilton Dyer (1858). 3474:Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland 2958:(1867), inspired by the Scott poem. 2644:William Gascoigne, junior, rearward 2290:Thomas Stewart, 2nd Lord Innermeath 2229:Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox 2209:David Kennedy, 1st Earl of Cassilis 1908:Women and bairns are dowie and wae. 1591:, lost by his father's support for 1054:A later Scottish chronicle writer, 197:John Lindsay 6th Earl of Crawford 194:William Leslie 3rd Earl of Rothes 24: 5809:Military history of Northumberland 5696:Flodden 500th anniversary projects 5517:. London: The Geological Society. 5395:. The Remembering Floden Project. 5393:The Battle of Flodden: How and Why 4596:Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), p. 164. 4224:, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2193. 3476:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1814), p. 278 3407:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 53. 2634:, right-wing, and Marshall of Host 2532:Colin Oliphant, Master of Oliphant 2219:John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford 2214:William Leslie, 3rd Earl of Rothes 2200:Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell 1932:And many prisoners tooke that day, 1581:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 1516:defeated the Swiss pikemen at the 1259: 898:bushes that grew shoulder-high on 25: 5845: 5628: 4939:, vol. 3 (1883), see index p. 986 4911:Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 4687:. Flodden1513.com. Archived from 4630:and other sources are printed in 3860:Rose & Mather 2012, pp. 24–25 3285:, vol. 1 (1920), p. 623 no. 1342) 2408:Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie 2285:Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale 2280:Henry Sinclair, 4th Lord Sinclair 1306:commanded a force drawn from the 797:James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran 182:John Douglas 2nd Earl of Morton 5674:A Ballade of the Scottyshe Kynge 5646: 5634: 5514:Military Aspects of Hydrogeology 5107: 5092:Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field 5083: 5065: 5051:"Flodden 1513 Website Home Page" 5043: 5017: 5000: 4980: 4954: 4951:in vol. 4 Great Seal of Scotland 4942: 4916: 4903: 4890: 4877: 4863: 4703: 4677: 4654: 4637: 4620: 4611: 4608:, vol. 1 (1912), 397, 404, 406. 4599: 4590: 4577: 4564: 4551: 4535: 4522: 4505: 4484: 4469: 4456: 4443: 4303:on St Michael, Cripplegate ward. 3301:, vol. 13, London (1712), p. 382 3279:Letters & Papers, Henry VIII 3263:'Henry VIII: July 1513, 16–31', 2988: 2914:Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field 2855: 2588:and the effect of the battle on 2525:John Muirhead, Laird of Muirhead 2335:Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy 2256:John Hay, 2nd Lord Hay of Yester 2252:Robert Erskine, 4th Lord Erskine 2181:John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton 1993: 924:Netherbow Port at St Mary's Wynd 50: 5819:History of the Scottish Borders 5598:. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. 5372:The Journal of Military History 5230:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 5207:Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, 4995:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 4987:Metcalfe, Walter Charles, ed., 4490:Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, 4436:Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert, 4430: 4418: 4398: 4377: 4360:, vol. 2 (London, 1867) no. 316 4343: 4338:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 4331: 4326:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 4319: 4306: 4289:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 4282: 4265: 4256: 4244: 4227: 4222:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 4210: 4202:Jewels and Plate of Elizabeth I 4194: 4164: 4145: 4130: 4113: 4098: 4078: 4065: 4053: 4040: 4027: 4014: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3960:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 3939: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3830:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3751: 3742: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3695:Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert, 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3622: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3554: 3545: 3529: 3516: 3501: 3488: 3479: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3410: 3397: 3380: 3375:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 3368: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3316: 3311:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 3304: 3297:, vol. 6 part 1 (1741), p. 52: 3288: 3283:Letters & Papers Henry VIII 3271: 3256: 3247: 3051:The British documentary series 2944:, chronicles the life of Queen 2546:Sir William Seton, grandson of 2528:Archibald Napier of Edinbellie. 2430:George Graham, 1st of Calendar. 2412:Sir John Douglas, 5th of Mains. 2400:George Douglas, Master of Angus 2195:Lord High Constable of Scotland 2191:William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll 2139:Lord High Treasurer of Scotland 2004:needs additional citations for 1556:. He rebuilt his parish church 1463:the Scottish naval officer Sir 1203:and outflank the Scottish Army. 1158:The Earl of Surrey, writing at 767:from the French, a part of the 5824:16th century in Northumberland 5588:. London: Hutchinson & Co. 4374:, the queen was sent his coat. 4316:vol. 8 (Edinburgh 1951), p. 80 4297:Buchanan's History of Scotland 4037:, Tuckwell (1997), pp. 274–275 4011:, vol. 3, London (1808) p. 593 4007:, p. 271: Holinshed, Raphael, 3986:Calendar of State Papers Milan 3827:, Vol. IV, Part IV (1836), 1: 3604:"26. Flodden Hill Excavations" 3234: 3225: 3216: 3171: 2874:St Leonard's Church, Middleton 2677:Edward Gorges, (nephew of the 2542:Sir John Ramsay of Trarinzeane 2500:Gilbert M'Clellan of Balmangan 2382:Robert Crawford of Auchinames. 2270:John Sempill, 1st Lord Sempill 2260:John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell 2165:, illegitimate son of James IV 1687:James's banner, sword and his 1601:Royal coat of arms of Scotland 13: 1: 5799:Scottish invasions of England 5659:National Archives of Scotland 5336:. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd). 5138: 5115:Reelig, Charles Ian Fraser of 4389:Calendar State Papers, Venice 4204:(London, 1955), 101–102, see 4127:, London (1834), p. 68, will. 3365:, vol. 4, (1902), pp. 515–522 2906: 2537:Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie 2503:Patrick M'Clellan of Gelstoun 2451:Sir David Home of Wedderburn. 2204:Lord High Admiral of Scotland 1950:And many a Scottish gay Lady, 1849: 1548:raised one such company from 1495:used by the English over the 1383: 863:Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey 818:Henry was in France with the 723: 5575:. Brit.Lib. No. 0190370.f.78 5391:Hallam-Baker, Clive (2012). 5296:Elliot, Fitzwilliam (1911). 5283:Scotland's Wars and Warriors 5250:, in, Mackay Mackenzie, W., 5238:Calendar State Papers Venice 4628:Acts of the Lords of Council 4410:'Jewel book of Henry VIII', 3815:Hallam-Baker 2012, pp. 60–61 3797:Hallam-Baker 2013, pp. 27–28 3608:www.flodden1513ecomuseum.org 3526:(London, 1809), pp. 558–559. 3108: 2275:George Seton, 5th Lord Seton 1929:that to the fight did stand; 1821:John Stewart, Duke of Albany 1105:Lord High Admiral of England 1056:Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie 761:War of the League of Cambrai 667:War of the League of Cambrai 326:War of the League of Cambrai 44:War of the League of Cambrai 7: 5571:Stephen, Rev. W.M. (1921), 5493:Flodden: A Scottish Tragedy 5334:Fatal Rivalry: Flodden 1513 5302:. Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot. 5242:Calendar State Papers Milan 4606:Calendar State Papers Milan 4542:Calendar State Papers Milan 4532:, Edinburgh (1932) pp. 1–3. 4425:Calendar State Papers Milan 4351:Calendar State Papers Milan 4087:The Battle of Flodden Field 4060:Calendar State Papers Milan 4050:, Tuckwell (1997), 274–275. 3417:Schwarz, Arthur L. (2009). 3086: 2674:Nicholas Appleyard, forward 2663:Marmaduke Constable, junior 2598:Exchequer Rolls of Scotland 2365:Robert Colville, Master of 2163:Lord Chancellor of Scotland 1474: 905: 716:; another candidate is the 10: 5850: 5592:Tucker, Melvin J. (1964), 5496:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. 5211:, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1814) 5203:, pp. 505–528 (Latin) 5012:Americans of Royal Descent 4003:A Chronicle at Large, 1569 3757:Mackie & Spilman ed., 3240:Hannay, Robert Kerr, ed., 2819:John Lumley, (Lord Lumley) 2304:Robert Arnot of Woodmill. 1953:sate weeping in her bowre. 1751:David Lindsay of the Mount 1680:, the body was brought to 1571: 1197:Twizell (or Twizel) Bridge 763:, defending Italy and the 5717:The Flooers O’ The Forest 5417:Kightly, Charles (1975). 4997:, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2246 4574:, Collins, (1971), 27–31. 4544:, vol. 1 (1912), p. 407: 4451:Historie of Scotland 1578 4073:Historie of Scotland 1578 3923:Goodwin 2013, pp. 206–208 3869:Goodwin 2013, pp. 202–204 3717:Goodwin 2013, pp. 196–197 3708:Goodwin 2013, pp. 194–196 3686:Goodwin 2013, pp. 191–193 3677:Goodwin 2013, pp. 181–184 3659:Goodwin 2013, pp. 180–181 3551:Goodwin 2013, pp. 171–172 3540:, vol. 1 (Arbroath, 1805) 3441:Goodwin 2013, pp. 163–165 3253:Goodwin 2013, pp. 155–156 3231:Goodwin 2013, pp. 120–121 3060:The second season of the 2938:The Flowers of the Forest 2690:John Willoughby, rearward 2483:Alexander Lauder of Blyth 2347:Alan Cathcart, Master of 2100:(1473–1513, r. 1488–1513) 1985:Notable Scotsmen who died 1935:the best in all Scotland. 1182: 981:, and camped to wait for 730:Treaty of Perpetual Peace 466: 334: 272: 259: 122: 105: 60: 49: 41: 36: 5332:Goodwin, George (2013). 5240:, vol. 2 (1867) and see 5232:, vol.1, (1920) for the 5008:Union Lancaster and York 4275:, vol. 1 no. 2313 & 3953:Epistolae Regum Scotorum 3936:, Edinburgh (1932) p. 3. 3887:Hallam-Baker 2012, p. 72 3806:Hallam-Baker 2013, p. 24 3788:Hallam-Baker 2013, p. 72 3748:Hallam-Baker 2013, p. 21 3726:Hallam-Baker 2013, p. 22 3668:Hallam-Baker 2012, p. 45 3610:. Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum 3472:, vol. 5 (1841), p. 57: 3468:Tytler, Patrick Fraser, 2940:, a historical novel by 2760:Hatfield (in Holderness) 2714:Ralph Bowes, (father of 2561:William Wallace 11th of 2421:Nicolas Fotheringham of 2385:John Crawford of Ardagh. 2354:Robert, brother of above 2265:John Ross, 2nd Lord Ross 2159:Archbishop of St Andrews 1558:St. Leonard's, Middleton 962:to raise an army in the 718:Battle of Bosworth Field 5653:Edinburgh after Flodden 5641:Battle of Flodden Field 5353:Famous Northern Battles 5285:, Edinburgh TSO (1998) 5275:, ed. G. Menzies, 1972. 5175:, vol. 2, London (1809) 5073:"Heritage Lottery Fund" 5029:Manchester Evening News 4685:"Branxton Introduction" 4548:, Edinburgh (1932) p. 4 4466:(Boydell, 2023), p. 64. 4152:College of Arms website 3825:State Papers Henry VIII 3222:Goodwin 2013, pp. 38–41 2954:wrote an overture, his 2824:Roger Ogle, (Lord Ogle) 2774:John Bulmer, (uncle of 2650:William Mauleverer, of 2447:Adam Hepburn of Craggis 2388:Sir Robert Crawford of 2375:Sir Robert Colville of 2306:Comptroller of Scotland 2098:James IV, King of Scots 1947:and many a widow poore; 1453:Christian II of Denmark 745:James IV, King of Scots 268:30,000–40,000-60,000men 5624:(1862) pp. 69–79. 5351:Graham, Frank (1988). 4670:: MacDougall, Norman, 4572:James V, King of Scots 4528:Hannay, R.K., editor, 4513:All the Famous Battels 4241:(London, 1580), p. 901 4200:A. Jefferies Collins, 4095:, (1809), pp. 562, 564 3932:Hannay, R.K., editor, 3914:Roth 2012, pp. 222–223 2980:In film and television 2869: 2781:Christopher Danby, of 2702:John Stanley, rearward 2641:), rear ward or guard. 2637:George Darcy, (son of 2612: 2571:David Wemyss of Wemyss 2485:, Provost of Edinburgh 2357:John, brother of above 1863: 1796:Parliament of Scotland 1770:Scotland after Flodden 1652:Legends of a lost king 1597:augmentation of honour 1584: 1488: 1426: 1405: 1380: 1270: 1247: 1204: 1168:Rouge Croix Pursuivant 1132: 1051: 1016: 979:Duns, Scottish Borders 915: 850: 787:Christopher Bainbridge 123:Commanders and leaders 5609:Archaeologia Aeliania 5604:The Battle of Flodden 5601:White, R. H. (1859), 5490:Reese, Peter (2003). 5421:. Almark Publishing. 5355:. Butler Publishing. 5252:The Secret of Flodden 5095:. FullTextArchive.com 4856:Elliot, Fitzwilliam, 4427:, vol. 1 (1912), 419. 4157:15 March 2013 at the 4091:, pp. 102–103: Hall, 4084:Benson, Joseph, ed., 3164:, Vol. 1: 1509–1514: 3098:Selkirk Common Riding 2897:Heritage Lottery Fund 2863: 2765:William Constable of 2758:William Constable of 2737:Guy Dawnay, rearward. 2607: 2143:Torphichen Preceptory 2133:Sir William Knollys, 1897:Flowers of the Forest 1857: 1579: 1482: 1447:Tactics and aftermath 1420: 1399: 1377: 1308:Highlands and Islands 1267: 1245: 1195: 1130: 1045: 1011: 935:culverins pickmoyance 913: 845: 741:Henry VIII of England 279:1,500–1,700 killed; 273:Casualties and losses 173:Sir William Knollys 5804:James IV of Scotland 5643:at Wikimedia Commons 5614:White, R. H. (1862) 5585:The Life of James IV 5580:Taylor, Ida Ashworth 5411:Arcaeologia Aeliania 5186:Chronicle of England 4887:, 1994, pp. 128–129. 4583:Pitscottie, Robert, 4502:(1958), pp. 243–244. 4393:Letters & Papers 4188:29 July 2018 at the 4171:White, Christopher, 4121:Medieval Framlingham 4119:Ridgard, John, ed., 4046:Macdougall, Norman, 4033:Macdougall, Norman, 3896:Goodwin 2013, p. 206 3878:Goodwin 2013, p. 204 3842:Goodwin 2013, p. 201 3779:Goodwin 2013, p. 196 3770:Goodwin 2013, p. 156 3650:Barr 2001, pp. 76–77 3641:Goodwin 2013, p. 179 3583:Goodwin 2013, p. 174 3567:Archaeologia Aeliana 3536:Holinshed, Raphael, 3485:Goodwin 2013, p. 167 3459:Goodwin 2013, p. 165 3450:Goodwin 2013, p. 252 3386:Rymer, Thomas, ed., 3344:Goodwin 2013, p. 157 3277:Brewer, J. S., ed., 3103:Teribus ye teri odin 3067:The Spanish Princess 3012:improve this section 2901:documentary research 2803:Edward Musgrave, of 2586:St Giles', Edinburgh 2470:Sir Patrick Houston. 2013:improve this article 1969:Provost of Edinburgh 1840:Patrick Lord Lindsay 1825:James II of Scotland 1471:for Barton's death. 1140:had mapped supposed 1003:Wark on Tweed Castle 799:, departed from the 5834:Catherine of Aragon 5750:55.62693°N 2.1753°W 5746: / 5532:Roth, Erik (2012). 5317:Ellis, Henry, ed., 5307:Ellis, Henry, ed., 5273:The Scottish Nation 5248:La Rotta de Scosesi 5236:and Tuke's letter, 5219:, Flaque (1513) in 5153:The Trewe Encountre 5149:La Rotta de Scosesi 5079:on 5 February 2013. 4691:on 5 September 2013 4585:History of Scotland 4570:Bingham, Caroline, 4561:, (1940), pp. 30–33 4438:History of Scotland 4408:, 7 (1996), p. 79: 4383:Ellis, Henry, ed., 3759:Letters of James IV 3697:History of Scotland 3628:Ellis, Henry, ed., 3494:Macdougal, Norman, 3470:History of Scotland 3353:Taylor 1913, p. 250 3242:Letters of James IV 3072:Catherine of Aragon 3054:Two Men in a Trench 2724:Bryan Stapleton of 2553:Sir John Somerville 2548:James I of Scotland 2494:, Lord of Garthland 2462:William Hoppringill 2436:James Henderson of 2324:Boswell of Balmuto. 2235:Lords of Parliament 2150:Abbot of Inchaffray 2148:Laurence Oliphant, 2123:and commendator of 2121:Bishop of the Isles 2112:Abbot of Kilwinning 2028:"Battle of Flodden" 1878:History of Scotland 1810:The French soldier 1789:James V of Scotland 1716:Duke of Longueville 1700:Catherine of Aragon 1670:Newcastle upon Tyne 1518:Battle of Marignano 1514:Francis I of France 1423:artist's impression 956:Catherine of Aragon 871:Red Dragon of Wales 824:siege of Thérouanne 681:, in the county of 675:Kingdom of Scotland 458:Anglo-Scottish Wars 394:Guinegate/The Spurs 287:5,000–14,000 killed 179:Alexander Stewart 176:Laurence Oliphant 129:Catherine of Aragon 117:Kingdom of Scotland 5234:Articles of Batail 5031:. 7 September 2006 4737:James Balfour Paul 4735:, Vol. I, ed. Sir 4262:Hall, (1809), 564. 3951:Ruddiman, Thomas, 3947:Letters of James V 3064:television series 2888:who fought in it. 2878:Greater Manchester 2870: 2771:Thomas Stranguishe 2752:William Mauleverer 2749:Richard Mauleverer 2699:William Pennington 2454:Cuthbert Home, of 2442:Lord Justice Clerk 2301:Abercromby of Ley. 1864: 1805:Regent of Scotland 1608:Framlingham Castle 1585: 1489: 1427: 1406: 1381: 1345:Sir Edward Stanley 1341:Lord Edmund Howard 1271: 1248: 1205: 1188:Initial manoeuvres 1133: 1123:Surrey's challenge 1077:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1052: 1046:James IV captured 1017: 993:into England near 916: 867:Cross of St George 861:. A year earlier, 820:Emperor Maximilian 671:Kingdom of England 657:, or occasionally 141:Lord Edmund Howard 137:Lord Thomas Howard 112:Kingdom of England 5794:Conflicts in 1513 5755:55.62693; -2.1753 5723:www.iFlodden.info 5671:'s Flodden poem, 5651:Works related to 5639:Media related to 5566:978-1-84176-959-2 5558:Osprey Publishing 5543:978-0-7524-6355-1 5524:978-1-86239-340-0 5503:978-1-78027-171-2 5428:978-0-85524-219-0 5402:978-0-9573313-0-3 5343:978-1-78022-136-6 5281:Caldwell, D. H., 5213:pp. 264–282. 5053:. Flodden1513.com 4874:Vol. I, 4th edit. 4557:Start, Marie W., 4462:William Hepburn, 4406:Jewellery Studies 3975:Military Blunders 3905:Roth 2012, p. 212 3851:White 1859, p. 26 3739:, (1866–67), 146. 3335:Reese 2003, p. 85 3211:978-0-500-25125-6 3048: 3047: 3040: 2831:Battlefield today 2793:Edmund Walsingham 2787:Christopher Danby 2746:Roger Collingwood 2694:Edward Etchingham 2668:Christopher Dacre 2647:William Middleton 2628:, forward in army 2492:Uchtred MacDowall 2340:John Carnegie of 2155:Alexander Stewart 2089: 2088: 2081: 2063: 1776:Linlithgow Palace 1755:Norman Macdougall 1693:Nottingham Castle 1637:Thomas Lord Darcy 1562:Richard Cholmeley 1436:Forest of Ettrick 1231:, while a larger 1096:Newcastle on Tyne 1073:Raphael Holinshed 999:feudal obligation 828:Lyon King of Arms 779:Treaty of Mechlin 651:Battle of Flodden 644: 643: 422: 421: 291: 290: 101: 100: 37:Battle of Flodden 16:(Redirected from 5841: 5779:1513 in Scotland 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5650: 5638: 5589: 5547: 5528: 5507: 5486: 5474: 5442:Macdougall, N., 5439:, vol. 25, 1933. 5432: 5413:, vol. 16, 1894. 5406: 5387: 5366: 5347: 5303: 5244:, vol. 1 (1912) 5190:pp. 561–565 5177:pp. 268–277 5168:Grafton, Richard 5161:English Heritage 5133: 5132: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5075:. Archived from 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4658: 4652: 4641: 4635: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4509: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4402: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4301:Survey of London 4286: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4231: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4143: 4140:, vol. 33 (1849) 4134: 4128: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4018: 4012: 3998:Grafton, Richard 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3599: 3593: 3592:Barr 2001, p. 75 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3292: 3286: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3124: 3123:Paterson, p. 147 3121: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3023: 2992: 2984: 2956:Overture Marmion 2882:Richard Assheton 2665:, left-hand wing 2518:Thomas Maule of 2512:, 10th Chief of 2415:Sir John Dunbar. 2310:John Balfour of 2110:William Bunche, 2084: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2021: 1997: 1989: 1831:and married the 1823:, a grandson of 1816:Dumbarton Castle 1633:Anthony van Dyck 1629:Philip Fruytiers 1546:Richard Assheton 1312:Earl of Bothwell 1217:Devil's Causeway 1109:Durham Cathedral 964:Midland counties 941:culverins moyane 920:Edinburgh Castle 461: 459: 449: 442: 435: 426: 425: 329: 327: 317: 310: 303: 294: 293: 254: 242: 230: 222:Earl of Bothwell 218: 210:Earl of Montrose 170:George Hepburn 163: 68:9 September 1513 62: 61: 54: 34: 33: 21: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5774:1513 in England 5764: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5698: 5631: 5544: 5525: 5504: 5483: 5429: 5403: 5363: 5344: 5264:Barret, C. B., 5141: 5136: 5129: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5005: 5001: 4991:, London (1885) 4985: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4896:Bernard Burke, 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4742: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4659: 4655: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4519:(1549), p. 517. 4511:Polemon, John, 4510: 4506: 4489: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4382: 4378: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4307: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4233:Mackie, R. L., 4232: 4228: 4216:Mackie, R. L., 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4190:Wayback Machine 4169: 4165: 4159:Wayback Machine 4150: 4146: 4135: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4103: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4005:, vol. 2 (1809) 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3973:Jeffrey Regan, 3972: 3968: 3962:, vol. 1 (1864) 3955:, vol. 1 (1722) 3944: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3276: 3272: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3201: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3111: 3089: 3044: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3009: 2993: 2982: 2952:Arthur Sullivan 2909: 2858: 2833: 2828: 2657:Thomas Berkeley 2624:Lord Scrope of 2617: 2603:Exchequer Rolls 2578: 2510:Lachlan MacLean 2464:, 1st Laird of 2085: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2022: 2020: 2010: 1998: 1987: 1874:George Buchanan 1852: 1812:Antoine d'Arces 1800:Stirling Castle 1772: 1732:George Buchanan 1724:Tower of London 1654: 1627:was painted by 1625:Earl of Arundel 1616:College of Arms 1612:Cardinal Wolsey 1589:Duke of Norfolk 1574: 1566:Tower of London 1501:Trewe Encounter 1477: 1469:trial by combat 1449: 1386: 1365:English longbow 1363:armed with the 1333:Patrick Paniter 1262: 1260:Opposing forces 1190: 1185: 1125: 1081:Master of Angus 1050:from Lady Heron 952:and St Andrew. 908: 889:, crossed into 879: 826:. The Scottish 813:English Channel 757:Catholic League 726: 647: 646: 645: 640: 626:Broughty Castle 541:Meung-sur-Loire 462: 457: 455: 453: 423: 418: 330: 325: 323: 321: 283: 282:4,000 wounded 250: 244: 238: 232: 226: 220: 214: 208: 167:William Bunche 159: 149:Baron Monteagle 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 97:English victory 89: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5644: 5630: 5629:External links 5627: 5626: 5625: 5612: 5611:, vol. 3, 1859 5599: 5590: 5576: 5569: 5550:Sadler, John, 5548: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5508: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5464: 5457: 5456:, vol. 8 1951. 5447: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5388: 5367: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5329: 5324: 5314: 5304: 5293: 5279: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5245: 5227: 5214: 5204: 5191: 5178: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5121:. p. 21. 5106: 5082: 5064: 5042: 5016: 5006:Hall, Edward, 4999: 4979: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4927: 4915: 4902: 4900:, pp. 643–644. 4889: 4876: 4862: 4740: 4723: 4702: 4676: 4653: 4645:Thomas Deloney 4636: 4619: 4610: 4598: 4589: 4576: 4563: 4550: 4534: 4521: 4504: 4483: 4475:James Aikman, 4468: 4455: 4442: 4429: 4417: 4414:(1884), p. 163 4397: 4376: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4305: 4281: 4264: 4255: 4243: 4226: 4209: 4193: 4179:Arundel Castle 4163: 4144: 4129: 4112: 4097: 4077: 4064: 4052: 4039: 4026: 4024:, vol. 7, 151. 4020:Laing, David, 4013: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3938: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3750: 3741: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3621: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3553: 3544: 3542:, pp. 142–144. 3528: 3522:Hall, Edward, 3515: 3507:Aeneas Mackay, 3500: 3487: 3478: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3428:978-1605830179 3427: 3421:. p. 76. 3409: 3396: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3315: 3303: 3287: 3270: 3255: 3246: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3192: 3170: 3151: 3149:Elliot, p. 118 3139: 3137:Elliot, p. 117 3125: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3058: 3046: 3045: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2965: 2962:Sunset at Noon 2959: 2949: 2946:Margaret Tudor 2942:Elizabeth Byrd 2935: 2928: 2921: 2908: 2905: 2893:Quincentennial 2857: 2854: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2815:Henry Thwaites 2813: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2797:Thomas Conyers 2795: 2790: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2755:Roger Farewell 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743:Ralph Salvayne 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731:William Newton 2729: 2722: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2685:Ralph Ellerker 2682: 2679:Earl of Surrey 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2559: 2550: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2317:Blackadder of 2315: 2308: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2152: 2146: 2131: 2117:George Hepburn 2114: 2102: 2101: 2087: 2086: 2069:September 2017 2001: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1851: 1848: 1771: 1768: 1712:iron gauntlets 1653: 1650: 1573: 1570: 1506:Bishop Ruthall 1476: 1473: 1448: 1445: 1385: 1382: 1261: 1258: 1237:Twizell Bridge 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1124: 1121: 1025:Thomas Ruthall 907: 904: 900:Milfield Plain 891:Northumberland 883:border reivers 878: 875: 843:. He declared: 801:Firth of Forth 783:excommunicated 725: 722: 691:Earl of Surrey 683:Northumberland 663:Brainston Moor 642: 641: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 467: 464: 463: 452: 451: 444: 437: 429: 420: 419: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 335: 332: 331: 320: 319: 312: 305: 297: 289: 288: 285: 281: 275: 274: 270: 269: 266: 262: 261: 257: 256: 246:Earl of Argyll 234:Earl of Lennox 151: 133:Earl of Surrey 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 83:Northumberland 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5846: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5762: 5759: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655:at Wikisource 5654: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5482:0-85976-465-6 5478: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5450:Mackie, J. D. 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5362:0-946928-21-5 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5291:0-11-495786-X 5288: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5194:Giovio, Paolo 5192: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5130: 5128:9780717945351 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5052: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4993:, pp. 56–57: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4732:Scots Peerage 4727: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4661:Aeneas Mackay 4657: 4650: 4646: 4643:Published in 4640: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4235:King James IV 4230: 4223: 4219: 4218:King James IV 4213: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4142:, pp. 335–341 4141: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4043: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3181:. Flodden.net 3180: 3174: 3168:Vol. 6 (1862) 3167: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3031: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2997:This section 2995: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2925:Flodden Field 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2856:Commemoration 2853: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2809:William Percy 2808: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785:, (father of 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2762:, right wing. 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2734:Thomas Newton 2733: 2730: 2728:, rear guard. 2727: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705:Walter Stonor 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 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Castle 1026: 1022: 1014: 1013:Norham Castle 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 960:Thomas Lovell 957: 953: 951: 947: 946:John Drummond 943: 942: 936: 932: 931: 925: 921: 912: 903: 901: 897: 892: 888: 885:commanded by 884: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 849: 844: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793: 792:Great Michael 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749:Auld Alliance 746: 742: 738: 737:Andrew Barton 735: 731: 721: 719: 715: 714:British Isles 711: 706: 704: 703:Great Britain 698: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:Flodden Field 652: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 576:Flodden Field 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 506:Homildon Hill 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 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From 1572:Honours 1552:, near 1361:archers 1280:Huntley 1276:battles 1269:battle. 1117:Alnwick 1069:heralds 933:, four 922:to the 834:or the 822:at the 712:in the 571:Berwick 531:Orléans 521:Cravant 481:Melrose 379:Navarre 374:Ravenna 369:Brescia 354:Vicenza 252:† 240:† 228:† 216:† 161:† 87:England 5564: 5540: 5521: 5500: 5479: 5425: 5399: 5382: 5359: 5340: 5289: 5125: 4366:(sic) 4175:(1995) 3425: 3209: 2626:Upsall 2423:Powrie 2105:Clergy 2055: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2026: 1621:Toledo 1544:. 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