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among a group of thirty-eight lesbians diversifying in age, education, race, ethnicity, and occupation. The analysis of the results of this study lead to the establishment of two processes and four phases, in 1996. In 1997, Fassinger and Brett A. Miller explored a similarly diverse group of gay men,
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Fassinger proposed two processes of identity development: Individual sexual identity relating to one's internal awareness and acceptance of self, and group membership identity relating to one's role in the gay/lesbian community.
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Individuals can repeat phases as new environmental contexts occur, and development in one process can influence development in the other.
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Fassinger, R. E.; McCarn, S. R. (1997). "Validation of an inclusive model of homosexual identity formation in a sample of gay men".
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Both processes consist of four sequential phases, in which an individual can reside in a different phase for each process:
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For the group membership identity process, Fassinger offers specific markers for the demonstration of each phase:
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Working with
Lesbian, Gay Bisexual, and Transgender College Students: A Handbook for Faculty and Administrators
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Commitment to the gay and lesbian community, including an acceptance of the potentially negative consequences
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McCarn, S. R. (1991). "Validation of a model of sexual minority (lesbian) identity development".
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Fassinger, R. E. (1998). "Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity and student development theory".
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Internalization/Synthesis: incorporating one's sexual identity into one's overall identity
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development, taking into account cultural and contextual influences. First presented by
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Exploration: investigating feelings of attraction for individuals of the same sex
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Deepening/Commitment: internalizing the sense of self as a gay or lesbian person
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Awareness of the existence of people with different sexual orientations
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Exploration of one's relationship to the gay and/or lesbian community
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identity development, it was validated for men the following year.
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In 1991, Susan R. McCarn, a colleague of
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Awareness: perceiving oneself as different from other people
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Internalizing the minority group identity across contexts
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