1185:). The leading officials decided to have Guo lead the imperial guard troops against Li. Before Guo departed, he went to see Feng to request Feng's opinion; Feng opined to him that since Li had long led the imperial guards that Guo would be commanding, he needed to destroy their affinity to Li by rewarding them greatly regardless of impact on the imperial treasury. Guo agreed, and it was said that this move made Guo popular among the imperial guards such that Li had no ability to sway them. Guo was thereafter able to defeat Li in 949, and Li committed suicide; Wang subsequently also did so, and Zhao, after initially surrendering to Later Han forces sent against him, reconsidered, and was then killed by Later Han troops, ending the three rebellions.
994:
should only refer to himself as "grandson" and not "your subject" — in other words, leaving the personal relationship intact but at the same time disavowing that Later Jin was a vassal to Khitan. Li Song tried to argue against this stance, but with Feng not opposing or supporting it, Shi
Chonggui's letter to Emperor Taizong notifying that Emperor Gaozu had died and that he had succeeded Emperor Gaozu referred to himself only as grandson. This displeased Emperor Taizong, who wrote back, rebuking Shi Chonggui for taking the throne without Khitan approval. Emperor Taizong took no hostile military action at that time, but by 944, with his general
1448:"The work of Feng Tao and his associates for printing in China may be compared to the work of Gutenberg in Europe. There had been printing before Gutenberg − block printing certainly and very likely experimentation in typography also − but Gutenberg's Bible heralded a new day in the civilization of Europe. In the same way there had been printing before Feng Tao, but it was an obscure art that had little effect on the culture of the country. Feng Tao's Classics made printing a power that ushered in the renaissance of the Sung era." (The version of the text that Feng used came from the text that the Tang chancellor
2114:
48:
585:
1352:), who had falsely accused Li Song of plotting to join Li Shouzhen's rebellion in 948 and whose false accusations led to the slaughter of Li Song and his family, be put to death. Feng opined that there had been a chance in dynasties and many general pardons in the interim, so the charges should not be pursued. However, fellow chancellor Wang Jun was impressed by Xu's fervor to avenge Li Song, and recommended Ge's and Li Cheng's death. Emperor Taizu thereafter put Ge and Li Cheng to death.
962:, had all been killed either in his own rebellion against Later Tang or been killed in rebellions against him — to dissuade Feng from resigning, and further relayed, through Shi Chongrui, the comment, "If you do not return, I will personally come visit you." It was only after this that Feng returned to the government to continue to serve as chancellor, and it was said that no one was more honored in the administration. It was said that, around this time, Feng and another chancellor,
1371:), decided to launch a major attack on Later Zhou with Liao support, hoping to reestablish Han control over the central plains. Emperor Shizong decided to react by personally leading an army against Liu Min. Feng and many other officials had reservations about having the new emperor personally lead the army (arguing that Emperor Shizong's absence may lead to other rebellions), which led to a heated exchange recorded by historians between Emperor Shizong and Feng:
1060:, work out of that office and consult on important matters. It was said that there was a conversation where Emperor Taizong asked him, "How do I save all people under the heaven?" Feng responded, "At this time, not even if the Buddha reentered the world can the people be saved, but only the Emperor can save them." It was believed that these words, along with the intercession of Zhao, was the reason why Emperor Taizong did not carry out mass executions of the
596:, after Guo had opined that Li was inviting too many officers to his meals and that the number should be reduced. In anger, Li responded, "Is it that we do not get to even decide how many of the people who are willing to die for us would be at our meals? Maybe the army should choose a new commander, and we will return to Taiyuan." He asked Feng to draft a declaration to that effect. Feng took his pen but hesitated to write, and he responded to Li,
1169:) to watch Du Chongwei (who had restored his original name after Later Jin's fall) closely, and shortly after Emperor Gaozu's death, the four, announcing the order as an order from Emperor Gaozu, had Du put to death. This caused great apprehension to Li Shouzhen, who had also become a Later Han subject. Later in spring 948, Li therefore rebelled at his post as military governor of Huguo and claimed the title of Prince of Qin, in alliance with
779:), An submitted a resignation, which many officials urged him to withdraw. Feng believed that An's best course of action at that time was to resign, and so urged the other officials not to stop An from resigning, but Zhao disagreed and was able to persuade An to remain chief of staff. (Feng turned out to be correct, as in 931, after the rift between Emperor Mingzong and An became greater, Emperor Mingzong had An demoted and then killed.)
2154:
2126:
786:, generally considered his heir presumptive, was fearful that the imperial officials would oppose his succession, and therefore decided to try to seize power by force even before Emperor Mingzong's death. Li Congrong's mutiny ended in failure, and he was killed. Some of the key officials urged for mass execution of Li Congrong's staff members, but Feng Dao and
822:). Li Congke considered this a trap, and therefore rebelled against Emperor Min. The imperial army sent to attack him mutinied and joined his rebellion, and he approached Luoyang. Emperor Min fled. As Li Congke was ready to enter Luoyang, Feng Dao, in an action that was criticized both at that time and in posterity, requested the official Lu Dao (
1107:, had remained. Yelü Mada was corrupt and harsh, and also put the Han soldiers under severe restrictions, drawing their discontent. When Emperor Shizong subsequently sent an order for the Later Jin officials to continue to advance north to attend to Emperor Taizong's funeral, the Han soldiers mutinied under the leadership of the officer Bai Zairong (
755:), forcing Li Congke to return to Luoyang. An then had Feng and Zhao submit petitions asking for Li Congke to be punished, but Emperor Mingzong refused their request, as well as An's subsequent request for such punishment as well. Later in the year, when Emperor Mingzong and An had more open disputes over the handling of the rebellions by
516:). His ancestors had been alternatively farmers and scholars. Feng Dao himself was said to be virtuous and tolerant in his youth, studious and capable in writing. He did not look down on poor clothes or food, and was willing to endure hard labor to support his parents and live in poverty. At some point, he was invited by
722:) (along with An), pushed for Cui.) While serving as chancellor, Feng often pointed out to Emperor Mingzong the difficulties that farmers faced, and Emperor Mingzong collected the poems that Feng wrote about such difficulties, often having attendants read the poems to him. Emperor Mingzong created him the Duke of Shiping.
832:, deposing Emperor Min and making Li Congke emperor. (Emperor Min was subsequently killed in exile.) Li Congke had Feng Dao serve as the director of Emperor Mingzong's tomb. Once the tomb was completed, he sent Feng out of the capital, to serve as the military governor of Kuangguo Circuit (匡國, headquartered in modern
1117:, Feng, Li Song, and He Ning personally went to encourage the soldiers to fight, and it was said that that raised the morale of the Han soldiers, who subsequently defeated Yelü Mada and forced him to flee with his remaining Khitan soldiers. The soldiers subsequently offered the military governorship of the Chengde (
1432:
printed using movable wood blocks. About a century after the invention of block-printing, Feng Dao significantly improved the printing process, and utilized it as a political tool. (The project was completed in 953, when the completed printing blocks were presented to
Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou.)
1359:
from coming to the capital
Kaifeng to pay homage to the emperor, in fear of Guo Rong's diverting powers from him), Emperor Taizu, after consulting with Feng and the other chancellors, forced Wang into medical retirement. (After Wang's retirement and subsequent death, Guo Rong was able to stay at the
1070:), whom Emperor Taizong blamed for participating in Shi Chonggui's planning for the anti-Khitan campaign, Liu tried to blame Feng and Jing Yangguang for being behind the campaign; Emperor Taizong rebuked Liu for blaming Feng, and had him delivered to the northern Liao city of Huanglong (黃龍, in modern
669:
urged Feng to remain at Bian
Prefecture until the situation becomes clear, but Feng pointed out that he was under imperial orders to report as soon as possible, so he proceeded to Luoyang. Soon thereafter, Emperor Zhuangzong was killed in a mutiny at Luoyang itself, and Li Siyuan arrived at Luoyang
936:
to Khitan to offer those honors, as well as gifts, to the emperor and empress dowager. (This mission was despite
Emperor Gaozu's reservation that Emperor Taizong, impressed by Feng, might detain him. Feng pointed out that given Khitan's aid to Emperor Gaozu, he was willing to take the risk on the
880:
was supposed to be in charge of cleaning the altar at imperial sacrifices — a ceremonial duty that Feng stated that he would be honored to carry out — but soon Lu figured out that it was inappropriate to ask the highly honored Feng to actually carry out cleanings, and so did not mention that again.
645:
considered raiding
Jingcheng to seize him, but with the Later Tang border forces prepared, the Khitan raid did not actually occur. While he was at Jingcheng, there was a famine in the region. He distributed his wealth to aid the people around him. Also, if there were those who were neglectful in
600:
Your Royal
Highness is now planning to conquer the lands south of the Yellow River and then under heavens. Guo Chongtao's request is not overly inappropriate. Even if Your Royal Highness disagreed with him, why make this dispute shock all those near and far, such that our enemies would learn this
1288:
to intercept Liu Yun's train. When Guo
Chongwei arrived, he took over Liu Yun's escorting forces and delivered Guo Wei's orders, summoning Feng back to the capital, leaving Liu Yun with Zhao and Wang, and effectively putting Liu Yun under house arrest. (Liu Yun was later killed.) In spring 951,
993:
Shi
Chonggui, contrary to the humble posture that Emperor Gaozu took with Khitan, took a more hostile posture toward Khitan. In particular, whereas Emperor Gaozu referred to himself as "son" and "your subject" when writing Emperor Taizong, Shi Chonggui took the position advocated by Jing, that he
998:
encouraging a campaign and with
Emperor Taizong promising Zhao that he would be made the emperor of the Central Plains if he succeeded, there began to be repeated Khitan incursions into Later Jin territory. With Feng considered an indecisive chancellor not willing to make decisions, Shi Chonggui
605:
Soon thereafter, Guo came to apologize, and the matter came to rest. It was said that others became impressed with Feng's temerity in advising the prince. It was also said that Feng lived frugally during these campaigns, living in straw huts with no beds, and sharing his salaries with his staff
1233:
killed. Guo thereafter rebelled and took the army toward Kaifeng, defeating the imperial army that Emperor Yin personally commanded to face him. Emperor Yin fled and was killed in flight. When Guo subsequently entered the capital, Feng did not bow to him, but accepted his bows, stating to him
977:
Because Shi Chongrui was young, Emperor Gaozu never designated him as heir. However, in 942, when Emperor Gaozu grew ill, he summoned Feng, had Shi Chongrui come out to bow to Feng, and put Shi Chongrui in Feng's lap, hinting strongly that he wanted Feng to support Shi Chongrui to succeed him.
1035:
advanced all the way south to the Later Jin capital Kaifeng, forcing Shi Chonggui to surrender. In 947, Emperor Taizong proclaimed the dynastic name "Great Liao", and summoned the Later Jin military governors to Kaifeng to meet him. Feng Dao, who was then still at Weisheng, did so. As both Zhao
1419:
agreed with Emperor Shizong's idea of personally leading an army, and so Emperor Shizong did so anyway. As Emperor Shizong was ready to depart, he commissioned Feng to be in charge of accompanying Emperor Taizu's casket to the imperial tomb and overseeing its burial. Emperor Shizong ended up
1131:
Feng Dao, Li Song, and He Ning subsequently went to then-Later Han capital Kaifeng. Emperor Gaozu immediately commissioned Li Song and He Ning with honorary titles (albeit not substantive ones), but did not commission Feng until spring 948 (when he gave Feng the even more honored title of
1229:, had held onto power and not let him make decisions alone, had Yang, Shi, and Wang killed. Guo, who was commanding an army to the north and not at the capital Kaifeng at that time, escaped the fate, but Emperor Yin still had his family and that of Guo's army monitor
813:
the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan) to be entrenched in their posts, and therefore issued a series of transfer orders that, inter alia, transferred Li Congke to Hedong and Shi to Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern
1367:(né Liu Chong), who had declared himself emperor and legitimate successor of the Later Han throne at Taiyuan, shortly after Emperor Taizu's proclamation of Later Zhou (and whose state, while claiming to be a continuation of Later Han, became known historically as
982:. Feng and Jing both opined that given the perilous state that Later Jin was in at that time, an older emperor was needed. They thus supported Shi Chonggui, who then carried the title of Prince of Qi, to be emperor. Shi Chonggui gave Feng the honorary title of
1085:
in charge of Kaifeng while he himself took the Later Jin wealth and its key officials north, back to the original territory held by the Liao dynasty before its conquest of the Later Jin dynasty. He died on the way, and the Liao generals supported his nephew
490:. Traditional histories praised him for his various virtues but also vilified him for not being faithful to a single dynasty but being willing to serve a number of successive dynasties (see Ouyang Xiu and Sima Guang below). Feng Dao is depicted in the
677:, while literate, was not well-learned, An recommended setting up a system where chief scholars would advise the emperor on historical and literary matters. Emperor Mingzong thereafter established two posts for imperial scholars at Duanming Hall (
1275:
However, the officers under Guo were largely against supporting another member of the Liu family as emperor, as they were fearful of being punished for having sacked the capital. They subsequently mutinied at Chan Prefecture (澶州, in modern
1090:
as his successor (as Emperor Shizong). Emperor Shizong, after arresting Zhao (who had wanted to take the throne himself) thereafter declared himself emperor. Meanwhile, Liu Zhiyuan, in this power vacuum, declared himself emperor of a new
606:
members. Oftentimes, officers pillaged the region and took beautiful women; sometimes they would give the women to Feng as gifts. Feng would not take the women, but would instead find their families and return them to their families.
557:. Feng tried to urge Liu not to attack Yiwu, arguing that the time was inopportune. This angered Liu, who threw him in prison, but he was spared his life after others interceded on his behalf. He thereafter fled to Jin, where
1330:
and persuaded them to argue to Emperor Taizu (along with Dou himself) that the Taining soldiers were merely forced into combat by Murong. They were able to persuade Emperor Taizu, who thereafter pardoned the Taining soldiers.
1098:
Meanwhile, Empress Dowager Shulü opposed Emperor Shizong's ascension and sent an army against him. He defeated her army, and subsequently put her under house arrest. During the campaign, however, he left the general
828:) to draft a petition for officials to sign, urging Li Congke to take the throne, which Lu refused to draft and rebuked Feng about. Still, subsequently, an edict was issued in the name of Emperor Mingzong's wife
661:), however, the Later Tang state was in a state of confusion because of many mutinies that had risen against Emperor Zhuangzong. One of the major rebellions was led by Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother
1198:) that discussed family history and his career, including the honors that had been bestowed on him and his family members by the succeeding dynasties. (This text drew severe criticism from the later
1363:
Emperor Taizu died in 954 and was succeeded by Guo Rong (as Emperor Shizong). Shortly after Emperor Shizong's enthronement, even before Emperor Taizu's burial, Li Yun's biological father
864:— but one that lacked real authority. Indeed, as there had long not been anyone who served merely as one of the Three Excellencies without a substantive post (Feng himself had served as
1284:) and supported Guo as emperor. Guo accepted, and headed back into Kaifeng, softening Empress Dowager Li's resistance by promising to honor her like a mother, while sending his officer
1123:) Circuit to Feng, but Feng declined, pointing out that a military officer should do so, so Bai claimed the title of acting military governor, and subsequently submitted to Later Han.
641:). When Feng's father died shortly afterwards, he left governmental service to observe a period of mourning at Jingcheng. At that time, Feng had already become well-known, and the
954:(侍中, head of the examination bureau), and created the Duke of Lu. It was said that at one point, Feng offered to resign on account of illness, and Emperor Gaozu sent his nephew
928:
In 938, Emperor Gaozu honored the Khitan emperor to be "father emperor" while referring to himself as "son emperor," and also offered honored titles to Emperor Taizong's mother
649:
After the end of Feng's mourning period for his father — probably in 926, based on subsequent events — Emperor Zhuangzong summoned Feng back to the imperial government (then at
889:
In 936, Shi Jingtang, who feared that Li Congke was actually planning to kill him when Li Congke ordered him transferred to Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern
1238:, undertook, was not an easy one." This apparently set back Guo's plan to take the throne himself, and Guo subsequently led the officials to greet Emperor Gaozu's wife
535:
as its emperor, Feng was serving as a military advisor to Liu. That year, Liu gathered his troops and prepared to attack Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern
2234:
2209:
1081:
By spring 947, however, Emperor Taizong was faced with numerous Han mutinies due to his harsh raids against the population. He decided to leave his brother-in-law
1320:). After Murong was defeated and committed suicide in early 952, Emperor Taizu considered slaughtering Murong's soldiers. However, the imperial scholar Dou Yi (
905:(as its Emperor Gaozu), defeated Later Tang troops that Li Congke sent against him, and approached Luoyang. Li Congke committed suicide, along with his wife
486:
For his contribution to improving block-printing process for printing Chinese written works, scholars have compared him to the German inventor and blacksmith
1243:
963:
1239:
933:
909:, his children, and Empress Dowager Cao. The new Later Jin emperor entered Luoyang. Later in the year, he gave Feng Dao, in addition to nonsubstantive
708:(中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau). (Feng's commission was somewhat of a compromise choice by Emperor Mingzong, as the senior chancellor
623:), imperial scholars. After Emperor Zhuangzong conquered Later Liang later in the year and took its territory under his possession, he made Feng
2214:
673:
Emperor Mingzong had long been respectful of Feng's capabilities and virtues. As Emperor Mingzong was himself illiterate, and his chief advisor
1355:
In 953, believing that Wang was growing too powerful and too insolent in his behavior (including trying to prevent Emperor Taizu's adoptive son
1312:, a half brother of Later Han's Emperor Gaozu, who initially submitted to Later Zhou, rebelled at Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern
959:
1100:
520:, one of the major late-Tang warlords, to serve as a secretary at the prefectural government of Liu's capital You Prefecture (幽州, in modern
2224:
1174:
2264:
946:, believing that it had grown overly powerful, and gave its powers to chancellors, particularly Feng. He was soon given the titles of
1023:
In 946, after defeating and then persuading Du Wei (i.e., Du Chongwei, who had removed the "Chong" character from his name to observe
1003:
title as an honorary chancellor title. After about a year there, he was transferred to Weisheng Circuit (威勝, headquartered in modern
958:
the Prince of Zheng — the most honored male member of the imperial family at that point as Emperor Gaozu's sons, except for the young
1103:
in charge of Heng Prefecture (恆州, in modern Shijiazhuang), where Feng, along with other former Later Jin chancellors Li Song and
1246:, whom Emperor Gaozu had adopted as a son and who was then the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern
456:
1441:. The first standard edition of the Confucian classics with commentary was published in 130 volumes between 932 and 953 in
634:
2142:
790:
urged leniency, and so most of them were only exiled. Emperor Mingzong died shortly after and was succeeded by his son
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and advanced south, quickly entering Kaifeng after Xiao withdrew from it, and took over most of Later Jin territory.
906:
829:
1230:
562:
970:, who was then the deputy commander of the imperial guards, to take over as the commander, displacing the general
653:) to serve as imperial scholar again. By the time Feng reached the important city Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern
2249:
2239:
1170:
868:
as well when he was chancellor earlier, as an additional title), no one in the imperial government knew what the
581:
from Later Liang, and the military matters required frequent drafting of orders, which Li entrusted to Feng Dao.
801:, did not want Li Congke, who was then the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
418:
255:
129:
937:
emperor's behalf. Emperor Taizong did consider doing so but eventually allowed Feng to return to Later Jin.)
1397:
1375:
1356:
274:
148:
1420:
crushing the Northern Han army on the campaign, while Feng died before Emperor Shizong's victorious return.
2244:
2204:
1445:. The improved printing technology quickly spread, and the earliest known Korean book was printed in 950.
528:
237:
527:
In 911, by which point Tang had fallen and Liu, having initially been a nominal vassal to the succeeding
460:
1385:
conquered the territory under the heavens, he always fought personally. How can I avoid this hard work?
2229:
2219:
2189:
2104:
1092:
971:
902:
850:), Feng's governance was said to be lenient. In 935, Li Congke recalled him from Kuangguo to serve as
810:
691:
554:
476:
468:
2199:
791:
2194:
480:
101:
978:
However, after Emperor Gaozu soon died, Feng discussed the matter with the imperial guard general
2130:
1382:
1087:
1082:
1032:
898:
70:
601:
and believe that you and your subjects are discordant? This cannot be good for your reputation.
1416:
713:
592:
In or around 919, there was an incident where Li had a dispute with his chief military advisor
505:
1042:) had recommended Li Song, Emperor Taizong treated both Feng and Li with respect. He made Li
1429:
1222:), both of whom described Feng as disloyal and the most wicked among officials as a result.)
794:
the Prince of Song (as Emperor Min). Feng Dao continued to serve Emperor Min as chancellor.
787:
577:
At that time, Li Cunxu was engaged in repeated campaigns to capture territories north of the
929:
455:), was a Chinese inventor, printer, and politician. He was a government official during the
532:
1403:
Our forces are so strong, and defeating Liu Chong will be like a mountain crushing an egg!
1177:, a rebel officer who had seized control of Jinchang Circuit (晉昌, headquartered in modern
8:
2184:
2179:
1149:), Emperor Gaozu had left directions to the officials and generals he entrusted his son
1145:
At the time of Emperor Gaozu's death in spring 948 (shortly after Feng was commissioned
1434:
1114:
987:
861:
844:(chancellor) title as an honorary title. While at Kuangguo's capital Tong Prefecture (
614:
487:
1225:
In winter 950, Emperor Yin, angry that Yang, Shi, and Guo, along with the chancellor
584:
214:
206:
1393:
I do not know that Your Imperial Majesty can be compared to Emperor Taizong of Tang.
47:
380:
338:
308:
171:
1532:
443:
26:
2014:
1544:
1309:
1218:
1004:
629:
230:
223:
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1438:
979:
756:
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In 930, as An had long borne grudges against Emperor Mingzong's adoptive son
558:
517:
426:
2118:
1368:
1301:
Shortly after the new Later Zhou emperor took the throne, he made Feng Dao
1254:), be made emperor. She then sent Feng, along with the officials Wang Du (
1199:
1162:
1150:
1028:
1024:
995:
955:
932:. As a sign of further respect, he sent Feng and another senior official,
815:
798:
642:
593:
578:
492:
472:
387:
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178:
74:
54:
22:
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sent him back to Kuangguo to serve as its military governor, carrying the
627:(中書舍人, a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省,
1453:
1433:
He is generally regarded as the inventor of modern printing in China, as
1061:
967:
783:
674:
550:
2160:
1415:
The tone of the exchange displeased Emperor Shizong, but the chancellor
771:
the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern
1411:
I do not know that Your Imperial Majesty can be compared to a mountain.
1290:
1226:
1213:
1203:
1027:), whom Shi Chonggui had commissioned as the commander of a major anti-
1015:(中書令, head of the legislative bureau) as an honorary chancellor title.
768:
610:
464:
439:
759:
the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern
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345:
265:
262:
139:
136:
1449:
1364:
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1154:
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to those posts. In 927, Emperor Mingzong further made both Feng and
684:
662:
646:
or unable to plow their fields, he would plow their fields for them.
1974:
1958:
1442:
1317:
1178:
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654:
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235:
1528:
1313:
1277:
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833:
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565:, recommended him to be the secretary general of Jin's capital
1423:
1113:). During the battle inside Heng Prefecture, at the urging of
716:, while Kong, then one of Emperor Mingzong's chiefs of staff (
2136:
1281:
1075:
1008:
819:
802:
782:
In 933, Emperor Mingzong became gravely ill. His oldest son
658:
540:
513:
1272:) to escort Liu Yun back to the capital to take the throne.
1971:
The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward
1955:
The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward
1360:
capital and thereafter would remain in the power center.)
897:), rebelled against Li Congke, and with aid from Khitan's
613:(as Emperor Zhuangzong, theorically as a continuation of
292:
797:
In 934, Emperor Min's then-chief advisors, Feng Yun and
483:
of the Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Zhou dynasties.
1188:
In 950, Feng wrote an autobiographical note titled the
743:), An encouraged Li Congke's subordinate Yang Yanwen (
2102:
1334:
Later that year, another imperial scholar, Xu Taifu (
392:
320:
211:
197:
183:
561:, the chief eunuch military advisor to Jin's prince
499:
921:(門下侍郎, deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省,
16:
Chinese inventor, printer, and politician (882–954)
1289:Guo Wei took the throne as Emperor Taizu of a new
901:, soon declared himself emperor of a new state of
1452:had ordered carved on stone at then-Tang capital
609:In 923, Li declared himself the emperor of a new
2171:
735:) of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern
508:. His family was from Jingcheng (景城, in modern
2235:Later Han (Five Dynasties) government officials
2210:Jin (Later Tang precursor) government officials
749:) to mutiny and seize Huguo's capital Hezhong (
1064:people. When the Later Jin general Liu Jixun (
1046:, while giving Feng Dao the capital of acting
940:In 939, Emperor Gaozu abolished the office of
504:Feng Dao was born in 882, during the reign of
1347:
1341:
1335:
1321:
1267:
1261:
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950:(司徒, also one of the Three Excellencies) and
855:
845:
823:
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617:) dynasty. He made Feng, along with Lu Zhi (
543:), which was ruled by its military governor (
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1190:Self-Description of the Old Man from Changle
1973:Columbia University Press, New York, p. 53
1957:Columbia University Press, New York, p. 26
1424:Contribution to the development of printing
670:to claim the throne (as Emperor Mingzong).
665:. Due to the uncertainty, Bian's defender
1933:
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1684:
1242:, who decreed that Emperor Gaozu's nephew
459:, who served, in chronological order, the
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1305:, thus restoring him to chancellorship.
860:) — a highly honored post as one of the
583:
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553:and allied with Later Liang's archenemy
1924:
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1173:the military governor of Fengxiang and
1056:) and had him, while not officially be
2215:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) chancellors
2172:
1649:
1633:
1614:
1598:
1555:
1537:
1326:) met with Feng and fellow chancellor
1266:), to Wuning's capital Xu Prefecture (
925:)), thus making him chancellor again.
729:, who was then the military governor (
457:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
213:
1571:
1465:
974:, and thus drew resentment from Liu.
2143:
1296:
872:was supposed to do. The chancellor
809:), and Emperor Min's brother-in-law
111:Improvements to the printing process
2225:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
1126:
990:) and created him the Duke of Yan.
884:
479:, and Later Zhou dynasties. He was
13:
2265:Yan (Five Dynasties period) people
1529:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
85:21 May 954 (aged 71–72)
14:
2276:
2003:New History of the Five Dynasties
1588:New History of the Five Dynasties
1522:
1209:New History of the Five Dynasties
915:Tong Zhongzhu Menxia Pingzhangshi
842:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
696:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
500:Background and service during Yan
2152:
2124:
2112:
1340:), had requested that Ge Yanyu (
1142:), but no substantive offices).
531:, had declared his own state of
1963:
1947:
1308:Later in the year, the general
333:Second alternative Chinese name
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1969:Carter, Thomas Francis (1925)
1953:Carter, Thomas Francis (1925)
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1991:History of the Five Dynasties
1982:
1512:History of the Five Dynasties
1428:In 932, Feng Dao ordered the
683:), and commissioned Feng and
52:Feng Dao as depicted in the
7:
704:), along with the title of
10:
2281:
930:Empress Dowager Shulü Ping
694:, with the designation of
633:)) and deputy minister of
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2260:Politicians from Cangzhou
1348:
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2255:Liao dynasty chancellors
1459:
1234:calmly, "This trip you,
1216:(the lead editor of the
1206:(the lead editor of the
1031:army, to surrender, the
256:Traditional Chinese
250:Alternative Chinese name
130:Traditional Chinese
1383:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1033:Emperor Taizong of Liao
275:Simplified Chinese
149:Simplified Chinese
2250:Later Zhou chancellors
2240:Later Tang chancellors
1260:) and Zhao Shangjiao (
1036:Yanshou and Zhang Li (
840:), still carrying the
603:
589:
588:China in the year 923.
506:Emperor Xizong of Tang
986:(太尉, also one of the
598:
587:
573:During Jin/Later Tang
438:), also known by his
425:; 882 – 21 May 954),
447:Prince Wenyi of Ying
366:Prince Wenyi of Ying
2245:Later Tang jiedushi
2205:Generals from Hebei
830:Empress Dowager Cao
1435:Johannes Gutenberg
1430:Confucian classics
1240:Empress Dowager Li
1153:(Emperor Yin) to (
988:Three Excellencies
913:title, the titles
862:Three Excellencies
590:
488:Johannes Gutenberg
2230:Weisheng jiedushi
2220:Kuangguo jiedushi
2190:Chinese inventors
1297:During Later Zhou
1093:Later Han dynasty
876:thought that the
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1823:Zizhi Tongjian
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1800:Zizhi Tongjian
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1784:Zizhi Tongjian
1773:
1765:Zizhi Tongjian
1754:
1746:Zizhi Tongjian
1733:
1725:Zizhi Tongjian
1717:
1709:Zizhi Tongjian
1701:
1693:Zizhi Tongjian
1680:
1672:Zizhi Tongjian
1664:
1656:Zizhi Tongjian
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1632:
1624:Zizhi Tongjian
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1310:Murong Yanchao
1298:
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1219:Zizhi Tongjian
1171:Wang Jingchong
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1362:
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1286:Guo Chongwei
1274:
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1189:
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1163:Shi Hongzhao
1151:Liu Chengyou
1146:
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1133:
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1097:
1080:
1057:
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1029:Liao dynasty
1025:naming taboo
1022:
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996:Zhao Yanshou
992:
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960:Shi Chongrui
956:Shi Chonggui
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712:recommended
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491:
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388:Hanyu Pinyin
316:Hanyu Pinyin
179:Hanyu Pinyin
124:Chinese name
75:Tang dynasty
55:Wu Shuang Pu
53:
30:
23:Chinese name
18:
1202:historians
1019:During Liao
972:Liu Zhiyuan
968:Du Chongwei
907:Empress Liu
784:Li Congrong
692:chancellors
675:An Chonghui
551:Wang Chuzhi
529:Later Liang
90:Nationality
69:Jingcheng,
27:family name
2185:954 deaths
2180:881 births
2174:Categories
1983:References
1437:is in the
1291:Later Zhou
1227:Wang Zhang
1214:Sima Guang
1204:Ouyang Xiu
1175:Zhao Siwan
792:Li Conghou
769:Dong Zhang
611:Later Tang
481:chancellor
465:Later Tang
442:-bestowed
440:Later Zhou
238:/bɨuŋdɑuX/
193:Wade–Giles
102:Chancellor
98:Occupation
1450:Zheng Tan
1155:Su Fengji
1101:Yelü Mada
1088:Yelü Ruan
1072:Changchun
903:Later Jin
727:Li Congke
685:Zhao Feng
663:Li Siyuan
477:Later Han
469:Later Jin
2139:Feng Dao
2018:, vols.
1996:vol. 126
1942:vol. 290
1919:vol. 289
1898:vol. 291
1869:vol. 288
1850:vol. 287
1827:vol. 286
1804:vol. 285
1788:vol. 284
1769:vol. 283
1750:vol. 282
1729:vol. 281
1713:vol. 280
1697:vol. 279
1676:vol. 278
1660:vol. 277
1644:vol. 276
1628:vol. 275
1609:vol. 272
1566:vol. 270
1550:vol. 268
1517:vol. 126
1454:Chang'an
1357:Guo Rong
1318:Shandong
1236:Shizhong
1231:Wang Jun
1159:Yang Bin
1083:Xiao Han
1058:Shumishi
1044:Shumishi
1001:Shizhong
952:Shizhong
943:Shumishi
895:Shandong
874:Lu Wenji
788:Feng Yun
773:Mianyang
737:Yuncheng
732:Jiedushi
719:Shumishi
710:Ren Huan
701:同中書門下平章事
667:Kong Xun
563:Li Cunxu
546:jiedushi
510:Cangzhou
415:Feng Dao
199:Feng Tao
185:Féng Dào
40:Feng Dao
21:In this
2105:Portals
2008:vol. 54
1593:vol. 54
1417:Wang Pu
1365:Liu Min
1328:Fan Zhi
1252:Jiangsu
1244:Liu Yun
1183:Shaanxi
1167:Guo Wei
1105:He Ning
1005:Nanyang
964:Li Song
838:Shaanxi
807:Shaanxi
777:Sichuan
765:Sichuan
761:Chengdu
689:Cui Xie
655:Kaifeng
651:Luoyang
637:(戶部侍郎,
567:Taiyuan
537:Baoding
522:Beijing
461:Jie Yan
419:Chinese
339:Chinese
293:the Way
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714:Li Qi
659:Henan
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