810:
294:
734:, which, according to several 15th-century sources, took place in 1150. The crusade is only known from later legends that presented the expedition (if it ever took place) as a Christian mission, headed by a saint king to baptize heathens. However, it seems to have followed the exceptionally edgy 1140s with both the Yem and Swedes fighting against Novgorod. Some historians have seen it as a direct reaction to the failed Yem expedition in 1149, associating it with the co-operation mentioned by the Pope 20 years later.
504:
77:
179:
36:
834:. The same night they asked for peace, but the bailiff and the people of Ladoga did not grant it; and they killed all the prisoners and ran into forests, after abandoning their ships. Many of them fell there, but their boats were burned. -- And of those who had come, 2000 or more were killed, God knows; and the rest (who had not fled) were all killed.
830:, and the people of Ladoga did not wait for the Novgorodians, but went after them (Finns) in boats where they were fighting, met with them and fought them; and then came night, and they (people of Ladoga) landed on an island, but Finns were on the coast with prisoners; for they had been fighting close to the lake near the landing place, and in
1066:
At the time of the conflict, Sweden still controlled access to the Baltic Sea. Also, the
Primary Chronicle does not mention the Karelians or Izhorians who lived between Russians and Finns. Furthermore, the said Vladimir attacked Constantinople in 1043, making it unlikely that he was fighting on the
479:
After this, there is no information on further
Novgorodian conflicts for several decades. It is also impossible to confirm whether the 1191 war resulted in a brief Novgorodian rule in parts of Finland or Karelia. However, a later chronicle entry from the mid-1220s said that Russian princes had not
402:
are all mentioned as allies of
Novgorod, said to have been fighting against the Yem even without Novgorod's direct involvement, possibly over control of land area in central and eastern Finland; this territorial feud manifested in annual retaliatory expeditions that featured merciless treatment of
749:
against the "barbarians" that threatened the
Christianity in Finland. The nationality of the "barbarians", presumably a citation from Archbishop's earlier letter, remains unknown, and was not necessarily known even by the Pope. However, as the trade embargo was widened eight years later, it was
451:
After a long pause in open hostilities—at least in the chronicles—a
Novgorodian called Vyshata Vasilyevich led his troops against Yem in 1186, returning unharmed with prisoners. It is not clear whether he took his forces to fight in the land of Yem or to defend his country against an intrusion.
797:
left
Novgorod over the sea against Yem where no else Russian prince had been able to dwell; and he conquered the land and returned to Novgorod praising God with many prisoners. When those who were accompanying him could not handle all the prisoners, they killed some of them but released many
455:
Korela accompanied
Novgorodians for yet another attack against the Yem in 1191. This time the fighting is clearly said to have taken place "the land of the Yem", the first such entry in Russian chronicles. The assailants "burned the country and killed the cattle". The mid-16th century
443:
Yem attacked
Russian soil again in 1149 with 1000 men. Novgorodians, totaling 500, went in pursuit of the Yem, utterly defeating them with Votes, a Finnic tribe in alliance with Novgorod. Votes, today almost extinct, lived south of the present-day
439:
with 400 casualties. Coincidentally or not, Swedes attacked the
Novgorodians in the same year as well. The Korela, now under Novgorodian influence, were at war with Yem in the following year, but were forced to flee, losing two ships.
842:
took advantage of the chaotic situation by taking over non-Christian places of worship and moving the see to a "more suitable" location. On the bishop's request, the Pope also enforced a trade embargo against
Novgorodians on the
1433:
had just 2500 men which would mean that less organized Yem were able to establish a similar naval force. Total population in Finland at the time is estimated to have been 50 000 at the maximum. See Suomen museo 2002
707:
of Sweden in 1171 (or 1172), perhaps refers to the Finns' struggle against Novgorod by demanding Sweden take over Finnish fortresses in exchange for protection. In the late 15th century, historian
769:
The final known conflict between Yem and Novgorod took place in the 1220s, following decades of peace, at least in the chronicles. After having secured his power in Novgorod by 1222, Grand Prince
809:
432:, and his troops from Novgorod were at war with Yem during a great famine in 1123. The chronicle leaves any further developments of the conflict open, including the whereabouts of the fight.
826:
to war, and word about that came to Novgorod on the Ascension Day of the Christ (6.8). And Novgorodians took their barges and rowed to Ladoga with prince Yaroslav. Vladislav, the bailiff at
1306:. See page 65. Ericus Olai may also have made a mistake, since Jon Jarl is apparently buried in the Cathedral of Linköping, thus making him the Jarl of Finland instead of Bishop Kol.
1315:
Note, however, that several historians from the early 20th century onwards have tried to date the crusade to 1155, with some questionable lines of argument. See Heikkilä, Tuomas.
753:
Russian sources mention Swedish-Yem co-operation in 1240 at the earliest; it was then that were mentioned as one of the Swedes' allies in the little-documented
678:
1399:
As "Yems" and "Sums", possibly separating Tavastians and the coastal Finns which from then on was customary in Russian sources until the early 14th century.
362:. Some of the groups identified as Yem may have been the inhabitants of Tavastland in south-central Finland, the West Finns in general, or a sub-group of
200:
193:
293:
932:
1207:
The chronicle has been published in Finnish, see e.g. Suomen piispainkronikka. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia 476. Pieksämäki 1988.
936:
704:
243:
141:
1608:
215:
113:
94:
49:
757:. The first reliable mention of Yem being a part of Swedish forces is from 1256, seven years after the conventional dating of the so-called
222:
120:
429:
671:
17:
1638:
1633:
1628:
229:
127:
1226:
211:
109:
838:
The war seems to have been the end of independent Yem-Novgorodian conflicts. Based on Papal letters from 1229, the unknown
719:), possibly leading Swedish troops temporarily situated in Finland. He may have been in a military role similar to that of
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1264:
1189:
1169:
1149:
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1118:
1098:
1078:
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1584:
1563:
1532:
1439:
1324:
977:
280:
262:
160:
63:
55:
1648:
1643:
577:
472:. It has been shown that this information is based on incorrect reading of 1318, which is the year of a well-known
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
888:
860:
359:
98:
1410:"Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the Swedish attack to Novgorod and Novgorodian counterattack to Finland"
236:
134:
712:
379:
525:
421:
Conflicts certainly began in the early 12th century, however information on them remains very scarce.
806:, allegedly with more than 2000 men ended in disaster, as described by the Novgorod First Chronicle.
537:
529:
871:
692:
645:
541:
425:
414:
was at war with the "Yam" in 1042 AD. The Yam are also mentioned as tributaries to Novgorod in the
301:
1016:
297:
189:
87:
867:
758:
651:
336:
794:
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648:
27:
Conflicts between the Novgorod Republic and northern Finnic tribes in the 11th-13th centuries
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411:
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in general or more specifically as the Karelians on the southwest coast of the Ladoga) and
329:
304:
campaigned against the Finns in 1226 and 1228 and repelled their counter-campaign in 1228.
8:
1555:
883:
754:
696:
553:
1054:
339:
in around 1249. The term used in Russian chronicles to refer to Novgorod's enemy, the
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1528:
1435:
1320:
1222:
973:
926:
906:
839:
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448:, probably making this the deepest attack that Yem ever made into Russian territory.
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around 1249. Under Swedish rule, the wars continued to rage in Finland as a part of
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was again worried about the situation after receiving alarming information from the
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491:
469:
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send troops to protect Finland. Whether any knights ever arrived remains unknown.
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had frequent conflicts from the 11th or 12th century onwards. The eastern Finnic
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The only known written sources on the Yem-Novgorodian wars are contained in the
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350:), is unclear and probably referred to several different groups, even though
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817:(here in its 15th-century appearance) repelled the Yem forces in 1228.
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who descended from western Finns who had moved to the area earlier.
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76:
724:
720:
629:
435:
Yem pillaged Novgorodian territory in 1142, but were defeated near
335:
The wars' effect on the Finns' society contributed to the eventual
1282:
Suomen Museo 2002. See page 66. The book can be ordered from the
831:
782:
778:
533:
495:
387:
1429:
1290:" only in the late 13th century and was used in the meaning of
972:. Historian aitta XXI. Gummerus kirjapaino Oy. Jyväskylä 1989.
848:
745:. He authorized the unnamed Bishop of Finland to establish a
597:
465:
866:
Novgorodian wars were a factor contributing to the eventual
1287:
1265:"Letter by Pope Alexander III to the Archbishop of Uppsala"
907:
Intr. C. Raymond Beazley, A. A. Shakhmatov (London, 1914).
852:
452:
Reasons for the renewed fighting have not been identified.
785:. The offensive against Yem took place in winter 1226–27.
406:
The earliest possible mention of hostilities is from the
332:
from the 11th or 12th century to the early 13th century.
1338:
Suomen alueellinen pyhimyskultti ja vanhemmat aluejaot.
1351:"Letter by Pope Honorius III to the Bishop of Finland"
802:
The Yem retaliatory expedition in summer 1228 against
1551:
The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier
1116:
Novgorod First Chronicle entries about Finnish wars,
1013:
410:
which records in passing that the Novgorodian Prince
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1340:Vesilahti 1346-1996. Jyväskylä 1996. See page 197.
859:. A few years later, the Pope also requested the
1595:
1187:Novgorod First Chronicle entries about the war,
1167:Novgorod First Chronicle entries about the war,
1067:other side of the continent only a year earlier.
1004:"Laurentian Codex entry about a Yam war in 1042"
483:
1286:. Note that the Latin word "Dux" came to mean "
715:(died c. 1196) had been the "Jarl of Finland" (
1240:
1238:
1147:Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the war,
1076:Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the war,
750:specifically said to be against the Russians.
672:
931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
418:, but they disappear from sources later on.
1235:
691:At the same time, Sweden and Novgorod were
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1427:The figure sounds high. The usual Swedish
1216:
935:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
679:
665:
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
808:
292:
991:Ancient Karelia: Archaeological Studies
480:been able to dwell in the land of Yem.
14:
1596:
1576:Kingship and State Formation in Sweden
1547:
1254:from the Laurentian Codex. In Swedish.
777:organized a series of attacks against
199:Please improve this article by adding
949:
909:"The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471"
373:
320:) were a series of conflicts between
1609:Wars involving the Novgorod Republic
1572:
1026:"Arkistolaitos - Sähköiset palvelut"
403:the settlers of the opposing tribe.
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
1453:"Yem attack against Ladoga in 1228"
458:Chronicon episcoporum Finlandensium
337:Swedish conquest of western Finland
24:
964:About the association of the term
25:
1660:
1525:Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen
730:Also noteworthy is the so-called
464:records the Novgorodians burning
354:it derives from the Finnish word
45:This article has multiple issues.
970:Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä
952:Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä
727:at the end of the 12th century.
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177:
75:
34:
1517:
1498:
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1368:See papal letters from 1229 to
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1319:. Karisto Oy Hämeenlinna 2005.
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954:. Historian Aitta. p. 119.
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53:or discuss these issues on the
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889:List of wars involving Finland
861:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
428:, another Prince of Novgorod,
13:
1:
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484:Swedish and Papal involvement
366:on the northern coast of the
201:secondary or tertiary sources
1273:in 1171 (or 1172). In Latin.
1012:. In Swedish. Hosted by the
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7:
1639:13th century in Kievan Rus'
1634:12th century in Kievan Rus'
1629:11th century in Kievan Rus'
1506:"Letter by Pope Gregory IX"
1284:Finnish Antiquarian Society
1246:"Attack to Finland in 1226"
1014:National Archive of Finland
877:
868:Swedish conquest of Finland
380:medieval Russian chronicles
318:Novgorodin ja jäämien sodat
10:
1665:
1541:
1221:(in Finnish). p. 93.
212:"Finnish–Novgorodian wars"
110:"Finnish–Novgorodian wars"
1217:Tarkiainen, Kari (2010).
872:Swedish-Novgorodian Wars
646:Finnish-Novgorodian wars
468:in 1198, at the time of
426:Novgorod First Chronicle
310:Finnish–Novgorodian wars
302:Novgorod First Chronicle
18:Finnish-Novgorodian wars
1649:13th century in Finland
1644:12th century in Finland
699:, in his letter to the
300:, who according to the
298:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
1624:13th-century conflicts
1619:12th-century conflicts
1614:11th-century conflicts
1604:Wars involving Finland
1317:Pyhän Henrikin legenda
1043:Diplomatarium Fennicum
950:Linna, Martti (1989).
836:
818:
800:
759:Second Swedish Crusade
652:Second Swedish Crusade
347:
317:
305:
188:relies excessively on
1573:Line, Philip (2007).
1548:Murray, Alan (2009).
820:
812:
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743:Archbishop of Uppsala
732:First Swedish Crusade
701:Archbishop of Uppsala
655:Third Swedish Crusade
649:First Swedish Crusade
296:
711:claimed that Bishop
430:Vsevolod Mstislavich
412:Vladimir Yaroslavich
330:Republic of Novgorod
95:improve this article
693:in conflict as well
382:. The Russians and
1556:Ashgate Publishing
1359:in 1221. In Latin.
1019:2010-09-15 at the
884:Early Finnish wars
819:
755:Battle of the Neva
697:Pope Alexander III
374:Early developments
324:tribes in eastern
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1304:Suomen museo 2002
1228:978-951-583-212-2
1099:"Chronicle entry"
1055:Primary Chronicle
840:Bishop of Finland
739:Pope Honorius III
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1006:. Archived from
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993:. Helsinki 1997.
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968:with Finns, see
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789:The same winter
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1390:. In Latin.
824:Lake Ladoga
771:Yaroslav II
709:Ericus Olai
590:Birger Jarl
568:Archbishops
1598:Categories
1036:2007-05-29
895:References
845:Baltic Sea
781:, Yem and
626:Nousiainen
562:Gregory IX
460:by Bishop
223:newspapers
190:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1579:. BRILL.
1523:See e.g.
793:, son of
765:Final war
737:In 1221,
612:Locations
602:King Eric
400:Izhorians
396:Karelians
364:Karelians
56:talk page
1382:"Lübeck"
1294:earlier.
1017:Archived
927:cite web
878:See also
795:Vsevolod
791:Yaroslav
775:Vladimir
725:Ingrians
721:Jon Jarl
630:Koroinen
618:Kokemäki
578:Valerius
360:Tavastia
328:and the
253:May 2024
151:May 2024
1542:Sources
917:17 July
832:Olonets
783:Karelia
779:Estonia
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496:Finland
344:Finnish
314:Finnish
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1371:"Riga"
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1170:"1186"
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1130:"1143"
1119:"1142"
1079:"1123"
1023:. See
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857:Lübeck
828:Ladoga
804:Ladoga
640:Events
622:Köyliö
584:Others
574:Anders
526:Thomas
511:People
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392:Korela
368:Ladoga
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