1779:, killing the general and his entire staff. Iraq attempted to launch a clumsy amphibious attack against the rear of the Iranians, which cost them several more battalions. Iraq had taken such massive losses that they were forced to resort to ordering citizens to donate blood, trying to recruit foreign staff and tourists in hotels, and using city taxis to transport the dead and wounded to morgues and hospitals in Iraq. Facing heavy air losses against the Iranians over Faw, the Iraqi Air Force launched bombing attacks on Iranian civilian and industrial targets as a form of counterattack (see
267:
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1748:.:242 The Iraqis desperately launched head on attacks against the Iranians, who were well armed with anti-tank weapons and made short work of the attackers. The Iraqis were forced to stick to the main roads and rely on their armor for firepower, and even in dryer areas were unable to maneuver. Often, the tanks and infantry failed to cooperate, and the tanks attacked without infantry support, taking massive losses. Iraq's infantry also took heavy losses against the more experienced Iranian infantrymen, who were experienced in
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1874:, the latter of which hosted Iraqi troops. If successful, early warning radar sites on the platform would be destroyed. Iranian amphibious commandos and Revolutionary Guards landed on the first platform (al-Amayeh), defeating the Iraqi troops while Iranian artillery destroyed the second (al-Bakr). Iraq then launched air attacks and drove the Iranians off the al-Amayeh platform.
143:
1539:, while the southern forces launched an armored attack against the enemy. Both attacks were stopped with heavy Iraqi firepower, and the Iranians suffered 4,000 casualties. However, the Iraqis became convinced that this was the main point of attack, and diverted their forces to that sector; this is now recognised as a
1519:), in which 100,000 troops comprising five Army divisions and 50,000 men from the Revolutionary Guards and the Basij paramilitary advanced in a two-pronged offensive into southern Iraq. Unlike the earlier offensives, Dawn 8 was planned entirely by professional Army officers, all of whom were former officers of the
1289:
The operation was planned by Iran's army chief of staff and the
Iranian defense minister. It was planned entirely by professional military officers, but the battlefield commanders were a mix of regular army and Revolutionary Guards officers. The Iraqis were taken by surprise, as they had not expected
1724:
consisted of Iraq's V Corps, with two mechanized divisions. Nevertheless, even the elite of Iraqi troops, while fighting ferociously, used poor tactics and relied on trying to evict the
Iranians through sheer brute force. Iraq fired over 600 rounds of ammunition and launched 200 sorties of aircraft
1265:
across the rivers and wetlands to allow heavy troops and supplies to cross. Transport helicopters were used as well, ferrying troops to the battlefield. Iran largely focused on infiltrating through areas that were difficult for Iraqi armour, air power, and artillery to be used, such as valleys, the
1555:
achieved significant tactical and operational surprise, allowing the
Iranian forces to initially gain a quick victory over forces of the Iraqi Popular Army in the area. Considered a turning point in the war, unlike the tactics of human wave assaults used elsewhere at the front, the operation was a
1849:
The fall of al-Faw and the failure of the Iraqi counter-offensives were huge blows to the prestige of the Ba'ath regime, and led to fears all over the persian Gulf that Iran might win the war. In particular, Kuwait felt menaced with
Iranian troops only ten miles away, and increased its support of
1689:
moved to attack the
Iranians at Faw. But soon the Iraqi leadership realized the deception and began to plan accordingly. On 13–14 February, the Iraqis organized a hastily planned counterattack. But it was largely a mechanized counterattack with little light infantry, in an area with thick mud and
1650:
Initial attempts by Iraq to dislodge the
Iranian troops made little impression due to lack of coordination, but cost Iraq 20-25 aircraft lost. Iran's successive operations toward Umm-al-Qasr, which had been undertaken with the intention to cut off Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf, were contained
1877:
The occupation of al-Faw placed the city Basra at risk of being attacked, rumors of a final
Iranian offensive against Basra proliferated. To help defend itself, Iraq had built impressive fortifications and Iraq devoted particular attention to the southern city of Basra. It built concrete-roofed
1678:
to begin a new offensive to re-capture the Faw on 24 February 1986. A new round of intensive fighting took place, centered on a three-pronged counterattack. The Iraqi offensives were supported by helicopter gunships, hundreds of tanks and a huge bombing offensive by the Iraqi Air Force. Despite
1559:
The
Iranians launched their assault on the peninsula at night, their men arriving on rubber boats. Iranian Navy SEALs spearheaded the offensive despite a shortage of gear. Prior to this action Iranian Naval Commandos performed reconnaissance of the Faw peninsula. The Iranian SEALs penetrated an
1602:
and air bombardment. The
Iranians were well supported by artillery and air power during this attack. Iranian forces drove north along the peninsula almost unopposed, capturing it after only 24 hours of fighting. :240The resistance, consisting of several thousand poorly trained soldiers of the
1634:
onto the peninsula. To avoid detection by
American satellites and Iraqi warplanes, the components of the bridges were welded together underwater during the night. Oxygen tanks were then strapped to the sides of the bridge, causing it to rise to the surface. Afterwards, they dug in and set up
1232:
In the face of increasing Iraqi armament and manpower, as well as increasing problems on their own side, Iran could no longer rely on outnumbering Iraqi troops. While the infantry and human wave assaults would remain key to their attacks throughout the war, Iran began to rely more heavily on
1857:
The First Battle of al-Faw "officially" ended in March, however heavy intermittent clashes and combat operations continued on the peninsula until the end of 1986 and even as late as 1988, with neither side being able to displace the other. The battle bogged down into a
1760:, and the shells that landed were muffled in the mud. Iraq used so much ammunition that they faced shortages, and had to scour international markets and place orders from their supporters in order to replenish their stocks. They lost another 25 aircraft to Iranian
1560:
obstacle belt and isolated Iraqi bunkers whose troops had taken cover from the heavy rains inside or were sleeping. Iranian demolition teams detonated charges on the obstacles to create a path for the Iranian infantry waiting to begin their assault.
1737:, which paralyzed Iranian activity on the battlefield, and killed 700–1,800 immediately. 8,000 were stricken, and many more would eventually die afterward. The poison gas may have been the deadliest weapon for the Iraqis fighting the Iranians.
1813:, which would have severed Iraq from the Gulf and placed Iranian troops on the border with Kuwait. However, the offensive failed due to Iranian shortages of armor. Thus as a result, fighting on the peninsula stabilized, and became a
1783:). Iraqi aircraft did have one notable success on the peninsula though. Iranian helicopters had transported some of their own armor to the peninsula. One of Iran's armored columns was hit by Iraqi aircraft, damaging several
2803:
1801:
was almost completely wiped out. The capture of al-Faw and the failure of the Iraqi counter-offensives were blows to the Ba'ath regime's prestige, and led the Gulf countries to fear that Iran might win the war.
1563:
The Iranian command was fortunate in taking advantage of torrential rain during the initial 24 hours that made it impossible for Iraq to bring to bear its superior air and artillery firepower. Not only did the
1926:
The intense fighting cost Iraq an estimated 17,000 losses; Iran lost about 10,000 during the two weeks. An attempt to exploit the breakout from the captured territory, to completely sever Iraq's link to the
1705:
against the Iranians, but with few targets (the Iranians forces consisted of dug in infantry, moving only at night and helped by poor weather) they achieved little effect and lost 15–30 aircraft against
1261:, as southern Iraq is marshy and filled with wetlands. Iran used speedboats to cross the marshes and rivers in southern Iraq and landed troops on the opposing banks, where they would dig and set up
2712:
1174:
and warning center covering Persian Gulf, as well as limiting Iraq's access to the ocean. Iran managed to maintain their foothold in Al-Faw against several Iraqi counter-offensives, including
1618:
Due to being taken by surprise, and poor weather, the Iraqis were unable to launch a major counterattack, but began to fight back as early as 12 February. Iran quickly in the meantime set up
2652:
Mohiaddin Mesbahi, The USSR and the Iran-Iraq War: From Brezhnev to Gorbachev, in Farhang Rajaee, ed., The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression, University Press of Florida, 1993, p.83
1690:
little room to maneuver, and Iraqi air and artillery attacks were muffled against the muddy terrain. The Iraqis were thus bound to two roads, and they were picked off by Iranian artillery,
1833:. Iraq's main air control and warning centre located north of the Al Faw peninsula that was covering the Gulf area of operations, was also captured by Iran. This created a state of near
1685:
and the Iraqi high command still were convinced that the main Iranian attack was towards Basra, and did not take word of the Iranian capture of al-Faw seriously. There were only two
2163:
1659:
on 12 February led by General Maher Abd al-Rashid, supported by some of Iraq's best commanders Hisham Sabah al-Fakhri, and Sa'adi Tuma 'Abbas al-Jabburi. However, lack of effective
1594:
Iran's second simultaneous attack was aimed at the foot of the peninsula. Using a division size strike force of the Revolutionary Guard's amphibious forces on small boats and large
1221:
had been fought for nearly 6 years. While the Iranians had driven the Iraqis off of their soil in 1982, Iranian efforts to invade Iraq and cause the downfall of the regime of
2798:
1670:
On 12 February 1986, the Iraqis began a counter-offensive to re-take the Faw, which failed after a week of intense fighting. Saddam sent one of his best commanders, General
1615:
held out until 14 February. The Iraqis had not expected an Iranian attack at this area, assuming that the Iranians were incapable of launching a major amphibious operation.
1882:, tank- and artillery-firing positions, minefields, and stretches of barbed wire, all shielded by an artificially flooded lake 30 kilometers long and 1,800 meters wide.
1531:) from 9–14 February, attempting to split Iraq's 3rd and 7th Corps; this was stopped by the Iraqis. Meanwhile, the main Iranian blow fell on the strategically important
1768:) and air defenses. The only effective weapon Iraq used against the Iranians was poison gas, and even that was dampened somewhat by the muddy ground on the peninsula.
1233:
infiltration and surprise attacks, as a part of limited light infantry warfare . In contrast to Iraq's static defences and heavy armour, Iran began training troops in
1205:. Although the battle officially ended in March 1986, intermittent clashes continued for two years until April 1988, when Iraq recaptured the al-Faw peninsula at the
1984:
2168:
2158:
1459:
1897:, which supported Iraq throughout the war. It gave them a chokehold on any goods and supplies coming up the Shatt al Arab and Khawr Abd Allah waterway for Iraq.
522:
2301:
2274:
2205:
2201:
1798:
1707:
1809:
Iraq launched another counterattack on 10 March, which was unsuccessful. On March 1986, the Iranians tried to follow up their success by attempting to take
2080:
2057:
1229:
and light infantry warfare. Meanwhile, the Iraqis (especially after 1982) were heavily supported by foreign nations. The war bogged down into a stalemate.
1189:
The First Battle of al-Faw was a major success for Iran who now held an important strategic position, but worried other states in the region, primarily in
2418:
2013:
1972:
1470:
2719:
1246:
1294:, and threaten Basra from the south. More importantly, Iran hoped to deliver a series of blows against Iraq that would lead to its downfall via
2091:
1584:
1942:
to influence Iran from further attempts to cut off Iraq's oil export facilities which would have had deleterious effect on world oil prices.
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2212:
414, 29, 702, 704, 442, 502, 111, 110, 104, 47, 501, 419, 48, 39, 22, 23, 2, 602, 603, 703, 96, 95, 108, 421, 424, and 5th Infantry Brigades
1866:
in the marshes of the peninsula. 17,000 Iraqi troops and 30,000 Iranian troops fell victim on the peninsula. On 3 September, Iran launched
2099:
1679:
having an advantage in firepower and the extensive use of chemical warfare, the Iraqi attempt to re-take the Faw again ended in failure.
1225:
had been fruitless. Iran had suffered due to a lack of spare parts and in its inability to replace lost equipment, and relied heavily on
515:
1591:
as a stepping stone to reach the Al-Faw peninsula. They captured the island, but an Iraqi counterattack recaptured it three days later.
1269:
Iran began to plan for a major offensive. While deceptively making it seem like the attack was to be against the southern Iraqi city of
1806:
in particular felt menaced with Iranian troops only 16 km (9.9 mi) away, and increased its support of Iraq accordingly.:241
1290:
the Iranians to be able to land troops on the peninsula. The Iranians hoped to cut off Iraq from the Persian Gulf, making the country
584:
91:
1903:
vowed to eliminate the Iranians "at all costs," and in April 1988 the Iraqis succeeded in regaining the Al Faw peninsula during the
1611:. The Iranian strike force overran the tip of the peninsula, in 24 hours, and while most of the frontline Iraqis fled, the town of
789:
63:
2843:
44:
1756:
against the Iranians. Iraqi artillery was ineffective in the marshes, and as Iranian air defenses dispersed and shot down Iraqi
2144:
1911:
1131:
operation is considered to be one of Iran's greatest achievements in the Iran–Iraq War. The Iranians were able to capture the
508:
1568:
provide a significant lodgement behind Iraq's tactical front, but they also created a psychological shock wave throughout the
70:
2813:
2431:
1087:
492:
77:
2637:
2478:
2387:
2133:
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1543:. Instead, Iran's primary objective was Iraq's al-Faw peninsula, the only area in Iraq that touched the Persian Gulf.
2747:
2674:
2504:
2085:
1979:
1627:
1254:
110:
1273:(like most of Iran's attacks had been), the attack was really aimed at the southern al-Faw peninsula, touching the
59:
2218:
30, 16, 34, 42, 26th Armored Brigades, 17th Tammuz, al-Rafidin, Dhu al-Noorain Tank Battalions, 43rd Battalion of
1663:
by the Iraqi troops, and soft ground limiting tank mobility eventually halted the counterattack despite intensive
2833:
2828:
2051:
1935:
1885:
The Iranians put their foothold in the Al Faw peninsula to good use. They used the peninsula as a launch pad for
1162:(Arvand Rud) river against the Iraqi troops defending the strategic al-Faw peninsula, which connects Iraq to the
2808:
2437:
1797:
Iraq's desperate attempts to retake al-Faw again ended in failure, costing them many tanks and aircraft: their
986:
558:
48:
2661:
Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p.217
2112:
1966:
1631:
703:
603:
972:
953:
941:
676:
1143:
in the process; this in turn hardened Iraqi attitudes to prosecute the war. The Faw peninsula was later
2818:
2038:
1791:
697:
2701:
2025:
738:
724:
563:
1771:
To make matters worse for the Iraqis, on 4 March, they suffered another heavy blow when two Iranian
1201:
and the Iraqi government, who began extensively improving defenses for the threatened major city of
84:
2838:
1072:
283:
2351:
2230:
1994:
1904:
1851:
1675:
1652:
1206:
1175:
1144:
1065:
1058:
1005:
992:
690:
683:
37:
2848:
1829:, creating reports in the local media that Iranian forces had surrounded the Umm Al-Qasr Iraqi
1179:
1051:
1036:
1029:
608:
575:
548:
2494:
2823:
2420:
Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's Senior Leadership
2185:
1660:
1576:
were able to construct bridges to improve the flow of ground troops into the lodgement area.
1524:
1520:
1375:
Iraqi counter-attack succeeds in containing the Iranian offensive to the tip of the peninsula
998:
821:
808:
745:
568:
2262:
2007:
1761:
1757:
1234:
921:
8:
2281:
2219:
1867:
1776:
1741:
1721:
1686:
1671:
1448:
1101:
914:
907:
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856:
622:
251:
1604:
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1565:
1540:
1536:
1258:
1226:
1167:
1155:
1092:
1043:
731:
634:
596:
553:
1740:
Thus a new round of heavy fighting took place. The Iraqi offensives were supported by
2743:
2633:
2500:
2474:
2427:
2383:
2330:
2020:
1780:
1664:
1319:
1295:
1218:
1120:
979:
960:
781:
716:
589:
532:
316:
266:
257:
246:
216:
134:
2346:
2044:
2000:
1886:
1730:
1608:
1532:
1512:
1482:
1388:
1353:
1299:
1250:
1132:
1124:
1012:
967:
870:
848:
841:
829:
801:
794:
773:
766:
759:
752:
615:
336:
271:
168:
2519:
Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Iran-Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum, ABC-CLIO, 1992, p.142
2529:
2468:
2377:
2296:
1745:
1619:
1573:
1262:
661:
629:
294:
1717:
Unsurprisingly, the Iraqi counterattack failed after a week of heavy fighting.
2403:
2317:
1900:
1871:
1726:
1682:
1639:
1242:
1222:
1198:
948:
885:
649:
1535:, which fell after only 24 hours of fighting. Iran's northern forces launched
2792:
2774:
2761:
1772:
1749:
1656:
1552:
1159:
656:
305:
2334:
2031:
1928:
1890:
1838:
1711:
1588:
1569:
1274:
1197:, who increased their support for Iraq. The battle damaged the prestige of
1194:
1163:
1140:
2682:
1859:
1825:
Iranian troops succeeded in reaching the Khor Abdullah waterway opposite
1765:
1734:
2804:
Military operations involving chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War
2530:"Iran-Iraq War | Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica"
2291:
1830:
1784:
1691:
1329:
1291:
1278:
1238:
1021:
2143:(air assault, medevac, heliborne and transportation; belonging to the
1863:
1814:
1753:
1695:
1599:
1528:
1183:
1607:, fled or were defeated, taking 4,000 casualties and 1,500 becoming
1598:
boats, they landed at six points on the peninsula, after an intense
26:
1915:
1810:
1698:
1622:
across the Shatt al-Arab, and rapidly moved 20,000 troops from the
1270:
2702:"Saddam's War: An Iraqi military perspective on the Iran-Iraq War"
2713:"Phase Five: New Iranian Efforts at "Final Offensives",1986-1987"
1879:
1702:
1701:
units. In desperation, Iraqi aircraft flew as many as 300 combat
1580:
2630:
IRAN-IRAQ WAR : Iran strikes back, June 1982 -December 1986
500:
1894:
1826:
1803:
1612:
1551:
Taking place between 9 and 25 February, the assault across the
1190:
2406:[Familiarity with Operation Dawn 8]. 24 February 2013.
1889:
which were deployed against shipping and oil terminals in the
1266:
marshes of southern Iraq, and the mountains of northern Iraq.
1939:
1870:
against two Iraqi oil platforms around Umm Qasr and Kuwait's
1834:
1788:
1623:
1527:. The Iranians launched a feint attack against Basra (around
1202:
2496:
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Chemical and biological weapons
1170:, capturing the tip of the peninsula, including Iraq's main
1477:
1465:
1454:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1136:
1128:
342:
331:
322:
311:
300:
289:
278:
231:
172:
2740:
Arabs at War: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War
1744:, hundreds of tanks, and a large bombing offensive by the
1556:
sophisticated and carefully planned amphibious operation.
142:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
1298:. The operation was to be called Operation Valfajr 8 (
670:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
2188:
from Khorasan, Fars, Isfahan, and Khuzestan provinces
1182:, for another month despite heavy casualties until a
2700:
Woods, Kevin; Murray, Williamson; Elkhamri, Mounir.
2548:
2473:. Harvard University Press, 2015. p. 354, 360.
1166:. The Iranians defeated the Iraqi defenders, mostly
2382:. Harvard University Press, 2015. p. 354,360.
2258:
Commando brigades from 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 7th Corps
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2628:Hooton, E.R.; Cooper, Tom; Nadimi, Farzin (2019).
2627:
2426:. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
1572:region. Soon after the initial landings, Iranian
2799:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1986
2790:
2125:(belonging to the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy)
2699:
2675:"سایت تخصصی و اطلاع رسانی دفاع مقدس | والفجر 8"
2132:(air support and air defence; belonging to the
1854:in April 1988 Iraq re-captured the peninsula.
2585:
2583:
2581:
2215:440th, 441st, 443rd Coastal Infantry Brigades
1733:. Their most widely used chemical weapon was
1277:, and the only area of Iraq that touched the
516:
193:Iran captures the tip of the al-Faw peninsula
2070:44th Qamar-e Bani-Hashem Independent Brigade
2707:. Institute for National Strategic Studies.
2623:
2621:
2619:
2227:65th, 66th, and 68th Special Forces Brigade
2100:Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
1638:After taking the Faw, the Iranians built a
1127:between 10 February and 10 March 1986. The
2669:
2667:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2578:
2224:25, 20, 15, 8 and 24th Mechznized Brigades
1507:On 9 February 1986, the Iranians launched
523:
509:
392:82,000 troops (Three mechanised divisions)
2593:, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008, p. 46
2462:
2460:
2458:
2200:7th Corps: (the brigades are mostly from
2064:32nd Ansar-ol-Hossayn Independent Brigade
1914:downed one Iraq MiG and 5 helicopters in
1645:
1147:by Iraqi forces near the end of the war.
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2616:
1651:only with considerable losses to Iraq's
1587:island in the Shatt Al-Arab across from
1253:. They also began training thousands of
1154:, a sophisticated and carefully planned
2737:
2664:
2596:
2337:has been named after Operation Dawn 8.
2315:The Season One of the war documentary
2286:6 qati's under command of 26th Division
1844:
2791:
2466:
2455:
2375:
2333:torpedo produced domestically for the
2145:Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation
1419:
1404:
222:
207:
2416:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2310:
1546:
504:
2067:15th Imam Hassan Independent Brigade
1088:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
815:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
711:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2609:Bulloch, John & Morris, Harvey
2140:Shahid Soleiman Khater Headquarters
1989:Commanded by Mohammad Raoofi-Nezhad
1516:
13:
2364:
2134:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
1945:
1775:bombed the headquarters of Iraq's
1150:On 9 February 1986, Iran launched
469:150 anti-aircraft artillery pieces
14:
2860:
2086:33rd Al-Mahdi Independent Brigade
1980:27th Mohammad Rasulullah Division
1305:
530:
450:55 anti-aircraft artillery pieces
2742:. University of Nebraska Press.
1476:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1421:
1406:
1328:
454:5 engineering vehicles destroyed
341:
330:
321:
310:
299:
288:
277:
265:
256:
245:
224:
209:
159:10 February 1986 – 10 March 1986
141:
25:
16:1986 battle in the Iran–Iraq War
2693:
2655:
2646:
2499:. ABC-CLIO. 2005. p. 165.
2164:10th Sayyed-osh-Shohada Brigade
2052:17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division
1912:Iranian Ah-1J Cobra helicopters
1284:
36:needs additional citations for
2575:, London: Osprey, 2002 page 48
2522:
2513:
2487:
2410:
2396:
2270:5th Battalion of 26th Division
1579:The first Iranian attack used
559:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
480:10,000 killed (February–March)
365:20 Republican Guard battalions
1:
2357:
2113:Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
1967:25th Karbala Special Division
1956:Khatam-ol-Anbiya Headquarters
1850:Iraq accordingly. During the
1725:every single day, using both
1387:Iran captures the tip of the
2814:February 1986 events in Asia
2738:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2004).
7:
2573:The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988
2404:"آشنایی با عملیات والفجر ۸"
2340:
2098:33 artillery battalions of
1837:in neighbouring Kuwait and
10:
2865:
2844:Basra in the Iran–Iraq War
2321:depicts Operation Dawn 8.
2241:3rd Special Forces Brigade
2039:14th Imam Hossein Division
1792:armored personnel carriers
1212:
2324:
2179:(diversionary operations)
2154:(diversionary operations)
2026:8th Najaf Ashraf Division
1934:In a panic move, several
1921:
1820:
1720:The force led by General
1488:
1435:
1398:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1312:
564:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
540:
467:35 field artillery pieces
448:20 field artillery pieces
421:
374:
351:
238:
201:
151:
140:
132:
127:
2417:Woods, Kevin M. (2011).
1799:15th Mechanised Division
1752:. Iraq was losing whole
1729:and large quantities of
1655:despite a three-pronged
1369:Tactical Iranian success
790:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
473:34 engineering equipment
361:23 mechanized battalions
284:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
60:"First Battle of al-Faw"
2632:. HELION & CO LTD.
2613:, Methuen: London, 1989
2467:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
2376:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
2352:Second Battle of al-Faw
2195:
1995:41st Tharallah Division
1985:7th Vali-e-Asr Division
1950:
1905:Second Battle of al-Faw
1852:Second Battle of al-Faw
1777:5th Mechanized Division
1523:during the rule of the
1494:5,000 killed or wounded
1372:Iraqi defensive failure
1207:Second Battle of al-Faw
1081:International incidents
370:16 artillery battalions
368:140 infantry battalions
357:126 infantry battalions
2834:Battles involving Iraq
2829:Battles involving Iran
2273:Commando Battalion of
2244:4th Mechanized Brigade
2235:1st Mechanized Brigade
2169:18th Al-Ghadir Brigade
2159:21st Imam Reza Brigade
1646:Iraqi counteroffensive
1460:Hisham Sabah al-Fakhri
1436:Commanders and leaders
1323:First Battle of al-Faw
1117:First Battle of al-Faw
576:Iraqi invasion of Iran
549:1975 Algiers Agreement
491:(10,000 casualties of
413:Several tank companies
363:29 commando battalions
359:33 armoured battalions
239:Commanders and leaders
147:Al-Faw peninsula, Iraq
128:First Battle of al-Faw
2809:Amphibious operations
2186:Jihad of Construction
1714:) for their efforts.
1661:combined arms tactics
1642:and began to dig in.
1521:Imperial Iranian Army
1489:Casualties and losses
909:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
569:Iranian Embassy siege
446:500 military vehicles
422:Casualties and losses
2302:Iraqi Army Air Corps
2250:1 commando battalion
2247:10th Armored Brigade
2238:2nd Commando Brigade
2122:Yunes 2 Headquarters
2107:Yunes 1 Headquarters
2008:31st Ashura Division
1962:Karbala Headquarters
1845:Aftermath and impact
1762:interceptor aircraft
1758:observation aircraft
1687:mechanized divisions
1628:Revolutionary Guards
1119:was a battle of the
1031:June 5 1984 Skirmish
404:22,000–25,000 troops
45:improve this article
2775:29.9753°N 48.4725°E
2771: /
2111:Kowsar Flotilla of
1936:Persian Gulf states
1910:During the battle,
1893:, and also against
1868:Operation Karbala 3
1742:helicopter gunships
1722:Maher Abd al-Rashid
1708:Iranian air defense
1672:Maher Abd al-Rashid
1566:amphibious landings
1449:Maher Abd al-Rashid
1255:Revolutionary Guard
1102:Iran Air Flight 655
988:Tawakalna ala Allah
935:Final stages (1988)
452:7 fast attack craft
252:Maher Abd al-Rashid
2534:www.britannica.com
2311:In popular culture
2176:Najaf Headquarters
2081:19th Fajr Division
2058:Gholamreza Jaafari
1916:air-to-air combats
1605:Iraqi Popular Army
1547:Peninsula landings
1537:human wave attacks
1344:9–25 February 1986
1259:amphibious warfare
1227:human wave attacks
1168:Iraqi Popular Army
1156:amphibious assault
974:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
955:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
943:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
733:Muharram ol-Harram
554:Iranian Revolution
385:1,000–5,000 troops
2591:The Iran-Iraq War
2470:The Iran-Iraq War
2433:978-0-9762550-1-7
2379:The Iran-Iraq War
2151:Qods Headquarters
2129:Raad Headquarters
2076:Nooh Headquarters
2021:5th Nasr Division
1931:, was contained.
1887:Silkworm missiles
1781:War of the Cities
1665:close air support
1505:
1504:
1394:
1393:
1296:attrition warfare
1110:
1109:
543:Pre-war incidents
499:
498:
317:Ali Sayad Shirazi
197:
196:
121:
120:
113:
95:
2856:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:29.9753; 48.4725
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2753:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2718:. Archived from
2717:
2708:
2706:
2687:
2686:
2685:on 17 June 2013.
2681:. Archived from
2671:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2614:
2607:
2594:
2587:
2576:
2569:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2464:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2436:. Archived from
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2347:Battle of Mehran
2267:Hattin Battalion
2261:73rd Brigade of
2255:Commando units:
2231:Republican Guard
2045:Hossein Kharrazi
2001:Qassem Soleimani
1973:Morteza Ghorbani
1731:chemical weapons
1694:helicopters and
1676:Republican Guard
1653:Republican Guard
1609:prisoners of war
1574:combat engineers
1533:Al-Faw peninsula
1518:
1509:Operation Dawn 8
1483:Hossein Kharrazi
1481:
1480:
1471:Saadi Tuma Abbas
1469:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1389:al-Faw peninsula
1365:Iranian victory
1354:al-Faw peninsula
1338:
1337:
1332:
1313:Operation Dawn 8
1310:
1309:
1251:mountain warfare
1180:chemical attacks
1176:Republican Guard
1152:Operation Dawn 8
1133:al-Faw peninsula
1125:al-Faw peninsula
1123:, fought on the
968:Halabja massacre
704:2nd Khorramshahr
699:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
643:Stalemate (1981)
604:1st Khorramshahr
535:
525:
518:
511:
502:
501:
493:chemical attacks
457:Captured by Iran
407:Height of battle
396:200+ helicopters
388:Height of battle
346:
345:
337:Hossein Kharrazi
335:
334:
327:Morteza Ghorbani
326:
325:
315:
314:
304:
303:
293:
292:
282:
281:
272:Saadi Toma Abbas
270:
269:
262:Hisham al-Fakhri
261:
260:
250:
249:
234:
230:
228:
227:
219:
215:
213:
212:
169:Al-Faw peninsula
153:
152:
145:
125:
124:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2839:Battles in 1986
2789:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2536:. 10 March 2024
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2465:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2343:
2327:
2313:
2297:Iraqi Air Force
2198:
2142:
2131:
2124:
1953:
1948:
1946:Order of battle
1924:
1847:
1823:
1773:F-5E Tiger II's
1746:Iraqi Air Force
1648:
1620:pontoon bridges
1549:
1517:عملیات والفجر ۸
1500:
1495:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1422:
1420:
1407:
1405:
1383:
1356:
1322:
1308:
1287:
1263:pontoon bridges
1215:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1083:
1025:
937:
817:
740:Before the Dawn
726:Moslem Ibn Aqil
678:Samen-ol-A'emeh
672:
645:
585:Iraqi airstrike
580:
545:
536:
531:
529:
490:
488:
483:
481:
479:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
432:
430:
428:
417:70+ helicopters
416:
414:
412:
410:
405:
403:
395:
393:
391:
386:
384:
369:
364:
362:
360:
358:
340:
339:
329:
328:
320:
319:
309:
308:
298:
297:
295:Esmaeil Sohrabi
287:
286:
276:
264:
263:
255:
254:
244:
225:
223:
210:
208:
189:
183:Iranian victory
175:
146:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2735:
2725:on 30 May 2016
2709:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2679:www.fatehan.ir
2663:
2654:
2645:
2639:978-1913118532
2638:
2615:
2595:
2589:Karsh, Efraim
2577:
2571:Karsh, Efraim
2547:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2486:
2480:978-0674915718
2479:
2454:
2443:on 9 June 2010
2432:
2409:
2395:
2389:978-0674915718
2388:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2326:
2323:
2318:Ravayat-e Fath
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2148:
2137:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:Amin Shari'ati
2005:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1923:
1920:
1901:Saddam Hussein
1872:Bubiyan Island
1846:
1843:
1822:
1819:
1727:high explosive
1683:Saddam Hussein
1647:
1644:
1640:pontoon bridge
1548:
1545:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:1,500 captured
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1417:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:Iranian attack
1304:
1286:
1283:
1243:night-fighting
1223:Saddam Hussein
1214:
1211:
1199:Saddam Hussein
1139:access to the
1135:, cutting off
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1074:Praying Mantis
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
984:
977:
970:
965:
958:
951:
949:Anfal campaign
946:
932:
931:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
883:
875:
868:
861:
854:
846:
839:
827:
812:
811:
806:
799:
792:
787:
779:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
708:
707:
695:
688:
681:
667:
666:
659:
654:
640:
639:
632:
627:
620:
613:
606:
601:
594:
587:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
541:
538:
537:
528:
527:
520:
513:
505:
497:
496:
489:25,000 wounded
485:
482:40–55 aircraft
440:11 helicopters
431:2,105 captured
424:
423:
419:
418:
411:133,000 troops
397:
377:
376:
372:
371:
366:
354:
353:
352:Units involved
349:
348:
274:
241:
240:
236:
235:
220:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
167:
165:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
138:
137:
130:
129:
123:
122:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2861:
2850:
2849:Night battles
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Iran–Iraq War
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2751:
2749:9780803206861
2745:
2741:
2736:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2508:
2506:9781851094905
2502:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:15th Division
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:17th Division
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:Commanded by
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:Commanded by
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:Commanded by
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:Commanded by
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:Commanded by
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:Commanded by
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:Commanded by
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1764:(such as the
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:night warfare
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Hawk missiles
1709:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:counterattack
1654:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:Shatt al-Arab
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1501:2,000 wounded
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:Iran–Iraq War
1316:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:commandos in
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:marsh warfare
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Iran–Iraq War
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:was reached.
1185:
1181:
1178:assaults and
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Shatt al-Arab
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Iran–Iraq War
1118:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1067:Nimble Archer
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:Eager Glacier
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1007:Eternal Light
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:
940:
939:
938:
936:
930:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
917:
913:
911:
910:
906:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
892:
890:
888:
884:
882:
880:
876:
874:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
851:
847:
845:
844:
840:
837:
833:
832:
828:
826:
824:
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692:Fath-ol-Mobin
689:
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685:Tariq-ol-Qods
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544:
539:
534:
533:Iran–Iraq War
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
506:
503:
494:
487:10,000 killed
486:
477:
458:
435:
429:9,000 wounded
426:
425:
420:
408:
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398:
394:400+ aircraft
389:
382:
379:
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367:
356:
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350:
347:Amin Shariati
344:
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318:
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306:Mohsen Rezaee
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135:Iran–Iraq War
131:
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115:
112:
104:
93:
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72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2824:1986 in Iraq
2756:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2720:the original
2694:Bibliography
2683:the original
2678:
2657:
2648:
2629:
2611:The Gulf War
2610:
2590:
2572:
2538:. Retrieved
2533:
2524:
2515:
2495:
2489:
2469:
2445:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2419:
2412:
2398:
2378:
2335:Iranian Navy
2328:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2282:Popular Army
2220:5th Division
2199:
2191:
2178:
2175:
2153:
2150:
2139:
2128:
2121:
2106:
2092:Jaafar Asadi
2075:
2032:Ahmad Kazemi
1961:
1955:
1954:
1933:
1929:Persian Gulf
1925:
1909:
1899:
1891:Persian Gulf
1884:
1876:
1856:
1848:
1839:Saudi Arabia
1824:
1808:
1796:
1770:
1739:
1719:
1716:
1681:
1669:
1649:
1637:
1632:Regular Army
1617:
1593:
1589:Khorramshahr
1585:Umm al-Rasas
1578:
1570:Persian Gulf
1562:
1558:
1550:
1508:
1506:
1399:Belligerents
1364:
1288:
1285:Preparations
1275:Persian Gulf
1268:
1235:infiltration
1231:
1216:
1195:Saudi Arabia
1188:
1164:Persian Gulf
1151:
1149:
1141:Persian Gulf
1116:
1114:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1053:Prime Chance
1052:
1044:
1038:Earnest Will
1037:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1006:
999:
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732:
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710:
709:
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691:
684:
677:
669:
668:
662:
650:
642:
641:
635:
623:
616:
610:Scorch Sword
609:
597:
590:
574:
573:
542:
476:Other claims
475:
465:250 vehicles
456:
433:
427:3,000 killed
406:
399:
387:
380:
202:Belligerents
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2778: /
2447:16 November
2208:divisions)
1860:World War I
1766:F-14 Tomcat
1735:mustard gas
1382:Territorial
1172:air control
1158:across the
1000:Forty Stars
889:(6th Basra)
881:(5th Basra)
825:(4th Basra)
785:(3rd Basra)
777:(2nd Basra)
720:(1st Basra)
438:74 aircraft
415:70 aircraft
188:Territorial
2793:Categories
2766:48°28′21″E
2763:29°58′31″N
2358:References
2292:Iraqi Navy
1831:naval base
1787:tanks and
1754:battalions
1692:AH-1 Cobra
1635:defenses.
1499:600 killed
1292:landlocked
1279:open ocean
1239:patrolling
1145:recaptured
1022:Tanker War
993:2nd al-Faw
923:Karbala 10
836:1st al-Faw
484:100+ tanks
71:newspapers
1864:stalemate
1815:stalemate
1696:anti-tank
1600:artillery
1541:deception
1529:al-Qurnah
1184:stalemate
1045:Bridgeton
916:Karbala 9
902:Karbala 7
895:Karbala 6
887:Karbala 5
879:Karbala 4
865:Karbala 3
858:Karbala 2
850:Karbala 1
624:Sultan 10
442:400 tanks
434:Destroyed
400:Beginning
381:Beginning
2540:17 March
2341:See also
2307:Source:
2192:Source:
1938:lobbied
1811:Umm Qasr
1699:commando
1674:and the
1583:against
1349:Location
1318:Part of
1271:al-Basra
1097:incident
1047:incident
852:(Mehran)
636:Morvarid
598:Kaman 99
471:3 radars
461:80 tanks
444:200 APCs
375:Strength
164:Location
133:Part of
101:May 2007
2729:24 June
2331:Valfajr
1880:bunkers
1862:-style
1710:(using
1703:sorties
1581:frogmen
1513:Persian
1384:changes
1213:Prelude
1129:Iranian
981:Zafar 7
962:Dawn 10
809:Marshes
783:Kheibar
718:Ramadan
591:Revenge
463:40 APCs
190:changes
85:scholar
2746:
2636:
2503:
2477:
2430:
2386:
2325:Legacy
1922:Losses
1895:Kuwait
1827:Kuwait
1821:Kuwait
1804:Kuwait
1630:, and
1613:Al-Faw
1426:
1411:
1361:Result
1300:Dawn 8
1249:, and
1191:Kuwait
1014:Mersad
929:Nasr 4
872:Fath 1
843:Dawn 9
831:Dawn 8
803:Dawn 7
796:Dawn 6
775:Dawn 5
768:Dawn 4
761:Dawn 3
754:Dawn 2
747:Dawn 1
630:Abadan
617:Dezful
578:(1980)
229:
214:
180:Result
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2723:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2705:(PDF)
2441:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
1940:Syria
1835:panic
1789:M-113
1624:Basij
1203:Basra
1137:Iraqi
1095:Stark
663:Opera
92:JSTOR
78:books
2744:ISBN
2731:2019
2634:ISBN
2542:2024
2501:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2449:2012
2428:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2329:The
2206:26th
2204:and
2202:15th
2196:Iraq
1951:Iran
1785:M-60
1525:Shah
1429:Iran
1414:Iraq
1341:Date
1217:The
1193:and
1115:The
1093:USS
823:Badr
651:Nasr
232:Iran
217:Iraq
173:Iraq
156:Date
64:news
1596:LST
1302:).
657:H-3
47:by
2795::
2677:.
2666:^
2618:^
2598:^
2580:^
2550:^
2532:.
2457:^
2366:^
1918:.
1907:.
1841:.
1817:.
1794:.
1667:.
1626:,
1515::
1281:.
1245:,
1241:,
1237:,
1209:.
171:,
2752:.
2733:.
2642:.
2544:.
2509:.
2483:.
2451:.
2392:.
2147:)
2136:)
1511:(
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991:(
838:)
834:(
706:)
702:(
524:e
517:t
510:v
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478::
459::
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383::
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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