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serve the vast majority of all flexible circuit applications. Copper's excellent balance of cost and physical and electrical performance attributes make it an excellent choice. There are actually many different types of copper foil. The IPC identifies eight different types of copper foil for printed circuits divided into two much broader categories, electrodeposited and wrought, each having four sub-types.) As a result, there are a number of different types of copper foil available for flex circuit applications to serve the varied purposes of different end products. With most copper foil, a thin surface treatment is commonly applied to one side of the foil to improve its adhesion to the base film. Copper foils are of two basic types: wrought (rolled) and electrodeposited and their properties are quite different. Rolled and annealed foils are the most common choice, however thinner films which are electroplated are becoming increasingly popular.
726:
material provides all of the characteristic properties. While a wide range of thickness is possible, most flexible films are provided in a narrow range of relatively thin dimension from 12 μm to 125 μm (1/2 mil to 5 mils) but thinner and thicker material are possible. Thinner materials are of course more flexible and for most material, stiffness increase is proportional to the cube of thickness. Thus for example, means that if the thickness is doubled, the material becomes eight times stiffer and will only deflect 1/8 as much under the same load. There are a number of different materials used as base films including: polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetherimide (PEI), along with various fluropolymers (FEP) and copolymers. Polyimide films are most prevalent owing to their blend of advantageous electrical, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties.
662:, though the plated through hole variation is much more common. When constructed without plated through holes, connection features are accessed from one side only, and the circuit is defined as a "Type V (5)" according to military specifications. Because of the plated through hole, terminations are provided on both sides of the circuit, thus allowing components to be placed on either side. Depending on design requirements, double-sided flex circuits can be fabricated with protective coverlayers on one, both or neither side of the completed circuit, but are most commonly produced with the protective layer on both sides. One major advantage is that it allows easy crossover connections. Many single sided circuits are built on a double sided substrate because of the crossover connections. An example of this use is the circuit that connects a
735:
many polyimide flex circuits presently employ adhesive systems of different polymer families. However some newer thermoplastic polyimide adhesives are making important in-roads. As with the base films, adhesives come in different thickness. Thickness selection is typically a function of the application. For example, different adhesive thickness is commonly used in the creation of cover layers in order to meet the fill demands of different copper foil thickness which may be encountered.
508:(PV) in view of enhancing the energetic autonomy of such off-grid devices. It has been shown that this class of PV technologies is already capable of reaching high solar-to-electricity efficiencies, at the level of rigid wafer-based solar cells, particularly when integrated with effective light-trapping structures. Such photonic schemes allow high broadband absorption in the thin PV absorber materials, despite their reduced thickness required for mechanical bendability.
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connectors. Consumer electronics devices make use of flexible circuits in cameras, personal entertainment devices, calculators, or exercise monitors.Flexible circuits are found in industrial and medical devices where many interconnections are required in a compact package. Cellular telephones are another widespread example of flexible circuits.
683:
Rigid-flex circuits are a hybrid combining rigid and flexible substrates laminated into a single structure. Rigid-flex circuits are not rigidized flex constructions, which are flex circuits to which a stiffener is attached to support the weight of the components. A rigidized or stiffened flex circuit
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In certain non standard cases, the circuit manufacturer may be called upon to create a specialty laminate by using a specified alternative metal foil, such as a special copper alloy or other metal foil in the construction. This is accomplished by laminating the foil to a base film with or without an
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Adhesives are used as the bonding medium for creating a laminate. When it comes to temperature resistance, the adhesive is typically the performance limiting element of a laminate especially when polyimide is the base material. Because of the earlier difficulties associated with polyimide adhesives,
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A metal foil is most commonly used as the conductive element of a flexible laminate. The metal foil is the material from which the circuit paths are normally etched. A wide variety of metal foils of varying thickness are available from which to choose and create a flex circuit, however copper foils
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Each element of the flex circuit construction must be able to consistently meet the demands placed upon it for the life of the product. In addition, the material must work reliably in concert with the other elements of the flexible circuit construction to assure ease of manufacture and reliability.
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Flex circuits with three or more layers of conductors are known as multilayer flex circuits. Commonly the layers are interconnected by means of plated through holes, though this is not required because it is possible to provide openings to access lower circuit level features. The layers may or may
637:
Double access flex, also known as back-bared flex, are flexible circuits that have a single conductor layer, but allow access to selected features of the conductor pattern from both sides. While this type of circuit has benefits, the specialized processing requirements for accessing the features
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The base material is the flexible polymer film which provides the foundation for the laminate. Under normal circumstances, the flex circuit base material provides most primary physical and electrical properties of the flexible circuit. In the case of adhesiveless circuit constructions, the base
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computer boards in the 1990s. While the computer's main rigid-flex PCBA did not flex during use, subsequent Compaq designs utilized rigid-flex circuits for the hinged display cable, passing tens of thousands of flexures during testing. By 2013, the use of rigid-flex circuits in consumer laptop
592:
packaging engineers who have found ways to employ flexible circuit technology. Flexible circuits are one of the fastest growing interconnection product market segments. One variation on flexible circuit technology is called "flexible electronics". It involves the integration of both active and
707:
Polymer thick film (PTF) flex circuits print circuit elements onto a polymer film. They are typically single conductor layer structures, however two or more metal layers can be printed sequentially separated by printed insulating layers. While lower in conductivity and thus limited to certain
398:
Most flexible circuits are passive wiring structures that are used to interconnect electronic components such as integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors and the like; however, some are used only for making interconnections between other electronic assemblies either directly or by means of
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not be continuously laminated together throughout the construction with the exception of the areas occupied by through-holes. Discontinuous lamination is common in cases requiring maximum flexibility. This is accomplished by leaving unbonded the areas where flexing or bending is to occur.
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fabrication, glass is used as a substrate. If thin flexible plastic or metal foil is used as the substrate instead, the entire system can be flexible, as the film deposited on top of the substrate is usually very thin, on the order of a few micrometres.
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switching applications. One of the earliest descriptions of what could be called a flex circuit was unearthed by Dr Ken Gilleo and disclosed in a 1903 English patent by Albert Hansen that described a construction consisting of flat metal conductors on
497:. These cells are lightweight, can be rolled up for launch, and are easily deployable, making them a good match for the application. They can also be sewn into backpacks or outerwear, among many other types of consumer-oriented applications.
1119:"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics - IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics (J-FLEX) publishes on sensors, transistors, related devices, circuits, systems on flexible, disposable, stretchable and degradable substrates"
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Specifications are developed to provide a common ground of understanding of what a product should look like and how it should perform. Standards are developed directly by manufacturer's associations such as the
915:
Vicente, António T.; Araújo, Andreia; Mendes, Manuel J.; Nunes, Daniela; Oliveira, Maria J.; Sanchez-Sobrado, Olalla; Ferreira, Marta P.; Águas, Hugo; Fortunato, Elvira; Martins, Rodrigo (2018-03-29).
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Flex circuits are often used as connectors in various applications where flexibility, space savings, or production constraints limit the serviceability of rigid circuit boards or hand wiring.
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film. Component termination features are accessible only from one side. Holes may be formed in the base film to allow component leads to pass through for interconnection, normally by
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conductors wherein the conductor thickness differs at various places along their length. (I.e., the conductors are thin in flexible areas and thick at interconnection points.)
574:). In the 1950s Dahlgren and Sanders made significant strides developing and patenting processes for printing and etching flat conductors on flexible base materials to replace
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In computer peripherals flexible circuits are used on the moving print head of printers, and to connect signals to the moving arm carrying the read/write heads of disk drives.
467:
In the automotive field, flexible circuits are used in instrument panels, under-hood controls, circuits to be concealed within the headliner of the cabin, and in ABS systems.
570:
The 1947 publication "Printed
Circuit Techniques" by Brunetti and Curtis a brief discussion of creating circuits on what would have been flexible insulating materials (e.g.
524:
announced the creation of stretchable and skin-like semiconductor circuits. In the future, these wearable electronics may be used to send health data to doctors wirelessly.
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The layers are normally interconnected by plated through holes. Rigid-flex circuits are often chosen by military product designers and increasingly in commercial products.
1007:
Boane, Jenny L. N.; Centeno, Pedro; Mouquinho, Ana; Alexandre, Miguel; Calmeiro, Tomás; Fortunato, Elvira; Martins, Rodrigo; Mendes, Manuel J.; Águas, Hugo (2021).
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to the motherboard. All connections on that circuit are located on only one side of the substrate, except a small crossover connection that uses the other side.
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Manufacturing sculptured flex circuits involves a special flex circuit multi-step etching method that yields a flexible circuit having finished
87:
617:. Single sided flex circuits can be fabricated with or without such protective coatings as cover layers or cover coats, however the use of a
1084:"Printed Circuit Techniques" by Cledo Brunetti and Roger w. Curtis (National Bureau of Standards Circular 468 first issued 15 November 1947)
1356:
882:
D. Shavit: The developments of LEDs and SMD Electronics on transparent conductive
Polyester film, Vacuum International, 1/2007, S. 35 ff
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applications, PTF circuits have found a home in low-power applications at slightly higher voltages. Keyboards are a common application.
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Flexible printed circuits (FPC) are made with a photolithographic technology. An alternative way of making flexible foil circuits or
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Single-sided flexible circuits have a conductor layer made of either a metal or conductive (metal filled) polymer on a flexible
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powder to create what would have clearly been flexible circuits, though no evidence indicates that it was reduced to practice.
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are batteries, both primary and secondary, that are designed to be conformal and flexible, unlike traditional rigid ones.
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Electrical connections between sub-assemblies to replace wire harnesses, which are heavier and bulkier, such as in cars,
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Rigid-flex boards are normally multilayer structures; however, two metal layer constructions are sometimes used.
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issued at the turn of the 20th century show interest in flat electrical conductors sandwiched between layers of
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1095:"Rigid Flex Circuits, Flexible Circuits, Flex Circuit Boards, PCB Flex | GC Aero Flexible Circuitry, Inc"
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Following are brief descriptions of the basic elements of flex circuit construction and their functions.
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Electrical connections where the assembly is required to flex during its normal use, such as folding
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Double-sided flex circuits have two conductor layers. They can be fabricated with or without plated
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on sputtered conductive films has enabled the production of transparent LED Films, which is used in
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Tightly assembled electronic packages, where electrical connections are required in 3 axes, such as
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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The growing markets related with flexible and/or portable electronics, such as for self-powered
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Wong, William S.; Salleo, Alberto (2009). "Flexible
Electronics (Materials and Applications)".
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295:. Flexible electronic assemblies may be manufactured using identical components used for rigid
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can have one or more conductor layers. The terms represent quite different products.
311:(FFCs) is laminating very thin (0.07 mm) copper strips in between two layers of
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or transparent conductive polyester film. Additionally, flex circuits can be
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An
Olympus Stylus camera without the case, showing the flex circuit assembly.
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2021 IEEE International
Flexible Electronics Technology Conference (IFETC)
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Flexible circuits display significant variation in their construction.
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Single-sided circuits are ideal for dynamic or high-flex applications
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Flexible circuits are variously known around the world variously as
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Image of Miraco flexible printed circuits prior to de-panelization.
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adhesive depending on the nature and properties of the base film.
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like computer keyboards; most keyboards use flex circuits for the
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Hussain, Muhammad
Mustafa; El-Atab, Nazek, eds. (2019-11-11).
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over circuits is the most common practice. The development of
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Generally worse panel utilization resulting in increased cost
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Mounting of electronic devices on flexible plastic substrates
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are used in many products. Credit is due to the efforts of
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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1060:"Stretchy electronics go wireless for flexible wearables"
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Potential to replace multiple rigid boards or connectors
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Flexible circuit industry standards and specifications
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but also in flexible automotive lighting composites.
1256:(1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
1194:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
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flexible printed wiring, flex print, flexi circuits,
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148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1155:. Electronic Materials: Science & Technology.
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1218:(3rd ed.). Seaside, OR: BR Publishing, Inc.
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1293:Handbook of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics
377:Increased risk of damage during handling or use
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770:IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics (J-FLEX)
759:Association Connecting Electronics Industries
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407:A common application of flex circuits is in
383:Repair and rework is difficult or impossible
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1212:Flexible Circuit Technology, Third Edition
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761:(IPC) and by users of flexible circuits.
633:Double access or back-bared flex circuits
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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364:Stacked FPCs in various configurations
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1237:(1992 ed.). New York: Springer.
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446:flexible organic light-emitting diode
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146:adding citations to reliable sources
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2036:Future-oriented technology analysis
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269:by mounting electronic devices on
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516:In December 2021, engineers from
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34:This article has multiple issues.
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923:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
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703:Polymer thick film flex circuits
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2063:Technology in science fiction
1902:Nanoelectromechanical systems
1235:Handbook of Flexible Circuits
1153:Electronic Materials: Science
895:solar jacket and the Voltaic
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696:computers had become common.
442:Organic light-emitting diodes
374:Cost increase over rigid PCBs
1463:List of emerging electronics
976:10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00446
905:and similar solar backpacks.
563:applied to linen paper with
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597:Flexible circuit structures
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2068:Technology readiness level
2004:Technological unemployment
1912:Thermal copper pillar bump
1254:Flexible Printed Circuitry
712:Flexible circuit materials
654:Double-sided flex circuits
605:Single-sided flex circuits
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2051:Technological singularity
2011:Technological convergence
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1296:(1 ed.). CRC Press.
1209:Fjelstad, Joseph (2007).
1192:Printed Circuits Handbook
1165:10.1007/978-0-387-74363-9
1252:Stearns, Thomas (1995).
670:Multilayer flex circuits
642:Sculptured flex circuits
2016:Technological evolution
1989:Exploratory engineering
1706:Electromagnetic warfare
1275:. New York: CRC Press.
1058:Fox, Dan (2021-12-14).
956:Haque, Sirazul (2022).
848:Stretchable electronics
765:Scientific Publications
691:chose the approach for
623:surface mounted devices
543:were to serve in early
506:thin-film photovoltaics
2129:Electronic engineering
2026:Technology forecasting
2021:Technological paradigm
1994:Proactionary principle
1676:Automotive electronics
1625:Robotic vacuum cleaner
1585:Information technology
1390:Electronic engineering
1271:Gurley, Steve (1984).
1190:Coombs, Clyde (2007).
775:Scientific Conferences
334:(dynamic application).
297:printed circuit boards
251:
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157:"Flexible electronics"
86:by rewriting it in an
1952:Disruptive innovation
1897:Molecular electronics
1856:Emerging technologies
1610:Portable media player
1483:Molecular electronics
1478:Low-power electronics
891:See for instance the
369:Disadvantages of FPCs
327:(static application).
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2119:Flexible electronics
1999:Technological change
1942:Collingridge dilemma
1887:Flexible electronics
1804:Terahertz technology
1785:Open-source hardware
1741:Consumer electronics
1711:Electronics industry
1473:Flexible electronics
1380:Analogue electronics
1233:Gilleo, Ken (1998).
1026:10.3390/micro1020016
863:Zero insertion force
823:Rollable electronics
489:Flexible, thin-film
485:Thin-film solar cell
309:flexible flat cables
255:Flexible electronics
142:improve this article
2056:Technology scouting
2031:Accelerating change
1780:Nuclear electronics
1605:Networking hardware
1508:Quantum electronics
1493:Organic electronics
1415:Printed electronics
1385:Digital electronics
828:Printed electronics
679:Rigid-flex circuits
541:electrical circuits
537:insulating material
522:Stanford University
463:Automotive circuits
291:silver circuits on
267:electronic circuits
2073:Technology roadmap
1758:Marine electronics
1731:Integrated circuit
1650:Video game console
1448:2020s in computing
1430:Thermal management
935:10.1039/C7TC05271E
901:2014-01-15 at the
619:protective coating
512:Skin-like circuits
457:Flexible batteries
452:Flexible batteries
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88:encyclopedic style
75:is written like a
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1799:Radio electronics
1425:Schematic capture
1410:Power electronics
1311:978-1-315-11279-4
1273:Flexible Circuits
1225:978-0-9796189-0-1
1174:978-0-387-74362-2
929:(13): 3143–3181.
808:Flexible keyboard
792:Amorphous silicon
353:Advantage of FPCs
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1664:Applications
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1503:Piezotronics
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140:Please help
135:verification
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36:Please help
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2046:Moore's law
1977:Neuroethics
1972:Cyberethics
1917:Twistronics
1907:Spintronics
1870:Electronics
1771:electronics
1575:Home cinema
1513:Spintronics
1453:Atomtronics
1366:Electronics
1099:gcaflex.com
985:10773/35989
590:electronics
502:IoT systems
491:solar cells
479:Solar cells
332:cell phones
2113:Categories
1937:Automation
1877:E-textiles
1775:Multimedia
1765:technology
1640:Television
1570:Home robot
1560:Dishwasher
1522:Electronic
1104:2018-02-27
1071:2021-12-18
893:Scottevest
870:References
739:Metal foil
611:dielectric
495:satellites
343:satellites
279:, such as
277:substrates
263:technology
168:newspapers
39:improve it
1967:Bioethics
1892:Memristor
1763:Microwave
1635:Telephone
1524:equipment
1498:Photonics
1320:203122351
1183:1386-3290
1045:2673-8023
994:250013073
943:2050-7534
858:Thin film
627:LED Glass
615:soldering
545:telephony
448:display.
293:polyester
281:polyimide
198:June 2009
96:June 2013
45:talk page
1813:Wireless
1769:Military
1701:e-health
1681:Avionics
1550:Notebook
1546:Computer
1439:Advanced
1373:Branches
899:Archived
785:See also
664:mousepad
587:Japanese
565:graphite
550:paraffin
471:Printers
419:Displays
271:flexible
1565:Freezer
533:Patents
528:History
339:rockets
325:cameras
274:plastic
261:, is a
182:scholar
82:Please
1962:Ethics
1930:Topics
1863:Fields
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1555:Camera
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1316:S2CID
1216:(PDF)
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189:JSTOR
175:books
2097:List
1811:and
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1306:ISBN
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