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305:: a Field Hetman and a Great Hetman (sometimes translated as Grand Hetman). As a result, there were in total four hetman titles: Great Crown Hetman, Field Crown Hetman, Great Lithuanian Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman. During joint military operations of the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, the Grand Crown Hetman usually was considered superior to others hetmans and served as commander-in-chief if the war actions ran along the borders of the Grand Duchy and vice versa.
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Lithuanian Field Hetman initially was called Court Hetman and commanded the guard of the Grand Duke, while Land Hetman commanded militia. Later this difference disappeared and they were renamed Field and Great
Hetmans accordingly. Contrary to Polish practice Lithuanian Field Hetman had full control
426:
The hetman had no right to order the forces of the royal court, the royal guard, units equipped by the cities and towns, or private individuals, although during wars those units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans. Hetmans had no control over the navy, although the
555:
could also be chosen by the king for a given period when a hetman was not available, or informally assumed this function of the commander-in-chief when no hetman or monarch was present nearby (for example, the commander of a
521:– guardian; security; supervised the scout forces during movement and camping and commanded the front guard (however, if both hetmans were present, the Field Hetman acted as Great Guardian (Polish: Wielki Straznik)).
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Grand
Hetmans were usually in command of the professional and mobilised army and during peace stayed at the capital involving themselves in politics, guarding the interests of the army and planning campaigns.
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316:. During peace they usually were deployed on the eastern and southern borders of the Commonwealth, and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions of the
53:
527:– camp leader; camp and transport organisation; responsible for choosing a suitable camping place for an army, setting up the camp, logistics and security inside the encampment.
442:
While hetmans were considered to be among the highest-ranking officials in the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth, their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the
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and Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury.
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100:
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72:
414:. It was reasoned that the distance to capital was too large and situation in that regions was always too volatile for all decisions to be made in the capital (
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79:
324:. Field Hetman were also called Frontier Hetman, since they did the same job as commanders of frontier garrisons before the title of hetman was introduced.
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The
Generals of Inspections controlled the combat readiness of troops, however it is unclear when they were created (besides the phrase ‘in 17th century’).
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86:
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choosing locations where the army units were to draw supplies from (that could become a severe burden of cities/nobles that were disliked by a hetman)
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1124:
515:– field chancellor, responsible for the archives, chancery, finances, accounting of people, equipment and fortifications, and paying soldiers' wages
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68:
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Most of those aides also had a Field/Great and Crown/Lithuanian add-ons to their titles, depending on which hetman they were serving under.
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and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war. Later it became a permanent title, as did all the titles in the
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1973:
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In some of the never realised plans of reconstruction of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth from dual into triple state (
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274:
17:
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Polish Field Hetman was subordinates of Grand Hetman and when on the same battlefield commanded the mercenaries and
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2622:
2139:
2048:
443:
2888:
Poczet hetmanów
Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani koronni pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2005, s. 391–392.
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2064:
1111:
1085:
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1424:
1237:
911:
789:
186:
57:
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963:
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1037:
302:
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1213:
689:
216:
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331:
For a short period there was also an office of Royal Court Hetman, but it never gained much influence.
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236:
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Poczet hetmanów
Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani litewscy. Pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2006
2638:
2096:
1500:
950:
2992:
Poczet hetmanów
Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani koronni. Pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2005
2804:
2203:
1098:
339:
Hetman's competences and privileges, first officially described in 1527 in the act of nomination for
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813:
206:
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1930:
1474:
924:
298:
388:
during wars), they could also issue laws and regulations for the army (known as hetman's articles)
46:
2504:
2016:
1696:
2966:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Lietuvos Respublikos krašto apsaugos ministerija. pp. 24–28.
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676:
182:
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726:
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was always of very limited importance. Hetmans usually had no direct control over the levy (
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256:
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1989:
1200:
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8:
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1725:
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266:
752:
581:
1637 – General of
Artillery (responsible for artillery forces, their logistics and such)
2979:
Polskie tradycje wojskowe.. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1990.
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2477:
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381:
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hearing complaints of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation
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2942:
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Spečiūnas, Vytautas (2011). "Etmonas". In Manelis, Eugenijus; Račis, Antanas (eds.).
1374:
1322:
1285:
490:
226:
146:
485:), the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part, consisting of three Ukrainian
2998:
Urzędnicy centralni i nadworni Polski XIV-XVIII wieku. Spisy, Wyd. PAN, Kórnik 1992
2860:
2850:
1589:
1398:
863:
475:
351:
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987:
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277:. The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of
242:
212:
399:
395:
317:
273:) were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the
202:
3005:
2962:
Jankauskas, Vytas (2008). "Petras Mangirdas". In Surgailis, Gintautas (ed.).
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2112:
1957:
713:
340:
232:
136:
551:– second-in-command in the event a hetman was killed or taken prisoner; the
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supervising the flow of the army's finances (including the soldiers' wages)
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1903:
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on army under his command and wasn't subordinated to the Great Hetman.
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313:
132:
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1670s – General of Logistics, General of Medics, General of Finances
415:
35:
451:
403:
361:
1605:
321:
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Several new military titles were created after the 1635 by king
398:, they could send their own emissaries to countries such as the
463:
455:
419:
365:
278:
162:
447:
297:
From the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the
3017:
Military personnel of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2989:
Zdzisław Żygulski, Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej, Kraków 1994
2964:
Lietuvos krašto apsaugos ministrai ir kariuomenės vadai
466:, as the symbol of his position (it was added to his
2929:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2935:. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė
350:enlistment and organisation of professional army (
334:
3003:
2930:Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė (2009).
1606:List of Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
368:, who were chosen by hetmans for two-year terms
347:planning and carrying out of military campaigns
69:"Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"
577:, changing some of hetman's responsibilities:
508:A hetman's chief aides and officers included:
3012:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2871:Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
263:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
371:nomination and promotion of officers at will
2406:generalis exercituum Lithuanicorum vicarius
2961:
292:
2903:Lietuvos istorija. Enciklopedinis žinynas
2900:
2896:
2894:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Historical high-ranking military officers
2907:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
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2701:
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2583:
2492:
2417:
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2325:
2295:
2265:
2127:
2004:
1945:
1918:
1891:
1864:
1837:
1810:
1767:
1740:
591:
483:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
251:
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181:
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496:The reforms of 1776, stimulated by the
14:
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500:, limited the powers of the hetmans.
435:), but they could give orders to the
2955:
2714:Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł
2156:Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł
1610:
596:
394:hetmans had certain competencies in
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
2718:Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila Žuvelė
2659:Mykolas Servantietis Višnioveckis
2627:Mykolas Servantietis Višnioveckis
2160:Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila Žuvelė
2144:Mykolas Servantieits Višnioveckis
2053:Mykolas Servantieits Višnioveckis
458:. Each hetman received a hetman's
25:
3048:
3032:Lists of office-holders in Poland
503:
2675:Liudvikas Konstantinas Pociejus
2117:Liudvikas Konstantinas Pociejus
34:
2973:
2937:(in Lithuanian). Vol. IV.
2782:Liudvikas Skuminas Tiškevičius
2766:Juozapas Silvestras Sosnovskis
2081:Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Elder
335:Responsibilities and privileges
281:was given to the leader of the
45:needs additional citations for
2923:
2905:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I.
2882:
1647:Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis
275:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
3037:1505 establishments in Europe
2876:
2856:Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
2809:Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis
2208:Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis
1643:Piotr Janowicz Montygerdowic
640:Stanisław Pieniążek z Witowic
2816:
2813:
2800:
2797:
2789:
2786:
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2770:
2757:
2754:
2750:Aleksandras Mykolas Sapiega
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2368:Krzysztof "Piorun" Radziwiłł
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2192:Mykolas Kazimieras Oginskis
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1850:Krzysztof "Piorun" Radziwiłł
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1692:Stanisław Janowicz Kieżgajło
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1488:Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski
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1086:Stanisław Chodecki z Chodcza
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7:
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2734:Mykolas Juozapas Masalskis
2655:Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
2643:Grigalius Antanas Oginskis
2623:Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
2600:Juozapas Boguslavas Sluška
2541:Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila
2402:Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius
2372:Kristupas Radvila Perkūnas
2176:Mykolas Juozapas Masalskis
2140:Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
2101:Grigalius Antanas Oginskis
2049:Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
1881:Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius
1854:Kristupas Radvila Perkūnas
1823:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
1780:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
1710:Stanisław Piotrowicz Kiszka
1577:Franciszek Ksawery Branicki
1438:Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski
1038:Franciszek Ksawery Branicki
157:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
10:
3053:
2537:Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł
1514:Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski
1362:Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski
1336:Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki
964:Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski
851:Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki
360:supervision of registered
237:Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski
2805:Szymon Marcin Kossakowski
2746:Aleksander Michał Sapieha
2557:Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega
2509:Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas
2219:Lithuanian Field Hetmans
2218:
2204:Szymon Marcin Kossakowski
2085:Jonas Kazimieras Sapiega
2069:Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega
2037:Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega
2021:Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas
1730:Konstantinas Ostrogiškis
1676:Semen Jurewicz Holszański
1664:Konstantinas Ostrogiškis
1618:Lithuanian Grand Hetmans
1617:
1425:Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski
1412:Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki
1062:
912:Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski
888:Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki
603:
533:– medic; medical services
498:first Partition of Poland
2687:Stanisław Ernest Denhoff
2188:Michał Kazimierz Ogiński
1827:Mykolas Radvila Rudasis
1784:Mykolas Radvila Rudasis
1475:Feliks Kazimierz Potocki
925:Feliks Kazimierz Potocki
299:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
217:Stanisław Rewera Potocki
2639:Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński
2525:Vladislovas Valavičius
2312:Grigalius Chodkevičius
2097:Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński
1800:Grigalius Chodkevičius
1501:Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski
951:Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski
293:Field and Great Hetmans
2730:Michał Józef Massalski
2596:Józef Bogusław Słuszka
2172:Michał Józef Massalski
1994:Povilas Jonas Sapiega
1349:Stanisław Lanckoroński
1262:Stanisław Koniecpolski
814:Stanisław Koniecpolski
664:Jan Trnka z Raciborzan
539:– military juridiciary
270:
259:
249:
239:
229:
219:
209:
207:Stanisław Koniecpolski
199:
189:
179:
169:
159:
149:
139:
2553:Kazimierz Jan Sapieha
2398:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
2282:Andrius Nemirovičius
2065:Jan Kazimierz Sapieha
2033:Kazimierz Jan Sapieha
1877:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
1527:Stanisław Chomętowski
592:List of Crown Hetmans
562:was usually called a
470:). Less common was a
255:
247:Stanisław Jabłonowski
245:
235:
225:
215:
205:
195:
185:
177:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
175:
165:
155:
145:
135:
2909:. pp. 414–415.
2505:Michał Kazimierz Pac
2482:Vincentas Gosevskis
2308:Grzegorz Chodkiewicz
2017:Michał Kazimierz Pac
1796:Grzegorz Chodkiewicz
1697:Stanislovas Kęsgaila
1551:Jan Klemens Branicki
1238:Stanisław Żółkiewski
1063:Field Crown Hetmans
1012:Jan Klemens Branicki
790:Stanisław Żółkiewski
604:Great Crown Hetmans
257:Jan Klemens Branicki
187:Stanisław Żółkiewski
54:improve this article
2866:Military exemptions
2521:Władysław Wołłowicz
2430:Krzysztof Radziwiłł
2278:Andrzej Niemirowicz
1931:Krzysztof Radziwiłł
1726:Konstanty Ostrogski
1680:Simonas Alšėniškis
1660:Konstanty Ostrogski
677:Mikołaj Kamieniecki
301:and two hetmans in
2778:Ludwik Tyszkiewicz
2691:Ernestas Denhofas
2478:Wincenty Gosiewski
2434:Kristupas Radvila
1935:Kristupas Radvila
1714:Stanislovas Kiška
1214:Mikołaj Sieniawski
1177:Mikołaj Sieniawski
1151:Marcin Kamieniecki
727:Mikołaj Sieniawski
439:who commanded it.
433:pospolite ruszenie
386:capital punishment
382:military judiciary
380:full control over
260:
250:
240:
230:
220:
210:
200:
190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
18:Field Crown Hetman
3027:Polish landowners
3022:Lithuanian titles
2948:978-9955-23-239-1
2933:Lietuvos istorija
2916:978-5-420-01689-3
2836:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:Juozapas Zabiela
2569:Jan Jacek Ogiński
2342:Romanas Sanguška
2212:
2211:
1990:Paweł Jan Sapieha
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1375:Stefan Czarniecki
1323:Marcin Kalinowski
1286:Marcin Kazanowski
1201:Jerzy Jazłowiecki
1056:
1055:
740:Jerzy Jazłowiecki
575:Władysław IV Vasa
491:Treaty of Hadiach
472:horse-tail ensign
287:Kingdom of Poland
227:John III Sobieski
147:Stefan Czarniecki
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3044:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2861:List of szlachta
2466:Jonušas Radvila
2462:Janusz Radziwiłł
2233:Lithuanian name
2216:
2215:
1978:Jonušas Radvila
1974:Janusz Radziwiłł
1757:Jurgis Radvilas
1632:Lithuanian name
1615:
1614:
1611:
1590:Seweryn Rzewuski
1099:Piotr Myszkowski
1060:
1059:
753:Mikołaj Mielecki
627:Feliks Paniewski
601:
600:
597:
352:wojsko kwarciane
197:Janusz Radziwiłł
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3002:
3001:
2976:
2971:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:. p. 495.
2928:
2924:
2917:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2842:
2837:
2762:Józef Sosnowski
2573:Jonas Oginskis
2338:Roman Sanguszko
2252:Jurgis Radvila
2248:Jerzy Radziwiłł
1908:Leonas Sapiega
1753:Jerzy Radziwiłł
1608:
1603:
1564:Wacław Rzewuski
1451:Andrzej Potocki
1310:Mikołaj Potocki
1125:Jan Kamieniecki
1051:Piotr Ożarowski
1025:Wacław Rzewuski
827:Mikołaj Potocki
594:
506:
460:ceremonial mace
408:Crimean Khanate
337:
295:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3019:
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2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
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2000:
1996:
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1987:
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1968:
1964:
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1962:Jonušas Kiška
1960:
1955:
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1948:
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724:
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708:
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700:
697:
693:
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690:Mikołaj Firlej
687:
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674:
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613:
610:
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595:
593:
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589:
588:
585:
582:
568:
567:
559:levee en masse
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
505:
504:Hetman's aides
502:
424:
423:
400:Ottoman Empire
396:foreign policy
392:
389:
378:
375:
372:
369:
358:
348:
336:
333:
318:Ottoman Empire
294:
291:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3049:
3038:
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2988:
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2939:Baltos lankos
2936:
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2926:
2918:
2912:
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2897:
2895:
2885:
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2872:
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2852:
2851:Hetman's sign
2849:
2847:
2844:
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2824:
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2808:
2806:
2803:
2796:
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2712:
2705:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:Ludwik Pociej
2669:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2630:
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2599:
2597:
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2496:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2469:
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2460:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:Janusz Kiszka
2444:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2378:
2375:Court Hetman
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2359:
2348:
2345:Court Hetman
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2318:
2315:Court Hetman
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2299:
2288:
2285:Court Hetman
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2258:
2255:Court Hetman
2254:
2251:
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2239:
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2226:
2223:
2222:
2217:
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2195:
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2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2147:
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2138:
2131:
2120:
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2113:Ludwik Pociej
2111:
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2100:
2098:
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2066:
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2036:
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2031:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:Janusz Kiszka
1956:
1949:
1938:
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1932:
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1911:
1907:
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1199:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1168:
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1162:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:Jan Tworowski
1136:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1084:
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1042:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
988:Józef Potocki
986:
979:
975:
968:
965:
962:
955:
952:
949:
942:
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936:
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831:
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770:
767:
764:
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744:
741:
738:
731:
728:
725:
718:
715:
714:Jan Tarnowski
712:
705:
701:
694:
691:
688:
681:
678:
675:
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662:
655:
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644:
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583:
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579:
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560:
554:
550:
547:
544:
543:brabanmajster
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
509:
501:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
476:hetman's sign
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
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397:
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383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
346:
345:
344:
342:
341:Jan Tarnowski
332:
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
306:
304:
300:
290:
288:
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280:
276:
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208:
204:
198:
194:
188:
184:
178:
174:
168:
164:
158:
154:
148:
144:
138:
137:Jan Tarnowski
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2007
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2974:Bibliography
2963:
2957:
2931:
2925:
2902:
2884:
2830:
2405:
2230:Polish name
1629:Polish name
1596:
1399:Jan Sobieski
864:Jan Sobieski
766:Jan Zamoyski
572:
569:
563:
557:
552:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
513:pisarz polny
512:
507:
495:
487:voivodeships
480:
468:coat of arms
441:
425:
338:
330:
326:
311:
307:
296:
262:
261:
167:Jan Zamoyski
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1904:Lew Sapieha
564:regimentarz
549:regimentarz
545:– logistics
437:regimentars
429:Polish Navy
356:mercenaries
283:Polish Army
3006:Categories
2985:8311076758
2877:References
553:regimantrz
343:included:
267:Lithuanian
80:newspapers
531:szpitalny
412:Wallachia
314:artillery
303:the Crown
2840:See also
1164:Jan Koła
519:straznik
452:szlachta
418:, later
404:Moldavia
362:Cossacks
320:and its
1539:vacant
1463:vacant
1387:vacant
1298:vacant
1274:vacant
1250:vacant
1226:vacant
1189:vacant
1074:
1000:vacant
976:vacant
900:vacant
876:vacant
839:vacant
802:vacant
778:vacant
702:vacant
652:vacant
615:
456:sejmiks
454:during
366:atamans
322:vassals
271:etmonas
94:scholar
2983:
2945:
2913:
2846:Buława
2831:
2793:vacat
2702:vacat
2611:vacat
2584:vacat
2493:vacat
2418:vacat
2386:vacat
2356:vacat
2326:vacat
2296:vacat
2274:1540?
2266:vacat
2236:Notes
2128:vacat
2005:vacat
1946:vacat
1919:vacat
1892:vacat
1865:vacat
1838:vacat
1811:vacat
1768:vacat
1741:vacat
1597:
660:1499?
537:profos
525:obozny
464:bulawa
462:, the
444:Senate
420:Warsaw
416:Kraków
384:(with
354:) and
279:hetman
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2817:1794
2814:1793
2801:1793
2798:1792
2790:1792
2787:1791
2774:1791
2771:1780
2758:1780
2755:1775
2742:1775
2739:1762
2726:1762
2723:1744
2710:1744
2707:1735
2699:1735
2696:1728
2683:1728
2680:1709
2667:1709
2664:1709
2651:1709
2648:1707
2635:1709
2632:1703
2619:1703
2616:1702
2608:1702
2605:1701
2592:1701
2589:1685
2581:1685
2578:1684
2565:1684
2562:1683
2549:1683
2546:1681
2533:1680
2530:1668
2517:1668
2514:1667
2501:1667
2498:1663
2490:1563
2487:1562
2474:1662
2471:1654
2458:1654
2455:1646
2442:1646
2439:1635
2426:1635
2423:1615
2415:1615
2412:1605
2394:1605
2391:1601
2383:1601
2380:1589
2364:1589
2361:1572
2353:1572
2350:1571
2334:1571
2331:1567
2323:1567
2320:1566
2304:1566
2301:1561
2293:1561
2290:1540
2271:1536
2263:1536
2260:1531
2244:1531
2241:1521
2224:From
2200:1794
2197:1793
2184:1793
2181:1768
2168:1768
2165:1762
2152:1762
2149:1744
2136:1744
2133:1735
2125:1735
2122:1730
2109:1730
2106:1709
2093:1709
2090:1709
2077:1709
2074:1708
2061:1708
2058:1707
2045:1707
2042:1703
2029:1703
2026:1683
2013:1682
2010:1667
2002:1667
1999:1665
1986:1665
1983:1656
1970:1655
1967:1654
1954:1654
1951:1646
1943:1646
1940:1640
1927:1640
1924:1635
1916:1635
1913:1633
1900:1633
1897:1625
1889:1625
1886:1621
1873:1621
1870:1605
1862:1605
1859:1603
1846:1603
1843:1589
1835:1589
1832:1584
1819:1584
1816:1577
1808:1577
1805:1572
1792:1572
1789:1566
1776:1565
1773:1561
1765:1550
1762:1541
1749:1541
1746:1531
1738:1531
1735:1530
1722:1530
1719:1507
1706:1507
1703:1503
1688:1502
1685:1501
1672:1501
1669:1500
1656:1500
1653:1497
1640:1497
1637:1494
1623:From
1586:1794
1583:1774
1573:1774
1570:1774
1560:1773
1557:1752
1547:1752
1544:1736
1536:1736
1533:1728
1523:1728
1520:1726
1510:1726
1507:1706
1497:1706
1494:1702
1484:1702
1481:1702
1471:1702
1468:1692
1460:1692
1457:1691
1447:1691
1444:1684
1434:1683
1431:1682
1421:1683
1418:1682
1408:1676
1405:1667
1395:1667
1392:1666
1384:1666
1381:1665
1371:1665
1368:1664
1358:1664
1355:1657
1345:1657
1342:1654
1332:1654
1329:1652
1319:1652
1316:1646
1306:1646
1303:1637
1295:1637
1292:1636
1282:1636
1279:1633
1271:1633
1268:1632
1258:1632
1255:1618
1247:1618
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1234:1613
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1210:1584
1207:1575
1197:1575
1194:1569
1186:1569
1183:1561
1173:1561
1170:1539
1160:1539
1157:1529
1147:1528
1144:1520
1134:1520
1131:1509
1121:1509
1118:1505
1108:1505
1105:1501
1095:1501
1092:1499
1082:1499
1079:1492
1068:From
1047:1794
1044:1793
1034:1793
1031:1774
1021:1773
1018:1773
1008:1771
1005:1752
997:1752
994:1751
984:1751
981:1735
973:1735
970:1728
960:1728
957:1726
947:1726
944:1706
934:1706
931:1702
921:1702
918:1702
908:1702
905:1683
897:1683
894:1682
884:1682
881:1676
873:1676
870:1674
860:1674
857:1668
847:1667
844:1654
836:1654
833:1651
823:1651
820:1646
810:1646
807:1632
799:1632
796:1620
786:1620
783:1613
775:1613
772:1605
762:1605
759:1581
749:1580
746:1579
736:1575
733:1569
723:1569
720:1561
710:1561
707:1527
699:1527
696:1526
686:1526
683:1515
673:1515
670:1503
657:1497
649:1497
646:1493
636:1493
633:1488
623:1488
620:1485
609:From
489:(see
101:JSTOR
87:books
2981:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2911:ISBN
474:and
448:Sejm
410:and
364:and
73:news
2227:To
1626:To
1071:To
612:To
493:).
446:or
56:by
3008::
2893:^
478:.
406:,
402:,
269::
2951:.
2919:.
566:.
422:)
265:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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