40:
183:(6–8 grams) of sodium salicylate that were used to treat arthritis commonly irritated the stomach lining and caused patients considerable pain and irritation. He claimed that he began looking for a less acidic formation which led him to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid, a compound that shared the therapeutic properties of other salicylates but not the strong acidity that he believed caused stomach irritations.
194:, in which he claimed to have planned and directed Hoffman's synthesis of aspirin along with the synthesis of several related compounds. He also claimed to be responsible for aspirin's initial surreptitious clinical testing. Finally, he claimed that Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using his (Eichengrün's) process and nothing more. Eichengrün died the same month he published in
143:. By combining salicylic acid with acetic acid, he succeeded in creating ASA in a chemically pure and stable form. The pharmacologist responsible for verifying these results was skeptical at first, yet once several large-scale studies to investigate the substance's efficacy and tolerability had been completed, it was found to be an
167:
by acetylating different molecules. It was named Heroin due to its "heroic" nature since it was used to medicate a variety of medical illnesses from child coughs to war injuries. It was also used to cure morphine addicts and would result in worse addictions and increasing tolerance levels to the drug
182:
Hoffmann first claimed to be the "inventor" of aspirin (as opposed to just the synthesizer) in a footnote to a German encyclopedia published in 1934, saying that his father had complained about the bitter taste of sodium salicylate, the only drug then available to treat rheumatism. The large doses
155:
substance. The company then worked to develop a cost-effective production process that would facilitate the promising active ingredient to be supplied as a pharmaceutical product. In 1899 it was marketed for the first time under the trade name "Aspirin", initially as a powder supplied in glass
208:
re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed
Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of aspirin. Bayer denied this in a press release, asserting that the invention of aspirin was due to Hoffmann.
119:
to study pharmacy and ended it in 1890 with the pharmaceutical state exam. In 1891 he graduated magna cum laude from the
University of Munich. Two years later he earned his doctorate, also magna cum laude, after completing his thesis titled "On certain derivatives of
426:
499:
430:
171:
Following the synthesis of aspirin and heroin, Hoffmann moved to the pharmaceutical marketing department where he stayed until his retirement in 1928.
200:
The
Eichengrün version was ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the
296:
322:
479:
116:
509:
474:
456:
504:
218:
22:
334:
164:
80:
201:
270:
450:
186:
An alternative credit for developing aspirin has also been offered. In 1949, ex-Bayer employee
174:
Hoffman was never married and died on 8 February 1946 in
Switzerland. He had no known children.
494:
446:
489:
484:
132:
187:
140:
96:
8:
403:
378:
408:
152:
121:
398:
390:
95:, though whether he did this under his own initiative or under the instruction of
364:
394:
240:
468:
115:, the son of an industrialist. In 1889, he started studying chemistry at the
412:
148:
108:
83:
who synthesized it 23 years earlier), which was popularized under the
144:
447:
Sneader's paper crediting
Eichengrün with the invention of aspirin
205:
112:
92:
72:
39:
160:
88:
76:
136:
125:
84:
16:
German chemist, creator of aspirin and heroin (1868–1946)
466:
177:
71:(21 January 1868 – 8 February 1946) was a
107:Felix Hoffmann was born on 21 January 1868 in
500:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
265:
263:
261:
323:"Aspirin: Turn of the Century Miracle Drug"
21:For other people named Felix Hoffmann, see
91:". He is also credited with synthesizing
38:
402:
379:"The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal"
258:
320:
457:Wer hat es erfunden? (Who invented it?)
376:
314:
235:
233:
131:On 10 August 1897 Hoffmann synthesized
467:
117:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
297:"Hoffmann, Felix | Encyclopedia.com"
230:
321:Goldberg, Daniel R. (Summer 2009).
13:
219:US National Inventors Hall of Fame
217:In 2002, he was inducted into the
14:
521:
440:
163:(heroin), previously achieved by
245:Bayer: Science for a better life
23:Felix Hoffmann (disambiguation)
419:
370:
349:
289:
1:
480:19th-century German inventors
178:Aspirin invention controversy
510:20th-century German chemists
475:19th-century German chemists
335:Chemical Heritage Foundation
75:notable for re-synthesising
7:
383:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
165:Charles Romley Alder Wright
10:
526:
327:Chemical Heritage Magazine
20:
395:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591
275:Science History Institute
212:
202:University of Strathclyde
102:
54:
46:
37:
30:
224:
505:People from Ludwigsburg
451:British Medical Journal
135:(ASA) while working at
128:as a research chemist.
124:". In 1894, he joined
433:on 28 September 2007.
190:published a paper in
301:www.encyclopedia.com
159:He also synthesized
133:acetylsalicylic acid
79:(independently from
377:Sneader, W (2000).
359:. Pharmazie 1949;
188:Arthur Eichengrün
153:anti-inflammatory
141:Arthur Eichengrün
122:dihydroanthracene
97:Arthur Eichengrün
81:C.R. Alder Wright
66:
65:
517:
461:
435:
434:
429:. Archived from
423:
417:
416:
406:
389:(7276): 1591–4.
374:
368:
357:50 Jahre Aspirin
353:
347:
346:
344:
342:
318:
312:
311:
309:
307:
293:
287:
286:
284:
282:
271:"Felix Hoffmann"
267:
256:
255:
253:
251:
241:"Felix Hoffmann"
237:
61:
42:
28:
27:
525:
524:
520:
519:
518:
516:
515:
514:
465:
464:
459:
443:
438:
425:
424:
420:
375:
371:
354:
350:
340:
338:
319:
315:
305:
303:
295:
294:
290:
280:
278:
269:
268:
259:
249:
247:
239:
238:
231:
227:
215:
180:
105:
87:trade name of "
59:
58:3 February 1946
50:21 January 1868
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
523:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
463:
462:
454:
442:
441:External links
439:
437:
436:
418:
369:
355:Eichengrün A.
348:
313:
288:
257:
228:
226:
223:
214:
211:
179:
176:
104:
101:
99:is contested.
73:German chemist
69:Felix Hoffmann
64:
63:
62:(aged 78)
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
522:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
470:
458:
455:
452:
448:
445:
444:
432:
428:
422:
414:
410:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
366:
362:
358:
352:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
302:
298:
292:
276:
272:
266:
264:
262:
246:
242:
236:
234:
229:
222:
220:
210:
207:
203:
198:
197:
193:
189:
184:
175:
172:
169:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:Felix Hoffman
29:
24:
19:
495:Bayer people
431:the original
421:
386:
382:
372:
363::582-4. (in
360:
356:
351:
339:. Retrieved
330:
326:
316:
304:. Retrieved
300:
291:
279:. Retrieved
274:
248:. Retrieved
244:
216:
199:
195:
191:
185:
181:
173:
170:
158:
130:
106:
68:
67:
60:(1946-02-03)
18:
490:1946 deaths
485:1868 births
460:(in German)
277:. June 2016
250:18 November
168:over time.
161:diamorphine
149:antipyretic
109:Ludwigsburg
77:diamorphine
469:Categories
196:Pharmazie.
192:Pharmazie
156:bottles.
145:analgesic
427:"www.de"
413:11124191
341:24 March
306:25 April
281:21 March
449:in the
404:1119266
337:: 26–30
206:Glasgow
113:Germany
93:aspirin
411:
401:
365:German
213:Legacy
139:under
103:Career
89:heroin
333:(2).
225:Notes
137:Bayer
126:Bayer
85:Bayer
409:PMID
343:2018
308:2022
283:2018
252:2016
151:and
55:Died
47:Born
399:PMC
391:doi
387:321
204:in
471::
407:.
397:.
385:.
381:.
331:27
329:.
325:.
299:.
273:.
260:^
243:.
232:^
221:.
147:,
111:,
453:.
415:.
393::
367:)
361:4
345:.
310:.
285:.
254:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
