22:
1580:
4092:
2658:
5317:
There are also applications in the market, which utilize only waste materials. Its most widespread use is in outdoor deck floors, but it is also used for railings, fences, landscaping timbers, cladding and siding, park benches, molding and trim, window and door frames, and indoor furniture. See for
96:
This is a type of advanced composite group, which makes use of rice husk, rice hull,rice shell, and plastic as ingredients. This technology involves a method of refining, blending, and compounding natural fibers from cellulosic waste streams to form a high-strength fiber composite material in a
2365:
1394:
4680:
2796:
5308:
contribute little to strength. However, during composite fracture, the short fibers do not fracture. Instead they are pulled out of the matrix. The work associated with fiber pull-out provides an added component to the fracture work and has a great contribution to toughness.
4355:
3837:
4835:
2116:
113:
FRC is high-performance fiber composite achieved and made possible by cross-linking cellulosic fiber molecules with resins in the FRC material matrix through a proprietary molecular re-engineering process, yielding a product of exceptional structural properties.
4527:
117:
Through this feat of molecular re-engineering selected physical and structural properties of wood are successfully cloned and vested in the FRC product, in addition to other critical attributes to yield performance properties superior to contemporary wood.
1171:
5468:
1388:
1274:
2480:
2471:
3506:
3089:
5274:
900:
1086:
3411:
2199:
1575:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=\left({\frac {\sigma _{\alpha }l_{\alpha }}{l_{\alpha }+l_{\beta }}}+{\frac {\sigma _{\beta }l_{\beta }}{l_{\alpha }+l_{\beta }}}\right)=\sigma _{\alpha }V_{\alpha }+\sigma _{\beta }V_{\beta }}
747:
4533:
534:
1026:
800:
603:
3166:
2664:
2881:
For discontinuous fibers (also known as whiskers, depending on the length), tensile force is transmitted from the matrix to the fiber by means of shear stresses that develop along the fiber-matrix interface.
1654:
2869:
4245:
4087:{\displaystyle {\overline {\sigma }}_{f}=\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})\left+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})\left({\frac {l_{c}}{l}}\right)=\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})\left\quad l\geq l_{c}}
3657:
97:
polymer matrix. The designated waste or base raw materials used in this instance are those of waste thermoplastics and various categories of cellulosic waste including rice husk and saw dust.
4720:
4238:
1966:
3830:
4364:
3703:
2190:
3170:
After only a very small strain, the magnitude of the shear stress at the fiber end becomes large. This leads to two situation: fiber-matrix delamination or matrix having plastic shear.
3214:
2194:
In stage 2, when the stress for the fiber is bigger than the yield stress, the matrix starts to deform plastically, and the fiber are still elastic, the stress and strain relation is
3549:
665:
1091:
692:
3745:
4903:
3779:
832:
3576:
1958:
1931:
1904:
1823:
1796:
956:
929:
5328:
Adoption of natural fiber in reinforced polymer composites potentially to be used in automotive industry could significantly help developing a sustainable waste management.
4168:
101:
4936:
3321:
2937:
1769:
1742:
1289:
438:
384:
5122:
5032:
4127:
3274:
1283:
Fibers that are aligned parallel to the tensile axis, the strains in both phases are equal (and the same as the composite strain), but the external force is partitioned
465:
411:
5086:
5059:
4864:
4713:
2910:
1178:
313:
The appropriate "average" of the individual phase properties to be used in describing composite tensile behavior can be elucidated with reference to Fig. 6.2. Although
2653:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=V_{f}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{f})+V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{m})=V_{f}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})+V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{c})}
337:
357:
5322:, which collaborates with garbage scavenging cooperatives to create fiber-reinforced building materials and domestic problems from the waste their members collect:
5306:
5145:
4999:
3241:
2964:
1877:
1850:
1715:
1688:
638:
316:
this figure illustrates a plate-like composite, the results that follow are equally applicable to fiber composites having similar phase arrangements. The two phase
5165:
5091:
Appreciable reinforcement can be provided by discontinuous fibers provided their lengths are much greater than the (usually) small critical lengths. Such as MMCs.
2885:
Matrix has displacement equals zero at fiber midpoint and maximum at ends relative to the fiber along the interface. Displacement causes interfacial shear stress
2371:
3417:
5185:
3294:
2991:
2984:
1663:
When the fiber is aligned parallel to the direction of the matrix and applied the load as the same strain case. The fiber and matrix has the volume fraction
5192:
837:
613:
A tensile force F is applied normal to the broad faces (dimensions Lx L) of the phases. In this arrangement the stress borne by each of the phases (= F/
2360:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=V_{f}E_{f}\varepsilon _{f}+V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{m})=V_{f}E_{f}\varepsilon _{c}+V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{c})}
1031:
3328:
4675:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=V_{f}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})\left({\frac {l}{2l_{c}}}\right)+V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{m})\quad l\leq l_{c}}
699:
470:
32:
5469:"Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry"
2791:{\displaystyle E_{c}=V_{f}\left({\frac {d\sigma _{f}}{d\varepsilon _{c}}}\right)+V_{m}\left({\frac {d\sigma _{m}}{d\varepsilon _{c}}}\right)}
961:
752:
539:
3095:
5411:
Serope
Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001.
1586:
4350:{\displaystyle {\overline {\sigma }}_{f}={\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})\left({\frac {l}{l_{c}}}\right)\quad l\leq l_{c}}
2808:
3578:. For the mid-point of a fiber to be stressed to the equal-strain condition at composite fracture, its length must be at least
2803:
In stage 4, when the fiber has already become fracture and matrix still deforms plastically, the stress and strain relation is
3581:
694:) they experience are different. composite strain is a volumetric weighted average of the strains of the individual phases.
5553:
5543:
128:, intralaminar matrix cracking, longitudinal matrix splitting, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pull-out, and fiber fracture.
4830:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}(\varepsilon )=V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon )+\eta _{0}\eta _{f}V_{f}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon )}
2111:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=V_{f}E_{f}\varepsilon _{f}+V_{m}E_{m}\varepsilon _{m}=\varepsilon _{c}(V_{f}E_{f}+V_{m}E_{m})}
121:
This material, unlike other composites, can be recycled up to 20 times, allowing scrap FRC to be reused again and again.
5347:
4522:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=V_{f}\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})\left+V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{m})\quad l\geq l_{c}}
4173:
5519:
5443:
5416:
5088:
for randomly oriented are roughly 0.375 for an in-plane two-dimensional array and 0.2 for a three-dimensional array.
3784:
61:
3665:
2122:
43:
5533:
3176:
1166:{\displaystyle \sigma {\biggl (}{\frac {V_{\alpha }}{E_{\alpha }}}+{\frac {V_{\beta }}{E_{\beta }}}{\biggr )}}
2800:
Since some fibers do not deform permanently prior to fracture, stage 3 cannot be observed in some composite.
3513:
643:
5538:
670:
3708:
4869:
3750:
807:
3554:
1936:
1909:
1882:
1801:
1774:
934:
907:
4132:
1383:{\displaystyle F=F_{\alpha }+F_{\beta }=NL(\sigma _{\alpha }l_{\alpha }+\sigma _{\beta }l_{\beta })}
39:
5362:
1269:{\displaystyle E_{c}={\frac {E_{\alpha }E_{\beta }}{V_{\alpha }E_{\beta }+V_{\beta }E_{\alpha }}}}
5432:
Soboyejo, W. O. (2003). "9.7 Effects of
Whisker/Fiber Length on Composite Strength and Modulus".
4908:
3299:
2915:
2475:
In stage 3, when the matrix the fiber both deform plastically, the stress and strain relation is
1963:
In stage 1, when the fiber and matrix both deform elastically, the stress and strain relation is
1747:
1720:
416:
362:
5097:
5004:
4099:
3246:
443:
389:
5357:
5064:
5037:
4842:
4691:
2888:
1960:. The uniaxial stress-strain response of a fiber composite can be divided into several stages.
145:
5514:
3. Thomas H. Courtney. "Mechanical
Behavior of Materials". 2nd Ed. Waveland Press, Inc. 2005.
4684:
The above equations assumed the fibers were aligned with the direction of loading. A modified
322:
2466:{\displaystyle E_{c}=V_{f}E_{f}+V_{m}\left({\frac {d\sigma _{m}}{d\varepsilon _{c}}}\right)}
342:
5483:
5284:
5127:
4941:
3501:{\displaystyle {\frac {l_{c}}{d_{f}}}={\frac {\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})}{2\tau _{my}}}}
3219:
2942:
1855:
1828:
1693:
1666:
616:
5385:
WJ Cantwell, J Morton (1991). "The impact resistance of composite materials -- a review".
5150:
3084:{\displaystyle \tau _{m}(\pi d_{f})dx=\left({\frac {\pi d_{f}^{2}}{4}}\right)d\sigma _{f}}
8:
5487:
2873:
However, it is not completely true, since the failure fibers can still carry some load.
5342:
5337:
5170:
4688:
can be used to predict composite strength, including an orientation efficiency factor,
3279:
2969:
79:
5269:{\displaystyle {\frac {l_{c}}{d_{f}}}={\frac {\sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})}{2\mu P}}}
5548:
5515:
5499:
5449:
5439:
5412:
5398:
895:{\displaystyle \vartriangle l_{c}=N\vartriangle l_{\alpha }+N\vartriangle l_{\beta }}
5491:
5394:
4685:
5495:
1081:{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }\varepsilon _{\alpha }+V_{\beta }\varepsilon _{\beta }}
3662:
Then calculate average stress. The fraction of the fiber length carrying stress
5352:
3406:{\displaystyle \sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})=2{\frac {\tau _{my}l_{c}}{d_{f}}}}
140:
5527:
5503:
5453:
125:
3551:
is called the "critical aspect ratio". It increases with composite strain
742:{\displaystyle \vartriangle l_{\alpha }=\varepsilon _{\alpha }l_{\alpha }}
131:
Difference between wood plastic composite and fiber-reinforced composite:
529:{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }={\frac {l_{\alpha }}{l_{\alpha }+l_{\beta }}}}
1021:{\displaystyle {\frac {\vartriangle l_{c}}{N(l_{\alpha }+l_{\beta })}}}
795:{\displaystyle \vartriangle l_{\beta }=\varepsilon _{\beta }l_{\beta }}
598:{\displaystyle V_{\beta }={\frac {l_{\beta }}{l_{\alpha }+l_{\beta }}}}
4715:, which accounts for the decrease in strength from misaligned fibers.
3161:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma _{f}}{dx}}={\frac {4\tau _{m}}{d_{f}}}}
5433:
5034:. If the fibers are perfectly aligned with the direction of loading
5167:
is the friction coefficient between the matrix and the fiber, and
3323:
remains constant and equals to stress in equal-strain condition.
1649:{\displaystyle E_{c}=V_{\alpha }E_{\alpha }+V_{\beta }E_{\beta }}
2864:{\displaystyle \sigma _{c}=V_{m}\sigma _{m}(\varepsilon _{m})}
5323:
153:
100:
2876:
92:
the fine interphase region, also known as the interface.
3652:{\displaystyle d_{f}\sigma _{f}^{tensile}/2\tau _{my}}
3173:
If matrix has plastic shear: interfacial shear stress
5384:
5287:
5195:
5173:
5153:
5130:
5100:
5067:
5040:
5007:
4944:
4911:
4872:
4845:
4723:
4694:
4536:
4367:
4248:
4176:
4135:
4102:
3840:
3787:
3753:
3711:
3668:
3584:
3557:
3516:
3420:
3331:
3302:
3282:
3249:
3222:
3179:
3098:
2994:
2972:
2945:
2918:
2891:
2811:
2667:
2483:
2374:
2202:
2125:
1969:
1939:
1912:
1885:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1777:
1750:
1723:
1696:
1669:
1589:
1397:
1292:
1181:
1094:
1034:
964:
937:
910:
840:
810:
755:
702:
673:
646:
619:
542:
473:
446:
419:
392:
365:
345:
325:
86:
the fibers as the discontinuous or dispersed phase,
5300:
5268:
5179:
5159:
5139:
5116:
5080:
5053:
5026:
4993:
4930:
4897:
4858:
4829:
4707:
4674:
4521:
4349:
4232:
4162:
4121:
4086:
3824:
3773:
3739:
3697:
3651:
3570:
3543:
3500:
3405:
3315:
3288:
3268:
3235:
3208:
3160:
3083:
2978:
2958:
2931:
2904:
2863:
2790:
2652:
2465:
2359:
2184:
2110:
1952:
1925:
1898:
1871:
1844:
1817:
1790:
1763:
1736:
1709:
1682:
1648:
1574:
1382:
1268:
1165:
1080:
1020:
950:
923:
894:
826:
794:
741:
686:
659:
632:
597:
528:
459:
432:
405:
378:
351:
331:
1158:
1100:
5525:
4233:{\displaystyle \sigma _{m}ax=2\tau _{my}l/d_{f}}
413:. and respectively. Thus, the volume fractions (
124:The failure mechanisms in FRC materials include
5467:AL-Oqla, Faris M.; Sapuan, S. M. (2014-03-01).
4359:The composite stress is modified as following:
3825:{\displaystyle \sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})/2}
5466:
5435:Mechanical properties of engineered materials
5278:This happens in most resin-based composites.
3698:{\displaystyle \sigma _{f}(\varepsilon _{c})}
319:material of Fig. 6.2 consists of lamellae of
29:The examples and perspective in this article
2912:that is balanced with fiber tensile stress
2185:{\displaystyle E_{c}=V_{f}E_{f}+V_{m}E_{m}}
5380:
5378:
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
5431:
5281:Composites with fibers length less than
4866:is the fiber efficiency factor equal to
3209:{\displaystyle \tau _{m}\leq \tau _{my}}
99:
5375:
5094:If there is fiber-matrix delamination.
2877:Reinforcement with discontinuous fibers
1658:
804:The total elongation of the composite,
89:the matrix as the continuous phase, and
5526:
3544:{\displaystyle {\frac {l_{c}}{d_{f}}}}
1279:Case II: different stress, same strain
660:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\alpha }}
5405:
687:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\beta }}
609:Case I: Same stress, different strain
5427:
5425:
3740:{\displaystyle {\frac {l-l_{c}}{l}}}
2986:is the distance from the fiber end.
15:
4898:{\displaystyle {\frac {l}{2l_{c}}}}
3216:. Then there is a critical length
308:
82:that consists of three components:
13:
5348:Plastic composite (disambiguation)
3774:{\displaystyle {\frac {l_{c}}{l}}}
827:{\displaystyle \vartriangle l_{c}}
33:include all significant viewpoints
14:
5565:
5422:
5061:is 1. However, common values of
879:
860:
3571:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{c}}
1953:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{c}}
1926:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{f}}
1899:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{f}}
1818:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{m}}
1791:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{f}}
951:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{c}}
924:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{c}}
640:) is the same, but the strains (
20:
5124:is replaced by friction stress
4655:
4502:
4330:
4163:{\displaystyle \sigma _{m}ax/2}
4067:
108:
5460:
5312:
5249:
5236:
4824:
4818:
4772:
4766:
4740:
4734:
4652:
4639:
4583:
4570:
4499:
4486:
4414:
4401:
4302:
4289:
4018:
4005:
3964:
3951:
3884:
3871:
3811:
3798:
3692:
3679:
3474:
3461:
3355:
3342:
3021:
3005:
2858:
2845:
2647:
2634:
2608:
2595:
2569:
2556:
2530:
2517:
2354:
2341:
2282:
2269:
2105:
2059:
1377:
1331:
1286:unequally between the phases.
1012:
986:
1:
5496:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.050
5476:Journal of Cleaner Production
5368:
212:
5399:10.1016/0010-4361(91)90549-V
4255:
3847:
7:
5554:Fibre-reinforced composites
5544:Recycled building materials
5331:
4931:{\displaystyle l\leq l_{c}}
3316:{\displaystyle \sigma _{f}}
2966:is the fiber diameter, and
2932:{\displaystyle \sigma _{f}}
1764:{\displaystyle \sigma _{m}}
1737:{\displaystyle \sigma _{f}}
433:{\displaystyle V_{\alpha }}
379:{\displaystyle l_{\alpha }}
80:composite building material
10:
5570:
5324:Homepage of Waste for Life
5117:{\displaystyle \tau _{my}}
5027:{\displaystyle l>l_{c}}
4122:{\displaystyle l<l_{c}}
3269:{\displaystyle l>l_{c}}
460:{\displaystyle V_{\beta }}
406:{\displaystyle l_{\beta }}
104:Fiber-reinforced composite
76:fiber-reinforced composite
5187:is an internal pressure.
5081:{\displaystyle \eta _{0}}
5054:{\displaystyle \eta _{0}}
4859:{\displaystyle \eta _{f}}
4708:{\displaystyle \eta _{0}}
3747:. The remaining fraction
2905:{\displaystyle \tau _{m}}
904:and the composite strain
5363:Fibre-reinforced plastic
3781:bears an average stress
332:{\displaystyle \alpha }
5358:Wood plastic composite
5302:
5270:
5181:
5161:
5141:
5118:
5082:
5055:
5028:
4995:
4932:
4899:
4860:
4831:
4709:
4676:
4523:
4351:
4234:
4164:
4123:
4088:
3826:
3775:
3741:
3699:
3653:
3572:
3545:
3502:
3407:
3317:
3290:
3270:
3237:
3210:
3162:
3085:
2980:
2960:
2933:
2906:
2865:
2792:
2654:
2467:
2361:
2186:
2112:
1954:
1927:
1900:
1873:
1846:
1819:
1792:
1765:
1738:
1711:
1684:
1650:
1576:
1384:
1270:
1167:
1082:
1022:
952:
925:
896:
828:
796:
743:
688:
661:
634:
599:
530:
461:
434:
407:
380:
353:
352:{\displaystyle \beta }
333:
146:Wood plastic composite
105:
5534:Woodworking materials
5303:
5301:{\displaystyle l_{c}}
5271:
5182:
5162:
5142:
5140:{\displaystyle \mu P}
5119:
5083:
5056:
5029:
4996:
4994:{\displaystyle \left}
4933:
4900:
4861:
4832:
4710:
4677:
4524:
4352:
4235:
4165:
4124:
4089:
3827:
3776:
3742:
3700:
3654:
3573:
3546:
3503:
3408:
3318:
3291:
3271:
3238:
3236:{\displaystyle l_{c}}
3211:
3163:
3086:
2981:
2961:
2959:{\displaystyle d_{f}}
2934:
2907:
2866:
2793:
2655:
2468:
2362:
2187:
2113:
1955:
1928:
1901:
1874:
1872:{\displaystyle E_{m}}
1847:
1845:{\displaystyle E_{f}}
1820:
1793:
1766:
1739:
1712:
1710:{\displaystyle V_{m}}
1685:
1683:{\displaystyle V_{f}}
1651:
1577:
1385:
1271:
1168:
1083:
1023:
953:
926:
897:
829:
797:
744:
689:
662:
635:
633:{\displaystyle L^{2}}
600:
531:
462:
435:
408:
381:
354:
334:
277:BS EN 743 : 1995
103:
5318:example the work of
5285:
5193:
5171:
5160:{\displaystyle \mu }
5151:
5128:
5098:
5065:
5038:
5005:
4942:
4909:
4870:
4843:
4721:
4692:
4534:
4365:
4246:
4174:
4133:
4129:, average stress is
4100:
3838:
3785:
3751:
3709:
3666:
3582:
3555:
3514:
3418:
3329:
3300:
3280:
3247:
3220:
3177:
3096:
2992:
2970:
2943:
2916:
2889:
2809:
2665:
2481:
2372:
2200:
2123:
1967:
1937:
1910:
1883:
1856:
1829:
1802:
1775:
1748:
1721:
1694:
1667:
1659:Deformation behavior
1587:
1395:
1290:
1179:
1092:
1032:
962:
935:
908:
838:
808:
753:
700:
671:
644:
617:
540:
471:
467:) of the phases are
444:
417:
390:
363:
359:phases of thickness
343:
323:
264:Compressive Strength
5539:Composite materials
5488:2014JCPro..66..347A
3627:
3057:
177:House Construction
40:improve the article
5343:Fracture mechanics
5338:Fiber volume ratio
5298:
5266:
5177:
5157:
5137:
5114:
5078:
5051:
5024:
4991:
4928:
4895:
4856:
4827:
4705:
4672:
4519:
4347:
4230:
4160:
4119:
4084:
3822:
3771:
3737:
3695:
3649:
3595:
3568:
3541:
3498:
3403:
3313:
3286:
3266:
3233:
3206:
3158:
3081:
3043:
2976:
2956:
2929:
2902:
2861:
2788:
2650:
2463:
2357:
2182:
2108:
1950:
1923:
1896:
1869:
1842:
1815:
1788:
1761:
1734:
1707:
1680:
1646:
1572:
1380:
1266:
1175:Composite modulus
1163:
1078:
1018:
948:
921:
892:
824:
792:
739:
684:
657:
630:
595:
526:
457:
430:
403:
376:
349:
329:
106:
5438:. Marcel Dekker.
5264:
5218:
5180:{\displaystyle P}
4980:
4893:
4610:
4452:
4324:
4277:
4258:
4056:
3986:
3939:
3917:
3850:
3769:
3735:
3539:
3496:
3443:
3401:
3289:{\displaystyle x}
3156:
3124:
3062:
2979:{\displaystyle x}
2782:
2727:
2457:
1519:
1465:
1264:
1154:
1127:
1016:
593:
524:
306:
305:
296:Termite Resistant
259:1.5 KN - 20.8 KN
231:Flexural Strength
210:
209:
194:Water Absorption
72:
71:
64:
44:discuss the issue
5561:
5508:
5507:
5473:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5429:
5420:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5382:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5197:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4961:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4817:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4765:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4733:
4732:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4686:rule of mixtures
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4569:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4545:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4498:
4497:
4485:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4413:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4278:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4186:
4185:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4145:
4144:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4017:
4016:
4004:
4003:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3796:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3276:, after certain
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3189:
3188:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3038:
3020:
3019:
3004:
3003:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
998:
997:
981:
980:
979:
966:
957:
955:
954:
949:
947:
946:
930:
928:
927:
922:
920:
919:
901:
899:
898:
893:
891:
890:
872:
871:
853:
852:
833:
831:
830:
825:
823:
822:
801:
799:
798:
793:
791:
790:
781:
780:
768:
767:
748:
746:
745:
740:
738:
737:
728:
727:
715:
714:
693:
691:
690:
685:
683:
682:
666:
664:
663:
658:
656:
655:
639:
637:
636:
631:
629:
628:
604:
602:
601:
596:
594:
592:
591:
590:
578:
577:
567:
566:
557:
552:
551:
535:
533:
532:
527:
525:
523:
522:
521:
509:
508:
498:
497:
488:
483:
482:
466:
464:
463:
458:
456:
455:
439:
437:
436:
431:
429:
428:
412:
410:
409:
404:
402:
401:
385:
383:
382:
377:
375:
374:
358:
356:
355:
350:
338:
336:
335:
330:
309:Basic principles
299:FRIM Test Method
285:Water Absorption
242:Flexural Modulus
220:Tensile Strength
217:
216:
134:
133:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
24:
23:
16:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5524:
5523:
5512:
5511:
5471:
5465:
5461:
5446:
5430:
5423:
5410:
5406:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5334:
5315:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5253:
5243:
5239:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4666:
4662:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4513:
4509:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4341:
4337:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4260:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4078:
4074:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3958:
3954:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3075:
3071:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
982:
975:
971:
967:
965:
963:
960:
959:
942:
938:
936:
933:
932:
915:
911:
909:
906:
905:
886:
882:
867:
863:
848:
844:
839:
836:
835:
834:is obtained as
818:
814:
809:
806:
805:
786:
782:
776:
772:
763:
759:
754:
751:
750:
733:
729:
723:
719:
710:
706:
701:
698:
697:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
651:
647:
645:
642:
641:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
586:
582:
573:
569:
568:
562:
558:
556:
547:
543:
541:
538:
537:
517:
513:
504:
500:
499:
493:
489:
487:
478:
474:
472:
469:
468:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
424:
420:
418:
415:
414:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
344:
341:
340:
324:
321:
320:
311:
215:
203:0.3% and below
200:0.8% and above
111:
68:
57:
51:
48:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5510:
5509:
5459:
5444:
5421:
5404:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Plastic lumber
5350:
5345:
5340:
5333:
5330:
5320:Waste for Life
5314:
5311:
5295:
5291:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5176:
5156:
5136:
5133:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5075:
5071:
5048:
5044:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5010:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4853:
4849:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4702:
4698:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3565:
3561:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3310:
3306:
3285:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3230:
3226:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2975:
2953:
2949:
2926:
2922:
2899:
2895:
2878:
2875:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1947:
1943:
1920:
1916:
1893:
1889:
1866:
1862:
1839:
1835:
1825:; and modulus
1812:
1808:
1785:
1781:
1758:
1754:
1731:
1727:
1704:
1700:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1657:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
985:
978:
974:
970:
945:
941:
918:
914:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
821:
817:
813:
789:
785:
779:
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
736:
732:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
705:
681:
677:
654:
650:
627:
623:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
565:
561:
555:
550:
546:
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
496:
492:
486:
481:
477:
454:
450:
427:
423:
400:
396:
373:
369:
348:
328:
310:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
275:
274:Heat Reversion
271:
270:
267:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
239:
238:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
221:
214:
211:
208:
207:
206:10% and above
204:
201:
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
143:
141:Plastic lumber
138:
110:
107:
94:
93:
90:
87:
70:
69:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5566:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5521:
5520:1-57766-425-6
5517:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5445:0-8247-8900-8
5441:
5437:
5436:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5417:0-13-017440-8
5414:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5393:(5): 347–62.
5392:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5310:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5276:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5188:
5174:
5154:
5134:
5131:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5089:
5073:
5069:
5046:
5042:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5008:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4682:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4529:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4360:
4357:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4241:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4094:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3789:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3563:
3559:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3508:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3308:
3304:
3283:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3228:
3224:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3168:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2973:
2951:
2947:
2924:
2920:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2874:
2871:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1918:
1914:
1891:
1887:
1864:
1860:
1837:
1833:
1810:
1806:
1783:
1779:
1756:
1752:
1729:
1725:
1702:
1698:
1675:
1671:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
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1280:
1276:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
983:
976:
972:
968:
943:
939:
916:
912:
902:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
845:
841:
819:
815:
811:
802:
787:
783:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
734:
730:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
695:
679:
675:
652:
648:
625:
621:
611:
610:
606:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
563:
559:
553:
548:
544:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
494:
490:
484:
479:
475:
452:
448:
425:
421:
398:
394:
371:
367:
346:
326:
317:
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301:
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84:
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81:
77:
66:
63:
55:
52:December 2010
45:
41:
35:
34:
27:
18:
17:
5513:
5479:
5475:
5462:
5434:
5407:
5390:
5386:
5327:
5319:
5316:
5280:
5277:
5189:
5093:
5090:
4838:
4717:
4683:
4530:
4361:
4358:
4242:
4095:
3834:
3661:
3509:
3414:
3325:
3172:
3169:
3092:
2988:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2661:
2477:
2474:
2368:
2196:
2193:
2119:
1962:
1662:
1583:
1391:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1174:
903:
803:
696:
612:
608:
607:
318:
315:
312:
253:Failure Load
130:
126:delamination
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:Introduction
95:
75:
73:
58:
49:
30:
5482:: 347–354.
5313:Application
3510:The ratio,
1879:. And here
256:ASTM D 1761
160:Recyclable
78:(FRC) is a
5528:Categories
5387:Composites
5369:References
3243:that when
288:ASTM D 570
245:ASTM D 790
234:ASTM D 790
223:ASTM D 638
213:Properties
5504:0959-6526
5454:300921090
5258:μ
5241:ε
5228:σ
5155:μ
5132:μ
5103:τ
5070:η
5043:η
4954:−
4916:≤
4848:η
4822:ε
4810:σ
4790:η
4780:η
4770:ε
4758:σ
4738:ε
4726:σ
4697:η
4660:≤
4644:ε
4631:σ
4575:ε
4562:σ
4539:σ
4507:≥
4491:ε
4478:σ
4426:−
4406:ε
4393:σ
4370:σ
4335:≤
4294:ε
4281:σ
4256:¯
4253:σ
4201:τ
4179:σ
4138:σ
4072:≥
4030:−
4010:ε
3997:σ
3956:ε
3943:σ
3896:−
3876:ε
3863:σ
3848:¯
3845:σ
3803:ε
3790:σ
3719:−
3684:ε
3671:σ
3638:τ
3597:σ
3560:ε
3484:τ
3466:ε
3453:σ
3369:τ
3347:ε
3334:σ
3305:σ
3195:τ
3191:≤
3182:τ
3137:τ
3107:σ
3073:σ
3041:π
3009:π
2997:τ
2921:σ
2894:τ
2850:ε
2837:σ
2814:σ
2773:ε
2758:σ
2718:ε
2703:σ
2639:ε
2626:σ
2600:ε
2587:σ
2561:ε
2548:σ
2522:ε
2509:σ
2486:σ
2448:ε
2433:σ
2346:ε
2333:σ
2310:ε
2274:ε
2261:σ
2238:ε
2205:σ
2051:ε
2038:ε
2005:ε
1972:σ
1942:ε
1915:ε
1888:ε
1807:ε
1780:ε
1753:σ
1726:σ
1717:; stress
1642:β
1632:β
1619:α
1609:α
1568:β
1558:β
1554:σ
1545:α
1535:α
1531:σ
1514:β
1501:α
1489:β
1479:β
1475:σ
1460:β
1447:α
1435:α
1425:α
1421:σ
1400:σ
1373:β
1363:β
1359:σ
1350:α
1340:α
1336:σ
1318:β
1305:α
1259:α
1249:β
1236:β
1226:α
1214:β
1204:α
1150:β
1140:β
1123:α
1113:α
1096:σ
1074:β
1070:ε
1064:β
1051:α
1047:ε
1041:α
1008:β
995:α
969:△
940:ε
913:ε
888:β
880:△
869:α
861:△
842:△
812:△
788:β
778:β
774:ε
765:β
757:△
735:α
725:α
721:ε
712:α
704:△
680:β
676:ε
653:α
649:ε
588:β
575:α
564:β
549:β
519:β
506:α
495:α
480:α
453:β
426:α
399:β
372:α
347:β
327:α
248:1582 MPa
226:15.9 MPa
137:Features
5549:Plastics
5332:See also
1771:; strain
269:20.7MPa
237:280 MPa
31:may not
5484:Bibcode
38:Please
5518:
5502:
5452:
5442:
5415:
5147:where
4938:, and
4839:where
291:0.34%
280:0.45%
197:0.00%
5472:(PDF)
4170:with
5516:ISBN
5500:ISSN
5450:OCLC
5440:ISBN
5413:ISBN
5012:>
5001:for
4905:for
4107:<
4096:For
3254:>
931:is,
536:and
386:and
339:and
302:3.6
189:Yes
186:Yes
172:Yes
169:Yes
163:Yes
154:Wood
150:FRC
5492:doi
5395:doi
3705:is
1852:,
183:No
180:No
166:No
42:or
5530::
5498:.
5490:.
5480:66
5478:.
5474:.
5448:.
5424:^
5391:22
5389:.
5377:^
4240:.
3832:.
3659:.
3296:,
2939:.
1744:,
1690:,
1088:=
749:,
667:,
605:.
440:,
74:A
5506:.
5494::
5486::
5456:.
5419:.
5401:.
5397::
5294:c
5290:l
5261:P
5255:2
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5245:c
5237:(
5232:f
5221:=
5214:f
5210:d
5204:c
5200:l
5175:P
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5110:y
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5074:0
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4988:]
4983:)
4977:l
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4735:(
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4548:=
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4379:=
4374:c
4343:c
4339:l
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4307:(
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4298:c
4290:(
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4267:=
4262:f
4226:f
4222:d
4217:/
4213:l
4208:y
4205:m
4197:2
4194:=
4191:x
4188:a
4183:m
4158:2
4154:/
4150:x
4147:a
4142:m
4115:c
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4104:l
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4064:]
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4053:l
4050:2
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4034:(
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4006:(
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3993:=
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3984:l
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3969:(
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3960:c
3952:(
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3929:+
3925:]
3920:)
3915:l
3910:c
3906:l
3900:(
3893:1
3889:[
3885:)
3880:c
3872:(
3867:f
3859:=
3854:f
3820:2
3816:/
3812:)
3807:c
3799:(
3794:f
3767:l
3762:c
3758:l
3733:l
3727:c
3723:l
3716:l
3693:)
3688:c
3680:(
3675:f
3645:y
3642:m
3634:2
3630:/
3624:e
3621:l
3618:i
3615:s
3612:n
3609:e
3606:t
3601:f
3591:f
3587:d
3564:c
3535:f
3531:d
3525:c
3521:l
3491:y
3488:m
3480:2
3475:)
3470:c
3462:(
3457:f
3446:=
3439:f
3435:d
3429:c
3425:l
3397:f
3393:d
3386:c
3382:l
3376:y
3373:m
3362:2
3359:=
3356:)
3351:c
3343:(
3338:f
3309:f
3284:x
3262:c
3258:l
3251:l
3229:c
3225:l
3202:y
3199:m
3186:m
3152:f
3148:d
3141:m
3133:4
3127:=
3121:x
3118:d
3111:f
3103:d
3077:f
3069:d
3065:)
3060:4
3054:2
3049:f
3045:d
3035:(
3031:=
3028:x
3025:d
3022:)
3017:f
3013:d
3006:(
3001:m
2974:x
2952:f
2948:d
2925:f
2898:m
2859:)
2854:m
2846:(
2841:m
2831:m
2827:V
2823:=
2818:c
2785:)
2777:c
2769:d
2762:m
2754:d
2748:(
2742:m
2738:V
2734:+
2730:)
2722:c
2714:d
2707:f
2699:d
2693:(
2687:f
2683:V
2679:=
2674:c
2670:E
2648:)
2643:c
2635:(
2630:m
2620:m
2616:V
2612:+
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2604:c
2596:(
2591:f
2581:f
2577:V
2573:=
2570:)
2565:m
2557:(
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2542:m
2538:V
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2526:f
2518:(
2513:f
2503:f
2499:V
2495:=
2490:c
2460:)
2452:c
2444:d
2437:m
2429:d
2423:(
2417:m
2413:V
2409:+
2404:f
2400:E
2394:f
2390:V
2386:=
2381:c
2377:E
2355:)
2350:c
2342:(
2337:m
2327:m
2323:V
2319:+
2314:c
2304:f
2300:E
2294:f
2290:V
2286:=
2283:)
2278:m
2270:(
2265:m
2255:m
2251:V
2247:+
2242:f
2232:f
2228:E
2222:f
2218:V
2214:=
2209:c
2178:m
2174:E
2168:m
2164:V
2160:+
2155:f
2151:E
2145:f
2141:V
2137:=
2132:c
2128:E
2106:)
2101:m
2097:E
2091:m
2087:V
2083:+
2078:f
2074:E
2068:f
2064:V
2060:(
2055:c
2047:=
2042:m
2032:m
2028:E
2022:m
2018:V
2014:+
2009:f
1999:f
1995:E
1989:f
1985:V
1981:=
1976:c
1946:c
1933:=
1919:f
1906:=
1892:f
1865:m
1861:E
1838:f
1834:E
1811:m
1798:,
1784:f
1757:m
1730:f
1703:m
1699:V
1676:f
1672:V
1638:E
1628:V
1624:+
1615:E
1605:V
1601:=
1596:c
1592:E
1564:V
1550:+
1541:V
1527:=
1523:)
1510:l
1506:+
1497:l
1485:l
1468:+
1456:l
1452:+
1443:l
1431:l
1413:(
1409:=
1404:c
1378:)
1369:l
1355:+
1346:l
1332:(
1329:L
1326:N
1323:=
1314:F
1310:+
1301:F
1297:=
1294:F
1255:E
1245:V
1241:+
1232:E
1222:V
1210:E
1200:E
1193:=
1188:c
1184:E
1159:)
1146:E
1136:V
1130:+
1119:E
1109:V
1101:(
1060:V
1056:+
1037:V
1028:=
1013:)
1004:l
1000:+
991:l
987:(
984:N
977:c
973:l
958:=
944:c
917:c
884:l
877:N
874:+
865:l
858:N
855:=
850:c
846:l
820:c
816:l
784:l
770:=
761:l
731:l
717:=
708:l
626:2
622:L
584:l
580:+
571:l
560:l
554:=
545:V
515:l
511:+
502:l
491:l
485:=
476:V
449:V
422:V
395:l
368:l
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
46:.
36:.
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