187:, originally reported by Nao Tsuchiya and Christof Koch (2004) and Fang and He (2005). Here a small, fixed image in the first eye—say a gray-scale fearful face—is completely suppressed by a stream of constantly changing images flashed into the second eye (say a series of colorful Mondrian-scenes replaced every 0.1 sec by a new Mondrian pattern). This suppression can last for minutes, a remarkable testament to the fact that humans often do not see what is directly in front of their eyes.
101:
154:
two similar images are used, fusion of the two images is experienced, rather than flash suppression or binocular rivalry. Despite some similarities in perceptual consequences, the neuronal mechanisms responsible for the two illusions can be different. For example, the strength (depth) of flash suppression seems much stronger than that of binocular rivalry. Comparative studies of the two methods are needed.
223:
have been further emphasized by the finding that stimulus conflict between the two eyes is not a requirement to achieve visual suppression. The novel paradigm of generalized flash suppression (GFS) reported by Wilke, Logothetis and
Leopold in 2003 demonstrates that any visual stimulus can be rendered
153:
Flash suppression occurs due to the conflict between the inputs to the two eyes. When this conflict is sustained without any abrupt events, binocular rivalry occurs. In both flash suppression and binocular rivalry, perceptual conflict between the two eyes is required for the perceptual effect. If
44:
perception of the image to the first. For example, if a vehicle is shown to the left eye for one second, and then a face is abruptly flashed to the right eye, the observer consciously sees first a vehicle and then a face. Note that the face is seen while the picture of the car is still present. If
164:
Although flash suppression allows one to present an image to someone without his or her seeing it consciously, it requires a to-be-erased image to be presented for a fraction of second before introduction of a new image. This requirement limits the usage of flash suppression for the study of
40:, to the other, second eye at the location corresponding to the image to the first eye. The image to the first eye disappears, even though it is still presented, and only the new image is perceived. The new image to the second eye
190:
Continuous flash suppression is a useful method for psychologists and neuroscientists interested in studying the mechanisms of conscious and nonconscious visual processing. Whereas other visual illusions that render otherwise
231:
This effect is strongest when the two stimuli are presented to (different regions in) opposite eyes, which suggests that it is somewhat related to binocular rivalry. At the same time, GFS shares similarities to
195:
images invisible have their own shortcomings and advantages, continuous flash suppression has a number of advantages for wiping images from conscious vision. It can erase an image presented at the
36:
To observe flash suppression, a small image is first presented to one eye for about a second while a blank field is presented to the other eye. Then a different, small image is abruptly shown,
157:
Flash suppression has certain methodological advantages over binocular rivalry as a tool for probing conscious vision. Whereas the percept during binocular rivalry alternates
425:
Tsuchiya, N., et al. (2006) Depth of interocular suppression associated with continuous flash suppression, flash suppression, and binocular rivalry. J Vis 6, 1068-1078
87:
The brain basis of flash suppression has been studied using microelectrode recordings in the visual brain of the macaque monkey and in the human medial temporal lobe.
370:
Sklar, A. Y., Levy, N., Goldstein, A., Mandel, R., Maril, A., & Hassin, R. R. (2012). Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. PNAS, 109(48), 19614-19619.
436:
Jiang, Y., et al. (2006) A gender- and sexual orientation-dependent spatial attentional effect of invisible images. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 17048-17052
211:), with an excellent control of timing (unlike binocular rivalry). It has been widely exploited to tackle the scope and limits of unconscious processing.
439:
Jiang, Y., and He, S. (2006) Cortical
Responses to Invisible Faces: Dissociating Subsystems for Facial-Information Processing. Curr Biol 16, 2023-2029
45:
the order of presentation is reversed, the order of percept is reversed. The phenomenon of flash suppression seems to have been known since the 19th
388:
Wilke, M., et al. (2006) Local field potential reflects perceptual suppression in monkey visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 17507-17512
334:
Kreiman, G., et al. (2002) Single-neuron correlates of subjective vision in the human medial temporal lobe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 8378-8383
166:
50:
400:
Lin, Z., He, S., Seeing the invisible: The scope and limits of unconscious processing in binocular rivalry, Progress in
Neurobiology (2007)
343:
Tsuchiya, N., & Koch, C. (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature neuroscience, 8(8), 1096-1101.
81:
352:
Fang F, He S. Cortical responses to invisible objects in the human dorsal and ventral pathways. Nat
Neurosci. 2005;8:1380–1385
433:
Tsuchiya, N., and Koch, C. (2004) Continuous flash suppression. Vision
Sciences Society, 4th annual meeting. Sarasota, FL.
49:
century. The phenomena was described by McDougall in 1901 and utilized for an EEG experiment by
Lansing in 1964. In 1984,
118:
140:
361:
Kim, C.Y., and Blake, R. (2005) Psychophysical magic: rendering the visible 'invisible'. Trends Cogn Sci 9, 381-388
442:
Kanai, R., et al. (2006) The scope and limits of top-down attention in unconscious visual processing. Curr Biol
122:
422:(1997) The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94, 3408-3413
33:
in which an image presented to one eye is suppressed by a flash of another image presented to the other eye.
178:
228:
for a certain amount of time, followed by the addition of a distracting second stimulus in its vicinity.
477:
379:
Wilke, M., et al. (2003) Generalized flash suppression of salient visual targets. Neuron 39, 1043-1052
301:
J.M. Wolfe (1984) Reversing ocular dominance and suppression in a single flash. Vision Res 24, 471-478
237:
77:
192:
111:
260:
65:
399:
313:(2004) The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach, Roberts, Englewood, Colorado
325:(1998) Single units and conscious vision. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353, 1801-1818
60:
that render a highly visible image invisible and that are used to study the mechanisms of
8:
233:
452:
199:(which usually is much more resistant to perceptual suppression, unlike, for example,
220:
204:
73:
30:
407:
419:
403:
322:
208:
69:
20:
472:
259:. Authors report that the disappearance of the stimulus triggered changes in the
225:
196:
158:
466:
310:
248:
456:
161:, the percept during flash suppression is precisely controlled in time.
264:
125: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
61:
53:
characterized flash suppression in a systematic psychophysics study.
100:
267:
during flash suppression is reflected in large parts of the brain.
256:
244:
200:
57:
252:
243:
A recent study on the neuronal basis of GFS demonstrated that
255:
in higher areas altered their activity pattern during the
68:
visual processing. Related perceptual illusions include
90:
464:
251:was untouched by the perceptual effect, whereas
214:
172:
219:The differences between flash suppression and
207:), for a longer duration (>1 sec, unlike
183:A powerful variant of flash suppression is
141:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:of all these areas, suggesting that the
465:
82:motion-induced interocular suppression
224:invisible when presented outside the
123:adding citations to reliable sources
94:
91:Relationship with binocular rivalry
56:Flash suppression is an example of
13:
14:
489:
446:
99:
408:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.002
382:
373:
364:
110:needs additional citations for
19:For the firearm component, see
16:Phenomenon of visual perception
355:
346:
337:
328:
316:
304:
295:
286:
277:
1:
429:Continuous Flash Suppression
270:
215:Generalized flash suppression
185:continuous flash suppression
179:Continuous flash suppression
173:Continuous flash suppression
7:
10:
494:
203:), in every trial (unlike
176:
18:
238:motion induced blindness
78:motion induced blindness
283:McDougall 1901, p. 598
261:local field potentials
418:Sheinberg, D.L., and
119:improve this article
414:Flash suppression
169:visual processing.
29:is a phenomenon of
247:activity in early
478:Binocular rivalry
453:Flash suppression
221:binocular rivalry
205:binocular rivalry
151:
150:
143:
74:binocular rivalry
31:visual perception
27:Flash suppression
485:
420:Logothetis, N.K.
389:
386:
380:
377:
371:
368:
362:
359:
353:
350:
344:
341:
335:
332:
326:
323:Logothetis, N.K.
320:
314:
308:
302:
299:
293:
290:
284:
281:
234:Troxler's fading
209:backward masking
146:
139:
135:
132:
126:
103:
95:
70:backward masking
48:
21:Flash suppressor
493:
492:
488:
487:
486:
484:
483:
482:
463:
462:
449:
393:
392:
387:
383:
378:
374:
369:
365:
360:
356:
351:
347:
342:
338:
333:
329:
321:
317:
309:
305:
300:
296:
291:
287:
282:
278:
273:
217:
181:
175:
147:
136:
130:
127:
116:
104:
93:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
491:
481:
480:
475:
461:
460:
448:
447:External links
445:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
427:
426:
423:
412:
411:
391:
390:
381:
372:
363:
354:
345:
336:
327:
315:
303:
294:
285:
275:
274:
272:
269:
216:
213:
177:Main article:
174:
171:
159:stochastically
149:
148:
131:September 2022
107:
105:
98:
92:
89:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
490:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
468:
458:
454:
451:
450:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
430:
424:
421:
417:
416:
415:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
396:
385:
376:
367:
358:
349:
340:
331:
324:
319:
312:
307:
298:
289:
280:
276:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:visual cortex
246:
241:
239:
235:
229:
227:
222:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
188:
186:
180:
170:
168:
162:
160:
155:
145:
142:
134:
124:
120:
114:
113:
108:This section
106:
102:
97:
96:
88:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:non-conscious
63:
59:
54:
52:
43:
39:
34:
32:
28:
22:
457:Scholarpedia
428:
413:
394:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
339:
330:
318:
306:
297:
292:Lansing 1964
288:
279:
242:
230:
218:
189:
184:
182:
167:nonconscious
163:
156:
152:
137:
128:
117:Please help
112:verification
109:
86:
55:
51:Jeremy Wolfe
41:
37:
35:
26:
25:
467:Categories
271:References
265:perception
42:suppresses
62:conscious
58:illusions
395:Reviews
311:Koch, C.
257:illusion
245:neuronal
201:crowding
253:neurons
193:salient
38:flashed
473:Vision
47:
226:fovea
197:fovea
236:and
80:and
64:and
455:at
404:doi
402:,
121:by
469::
240:.
84:.
76:,
72:,
459:.
410:.
406::
144:)
138:(
133:)
129:(
115:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
