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community that it provides a positive identification of somebody." It is believed that with such large margins of error in this technology, both legal advocates and facial recognition software companies say that the technology should only supply a portion of the case – no evidence that can lead to an arrest of an individual. The lack of regulations holding facial recognition technology companies to requirements of racially biased testing can be a significant flaw in the adoption of use in law enforcement. CyberExtruder, a company that markets itself to law enforcement said that they had not performed testing or research on bias in their software. CyberExtruder did note that some skin colors are more difficult for the software to recognize with current limitations of the technology. "Just as individuals with very dark skin are hard to identify with high significance via facial recognition, individuals with very pale skin are the same," said Blake
Senftner, a senior software engineer at CyberExtruder.
1219:(CCTNS), which is a Mission Mode Project under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), is viewed as a system which would connect police stations across India, and help them "talk" to each other. The project's objective is to digitize all FIR-related information, including FIRs registered, as well as cases investigated, charge sheets filed, and suspects and wanted persons in all police stations. This shall constitute a national database of crime and criminals in India. CCTNS is being implemented without a data protection law in place. CCTNS is proposed to be integrated with the AFRS, a repository of all crime and criminal related facial data which can be deployed to purportedly identify or verify a person from a variety of inputs ranging from images to videos. This has raised privacy concerns from civil society organizations and privacy experts. Both the projects have been censured as instruments of "
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1879:(Microsoft Research) found that the error rate for gender recognition for women of color within three commercial facial recognition systems ranged from 23.8% to 36%, whereas for lighter-skinned men it was between 0.0 and 1.6%. Overall accuracy rates for identifying men (91.9%) were higher than for women (79.4%), and none of the systems accommodated a non-binary understanding of gender. It also showed that the datasets used to train commercial facial recognition models were unrepresentative of the broader population and skewed toward lighter-skinned males. However, another study showed that several commercial facial recognition software sold to law enforcement offices around the country had a lower false non-match rate for black people than for white people.
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method synthesize a single image by analyzing multiple facial regions and details. It consists of a non-linear regression model that maps a specific thermal image into a corresponding visible facial image and an optimization issue that projects the latent projection back into the image space. ARL scientists have noted that the approach works by combining global information (i.e. features across the entire face) with local information (i.e. features regarding the eyes, nose, and mouth). According to performance tests conducted at ARL, the multi-region cross-spectrum synthesis model demonstrated a performance improvement of about 30% over baseline methods and about 5% over state-of-the-art methods.
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passers-by even being aware of the system. However, as compared to other biometric techniques, face recognition may not be most reliable and efficient. Quality measures are very important in facial recognition systems as large degrees of variations are possible in face images. Factors such as illumination, expression, pose and noise during face capture can affect the performance of facial recognition systems. Among all biometric systems, facial recognition has the highest false acceptance and rejection rates, thus questions have been raised on the effectiveness of or bias of face recognition software in cases of railway and airport security, law enforcement and housing and employment decisions.
672:, by this procedure the cameras will only detect the shape of the head and it will ignore the subject accessories such as glasses, hats, or makeup. Unlike conventional cameras, thermal cameras can capture facial imagery even in low-light and nighttime conditions without using a flash and exposing the position of the camera. However, the databases for face recognition are limited. Efforts to build databases of thermal face images date back to 2004. By 2016, several databases existed, including the IIITD-PSE and the Notre Dame thermal face database. Current thermal face recognition systems are not able to reliably detect a face in a thermal image that has been taken of an outdoor environment.
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750:'s algorithm has been regarded as especially effective, but many were left to wonder at the exact programming that caused the app to be so effective in guessing the user's desired content. In June 2020, TikTok released a statement regarding the "For You" page, and how they recommended videos to users, which did not include facial recognition. In February 2021, however, TikTok agreed to a $ 92 million settlement to a US lawsuit which alleged that the app had used facial recognition in both user videos and its algorithm to identify age, gender and ethnicity.
1758:(VK). In December 2017, Facebook rolled out a new feature that notifies a user when someone uploads a photo that includes what Facebook thinks is their face, even if they are not tagged. Facebook has attempted to frame the new functionality in a positive light, amidst prior backlashes. Facebook's head of privacy, Rob Sherman, addressed this new feature as one that gives people more control over their photos online. "We've thought about this as a really empowering feature," he says. "There may be photos that exist that you don't know about." Facebook's
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individuals have limited ability to avoid or thwart face recognition tracking unless they hide their faces. This fundamentally changes the dynamic of day-to-day privacy by enabling any marketer, government agency, or random stranger to secretly collect the identities and associated personal information of any individual captured by the face recognition system. Consumers may not understand or be aware of what their data is being used for, which denies them the ability to consent to how their personal information gets shared.
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techniques are also used to pre-treat imagery where faces are disguised. Here the disguise, such as sunglasses, is removed and the face hallucination algorithm is applied to the image. Such face hallucination algorithms need to be trained on similar face images with and without disguise. To fill in the area uncovered by removing the disguise, face hallucination algorithms need to correctly map the entire state of the face, which may be not possible due to the momentary facial expression captured in the low resolution image.
1211:(22017 10 SCC 1), any justifiable intrusion by the State into people's right to privacy, which is protected as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, must confirm to certain thresholds, namely: legality, necessity, proportionality and procedural safeguards. As per the Internet Freedom Foundation, the National Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS) proposal fails to meet any of these thresholds, citing "absence of legality," "manifest arbitrariness," and "absence of safeguards and accountability."
294:. DMV offices across the United States were undergoing a technological upgrade and were in the process of establishing databases of digital ID photographs. This enabled DMV offices to deploy the facial recognition systems on the market to search photographs for new driving licenses against the existing DMV database. DMV offices became one of the first major markets for automated facial recognition technology and introduced US citizens to facial recognition as a standard method of identification. The increase of the
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press release, purports to offer pensioners "a secure, easy and hassle-free interface for verifying their liveness to the
Pension Disbursing Authorities from the comfort of their homes using smart phones". Mr. Jade Jeremiah Lyngdoh, a law student, sent a legal notice to the relevant authorities highlighting that "The application has been rolled out without any anchoring legislation which governs the processing of personal data and thus, lacks lawfulness and the Government is not empowered to process data."
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Information
Officer: Crime stated that they cannot provide the information under section 8(d) of the Right to Information Act, 2005. A Right to Information (RTI) request dated July 30, 2020 was filed with the Office of the Commissioner, Kolkata Police, seeking information about the facial recognition technology that the department was using. The information sought was denied stating that the department was exempted from disclosure under section 24(4) of the RTI Act.
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the FERET tests found that while the performance of existing automated facial recognition systems varied, a handful of existing methods could viably be used to recognize faces in still images taken in a controlled environment. The FERET tests spawned three US companies that sold automated facial recognition systems. Vision
Corporation and Miros Inc were both founded in 1994, by researchers who used the results of the FERET tests as a selling point.
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1223:" at the hands of the state. In Rajasthan, 'RajCop,' a police app has been recently integrated with a facial recognition module which can match the face of a suspect against a database of known persons in real-time. Rajasthan police is in currently working to widen the ambit of this module by making it mandatory to upload photographs of all arrested persons in CCTNS database, which will "help develop a rich database of known offenders."
1840:. The case was decided in favour of Bridges and did not award damages. The case was settled via a declaration of wrongdoing. In response to the case, the British Government has repeatedly attempted to pass a Bill regulating the use of Facial Recognition in public spaces. The proposed Bills have attempted to appoint a Commissioner with the ability to regulate Facial Recognition use by Government Services in a similar manner to the
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lighting like other techniques. It can also identify a face from a range of viewing angles, including a profile view. Three-dimensional data points from a face vastly improve the precision of face recognition. 3D-dimensional face recognition research is enabled by the development of sophisticated sensors that project structured light onto the face. 3D matching technique are sensitive to expressions, therefore researchers at
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criminals that is available with the police. The
National Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS) is already being developed by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), a body constituted under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The project seeks to develop and deploy a national database of photographs which would comport with a facial recognition technology system by the central and state security agencies. The
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1629:. High-resolution face images, 3-D face scans, and iris images were used in the tests. The results indicated that the new algorithms are 10 times more accurate than the face recognition algorithms of 2002 and 100 times more accurate than those of 1995. Some of the algorithms were able to outperform human participants in recognizing faces and could uniquely identify identical twins.
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1238:(ISRO) is developing a new technology called Crime Mapping Analytics and Predictive System (CMAPS). The project aims to deploy space technology for "controlling crime and maintaining law and order." The system will be connected to a database containing data of criminals. The technology is envisaged to be deployed to collect real-time data at the crime scene.
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648:. A new method of capturing 3D images of faces uses three tracking cameras that point at different angles; one camera will be pointing at the front of the subject, second one to the side, and third one at an angle. All these cameras will work together so it can track a subject's face in real-time and be able to face detect and recognize.
222:, and Charles Bisson, whose work focused on teaching computers to recognize human faces. Their early facial recognition project was dubbed "man-machine" because a human first needed to establish the coordinates of facial features in a photograph before they could be used by a computer for recognition. Using a
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customer activity, using dwell and queue line analytics to decrease customer wait times • Increase competitiveness by using 3VR's facial surveillance analytic to facilitate personalized customer greetings by employees • Create loyalty programs by combining point of sale (POS) data with facial recognition
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conducted a Report to the
Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. The report discussed facial recognition technology's commercial uses, privacy issues, and the applicable federal law. It states that previously, issues concerning facial
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in 2008, describes one obstacle related to the viewing angle of the face: "Face recognition has been getting pretty good at full frontal faces and 20 degrees off, but as soon as you go towards profile, there've been problems." Besides the pose variations, low-resolution face images are also very hard
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Greek police passed a contract with
Intracom-Telecom for the provision of at least 1,000 devices equipped with live facial recognition system. The delivery is expected before the summer 2021. The total value of the contract is over 4 million euros, paid for in large part by the Internal Security Fund
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Even though facial recognition technology (FRT) is not fully accurate, it is being increasingly deployed for identification purposes by the police in India. FRT systems generate a probability match score, or a confidence score between the suspect who is to be identified and the database of identified
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destroyed smart lampposts amid concerns they could contain cameras and facial recognition system used for surveillance by
Chinese authorities. Human rights groups have criticized the Chinese government for using artificial intelligence facial recognition technology in its suppression against Uyghurs,
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deployed "biometric face scanners" at U.S. airports. Passengers taking outbound international flights can complete the check-in, security and the boarding process after getting facial images captured and verified by matching their ID photos stored on CBP's database. Images captured for travelers with
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that raised alarm against the deployment of facial recognition technology in the central government's vaccination drive process. Implementation of an error-prone system without adequate legislation containing mandatory safeguards, would deprive citizens of essential services and linking this untested
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Recognition algorithms can be divided into two main approaches: geometric, which looks at distinguishing features, or photo-metric, which is a statistical approach that distills an image into values and compares the values with templates to eliminate variances. Some classify these algorithms into two
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facial recognition software to identify dead
Russian soldiers. Ukraine has conducted 8,600 searches and identified the families of 582 deceased Russian soldiers. The IT volunteer section of the Ukrainian army using the software is subsequently contacting the families of the deceased soldiers to raise
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combination of a number of
Eigenfaces. Because few Eigenfaces were used to encode human faces of a given population, Turk and Pentland's PCA face detection method greatly reduced the amount of data that had to be processed to detect a face. Pentland in 1994 defined Eigenface features, including eigen
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Facial recognition systems are employed throughout the world today by governments and private companies. Their effectiveness varies, and some systems have previously been scrapped because of their ineffectiveness. The use of facial recognition systems has also raised controversy, with claims that the
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Helmets fixed with camera have been designed and being used by Rajasthan police in law and order situations to capture police action and activities of "the miscreants, which can later serve as evidence during the investigation of such cases." PAIS (Punjab Artificial Intelligence System), App employs
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operates one of the largest face recognition systems in the world with a database of 117 million American adults, with photos typically drawn from driver's license photos. Although it is still far from completion, it is being put to use in certain cities to give clues as to who was in the photo. The
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indexes that may also incorporate demographic and age related facial characteristics. Use of face hallucination techniques improves the performance of high resolution facial recognition algorithms and may be used to overcome the inherent limitations of super-resolution algorithms. Face hallucination
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3VR's Video Intelligence Platform (VIP) transforms customer service by allowing businesses to: • Optimize staffing decisions, increase sales conversion rates and decrease customer wait times by bringing extraordinary clarity to the analysis of traffic patterns • Align staffing decisions with actual
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There is also inconstancy in the datasets used by researchers. Researchers may use anywhere from several subjects to scores of subjects and a few hundred images to thousands of images. Data sets may be diverse and inclusive or mainly contain images of white males. It is important for researchers to
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One key advantage of a facial recognition system that it is able to perform mass identification as it does not require the cooperation of the test subject to work. Properly designed systems installed in airports, multiplexes, and other public places can identify individuals among the crowd, without
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reported facial recognition was in use in Australia at Kmart, Bunnings, and The Good Guys. The Good Guys subsequently suspended the technology pending a legal challenge by CHOICE to the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner, while Bunnings kept the technology in use and Kmart maintained
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has deployed facial recognition and artificial intelligence technology since 2016. The database of the Dutch police currently contains over 2.2 million pictures of 1.3 million Dutch citizens. This accounts for about 8% of the population. In The Netherlands, face recognition is not used by
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In a reply dated November 25, 2020 to a Right to Information request filed by the Internet Freedom Foundation seeking information about the facial recognition system being used by the Delhi Police (with reference number DEPOL/R/E/20/07128), the Office of the Deputy Commissioner of Police cum Public
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for abusing private biometric information of customers. The safari park uses facial recognition technology to verify the identities of its Year Card holders. An estimated 300 tourist sites in China have installed facial recognition systems and use them to admit visitors. This case is reported to be
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developed a technique that would allow them to match facial imagery obtained using a thermal camera with those in databases that were captured using a conventional camera. Known as a cross-spectrum synthesis method due to how it bridges facial recognition from two different imaging modalities, this
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imagery faces are often very small. But because facial recognition algorithms that identify and plot facial features require high resolution images, resolution enhancement techniques have been developed to enable facial recognition systems to work with imagery that has been captured in environments
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identify facial features by extracting landmarks, or features, from an image of the subject's face. For example, an algorithm may analyze the relative position, size, and/or shape of the eyes, nose, cheekbones, and jaw. These features are then used to search for other images with matching features.
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makeup and haircut system, but the creators note on their website that it has been outdated for quite some time as it was designed to combat a particular facial recognition algorithm and may not work. Another example is the emergence of facial recognition that can identify people wearing facemasks
1947:, alleging that the company had illegally collected biometric data online and with the help of face recognition technology built up a database of biometric data which was sold to companies and police forces. At the time Clearview AI already faced two lawsuits under BIPA and an investigation by the
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systems and components from FaceFirst, DeepCam LLC, and other vendors at some retail locations in the United States. Cathy Langley, Rite Aid's vice president of asset protection, used the phrase "feature matching" to refer to the systems and said that usage of the systems resulted in less violence
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A false positive happens when facial recognition technology misidentifies a person to be someone they are not, that is, it yields an incorrect positive result. They often results in discrimination and strengthening of existing biases. For example, in 2018, Delhi Police reported that its FRT system
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surveillance nationwide and as of 2018, there have been 20 million cameras, many of which are capable of real-time facial recognition, deployed across the country for this project. Some official claim that the current Skynet system can scan the entire Chinese population in one second and the world
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The facial pattern is not accessible by Apple. The system will not work with eyes closed, in an effort to prevent unauthorized access. The technology learns from changes in a user's appearance, and therefore works with hats, scarves, glasses, and many sunglasses, beard and makeup. It also works in
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technique uses 3D sensors to capture information about the shape of a face. This information is then used to identify distinctive features on the surface of a face, such as the contour of the eye sockets, nose, and chin. One advantage of 3D face recognition is that it is not affected by changes in
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The software was donated to Ukraine by Clearview AI. Russia is thought to be using it to find anti-war activists. Clearview AI was originally designed for US law enforcement. Using it in war raises new ethical concerns. One London based surveillance expert, Stephen Hare, is concerned it might make
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to develop "automatic face recognition capabilities" that could be employed in a productive real life environment "to assist security, intelligence, and law enforcement personnel in the performance of their duties." Face recognition systems that had been trialed in research labs were evaluated and
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publicly demonstrated a face-matching system that located anatomical features such as the chin and calculated the distance ratio between facial features without human intervention. Later tests revealed that the system could not always reliably identify facial features. Nonetheless, interest in the
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Given that big data companies have much more funding than privacy researchers, it is very difficult for anti-facial recognition systems to keep up. There is also no guarantee that obfuscation techniques that were used for images taken in the past and stored, such as masks or software obfuscation,
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The United States' National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) carried out extensive testing of FRT system 1:1 verification and 1:many identification. It also tested for the differing accuracy of FRT across different demographic groups. The independent study concluded at present, no FRT
1747:, but their overall aim was to gain consent and inform citizens of the intended use of facial recognition technology. According to the report the voluntary privacy guidelines helped to counteract the privacy concerns that arise when citizens are unaware of how their personal data gets put to use.
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Systems are often advertised as having accuracy near 100%; this is misleading as the outcomes are not universal The studies often use samples that are smaller and less diverse than would be necessary for large scale applications. Because facial recognition is not completely accurate, it creates a
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scheme has, as of 2004, never recognized a single criminal, despite several criminals in the system's database living in the Borough and the system has been running for several years. "Not once, as far as the police know, has Newham's automatic face recognition system spotted a live target." This
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to forward a video to a friend in the United States was subsequently convicted on the charge of the crime "picking quarrels and provoking troubles". The Court documents showed that the Chinese police used a facial recognition system to identify Geng Guanjun as an "overseas democracy activist" and
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In July, 2021, a press release by the Government of Meghalaya stated that facial recognition technology (FRT) would be used to verify the identity of pensioners to issue a Digital Life Certificate using "Pensioner's Life Certification Verification" mobile application. The notice, according to the
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purchased Looksery, which would then become its landmark lenses function. Snapchat filter applications use face detection technology and on the basis of the facial features identified in an image a 3D mesh mask is layered over the face. A variety of technologies attempt to fool facial recognition
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Another solution is the application of obfuscation to images that may fool facial recognition systems while still appearing normal to a human user. These could be used for when images are posted online or on social media. However, as it is hard to remove images once they are on the internet, the
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created 'privacy visor' glasses that use nearly infrared light to make the face underneath it unrecognizable to face recognition software that use infrared. The latest version uses a titanium frame, light-reflective material and a mask which uses angles and patterns to disrupt facial recognition
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Experts fear that face recognition systems may actually be hurting citizens the police claims they are trying to protect. It is considered an imperfect biometric, and in a study conducted by Georgetown University researcher Clare Garvie, she concluded that "there's no consensus in the scientific
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police was able to identify twenty-five wanted suspects using facial recognition equipment at the Qingdao International Beer Festival, one of which had been on the run for 10 years. The equipment works by recording a 15-second video clip and taking multiple snapshots of the subject. That data is
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in the hairline. The coordinates were used to calculate 20 individual distances, including the width of the mouth and of the eyes. A human could process about 40 pictures an hour, building a database of these computed distances. A computer would then automatically compare the distances for each
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associated with an individual – such as other photos featuring the individual, blog posts, social media profiles, Internet behavior, and travel patterns. Concerns have been raised over who would have access to the knowledge of one's whereabouts and people with them at any given time. Moreover,
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While the national level AFRS project is still in the works, police departments in various states in India are already deploying facial recognition technology systems, such as: TSCOP + CCTNS in Telangana, Punjab Artificial Intelligence System (PAIS) in Punjab, Trinetra in Uttar Pradesh, Police
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a gallery of face images and then compress the face data, only saving the data in the image that is useful for face recognition. A probe image is then compared with the face data. One of the earliest successful systems is based on template matching techniques applied to a set of salient facial
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in the mid-1990s to extract a face out of an image using skin segmentation. By 1997, the face detection method developed by Malsburg outperformed most other facial detection systems on the market. The so-called "Bochum system" of face detection was sold commercially on the market as ZN-Face to
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Face recognition systems have also been used by photo management software to identify the subjects of photographs, enabling features such as searching images by person, as well as suggesting photos to be shared with a specific contact if their presence were detected in a photo. By 2008 facial
1277:. Tocumen International Airport operates an airport-wide surveillance system using hundreds of live face recognition cameras to identify wanted individuals passing through the airport. The face recognition system was initially installed as part of a US$ 11 million contract and included a
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has flagged concerns regarding the project. The NGO has highlighted that the accuracy of FRT systems are "routinely exaggerated and the real numbers leave much to be desired. The implementation of such faulty FRT systems would lead to high rates of false positives and false negatives in this
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and a judgement was given in August 2020. The case argued that the use of Facial Recognition was a privacy violation on the basis that there was insufficient legal framework or proportionality in the use of Facial Recognition and that its use was in violation of the Data Protection Acts
492:. Facial recognition systems attempt to identify a human face, which is three-dimensional and changes in appearance with lighting and facial expression, based on its two-dimensional image. To accomplish this computational task, facial recognition systems perform four steps. First
956:, were using live facial recognition at public events and in public spaces. In September 2019, South Wales Police use of facial recognition was ruled lawful. Live facial recognition has been trialled since 2016 in the streets of London and will be used on a regular basis from
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based system. Face ID has a facial recognition sensor that consists of two parts: a "Romeo" module that projects more than 30,000 infrared dots onto the user's face, and a "Juliet" module that reads the pattern. The pattern is sent to a local "Secure Enclave" in the device's
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operators of airports and other busy locations. The software was "robust enough to make identifications from less-than-perfect face views. It can also often see through such impediments to identification as mustaches, beards, changed hairstyles and glasses—even sunglasses".
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so that federal law continually matches the impact of advanced technologies. The report noted that some industry, government, and private organizations were in the process of developing, or have developed, "voluntary privacy guidelines". These guidelines varied between the
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which began offering facial recognition systems and services to retailers as early as 2007. In 2012, the company advertised benefits such as "dwell and queue line analytics to decrease customer wait times", "facial surveillance analytic to facilitate personalized customer
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In March, 2022 according to a publication by Forbes, FDNA, an AI development company claimed that in the space of 10 years, they have worked with geneticists to develop a database of about 5,000 diseases and 1500 of them can be detected with facial recognition algorithms.
1609:, likewise announced a test of facial recognition technology to create a touchless experience during the pandemic; the test was originally slated to take place between March 23 and April 23, 2021, but the limited timeframe had been removed as of late April 2021.
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broad categories: holistic and feature-based models. The former attempts to recognize the face in its entirety while the feature-based subdivide into components such as according to features and analyze each as well as its spatial location with respect to other features.
508:. The purpose of the alignment process is to enable the accurate localization of facial features in the third step, the facial feature extraction. Features such as eyes, nose and mouth are pinpointed and measured in the image to represent the face. The so established
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has become the subject of several class action lawsuits under the Biometric Information Privacy Act, with claims alleging that Facebook is collecting and storing face recognition data of its users without obtaining informed consent, in direct violation of the 2008
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maintains that there are six emotions that are universal to all human beings and that these can be coded in facial expressions. Research into automatic emotion specific expression recognition has in the past decades focused on frontal view images of human faces.
2000:("ACLU") has campaigned across the United States for transparency in surveillance technology and has supported both San Francisco and Somerville's ban on facial recognition software. The ACLU works to challenge the secrecy and surveillance with this technology.
1916:, EU based researchers voiced concern that if they were required under the GDPR to obtain individual's consent for the processing of their facial recognition data, a face database on the scale of MegaFace could never be established again. In September 2019 the
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in 2021, deleting the face scan data of more than one billion users. The change represented one of the largest shifts in facial recognition usage in the technology's history. IBM also stopped offering facial recognition technology due to similar concerns.
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Police forces in the United Kingdom have been trialing live facial recognition technology at public events since 2015. In May 2017, a man was arrested using an automatic facial recognition (AFR) system mounted on a van operated by the South Wales Police.
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deep learning, machine learning, and face recognition for the identification of criminals to assist police personnel. The state of Telangana has installed 8 lakh CCTV cameras, with its capital city Hyderabad slowly turning into a surveillance capital.
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378:. LDA Fisherfaces became dominantly used in PCA feature based face recognition. While Eigenfaces were also used for face reconstruction. In these approaches no global structure of the face is calculated which links the facial features or parts.
1258:. Some individuals had been registering to vote under several different names, in an attempt to place multiple votes. By comparing new face images to those already in the voter database, authorities were able to reduce duplicate registrations.
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to create ever more advanced facial recognition models. Solutions to block facial recognition may not work on newer software, or on different types of facial recognition models. One popular cited example of facial-recognition blocking is the
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list of potential matches. A human operator must then look through these potential matches and studies show the operators pick the correct match out of the list only about half the time. This causes the issue of targeting the wrong suspect.
1119:. Reporters visiting the region found surveillance cameras installed every hundred meters or so in several cities, as well as facial recognition checkpoints at areas like gas stations, shopping centers, and mosque entrances. In May 2019,
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Italian police acquired a face recognition system in 2017, Sistema Automatico Riconoscimento Immagini (SARI). In November 2020, the Interior ministry announced plans to use it in real-time to identify people suspected of seeking asylum.
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Interviewer: Now, can I buy something like this? Is this... do you really restrict the customers for this? Tim Ross: It's primarily being purchased by banks, retailers, and the government today and is sold through a variety of security
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1808:. Argent claimed that the software had been deployed between May 2016 and March 2018 on two cameras covering a pedestrian street running through the centre of the development. In October 2019, a report by the deputy London mayor
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Farokhi, Sajad; Shamsuddin, Siti Mariyam; Flusser, Jan; Sheikh, U.U; Khansari, Mohammad; Jafari-Khouzani, Kourosh (2014). "Near infrared face recognition by combining Zernike moments and undecimated discrete wavelet transform".
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In 2019, casinos in Australia and New Zealand rolled out facial recognition to prevent theft, and a representative of Sydney's Star Casino said they would also provide 'customer service' like welcoming a patron back to a bar.
1590:, Hannah Couchman said that Man City's move is alarming, since the fans will be obliged to share deeply sensitive personal information with a private company, where they could be tracked and monitored in their everyday lives.
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launched an investigation into the use of the King's Cross facial recognition system, operated by the company Argent. In September 2019 it was announced by Argent that facial recognition software would no longer be used at
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Although high degrees of accuracy have been claimed for some facial recognition systems, these outcomes are not universal. The consistently worst accuracy rate is for those who are 18 to 30 years old, Black and female.
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and Beijing were using smart glasses to take photos which are compared against a government database using facial recognition to identify suspects, retrieve an address, and track people moving beyond their home areas.
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technology through both absorbing and bouncing back light sources. However, these methods are used to prevent infrared facial recognition and would not work on AI facial recognition of plain images. Some projects use
2085:. Instead, the law requires a judicial warrant, limit the personnel who can perform the search, record data about how the technology is used, and create a commission to make recommendations about future regulations.
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Clearview AI's facial recognition database is only available to government agencies who may only use the technology to assist in the course of law enforcement investigations or in connection with national security.
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By using Viisage software, police matched 19 people's faces to photos of people arrested in the past for minor pickpocketing, fraud and other charges. They weren't charged with any game-day misdeeds. THIS IS A
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In December 2022, 16 major domestic airports in the US started testing facial-recognition tech where kiosks with cameras are checking the photos on travelers' IDs to make sure that passengers are not impostors.
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In recent years Maryland has used face recognition by comparing people's faces to their driver's license photos. The system drew controversy when it was used in Baltimore to arrest unruly protesters after the
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In May 2019, San Francisco, California became the first major United States city to ban the use of facial recognition software for police and other local government agencies' usage. San Francisco Supervisor,
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to recognize. This is one of the main obstacles of face recognition in surveillance systems. It has also been suggested that camera settings can favour sharper imagery of white skin than of other skin tones.
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for the purpose of "uniquely identifying a natural person" is sensitive and the facial recognition data processed in this way becomes sensitive personal data. In response to the GDPR passing into the law of
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speculated that the accuracy rate of mass surveillance systems, which were not included in the study, would be even less accurate than the accuracy of one-to-one matching systems. The facial recognition of
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1601:, American football stadiums of New York and Los Angeles announced the installation of facial recognition for upcoming matches. The purpose is to make the entry process as touchless as possible. Disney's
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854:. Relying on developed data sets, machine learning has been used to identify genetic abnormalities just based on facial dimensions. FRT has also been used to verify patients before surgery procedures.
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Many public places in China are implemented with facial recognition equipment, including railway stations, airports, tourist attractions, expos, and office buildings. In October 2019, a professor at
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to ban facial recognition technology. This came after the students accused the school of using the software to identify student protesters. The allegations were, however, denied by the university.
1586:. However, civil rights groups cautioned the club against the introduction of this technology, saying that it would risk "normalising a mass surveillance tool". The policy and campaigns officer at
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can work through many barriers, including heavy makeup, thick beards and even sunglasses, but fails with masks. However, facial recognition of masked faces is increasingly getting more reliable.
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1799:: "Scanning people's faces as they lawfully go about their daily lives, in order to identify them, is a potential threat to privacy that should concern us all." The UK Information Commissioner
609:. Face hallucination algorithms that are applied to images prior to those images being submitted to the facial recognition system use example-based machine learning with pixel substitution or
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and organized crime in the company's stores, while former vice president of asset protection Bob Oberosler emphasized improved safety for staff and a reduced need for the involvement of
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was a respected science in the Western world. From the early 19th century onwards photography was used in the physiognomic analysis of facial features and facial expression to detect
762:. Many companies and others are working in the market now to provide these services to banks, ICOs, and other e-businesses. Face recognition has been leveraged as a form of biometric
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of its students without completing an impact assessment. In addition the school did not make the DPA aware of the pilot scheme. A 200,000 SEK fine (€19,000/$ 21,000) was issued.
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microchip. All Canadian international airports use facial recognition as part of the Primary Inspection Kiosk program that compares a traveler face to their photo stored on the
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face recognition system with the promise that Russian users could take photos of strangers in the street and link them to a social media profile on the social media platform
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obfuscation on these images may be defeated and the face of the user identified by future advances in technology. Two examples of this technique, developed in 2020, are the
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FBI uses the photos as an investigative tool, not for positive identification. As of 2016, facial recognition was being used to identify people in photos taken by police in
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hired a Texas-based firm, Blink Identity, to deploy facial recognition systems in a driver program. The club has planned a single super-fast lane for the supporters at the
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In South Africa, in 2016, the city of Johannesburg announced it was rolling out smart CCTV cameras complete with automatic number plate recognition and facial recognition.
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One method that may work to protect from facial recognition systems are specific haircuts and make-up patterns that prevent the used algorithms to detect a face, known as
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area of London. The development around London's King's Cross mainline station includes shops, offices, Google's UK HQ and part of St Martin's College. According to the UK
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The development of anti-facial recognition technology is effectively an arms race between privacy researchers and big data companies. Big data companies increasingly use
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face recognition software to search for potential criminals and terrorists in attendance at the event. 19 people with minor criminal records were potentially identified.
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In 2014, Facebook stated that in a standardized two-option facial recognition test, its online system scored 97.25% accuracy, compared to the human benchmark of 97.5%.
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Emotient. By the end of 2016, commercial vendors of facial recognition systems offered to integrate and deploy emotion recognition algorithms for facial features. The
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Artificial Intelligence System in Uttarakhand, AFRS in Delhi, Automated Multimodal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS) in Maharashtra, FaceTagr in Tamil Nadu. The
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on multiple occasions between 2017 and 2019. The use of the technology was challenged in court by a private individual, Edward Bridges, with support from the charity
437:. Therefore, the Viola–Jones algorithm has not only broadened the practical application of face recognition systems but has also been used to support new features in
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of the National Retail Federation Loss Prevention Research Council, Rite Aid's surveillance program was either the largest or one of the largest programs in retail.
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1432:. In a 2020 statement to Reuters in response to the reporting, Rite Aid said that it had ceased using the facial recognition software and switched off the cameras.
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to authenticate the identity of people seeking vaccines. Ten human rights and digital rights organizations and more than 150 individuals signed a statement by the
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eyes, eigen mouths and eigen noses, to advance the use of PCA in facial recognition. In 1997, the PCA Eigenface method of face recognition was improved upon using
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made up the largest racial or ethnic group were three times as likely to have the technology installed, raising concerns related to the substantial history of
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1924:(GDPR) against a school that was using the technology to replace time-consuming roll calls during class. The DPA found that the school illegally obtained the
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Police forces in at least 21 countries of the European Union use, or plan to use, facial recognition systems, either for administrative or criminal purposes.
457:. About 340 Ukrainian government officials in five government ministries are using the technology. It is used to catch spies that might try to enter Ukraine.
1058:(ICE) uses facial recognition software against state driver's license databases, including for some states that provide licenses to undocumented immigrants.
141:. Because computerized facial recognition involves the measurement of a human's physiological characteristics, facial recognition systems are categorized as
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of human faces. Research on face recognition to reliably locate a face in an image that contains other objects gained traction in the early 1990s with the
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became the first DMV offices to use automated facial recognition systems to prevent people from obtaining multiple driving licenses using different names.
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algorithm which applies obfuscation to already taken photos. However, by 2021 the Fawkes obfuscation algorithm had already been specifically targeted by
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Haghighat, Mohammad; Abdel-Mottaleb, Mohamed (2017). "Low Resolution Face Recognition in Surveillance Systems Using Discriminant Correlation Analysis".
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passed the Law for Personal Data Protection, which defines biometric information that can be used to identify an individual as sensitive data. In 2012,
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information seems to conflict with claims that the system was credited with a 34% reduction in crime (hence why it was rolled out to Birmingham also).
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7114:"This Russian Facial Recognition Startup Plans To Take Its 'Aggression Detection' Tech Global With $ 15 Million Backing From Sovereign Wealth Funds"
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compared and analyzed with images from the police department's database and within 20 minutes, the subject can be identified with a 98.1% accuracy.
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vary. A big smile can render the system less effective. For instance: Canada, in 2009, allowed only neutral facial expressions in passport photos.
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Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice: IFIP 19th World Computer Congress, TC 12: IFIP AI 2006 Stream, August 21–24, 2006, Santiago, Chile
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the Ukrainians appear inhuman: "Is it actually working? Or is it making say: 'Look at these lawless, cruel Ukrainians, doing this to our boys'?"
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In Colombia public transport busses are fitted with a facial recognition system by FaceFirst Inc to identify passengers that are sought by the
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In an interview, the National Health Authority chief Dr. R.S. Sharma said that facial recognition technology would be used in conjunction with
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passed a comprehensive Data Protection Law which defines biometric data as senstivite information. According to Article 9(1) of the EU's 2016
1143:, Megvii applied for a bank loan to optimize the body temperature screening system it had launched to help identify people with symptoms of a
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Duhn, S. von; Ko, M. J.; Yin, L.; Hung, T.; Wei, X. (September 1, 2007). "Three-View Surveillance Video Based Face Modeling for Recogniton".
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In the United States of America several U.S. states have passed laws to protect the privacy of biometric data. Examples include the Illinois
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In the 18th and 19th century, the belief that facial expressions revealed the moral worth or true inner state of a human was widespread and
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As of 2018, it is still contested as to whether or not facial recognition technology works less accurately on people of color. One study by
1767:(BIPA). The most recent case was dismissed in January 2016 because the court lacked jurisdiction. In the US, surveillance companies such as
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launched in October 2014. The application allows video chat with others through a special filter for faces that modifies the look of users.
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6029:"Mexican Government Adopts FaceIt Face Recognition Technology to Eliminate Duplicate Voter Registrations in Upcoming Presidential Election"
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Media companies have begun using face recognition technology to streamline their tracking, organizing, and archiving pictures and videos.
1047:(TSA) had expressed its intention to adopt a similar program for domestic air travel during the security check process in the future. The
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technology. The regulations also require that agencies publicly disclose the intended use for new surveillance technology. In June 2019,
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2193:, that found their way out of university research labs. In 2016, Facebook acquired FacioMetrics, a facial feature emotion recognition
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to ban face surveillance software for government use, specifically in police investigations and municipal surveillance. In July 2019,
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infection in crowds. In the loan application Megvii stated that it needed to improve the accuracy of identifying masked individuals.
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has also raised concerns about its security. These claims have led to the ban of facial recognition systems in several cities in the
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Neural Information Processing: 13th International Conference, ICONIP 2006, Hong Kong, China, October 3–6, 2006, Proceedings, Part II
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had an accuracy rate of 2%, which sank to 1% in 2019. The FRT system even failed to distinguish accurately between different sexes.
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is used to segment the face from the image background. In the second step the segmented face image is aligned to account for face
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study, tested popular one-to-one matching systems and found a failure rate between five and fifty percent on masked individuals.
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did not appear to have collaborated on IJOP, and that the Face++ code in the app was inoperable. In February 2020, following the
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in police custody. Many other states are using or developing a similar system however some states have laws prohibiting its use.
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ruled that the way the facial recognition system had been used by the South Wales Police in 2017 and 2018 violated human rights.
226:, a human would pinpoint facial features coordinates, such as the pupil centers, the inside and outside corners of eyes, and the
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Identity Management with Biometrics: Explore the latest innovative solutions to provide secure identification and authentication
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awareness of Russian activities in Ukraine. The main goal is to destabilise the Russian government. It can be seen as a form of
425:, the first real-time frontal-view face detector. By 2015, the Viola–Jones algorithm had been implemented using small low power
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Perception and Machine Intelligence: First Indo-Japan Conference, PerMIn 2012, Kolkata, India, January 12–13, 2011, Proceedings
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Perception and Machine Intelligence: First Indo-Japan Conference, PerMIn 2012, Kolkata, India, January 12–13, 2011, Proceedings
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Interview with Alvaro Bedoya, executive director of the Center on Privacy & Technology at Georgetown Law and co-author of
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Facial masks that are worn to protect from contagious viruses can reduce the accuracy of facial recognition systems. A 2020
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2637:"Facial Recognition Technology: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Should Have Better Awareness of Systems Used By Employees"
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in the 1990s prompted U.S. states to established connected and automated identification systems that incorporated digital
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5658:"Automated Facial Recognition Technology (Moratorium and Review) Bill [HL] - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament"
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on four million images uploaded by Facebook users. The system is said to be 97% accurate, compared to 85% for the FBI's
381:
Purely feature based approaches to facial recognition were overtaken in the late 1990s by the Bochum system, which used
7189:"Facebook Keeps Getting Sued Over Face-Recognition Software, And Privacy Groups Say We Should Be Paying More Attention"
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3303:"Ukraine is using facial recognition to ID dead Russian soldiers and send photos of corpses home to their moms: report"
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Thorat, S. B.; Nayak, S. K.; Jyoti P Dandale (2010). "Facial Recognition Technology: An analysis with scope in India".
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in Panama. The face recognition system is deployed to identify individuals among the travellers that are sought by the
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and Perfect365, were limited to static images, whereas Looksery allowed augmented reality to live videos. In late 2015
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to locate faces in an image. Here a Haar feature that looks similar to the bridge of the nose is applied onto the face.
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1474:. Rite Aid said that the selection of locations was "data-driven", based on the theft histories of individual stores,
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5101:"Police use facial recognition technology to detect wanted criminals during beer festival in Chinese city of Qingdao"
4595:"Meghalaya clarifies on controversial app: 'Facial Recognition Technology doesn't require any anchoring legislation'"
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R. Brunelli and T. Poggio, "Face Recognition: Features versus Templates", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, 1993, (15)10:1042–1052
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is one of the organizations against the program, concerning that the program will be used for surveillance purposes.
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Parliament of India. Rajya Sabha. Two Hundred Thirty Seventh Report on Police - Training, Modernisation and Reforms
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following reports that the firm used it to block lawyers involved in litigation against the company from entering
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The West Lafayette, Indiana City Council passed an ordinance banning facial recognition surveillance technology.
1986:
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157:, it is widely adopted due to its contactless process. Facial recognition systems have been deployed in advanced
4115:
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8771:, "In Front of Their Faces: Does facial-recognition technology lead police to ignore contradictory evidence?",
8040:"Massachusetts is one of the first states to create rules around facial recognition in criminal investigations"
7216:"Judge tosses Illinois privacy law class action vs Facebook over photo tagging; California cases still pending"
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by late 2019 offered a facial expression emotion detection product that can recognize emotions in humans while
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flash that throws out invisible infrared light onto the user's face to properly read the 30,000 facial points.
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and was developed by Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland. Turk and Pentland combined the conceptual approach of the
263:
defense contractor in 1996 to commercially exploit the rights to the facial recognition algorithm developed by
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photograph, calculate the difference between the distances, and return the closed records as a possible match.
158:
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5863:. Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, India. 2022. p. 34. Archived from
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Advances in Biometrics: International Conference, ICB 2006, Hong Kong, China, January 5–7, 2006, Proceedings
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make available the datasets they used to each other, or have at least a standard or representative dataset.
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technology to the vaccination roll-out in India will only exclude persons from the vaccine delivery system.
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In 2016, Russian company NtechLab caused a privacy scandal in the international media when it launched the
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6357:"Casinos down under deploy facial recognition tech to spot offenders, problem gamblers | Biometric Update"
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surreptitiously employed facial recognition technology at a concert in 2018. The camera was embedded in a
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9697:
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8308:
6444:
5977:"Project Panoptic: RTI Updates from Delhi Police, Kolkata Police and Telangana State Technology Services"
4649:
4063:
2164:
2111:" coalition launched in October 2020. The coalition calls for a ban on facial recognition and launched a
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in Massachusetts will take effect in July 2021; a ban passed by the legislature was rejected by governor
1682:
1262:
1200:
917:
876:
8389:
7732:"Canadian Privacy Commissioners investigate Clearview AI, develop guidance for police use of biometrics"
5934:"Right to Information Updates from Delhi Police, Kolkata Police and Telangana State Technology Services"
5818:"IFF's Legal Notice to the NCRB on the Revised RFP for the National Automated Facial Recognition System"
3166:"Mugspot Can Find A Face In The Crowd – Face-Recognition Software Prepares To Go To Work In The Streets"
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found that these systems were up to 98% inaccurate. The report also revealed that two UK police forces,
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1135:. Human Rights Watch released a correction to its report in June 2019 stating that the Chinese company
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2092:, had skirted bans on facial recognition technology that had been enacted in their respective cities.
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on social media platforms for data that can be used in the development of facial recognition systems.
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3879:"Snapchat buys Looksery, a 2-year-old startup that lets you Photoshop your face while you video chat"
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1982:
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had passed photos of seven people to Argent for use in their King's cross facial recognition system.
1722:
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To enable human identification at a distance (HID) low-resolution images of faces are enhanced using
414:
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6677:
4900:"Maryland's use of facial recognition software questioned by researchers, civil liberties advocates"
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suggested, but then quickly scrapped, a proposed moratorium on facial recognition in public spaces.
697:
went on to raise money for its face modification app on Kickstarter. After successful crowdfunding,
239:
subject grew and in 1977 Kanade published the first detailed book on facial recognition technology.
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7706:"California residents file class action against Clearview AI biometric data collection citing CCPA"
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reported that "this appears to be the first time has led to an arrest". However, a 2018 report by
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via its "Windows Hello" platform (which requires an infrared-illuminated camera). In 2017, Apple's
310:
booking system that allowed police, judges and court officers to track criminals across the state.
247:
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7038:
5157:"Beijing police are using facial-recognition glasses to identify car passengers and number plates"
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In 2016, facial feature emotion recognition algorithms were among the new technologies, alongside
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network for the airport buildings, as well as the installation of 150 surveillance cameras in the
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2147:, who tried to define a normal range of emotional responses to events. The research on automated
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and Los Angeles (not on real-time video, and only against booking photos) and use was planned in
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8568:"Worried about facial recognition technology? Juggalo makeup prevents involuntary surveillance"
5766:"CCTNS Project to let police stations 'talk': where it stands, and how it can help fight crime"
4336:"Apple's Face ID Feature Works With Most Sunglasses, Can Be Quickly Disabled to Thwart Thieves"
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Research Council called facial recognition technology "a promising new tool" worth evaluating.
1405:
584:. Modern facial recognition systems make increasing use of machine learning techniques such as
170:
6899:"Airport anti-terror systems flub tests; Face-recognition technology fails to flag 'suspects'"
5294:"Exclusive: Hundreds of Chinese businesses seek billions in loans to contend with coronavirus"
4492:"Modi govt now plans a 'touchless' vaccination process, with Aadhaar-based facial recognition"
4116:"A glimpse at bank branches of the future: video walls, booth-sized locations and 24/7 access"
145:. Although the accuracy of facial recognition systems as a biometric technology is lower than
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8737:"Facial Recognition Software 'Sounds Like Science Fiction,' but May Affect Half of Americans"
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2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017)
6294:
5266:"AI unicorn Megvii not behind app used for surveillance in Xinjiang, says human rights group"
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4357:
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2167:(FACS) categorization for the physical expression of emotions was established. Its developer
2004:
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1725:. Face recognition can be used not just to identify an individual, but also to unearth other
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2014 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering (AISE2014)
1863:. She noted such a move would could go against federal, state, and local human rights laws.
1827:(case known as R (Bridges) v Chief Constable South Wales Police). The case was heard in the
133:. Since their inception, facial recognition systems have seen wider uses in recent times on
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8683:
8283:"How Emotional AI Is Creating Personalized Customer Experiences And Making A Social Impact"
7653:
7096:"FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY Commercial Uses, Privacy Issues, and Applicable Federal Law"
6970:
6537:
5908:"Indian govt's approach to facial recognition is flawed & driven by faulty assumptions"
5630:"'Fingerprint is not a big issue': Hyderabad police on collecting biometrics of 'suspects'"
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would protect users from facial-recognition analysis of those images by future technology.
2143:. In the 1960s and 1970s the study of human emotions and its expressions was reinvented by
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that China's network management and propaganda departments directly monitor WeChat users.
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that uses face recognition, which compares the face of the traveller with the data in the
484:
While humans can recognize faces without much effort, facial recognition is a challenging
8:
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7139:"Singel-Minded: Anatomy of a Backlash, or How Facebook Got an 'F' for Facial Recognition"
6957:
White, David; Dunn, James D.; Schmid, Alexandra C.; Kemp, Richard I. (October 14, 2015).
6329:"Special Report: Rite Aid deployed facial recognition systems in hundreds of U.S. stores"
3825:. 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). pp. 30–38.
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7495:"Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification"
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6154:"Flush with EU funds, Greek police to introduce live face recognition before the summer"
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In 2006, the performance of the latest face recognition algorithms was evaluated in the
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In 2006, the "Skynet" (天網))Project was initiated by the Chinese government to implement
1035:
criticized the FBI for not addressing various concerns related to privacy and accuracy.
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the red arrow changes direction, but the blue arrow does not and is used as eigenvector.
63:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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8415:"These Goofy-Looking Glasses Could Make You Invisible to Facial Recognition Technology"
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was shut down in 2003 after failing to make any matches during a two-year test period.
1535:
1531:
1424:
1120:
949:
925:
597:
256:
162:
154:
8799:
7494:
6173:"Lo scontro Viminale-Garante della privacy sul riconoscimento facciale in tempo reale"
3582:
2255:
to come up with new printed patterns that confuse existing face recognition software.
936:
in early 2017 and was rolled up to all remaining international airports in 2018–2019.
664:
image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) light
177:
systems violate citizens' privacy, commonly make incorrect identifications, encourage
9702:
9690:
9494:
9146:
9017:
9010:
8623:
8258:
8233:
8208:
8183:
8158:
7801:
7765:
7684:
7659:
7502:
7359:
7245:
7138:
6998:
6809:
6644:
6509:"Google Photos upgraded with new sharing features, photo books, and Google Lens"
6452:
6064:
6004:"RTI: Kolkata, Delhi police refuse to give information on facial recognition systems"
5683:"UP Police launch 'Trinetra', its AI-powered face recognition app to catch criminals"
5505:
5445:
4997:
4946:"ICE Uses Facial Recognition To Sift State Driver's License Records, Researchers Say"
4771:
4518:"Despite Privacy Fears, Aadhaar-Linked Facial Recognition Used For Covid-19 Vaccines"
4447:
4429:
4282:
4034:
3908:
3820:
3770:
3745:
3700:. CVPR'04. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 1012–1019 – via ACM Digital Library.
3665:
3550:
3532:
3522:
3503:"A Study on the Design and Implementation of Facial Recognition Application System".
3483:
3455:
3352:
3327:
3246:
3221:
3196:
3145:
3120:
3095:
3070:
3045:
3017:
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2892:
2867:
2818:
2581:
2556:
2442:
2437:
2399:
2152:
1710:
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1565:
near a ticket booth and scanned concert-goers as they entered the facility for known
1523:
1282:
1220:
945:
702:
418:
330:
6823:
5559:"Watch the Watchmen Series Part 4: The National Automated Facial Recognition System"
5471:"Country policy and information note: Falun Gong, China, November 2023 (accessible)"
3714:
3697:
3679:
94:
Automatic ticket gate with face recognition system in Osaka Metro Morinomiya Station
9447:
9437:
9244:
9038:
8988:
8983:
8926:
8914:
8691:
8180:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
8155:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
6988:
6978:
6801:
5161:
4437:
4421:
3844:
3657:
3418:
3307:
3014:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
2989:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
2964:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
2939:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
2914:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
2339:
2190:
2060:
1913:
1848:
1800:
1779:
1606:
1515:
1487:
1475:
1456:
1286:
1278:
1028:
737:
565:
442:
434:
430:
182:
146:
129:
Development began on similar systems in the 1960s, beginning as a form of computer
8590:"Face masks are breaking facial recognition algorithms, says new government study"
6135:"At least 11 police forces use face recognition in the EU, AlgorithmWatch reveals"
5883:"8.3 lakh cameras in Telangana, Hyderabad turning into surveillance city: Amnesty"
4410:"Facial Recognition Technology in 2021: Masks, Bias, and the Future of Healthcare"
2811:"Facebook, Citing Societal Concerns, Plans to Shut Down Facial Recognition System"
9560:
9504:
9326:
8968:
8888:
8361:"Masks can fool facial recognition systems, but the algorithms are learning fast"
7926:
7582:"How white engineers built racist code – and why it's dangerous for black people"
6983:
6776:"Privacy Principles for Facial Recognition Technology in Commercial Applications"
6483:"Windows 10's Photos app is getting smarter image search just like Google Photos"
5185:"China's massive investment in artificial intelligence has an insidious downside"
2389:
2369:
2354:
2301:
2183:
2011:, Massachusetts. As of June 10, 2020, municipal use has been banned in:
1787:
1527:
1463:
1416:
1389:
1313:
1160:
1023:
program to include face recognition, as well as more traditional biometrics like
641:
438:
354:
223:
219:
186:
166:
31:
7654:
Ronald Leenes; Rosamunde van Brakel; Serge Gutwirth; Paul de Hert, eds. (2018).
6841:
3862:
Cole, Sally (June 2018). "U.S. Army's AI facial recognition works in the dark".
2159:, which are regarded as the two most important ways in which humans communicate
850:
some diseases using specific features on the nose, cheeks and other part of the
9534:
9499:
9489:
9314:
9072:
8898:
8773:
8468:"Privacy visor which blocks facial recognition software set for public release"
8102:
7997:"Human Rights Groups Call On The University of Miami To Ban Facial Recognition"
7386:"Facial recognition row: police gave King's Cross owner images of seven people"
7325:
7298:
5367:"Hong Kong Exposes Both Sides Of China's Relentless Facial Recognition Machine"
5075:"From ale to jail: facial recognition catches criminals at China beer festival"
4425:
4217:"Windows 10 says "Hello" to logging in with your face and the end of passwords"
4093:
3547:
Reliable Face Recognition Methods: System Design, Implementation and Evaluation
3142:
Reliable Face Recognition Methods: System Design, Implementation and Evaluation
3117:
Reliable Face Recognition Methods: System Design, Implementation and Evaluation
3067:
Reliable Face Recognition Methods: System Design, Implementation and Evaluation
2101:
1925:
1908:
1872:
1678:
1462:
Of the Rite Aid stores examined by Reuters in 2020, those in communities where
1440:
763:
729:
509:
493:
198:
27:
Technology capable of matching a face from an image against a database of faces
8695:
7910:
6264:
4570:"Panoptic Tracker, Finance (Pension Cell) Department, Government of Meghalaya"
4544:"Joint Statement: Say no to Aadhaar based Facial Recognition for Vaccination!"
4383:
3191:
Malay K. Kundu; Sushmita Mitra; Debasis Mazumdar; Sankar K. Pal, eds. (2012).
3040:
Malay K. Kundu; Sushmita Mitra; Debasis Mazumdar; Sankar K. Pal, eds. (2012).
2844:"IBM will no longer offer, develop, or research facial recognition technology"
1973:, introduced regulations that will require agencies to gain approval from the
1738:
recognition technology were discussed and represent the need for updating the
892:
512:
of the face is then, in the fourth step, matched against a database of faces.
337:
Until the 1990s, facial recognition systems were developed primarily by using
9739:
9479:
9459:
9376:
9055:
8741:
8627:
7906:
7805:
7769:
7506:
7363:
6856:
Who is who at different cameras: people re-identification using depth cameras
6699:
6648:
6456:
5509:
5001:
4775:
4741:
4433:
4286:
4038:
3661:
2822:
2636:
2457:
2452:
2210:
2082:
2029:
1852:
1809:
1776:
1726:
1602:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1511:
1393:
1159:
the first on the use of facial recognition systems in China. In August 2020,
1128:
997:
725:
585:
318:
313:
279:
264:
215:
194:
126:, and works by pinpointing and measuring facial features from a given image.
107:
7984:"West Lafayette City Council approves ban on facial recognition technology"
5710:"Uttarakhand Police acquire face recognition software to help nab criminals"
3905:
Emerging Technology in Modelling and Graphics: Proceedings of IEM Graph 2018
3848:
3715:"Army Builds Face Recognition Technology that Works in Low-Light Conditions"
3268:"Ukraine uses facial recognition software to identify dead Russian soldiers"
1855:
asked for more information on the use of facial recognition technology from
834:
the dark. This is done by using a "Flood Illuminator", which is a dedicated
9565:
9396:
8811:
7444:"NY AG Letitia James presses MSG over use of facial recognition technology"
7095:
7002:
6272:
5792:"Home Ministry moves to get automated facial recognition system for police"
4823:"Here's How Many Adult Faces Are Scanned From Facial Recognition Databases"
4569:
4451:
4384:"Facial Recognition: How it works, Applications, Business ideas & More"
2427:
2144:
1978:
1970:
1944:
1940:
1876:
1768:
1558:
1290:
1164:
1155:
941:
897:
529:
449:
405:
Real-time face detection in video footage became possible in 2001 with the
386:
382:
358:
235:
119:
8648:
7856:"Somerville City Council passes facial recognition ban – The Boston Globe"
7635:
Grother, Patrick J.; Ngan, Mei L.; Hanaoka, Kayee K. (December 19, 2019).
7527:
Grother, Patrick; Quinn, George; Phillips, P. Jonathon (August 24, 2011).
7415:"Judgement: Bridges v South Wales Police - Courts and Tribunals Judiciary"
5584:
4671:"Facial recognition technology is coming to Canadian airports this spring"
1920:(DPA) issued its first ever financial penalty for a violation of the EU's
556:
Popular recognition algorithms include principal component analysis using
9661:
9432:
9341:
9336:
8958:
8936:
5657:
4863:"Real-Time Facial Recognition Is Available, But Will U.S. Police Buy It?"
2132:
1363:
1255:
1144:
1127:(IJOP), a police surveillance app used to collect data on, and track the
1124:
1024:
822:
775:
661:
227:
178:
169:, passenger screening, decisions on employment and housing and automatic
150:
7529:"Report on the Evaluation of 2D Still-Image Face Recognition Algorithms"
6805:
5958:
4311:"The five biggest questions about Apple's new facial recognition system"
817:
on the flagship iPhone X as a biometric authentication successor to the
302:
databases, in some instances this included facial recognition. In 1999,
30:"Face recognition" redirects here. For the human cognitive process, see
9555:
9514:
9509:
9422:
9331:
9239:
9151:
9131:
8768:
7551:"Rise of the racist robots – how AI is learning all our worst impulses"
6722:
5242:
5238:"Alibaba-backed facial recognition startup Megvii raises $ 750 million"
5134:
5131:"Chinese police are using smart glasses to identify potential suspects"
4990:"TSA is adding face recognition at big airports. Here's how to opt out"
4764:"The Met Police will start using live facial recognition across London"
4358:"Infrared video shows off the iPhone X's new Face ID feature in action"
3956:"Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do"
2202:
2168:
1993:
banned the usage of facial recognition technology by city departments.
1254:, the Mexican government employed face recognition software to prevent
810:
798:
smartphone introduced facial recognition to the product line with its "
791:
771:
733:
732:. It identifies human faces in digital images. It employs a nine-layer
668:
A different form of taking input data for face recognition is by using
645:
537:
410:
375:
362:
283:
142:
134:
111:
5585:"Justice K.S.Puttaswamy(Retd) vs Union Of India on 26 September, 2018"
5211:"China bets on facial recognition in big drive for total surveillance"
306:
incorporated the facial recognition system FaceIT by Visionics into a
9550:
9519:
9417:
9261:
9224:
9161:
9115:
9110:
9095:
8714:
Garvie, Clare; Bedoya, Alvaro; Frankle, Jonathan (October 18, 2016).
5602:
2432:
2394:
2314:
2281:
2275:
2214:
1755:
1681:, Florida, had similarly disappointing results. A system at Boston's
1574:
1308:. Face recognition systems "made in China" were also deployed at the
1104:
1031:, which can pull from both criminal and civil databases. The federal
993:
929:
921:
861:
779:
710:
557:
525:
505:
489:
426:
346:
303:
299:
190:
7911:"Automated Anti-Blackness: Facial Recognition in Brooklyn, New York"
7756:
Conger, Kate; Fausset, Richard; Kovaleski, Serge F. (May 14, 2019).
6561:"Taylor Swift used airport-style facial recognition on concertgoers"
6218:
6114:. The State Council, The people's Republic of China. August 15, 2016
4845:"The trouble with facial recognition technology (in the real world)"
4467:"How AI Is Using Facial Detection To Spot Rare Diseases In Children"
3452:
Template Matching Techniques in Computer Vision: Theory and Practice
3241:
Kumar Datta, Asit; Datta, Madhura; Kumar Banerjee, Pradipta (2015).
1486:
In 2019, facial recognition to prevent theft was in use at Sydney's
9452:
9284:
8715:
7267:"London's King's Cross uses facial recognition in security cameras"
5321:"A lawsuit against face-scans in China could have big consequences"
4698:"Face Off: The lawless growth of facial recognition in UK policing"
4167:"Galaxy S8 face recognition already defeated with a simple picture"
3831:
2379:
2359:
2263:
2206:
2160:
2140:
2136:
1958:
1900:
1759:
1751:
1566:
1452:
1420:
1274:
1132:
1116:
835:
818:
795:
783:
721:
706:
698:
694:
637:
422:
366:
307:
202:
138:
115:
6586:"Manchester City tries facial recognition to beat football queues"
3822:
Thermal to Visible Synthesis of Face Images Using Multiple Regions
3791:"Army develops face recognition technology that works in the dark"
2536:
1791:
first reported that facial recognition software was in use in the
1518:, during a trial of a facial recognition technology for park entry
9575:
9412:
9366:
9289:
9189:
9184:
9136:
8761:
Perpetual Line Up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America
8717:
Perpetual Line Up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America
6611:"Manchester City warned against using facial recognition on fans"
6333:
6246:"How CCTV surveillance poses a threat to privacy in South Africa"
5394:"Facial recognition forced on 800 million Chinese internet users"
5298:
4881:"Police Facial Recognition Databases Log About Half Of Americans"
2418:
2364:
2218:
2088:
Reports in 2024 revealed that some police departments, including
1718:
1448:
1444:
1412:
1305:
1172:
1096:
976:
Flight boarding gate with "biometric face scanners" developed by
872:
814:
799:
473:
185:, and do not protect important biometric data. The appearance of
8703:"The Face Detection Algorithm Set to Revolutionize Image Search"
8616:"Face masks give facial recognition software an identity crisis"
8442:"Eyeglasses with Face Un-Recognition Function to Debut in Japan"
8077:"EU drops idea of facial recognition ban in public areas: paper"
9590:
9570:
9442:
9234:
8788:
5371:
4275:"Apple iPhone X Production Woe Sparked by Juliet and Her Romeo"
4244:"Apple iPhone X Production Woe Sparked by Juliet and Her Romeo"
3140:
Wechsler, Harry (2009). Malay K. Kundu; Sushmita Mitra (eds.).
3089:
3065:
Wechsler, Harry (2009). Malay K. Kundu; Sushmita Mitra (eds.).
2156:
2025:
2008:
1705:
Civil rights organizations and privacy campaigners such as the
1384:
1168:
1136:
1111:
As of late 2017, China has deployed facial recognition and
1001:
787:
747:
577:
478:
8672:
8542:"Some shirts hide you from cameras—but will anyone wear them?"
8128:
6750:"Top Five Biometrics: Face, Fingerprint, Iris, Palm and Voice"
6054:
6052:
6050:
5291:
3819:
Riggan, Benjamin; Short, Nathaniel; Hu, Shuowen (March 2018).
3482:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 183.
3240:
549:
features, providing a sort of compressed face representation.
9391:
9371:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9309:
9141:
7469:"Photo Algorithms ID White Men Fine—Black Women, Not So Much"
7352:"Facial recognition technology scrapped at King's Cross site"
6959:"Error Rates in Users of Automatic Face Recognition Software"
4972:"Facial recognition at airports: Everything you need to know"
3981:"Facebook's DeepFace shows serious facial recognition skills"
3605:
2889:
The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook
2007:, use of facial recognition by city government was banned in
1562:
1542:
recognition systems were typically used as access control in
1265:. FaceFirst Inc also built the facial recognition system for
520:
8022:"Governor signs police overhaul into law - The Boston Globe"
7164:"Facebook Can Now Find Your Face, Even When It's Not Tagged"
6700:"Face recognition - Everything you need to know | Vidispine"
6383:"The Good Guys scrap 'creepy' camera feature after backlash"
2513:
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
2304:
which changed its algorithm to lower Fawkes' effectiveness.
2070:
On October 27, 2020, 22 human rights groups called upon the
1953:
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act
1043:
U.S. citizenship will be deleted within up to 12-hours. The
9381:
7964:"Portland passes broadest facial recognition ban in the US"
7882:"Oakland Becomes Third U.S. City to Ban Facial Recognition"
7827:"Somerville Bans Government Use Of Facial Recognition Tech"
6191:
6047:
5735:"Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS)"
2785:"Facebook is shutting down its facial recognition software"
2270:
2179:
1896:
1714:
851:
601:
591:
497:
421:
approach to object recognition in digital images to launch
274:
Following the 1993 FERET face-recognition vendor test, the
214:
Automated facial recognition was pioneered in the 1960s by
209:
103:
8516:"How Japan's Privacy Visor fools face-recognition cameras"
7794:"San Francisco Bans Agency Use of Facial Recognition Tech"
7637:"Face Recognition Vendor Test Part 3: Demographic Effects"
7492:
4720:"UK police arrest man via automatic face-recognition tech"
4142:"Don't rely on Face Unlock to keep your phone secure"
3696:
Socolinsky, Diego A.; Selinger, Andrea (January 1, 2004).
2529:
2506:"Face Recognition based Smart Attendance System Using IoT"
1866:
1392:" and the ability to "reate loyalty programs by combining
656:
623:
250:(ARL) established the face recognition technology program
197:. Growing societal concerns led social networking company
6192:"Politie gaat verdachten opsporen met gezichtsherkenning"
5446:"Pandemic, Persecution and Pushback - Surveillance State"
4621:"Smartgates Face editing for the mins of the can we have"
3220:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 14–15.
3069:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 11–12.
2115:
in February 2021. More than 60 organizations call on the
1455:
are among other US retailers also engaged in large-scale
920:
have set up an automated border processing system called
728:
facial recognition system created by a research group at
365:
features in human faces. A human face is calculated as a
345:(PCA). The PCA method of face detection is also known as
268:
8334:
7604:
7602:
6884:"Birmingham City Centre CCTV Installs Visionics' FaceIt"
6637:"Facial Recognition's Next Big Play: the Sports Stadium"
5292:
Cheng Leng; Yingzhi Yang; Ryan Woo (February 20, 2020).
3902:
3519:
Deep face recognition using full and partial face images
2580:. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 395.
2239:
and sunglasses, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic.
1677:
An experiment in 2002 by the local police department in
802:" platform, which uses an infrared illumination system.
758:
The emerging use of facial recognition is in the use of
102:
is a technology potentially capable of matching a human
7017:"EFF Sues FBI For Access to Facial-Recognition Records"
6854:
Albiol, A., Albiol, A., Oliver, J., Mossi, J.M.(2012).
6795:
6716:
5959:"Section 8(1)(d) in The Right To Information Act, 2005"
5933:
5603:"We might be in the market for a new kind of face mask"
5530:
5498:"Facial Recognition Is Accurate, if You're a White Guy"
4002:"Why Facebook is beating the FBI at facial recognition"
3505:
International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology
1490:
and was also deployed at gaming venues in New Zealand.
7755:
6059:
Selinger, Evan; Polonetsky, Jules; Tene, Omer (2018).
6058:
5553:
5551:
5340:"New evidence showing Tencent monitors overseas users"
5024:""Skynet", China's massive video surveillance network"
4798:"UK court says face recognition violates human rights"
3549:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 196.
3534:
Advanced Methods and Deep Learning in Computer Vision)
3373:"Airport Facial Recognition Passenger Flow Management"
3094:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 198.
2612:"Racial Discrimination in Face Recognition Technology"
1620:
900:: face recognition and vehicle make, model, color and
830:(CPU) to confirm a match with the phone owner's face.
8129:"Reclaim Your Face: Ban Biometric Mass Surveillance!"
7599:
6190:
Techredacteur, Joost Schellevis (December 16, 2016).
5531:"NCRB's National Automated Facial Recognition System"
4898:
Rector, Kevin; Knezevich, Alison (October 17, 2016).
3698:"Thermal Face Recognition in an Operational Scenario"
3195:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29.
3144:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 12.
3119:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 12.
3044:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29.
2713:
Understanding bias in facial recognition technologies
2663:"Facing gender bias in facial recognition technology"
1088:
Boarding gates with facial recognition technology at
7526:
6933:"How Worried Should We Be About Facial Recognition?"
4086:"TikTok agrees legal payout over facial recognition"
3903:
Kumar Mandal, Jyotsna; Bhattacharya, Debika (2019).
3351:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2.
3326:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1.
8713:
8491:"These Glasses Block Facial Recognition Technology"
7656:
Data Protection and Privacy: The Internet of Bodies
6956:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
5548:
3764:
3739:
3243:
Face Detection and Recognition: Theory and Practice
2726:"Study warns deepfakes can fool facial recognition"
1939:(CCPA). In March 2020 California residents filed a
7758:"San Francisco Bans Facial Recognition Technology"
7634:
7274:
7058:
7056:
3695:
3282:"Facial recognition technology is a valuable tool"
3090:Jun Wang; Laiwan Chan; DeLiang Wang, eds. (2012).
2224:
887:
862:Deployment of FRT for availing government services
736:with over 120 million connection weights, and was
500:, image size and photographic properties, such as
468:
329:The Viola–Jones algorithm for face detection uses
8801:A Photometric Stereo Approach to Face Recognition
5880:
4843:Kramer, Robin; Ritchie, Kay (December 14, 2016).
4027:"How TikTok's 'For You' Algorithm Actually Works"
1819:Automated Facial Recognition was trialled by the
1773:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
1459:or deployments of facial recognition technology.
1383:The US firm 3VR, now Identiv, is an example of a
1163:reported that in 2019 Geng Guanjun, a citizen of
118:of faces. Such a system is typically employed to
59:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
9737:
8255:Emotion Recognition: A Pattern Analysis Approach
8252:
8230:Emotion Recognition: A Pattern Analysis Approach
8227:
8205:Emotion Recognition: A Pattern Analysis Approach
8202:
7951:Boston mayor OKs ban on facial recognition tech
7239:
7019:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. June 26, 2013.
6305:
6112:"'Made-in-China' products shine at Rio Olympics"
5789:
2886:
2205:acquired the facial feature emotion recognition
1959:Bans on the use of facial recognition technology
982:Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
361:. Eigenfaces are determined based on global and
7940:Boston mayor OKs ban on facial recognition tech
7111:
7053:
6445:"Is face recognition just high-tech snake oil?"
4897:
4742:"Police use of facial recognition ruled lawful"
2855:
2853:
2262:. Incidentally, the makeup styles popular with
2246:In January 2013, Japanese researchers from the
1615:
1415:news agency reported that during the 2010s the
1217:Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems
1207:Under the Supreme Court of India's decision in
290:were at that point a commonly accepted form of
7536:National Institute of Standards and Technology
7299:"King's Cross facial recognition investigated"
4407:
3544:
2330:Artificial intelligence for video surveillance
1735:United States Government Accountability Office
1378:
1234:The government of Delhi in collaboration with
417:combined their face detection method with the
8827:
7610:"Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Ongoing"
7062:
6189:
6031:. Business Wire. May 11, 2000. Archived from
4842:
4408:Libby, Christopher; Ehrenfeld, Jesse (2021).
4192:"How Facial Recognition Works in Xbox Kinect"
3818:
3651:
2809:Hill, Kashmir; Mac, Ryan (November 2, 2021).
2754:"IBM bows out of facial recognition market -"
2266:may also protect against facial recognition.
1985:, Massachusetts became the first city on the
766:for various computing platforms and devices;
8841:
7412:
7323:
6789:
6674:Walt Disney World Park Entry Technology Test
6526:
4838:
4836:
4795:
3767:Face Recognition Across the Imaging Spectrum
3742:Face Recognition Across the Imaging Spectrum
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
2850:
1669:Critics of the technology complain that the
705:applications already on the market, such as
617:
389:of the face structure to link the features.
8335:"CV Dazzle: Camouflage from Face Detection"
7961:
7244:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
6438:
6436:
6434:
6132:
6063:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
5364:
2782:
2292:'s 'Camera Adversaria' camera app, and the
1963:
1844:. Such a Bill has yet to come into force .
1194:Automated Facial Recognition System (India)
960:from beginning of 2020. In August 2020 the
580:representation, and the neuronal motivated
385:to record the face features and computed a
86:Facial recognition software at a US airport
8834:
8820:
8806:University of the West of England, Bristol
8276:
8274:
7441:
7326:"Tech Tent: Is your face on a watch list?"
6858:. Computer Vision, IET. Vol 6(5), 378–387.
6717:R. Kimmel and G. Sapiro (April 30, 2003).
6558:
6133:Kayser-Bril, Nicolas (December 11, 2019).
6061:The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Privacy
4209:
3930:"Evaluating Anti-Facial Recognition Tools"
3390:
3388:
3386:
137:and in other forms of technology, such as
9751:Automatic identification and data capture
8565:
6992:
6982:
6170:
5763:
5421:"AI aims to persecute Chinese Christians"
4833:
4441:
3830:
3597:
3563:
3477:
2689:"Sexism in Facial Recognition Technology"
2609:
2555:. DEStech Publications, Inc. p. 21.
2550:
2535:
1209:Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India
1184:Christians and Falun Gong practitioners.
782:introduced face recognition login to its
8720:. Center on Privacy & Technology at
8358:
8297:
8253:Konar, Amit; Chakraborty, Aruna (2015).
8228:Konar, Amit; Chakraborty, Aruna (2015).
8203:Konar, Amit; Chakraborty, Aruna (2015).
8046:. March 1, 2021 – via NYTimes.com.
7499:Proceedings of Machine Learning Research
6848:
6431:
6283:
6256:
6171:Coluccini, Riccardo (January 13, 2021).
6001:
5628:Barik, Soumyarendra (October 22, 2019).
5050:"16 parts of China are now using Skynet"
3876:
3300:
3139:
3114:
3064:
2660:
1505:
1083:
971:
891:
655:
621:
592:Human identification at a distance (HID)
519:
472:
324:
312:
244:Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
210:History of facial recognition technology
89:
81:
8587:
8383:
8381:
8328:
8326:
8271:
7879:
7850:
7848:
7788:
7786:
7548:
7383:
7349:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7085:
6896:
6380:
6350:
6348:
6341:from the original on December 19, 2020.
6219:"Meekijken met de 226 gemeentecamera's"
6151:
5881:U. Sudhakar Reddy (November 10, 2021).
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5764:Chowdhury, Sagnik (November 20, 2015).
5652:
5650:
5337:
4761:
4735:
4733:
4717:
4355:
4254:from the original on September 28, 2017
4062:. TikTok. June 18, 2020. Archived from
3877:Shontell, Alyson (September 15, 2015).
3620:
3383:
3035:
3033:
2859:
2808:
2723:
2325:Applications of artificial intelligence
1867:Imperfect technology in law enforcement
1627:Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC)
14:
9738:
8280:
8257:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187.
8232:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 186.
8207:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 185.
8103:"Facial recognition: EU considers ban"
7905:
7658:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 176.
7575:
7573:
7571:
7408:
7406:
7324:Cellan-Jones, Rory (August 16, 2019).
7264:
7112:Thomas Brewster (September 22, 2020).
6897:Willing, Richard (September 2, 2003).
6840:. passportcanada.gc.ca. Archived from
6744:
6742:
6740:
6710:
6559:Giaritelli, Anna (December 13, 2018).
6442:
6415:from the original on November 30, 2014
6399:
6354:
6326:
6243:
5418:
4940:
4938:
4272:
4241:
4060:"How TikTok recommends videos #ForYou"
3927:
3921:
3410:
3394:
3346:
3321:
3265:
3215:
2887:de Leeuw, Karl; Bergstra, Jan (2007).
2748:
2746:
2661:Security, Help Net (August 27, 2020).
2575:
2340:Biometric technology in access control
2126:
1649:Face recognition is less effective if
1599:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
1316:provided 145 inspection terminals for
1045:Transportation Security Administration
407:Viola–Jones object detection framework
288:Driver's licenses in the United States
8815:
8488:
8387:
8177:
8152:
8056:
7703:
7493:Joy Buolamwini; Timnit Gebru (2018).
7442:Sheidlower, Noah (January 25, 2023).
7265:Murgia, Madhumita (August 12, 2019).
7069:Center for Democracy & Technology
6930:
6719:"The Mathematics of Face Recognition"
6634:
6463:from the original on January 24, 2002
6092:from the original on October 12, 2014
6002:Chunduru, Aditya (December 2, 2020).
5627:
5048:Chan, Tara Francis (March 27, 2018).
4692:
4690:
4688:
4381:
4305:
4303:
3814:
3812:
3709:
3707:
3691:
3689:
3397:"How Facial Recognition Systems Work"
3011:
2986:
2961:
2936:
2911:
2863:The Quest for Artificial Intelligence
2860:Nilsson, Nils J. (October 30, 2009).
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
1700:
1472:racial profiling in the United States
1396:(POS) data with facial recognition".
9672:Generative adversarial network (GAN)
8613:
8378:
8323:
7845:
7819:
7783:
7729:
7678:
7579:
7094:Cackley, Alicia Puente (July 2015).
7082:
6867:
6670:"Facial Recognition Technology Test"
6345:
6327:Dastin, Jeffrey L. (July 28, 2020).
6262:
6216:
6152:Pedriti, Corina (January 28, 2021).
5835:
5815:
5647:
5495:
5235:
5047:
5021:
4739:
4730:
3953:
3861:
3629:"Three-dimensional face recognition"
3606:"Facial recognition progress report"
3603:
3576:
3030:
2687:Team, Lumen Database (May 5, 2021).
2686:
2350:Computer processing of body language
1125:Integrated Joint Operations Platform
1123:reported finding Face++ code in the
568:using the Fisherface algorithm, the
40:
8777:, 20 November 2023, pp. 20–26.
8649:"Fawkes AI - University of Chicago"
8539:
8465:
8359:Heilweil, Rebecca (July 28, 2020).
7880:Haskins, Caroline (July 17, 2019).
7568:
7549:Buranyi, Stephen (August 8, 2017).
7403:
7271:Financial Times (subscription site)
6737:
6265:"3VR Featured on Fox Business News"
5707:
5313:
5263:
5257:
5229:
4935:
4718:Anthony, Sebastian (June 6, 2017).
4273:Kubota, Yoko (September 27, 2017).
4242:Kubota, Yoko (September 27, 2017).
4092:. February 26, 2021. Archived from
3347:Li, Stan Z.; Jain, Anil K. (2005).
3322:Li, Stan Z.; Jain, Anil K. (2005).
3216:Li, Stan Z.; Jain, Anil K. (2005).
2743:
2095:
1857:Madison Square Garden Entertainment
1812:revealed that in a secret deal the
1721:is being compromised by the use of
1621:Compared to other biometric systems
1056:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1054:In 2019, researchers reported that
677:U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
24:
8666:
8332:
7962:Rachel Metz (September 10, 2020).
7350:Sabbagh, Dan (September 2, 2019).
7063:Harley Geiger (December 6, 2011).
6400:Greene, Lisa (February 15, 2001).
6381:Scanlan, Rebekah (June 29, 2022).
6355:Mayhew, Stephen (March 17, 2019).
4762:Burgess, Matt (January 24, 2020).
4685:
4464:
4382:Okeke, Nnamdi (October 13, 2022).
4356:Heisler, Yoni (November 3, 2017).
4300:
4139:
3809:
3704:
3686:
3626:
3579:"Better Face-Recognition Software"
3301:Italiano, Laura (April 15, 2022).
2594:
2486:Outline of artificial intelligence
2448:Three-dimensional face recognition
2335:Automatic number plate recognition
2163:to other humans. In the 1970s the
1975:San Francisco Board of Supervisors
1922:General Data Protection Regulation
1905:General Data Protection Regulation
1890:
1664:
1643:Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute
1501:
1399:
1357:
1252:2000 Mexican presidential election
1236:Indian Space Research Organisation
1040:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
978:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
846:Facial recognition algorithms can
753:
651:
633:Three-dimensional face recognition
203:Facebook facial recognition system
25:
9777:
8781:
8747:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
8439:
8281:Fowler, Gary (October 14, 2019).
7730:Burt, Chris (February 24, 2020).
7683:. Packt Publishing. p. 320.
7213:
6506:
6443:Krause, Mike (January 14, 2002).
6086:"Panama puts names to more faces"
6083:
5790:Sudhi Ranjan Sen (July 8, 2019).
4740:Rees, Jenny (September 4, 2019).
3478:Zhang, David; Jain, Anil (2006).
3416:
2569:
2248:National Institute of Informatics
1933:Biometric Information Privacy Act
1918:Swedish Data Protection Authority
1797:Information Commissioner's Office
1765:Biometric Information Privacy Act
1740:privacy laws of the United States
1641:Ralph Gross, a researcher at the
1406:Retail Federation Loss Prevention
1327:
770:added facial recognition using a
9710:
9709:
9689:
8787:
8641:
8607:
8588:Vincent, James (July 28, 2020).
8581:
8566:Schreiber, Hope (July 2, 2018).
8559:
8533:
8508:
8489:Stone, Maddie (August 8, 2015).
8482:
8459:
8433:
8407:
8352:
8246:
8221:
8196:
8171:
8146:
8121:
8095:
8069:
8050:
8032:
8014:
7989:
7978:
7955:
7944:
7933:
7899:
7873:
7749:
7723:
7697:
7672:
7647:
7628:
7542:
7520:
7501:. Vol. 81. pp. 77–91.
7486:
7461:
7435:
7413:Judiciary UK (August 11, 2020).
7384:Sabbagh, Dan (October 4, 2019).
7377:
7343:
7317:
7291:
7258:
7240:Skinner-Thompson, Scott (2020).
7233:
7207:
7181:
7156:
7131:
7105:
7065:"Facial Recognition and Privacy"
7023:
7009:
6950:
6924:
6890:
6876:
6872:. London: UK Guardian newspaper.
6861:
6830:
6768:
6692:
6662:
6628:
6603:
6578:
6552:
6500:
6475:
6393:
6374:
6237:
6210:
6183:
6164:
6145:
6126:
6104:
6077:
6021:
5995:
5969:
5951:
5926:
5900:
5874:
5809:
5783:
5757:
5727:
5701:
5675:
5621:
5595:
5577:
5523:
5496:Lohr, Steve (February 9, 2018).
5489:
5463:
5438:
5412:
5386:
5358:
5331:
5285:
5203:
5177:
5149:
5123:
5093:
5067:
5041:
5022:Shen, Xinmei (October 4, 2018).
5015:
4918:"Next Generation Identification"
4796:Danica Kirka (August 11, 2020).
3395:Bonsor, K. (September 4, 2001).
3266:Severi, Misty (April 15, 2022).
2783:Rachel Metz (November 2, 2021).
2463:Fawkes (image cloaking software)
2405:Multimedia information retrieval
2375:Face Recognition Grand Challenge
2119:to strictly regulate the use of
1695:
1423:had deployed facial recognition
1245:
1033:Government Accountability Office
967:
768:Android 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich"
45:
7704:Pascu, Luana (March 16, 2020).
6635:Olson, Parmy (August 1, 2020).
6534:"Face Recognition Applications"
6402:"Face scans match few suspects"
5816:Jain, Anushka (July 15, 2020).
5708:Das, Kalyan (August 27, 2018).
5365:Zak Doffman (August 26, 2019).
4982:
4964:
4910:
4891:
4873:
4855:
4815:
4789:
4755:
4711:
4663:
4638:
4613:
4587:
4562:
4536:
4510:
4484:
4458:
4401:
4375:
4349:
4328:
4266:
4235:
4184:
4159:
4133:
4108:
4078:
4052:
4019:
3994:
3973:
3947:
3896:
3870:
3855:
3783:
3758:
3733:
3645:
3538:
3511:
3496:
3471:
3444:
3435:
3365:
3340:
3315:
3294:
3274:
3259:
3234:
3209:
3184:
3158:
3133:
3108:
3083:
3058:
3005:
2980:
2955:
2930:
2905:
2880:
2836:
2802:
2776:
2760:. June 10, 2020. Archived from
2724:Wiggers, Kyle (March 5, 2022).
2717:
2693:Berkman Klein Center Collection
2225:Anti-facial recognition systems
2151:has since the 1970s focused on
2090:San Francisco Police Department
1937:California Consumer Privacy Act
1370:
934:Vancouver International Airport
907:
888:Deployment in security services
786:video game console through its
688:
622:
469:Techniques for face recognition
9622:Recurrent neural network (RNN)
9612:Differentiable neural computer
8614:Hern, Alex (August 21, 2020).
7580:Brel, Ali (December 4, 2017).
7035:American Civil Liberties Union
6886:. Business Wire. June 2, 2008.
5419:Dustin, Tim (April 10, 2023).
3928:Bryson, Kevin (May 20, 2023).
2866:. Cambridge University Press.
2706:
2680:
2654:
2629:
2610:SITNFlash (October 24, 2020).
2551:Chen, S.K; Chang, Y.H (2014).
2544:
2523:
2498:
2476:List of computer vision topics
2298:Fawkes image cloaking software
1998:American Civil Liberties Union
1949:Privacy Commissioner of Canada
1707:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1367:the police on municipal CCTV.
1049:American Civil Liberties Union
1021:Next Generation Identification
774:'s front camera as a means of
742:Next Generation Identification
683:
675:In 2018, researchers from the
611:nearest neighbour distribution
515:
477:Automatic face detection with
448:Ukraine is using the US-based
13:
1:
9667:Variational autoencoder (VAE)
9627:Long short-term memory (LSTM)
8894:Computational learning theory
8390:"Blocking Facial Recognition"
7031:"Q&A On Face-Recognition"
6868:Meek, James (June 13, 2002).
6244:Duncan, Jane (June 4, 2018).
6217:Boon, Lex (August 25, 2018).
6088:. IHS Jane's Airport Review.
5739:National Crime Records Bureau
5475:The United Kingdom Government
5338:Xiaoshan, Huang; Wen, Cheng.
5107:. OpenGovAsia. Archived from
3934:physicalsciences.uchicago.edu
2941:. NYU Press. pp. 49–50.
2916:. NYU Press. pp. 48–49.
2491:
2481:List of emerging technologies
2410:Multilinear subspace learning
2113:European Citizens' Initiative
1636:
1498:its trial of the technology.
1493:In June 2022, consumer group
1476:local and national crime data
1430:law enforcement organizations
1267:Tocumen International Airport
932:. This program first came to
841:
716:anti-facial recognition masks
574:multilinear subspace learning
393:and his research team at the
151:fingerprint image acquisition
9647:Convolutional neural network
8540:Cox, Kate (April 10, 2020).
7193:International Business Times
6984:10.1371/journal.pone.0139827
6536:. Animetrics. Archived from
3765:Thirimachos Bourlai (2016).
3740:Thirimachos Bourlai (2016).
3349:Handbook of Face Recognition
3324:Handbook of Face Recognition
3218:Handbook of Face Recognition
2253:adversarial machine learning
1616:Advantages and disadvantages
1578:reported that the UAE-owned
1481:
1204:recognition process."
1152:Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
1090:Beijing West railway station
566:elastic bunch graph matching
562:linear discriminant analysis
399:Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
372:linear discriminant analysis
343:principal component analysis
276:Department of Motor Vehicles
7:
9642:Multilayer perceptron (MLP)
8309:National Science Foundation
6721:. SIAM News. Archived from
5981:Internet Freedom Foundation
5822:Internet Freedom Foundation
5607:Internet Freedom Foundation
5563:Internet Freedom Foundation
5398:Radio France Internationale
5264:Dai, Sarah (June 5, 2019).
4650:New Zealand Customs Service
4548:Internet Freedom Foundation
2307:
2231:convolutional AI technology
2165:Facial Action Coding System
1530:in January 2001, police in
1478:, and site infrastructure.
1379:Deployment in retail stores
1263:National Police of Colombia
1201:Internet Freedom Foundation
1103:In 2018, Chinese police in
1081:population in two seconds.
918:New Zealand Customs Service
877:Internet Freedom Foundation
18:Facial recognition software
10:
9782:
9718:Artificial neural networks
9632:Gated recurrent unit (GRU)
8858:Differentiable programming
8182:. NYU Press. p. 161.
8157:. NYU Press. p. 156.
6838:"Passport Canada – Photos"
6291:"Improve Customer Service"
5236:Liao, Rita (May 8, 2019).
4426:10.1007/s10916-021-01723-w
4414:Journal of Medical Systems
3883:Business Insider Singapore
2400:National biometric id card
2385:Glasgow Face Matching Test
2199:Carnegie Mellon University
2051:Springfield, Massachusetts
2046:Northampton, Massachusetts
1887:system has 100% accuracy.
1271:Panamanian National Police
1191:
1187:
1072:Mass surveillance in China
1069:
805:
391:Christoph von der Malsburg
159:human–computer interaction
29:
9685:
9599:
9543:
9472:
9405:
9277:
9177:
9170:
9124:
9088:
9051:Artificial neural network
9031:
8907:
8874:Automatic differentiation
8847:
8794:Facial recognition system
8696:10.1016/j.dsp.2014.04.008
8676:Digital Signal Processing
3907:. Springer. p. 672.
3864:Military Embedded Systems
3769:. Springer. p. 140.
3744:. Springer. p. 142.
3654:2007 Biometrics Symposium
3016:. NYU Press. p. 54.
2991:. NYU Press. p. 53.
2966:. NYU Press. p. 52.
2891:. Elsevier. p. 266.
2345:Coke Zero Facial Profiler
2056:Somerville, Massachusetts
1907:(GDPR) the processing of
1723:surveillance technologies
1597:In August 2020, amid the
1335:
1320:and 55 terminals for the
618:3-dimensional recognition
100:facial recognition system
8879:Neuromorphic engineering
8842:Differentiable computing
6931:Meyer, Robinson (2015).
6676:. Disney. Archived from
5271:South China Morning Post
5028:South China Morning Post
4887:. NPR. October 23, 2016.
3795:Army Research Laboratory
3662:10.1109/BCC.2007.4430529
3115:Wechsler, Harry (2009).
2041:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2036:Brookline, Massachusetts
1964:United States of America
1951:for compliance with the
1671:London Borough of Newham
1348:
1302:Federal Police of Brazil
1065:
1019:has also instituted its
989:U.S. Department of State
866:
760:ID verification services
644:to treat expressions as
628:3D model of a human face
248:Army Research Laboratory
124:ID verification services
9652:Residual neural network
9068:Artificial Intelligence
8804:(master's thesis). The
8446:The Wall Street Journal
6641:The Wall Street Journal
6361:www.biometricupdate.com
5425:Global Christian Relief
4625:Australian Border Force
4279:The Wall Street Journal
4248:The Wall Street Journal
3849:10.1109/WACV.2018.00010
3545:Harry Wechsler (2009).
1181:Protestors in Hong Kong
1113:artificial intelligence
914:Australian Border Force
828:central processing unit
714:software by the use of
7242:Privacy at the Margins
6565:washingtonexaminer.com
3287:Los Angeles Daily News
2260:computer vision dazzle
2121:biometric surveillance
1519:
1435:According to director
1404:In 2018, the National
1390:greetings by employees
1304:used face recognition
1281:of sixty computers, a
1092:
984:
904:
790:accessory, as well as
665:
629:
536:Some face recognition
533:
481:
351:Karhunen–Loève theorem
339:photographic portraits
334:
322:
153:, palm recognition or
95:
87:
34:. For other uses, see
9756:Machine learning task
9607:Neural Turing machine
9195:Human image synthesis
8708:MIT Technology Review
8305:"Eureka Park Returns"
8178:Gates, Kelly (2011).
8153:Gates, Kelly (2011).
7929:– via ProQuest.
7915:Kennedy School Review
6293:. 3VR. Archived from
5687:The Financial Express
3960:MIT Technology Review
3012:Gates, Kelly (2011).
2987:Gates, Kelly (2011).
2962:Gates, Kelly (2011).
2937:Gates, Kelly (2011).
2912:Gates, Kelly (2011).
2294:University of Chicago
2100:In January 2020, the
2005:George Floyd protests
1861:Madison Square Garden
1842:Commissioner for CCTV
1717:express concern that
1509:
1087:
1010:death of Freddie Gray
975:
895:
659:
627:
607:signal-to-noise ratio
582:dynamic link matching
530:AT&T Laboratories
523:
476:
455:psychological warfare
328:
316:
259:was established by a
93:
85:
9698:Computer programming
9677:Graph neural network
9252:Text-to-video models
9230:Text-to-image models
9078:Large language model
9063:Scientific computing
8869:Statistical manifold
8864:Information geometry
8796:at Wikimedia Commons
8388:Marks, Paul (2020).
8057:MacMillan, Douglas.
7279:on December 10, 2022
7220:cookcountyrecord.com
6800:. pp. 912–917.
6409:St. Petersburg Times
6297:on August 14, 2012.
5745:on February 18, 2022
5111:on November 16, 2017
4996:. December 2, 2022.
4869:. NPR. May 10, 2018.
4096:on February 26, 2021
3245:. CRC. p. 123.
2764:on November 30, 2021
2576:Bramer, Max (2006).
2423:case-based reasoning
2016:Berkeley, California
1875:(MIT Media Lab) and
1572:On August 18, 2019,
1322:Deodoro Olympic Park
1310:2016 Summer Olympics
1156:Hangzhou Safari Park
1141:Coronavirus outbreak
902:license plate reader
395:University of Bochum
296:US prison population
292:photo identification
9044:In-context learning
8884:Pattern recognition
8688:2014DSP....31...13F
7736:BiometricUpdate.com
7710:BiometricUpdate.com
7679:Bock, Lisa (2020).
7616:. December 14, 2016
7195:. September 3, 2015
6975:2015PLoSO..1039827W
6806:10.1109/FG.2017.130
6331:. U.S. Legal News.
6269:Money for Breakfast
5914:. November 27, 2019
5689:. December 27, 2018
5662:bills.parliament.uk
5327:. November 9, 2019.
5215:The Washington Post
5081:. September 1, 2017
4829:. October 18, 2016.
4601:. November 18, 2021
3841:2018arXiv180307599R
3172:. November 12, 1997
2616:Science in the News
2519:(3): 5. March 2022.
2415:Pattern recognition
2201:. In the same year
2187:3D face recognition
2149:emotion recognition
2127:Emotion recognition
2117:European Commission
2072:University of Miami
2021:Oakland, California
1991:Oakland, California
1814:Metropolitan Police
1771:are relying on the
1549:The United States'
1343:European Commission
1312:in Rio de Janeiro.
1298:2014 FIFA World Cup
958:Metropolitan Police
954:Metropolitan Police
640:applied tools from
570:hidden Markov model
486:pattern recognition
261:identification card
9766:Video surveillance
9746:Facial recognition
9637:Echo state network
9525:JĂĽrgen Schmidhuber
9220:Facial recognition
9215:Speech recognition
9125:Software libraries
8749:. October 20, 2016
8466:Osborne, Charlie.
8421:. January 18, 2013
8109:. January 17, 2020
8083:. January 29, 2020
8044:The New York Times
7762:The New York Times
6912:on October 1, 2007
6756:. January 23, 2017
6263:Ross, Tim (2007).
5983:. December 1, 2020
5887:The Times of India
5870:on August 6, 2022.
5770:The Indian Express
5502:The New York Times
5400:. October 15, 2019
5346:on August 16, 2020
5191:. February 7, 2018
5137:. February 8, 2018
4978:. August 16, 2019.
3419:"Face Recognition"
2815:The New York Times
2320:Amazon Rekognition
2195:corporate spin-off
2153:facial expressions
1821:South Wales Police
1733:In July 2015, the
1701:Privacy violations
1651:facial expressions
1532:Tampa Bay, Florida
1526:championship game
1520:
1468:racial segregation
1425:video surveillance
1411:In July 2020, the
1121:Human Rights Watch
1093:
1038:Starting in 2018,
985:
950:South Wales Police
905:
848:help in diagnosing
666:
630:
598:face hallucination
534:
482:
335:
331:Haar-like features
323:
257:Viisage Technology
163:video surveillance
96:
88:
36:facial recognition
9733:
9732:
9495:Stephen Grossberg
9468:
9467:
8792:Media related to
8311:. January 7, 2013
8307:(Press release).
8133:Reclaim Your Face
7305:. August 15, 2019
7041:on March 24, 2015
6844:on March 1, 2009.
6815:978-1-5090-4023-0
6704:www.vidispine.com
6680:on April 22, 2021
6449:Enter Stage Right
5565:. October 7, 2020
5450:Falun Gong Report
4904:The Baltimore Sun
4705:Big Brother Watch
3671:978-1-4244-1548-9
3527:978-0-12-822109-9
3460:978-0-470-51706-2
2873:978-1-139-64282-8
2667:Help Net Security
2443:Template matching
2438:Super recognisers
2109:Reclaim Your Face
2079:police reform law
1851:Attorney General
1847:In January 2023,
1711:Big Brother Watch
1524:American football
1283:fiber-optic cable
1221:mass surveillance
1167:who had used the
946:Big Brother Watch
693:Founded in 2013,
544:Other algorithms
419:Haar-like feature
374:(LDA) to produce
278:(DMV) offices in
201:to shut down its
155:voice recognition
78:
77:
16:(Redirected from
9773:
9723:Machine learning
9713:
9712:
9693:
9448:Action selection
9438:Self-driving car
9245:Stable Diffusion
9210:Speech synthesis
9175:
9174:
9039:Machine learning
8915:Gradient descent
8836:
8829:
8822:
8813:
8812:
8791:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8699:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8385:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8330:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8278:
8269:
8268:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
7993:
7987:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7959:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7860:The Boston Globe
7852:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7790:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7606:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7577:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7533:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7278:
7273:. Archived from
7262:
7256:
7255:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7091:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7060:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7037:. Archived from
7027:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6986:
6969:(10): e0139827.
6954:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6905:. Archived from
6894:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6865:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6780:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6746:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6725:on July 15, 2007
6714:
6708:
6707:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6540:on July 13, 2008
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6440:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6406:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6352:
6343:
6342:
6324:
6303:
6302:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6250:The Conversation
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6056:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6035:on March 5, 2016
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5862:
5852:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5741:. Archived from
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5555:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5342:. Archived from
5335:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5165:. March 12, 2018
5162:Business Insider
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5054:Business Insider
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4831:
4830:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4694:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4574:Panoptic Project
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4550:. April 14, 2021
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4223:. March 17, 2015
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4066:on June 18, 2020
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3834:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3797:. April 16, 2018
3787:
3781:
3780:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3721:. April 18, 2018
3711:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3656:. pp. 1–6.
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3604:Crawford, Mark.
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3581:. Archived from
3577:Williams, Mark.
3574:
3561:
3560:
3542:
3536:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3475:
3469:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3308:Business Insider
3298:
3292:
3291:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2592:
2591:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2502:
2191:iris recognition
2063:– September 2020
2061:Portland, Oregon
1914:EU member states
1801:Elizabeth Denham
1607:Orlando, Florida
1544:security systems
1516:Orlando, Florida
1318:MaracanĂŁ Stadium
1289:and at about 30
1287:airport terminal
1279:computer cluster
703:Image augmenting
626:
443:teleconferencing
435:embedded systems
431:handheld devices
246:(DARPA) and the
183:racial profiling
147:iris recognition
73:
70:
64:
57:factual accuracy
49:
48:
41:
21:
9781:
9780:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9729:
9681:
9595:
9561:Google DeepMind
9539:
9505:Geoffrey Hinton
9464:
9401:
9327:Project Debater
9273:
9171:Implementations
9166:
9120:
9084:
9027:
8969:Backpropagation
8903:
8889:Tensor calculus
8843:
8840:
8784:
8752:
8750:
8735:
8726:
8724:
8669:
8667:Further reading
8664:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8647:
8646:
8642:
8632:
8630:
8612:
8608:
8598:
8596:
8586:
8582:
8572:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8550:
8548:
8538:
8534:
8524:
8522:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8499:
8497:
8487:
8483:
8473:
8471:
8464:
8460:
8450:
8448:
8438:
8434:
8424:
8422:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8398:
8396:
8386:
8379:
8369:
8367:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8331:
8324:
8314:
8312:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8288:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8226:
8222:
8215:
8201:
8197:
8190:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8135:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8055:
8051:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8026:BostonGlobe.com
8020:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7934:
7904:
7900:
7890:
7888:
7878:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7836:
7834:
7833:. June 28, 2019
7825:
7824:
7820:
7810:
7808:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7774:
7772:
7754:
7750:
7740:
7738:
7728:
7724:
7714:
7712:
7702:
7698:
7691:
7677:
7673:
7666:
7652:
7648:
7633:
7629:
7619:
7617:
7608:
7607:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7578:
7569:
7559:
7557:
7547:
7543:
7531:
7525:
7521:
7511:
7509:
7491:
7487:
7477:
7475:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
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5796:Hindustan Times
5788:
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5714:Hindustan Times
5706:
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5676:
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5638:
5636:
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5622:
5612:
5610:
5609:. July 18, 2019
5601:
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5583:
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5578:
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5557:
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5549:
5539:
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5514:
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5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5477:. April 4, 2024
5469:
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5105:opengovasia.com
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4994:Washington Post
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4542:
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4527:
4525:
4524:. April 7, 2021
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4498:. April 6, 2021
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4465:Kesari, Ganes.
4463:
4459:
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4140:Heater, Brian.
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3954:Simonite, Tom.
3952:
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3609:
3608:. SPIE Newsroom
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3585:on June 8, 2011
3575:
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3341:
3334:
3320:
3316:
3299:
3295:
3290:. May 15, 2022.
3280:
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2899:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2858:
2851:
2846:. June 9, 2020.
2842:
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2545:
2528:
2524:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2467:
2390:ISO/IEC 19794-5
2370:Face perception
2355:Computer vision
2310:
2302:Microsoft Azure
2227:
2211:MIT's Media Lab
2184:high resolution
2177:high-definition
2129:
2098:
2032:– June 30, 2020
1966:
1961:
1935:(BIPA) and the
1893:
1891:Data protection
1869:
1829:Court of Appeal
1788:Financial Times
1703:
1698:
1667:
1665:Ineffectiveness
1639:
1623:
1618:
1580:Manchester City
1528:Super Bowl XXXV
1504:
1502:Additional uses
1484:
1464:people of color
1402:
1381:
1373:
1360:
1358:The Netherlands
1351:
1338:
1330:
1314:Nuctech Company
1248:
1196:
1190:
1161:Radio Free Asia
1074:
1068:
970:
962:Court of Appeal
910:
896:Swiss European
890:
869:
864:
844:
808:
778:devices, while
756:
754:ID verification
691:
686:
670:thermal cameras
654:
652:Thermal cameras
642:metric geometry
620:
594:
518:
471:
439:user interfaces
357:, to develop a
355:factor analysis
224:graphics tablet
220:Helen Chan Wolf
212:
187:synthetic media
167:law enforcement
74:
68:
65:
62:
54:This article's
50:
46:
39:
32:face perception
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9779:
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9763:
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9540:
9538:
9537:
9535:Ilya Sutskever
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9500:Demis Hassabis
9497:
9492:
9490:Ian Goodfellow
9487:
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9098:
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9086:
9085:
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9080:
9073:Language model
9070:
9065:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9025:
9023:Autoregression
9020:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9003:
9001:Regularization
8998:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8964:Loss functions
8961:
8956:
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8939:
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8911:
8909:
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8904:
8902:
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8899:Inductive bias
8896:
8891:
8886:
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8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8853:
8851:
8845:
8844:
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8810:
8809:
8797:
8783:
8782:External links
8780:
8779:
8778:
8774:The New Yorker
8766:
8765:
8764:
8722:Georgetown Law
8711:
8700:
8668:
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8662:
8661:
8640:
8606:
8580:
8558:
8532:
8507:
8481:
8458:
8432:
8406:
8377:
8351:
8333:Harvey, Adam.
8322:
8296:
8270:
8263:
8245:
8238:
8220:
8213:
8195:
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8163:
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8120:
8094:
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8049:
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8013:
7988:
7977:
7954:
7943:
7932:
7907:Nkonde, Mutale
7898:
7872:
7844:
7818:
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7748:
7722:
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7689:
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7232:
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7180:
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7104:
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7052:
7022:
7008:
6949:
6923:
6889:
6875:
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6788:
6767:
6736:
6709:
6691:
6661:
6627:
6602:
6577:
6551:
6525:
6507:Perez, Sarah.
6499:
6474:
6430:
6392:
6373:
6344:
6304:
6282:
6255:
6236:
6209:
6182:
6163:
6158:AlgorithmWatch
6144:
6139:AlgorithmWatch
6125:
6103:
6076:
6069:
6046:
6020:
5994:
5968:
5950:
5925:
5899:
5873:
5834:
5808:
5782:
5756:
5726:
5700:
5674:
5646:
5620:
5594:
5576:
5547:
5522:
5488:
5462:
5437:
5411:
5385:
5357:
5330:
5312:
5284:
5256:
5228:
5202:
5176:
5148:
5122:
5092:
5066:
5040:
5014:
4981:
4963:
4952:. July 8, 2019
4934:
4909:
4890:
4872:
4854:
4832:
4814:
4788:
4754:
4729:
4710:
4684:
4662:
4637:
4612:
4599:Indian Express
4586:
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4348:
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3619:
3596:
3562:
3555:
3537:
3510:
3495:
3488:
3470:
3443:
3434:
3417:Smith, Kelly.
3409:
3382:
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2128:
2125:
2123:technologies.
2107:The European "
2102:European Union
2097:
2096:European Union
2094:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1926:biometric data
1909:biometric data
1892:
1889:
1873:Joy Buolamwini
1868:
1865:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1666:
1663:
1638:
1635:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1584:Etihad stadium
1503:
1500:
1483:
1480:
1457:pilot programs
1441:The Home Depot
1401:
1398:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1328:European Union
1326:
1300:in Brazil the
1247:
1244:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1115:technology in
1067:
1064:
969:
966:
909:
906:
889:
886:
868:
865:
863:
860:
843:
840:
807:
804:
764:authentication
755:
752:
690:
687:
685:
682:
653:
650:
619:
616:
593:
590:
517:
514:
510:feature vector
494:face detection
470:
467:
211:
208:
199:Meta Platforms
122:users through
76:
75:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9778:
9767:
9764:
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9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9600:Architectures
9598:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:Organizations
9542:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9480:Yoshua Bengio
9478:
9477:
9475:
9471:
9461:
9460:Robot control
9458:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9377:Chinchilla AI
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9276:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
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9180:
9176:
9173:
9169:
9163:
9160:
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9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9056:Deep learning
9054:
9053:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8944:Hallucination
8942:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8837:
8832:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8767:
8762:
8748:
8744:
8743:
8742:As It Happens
8738:
8734:
8733:
8723:
8719:
8718:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8705:(Feb. 2015),
8704:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8650:
8644:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8595:
8591:
8584:
8569:
8562:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8469:
8462:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8395:
8391:
8384:
8382:
8366:
8362:
8355:
8344:September 15,
8340:
8336:
8329:
8327:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8284:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8264:9781118130667
8260:
8256:
8249:
8241:
8239:9781118130667
8235:
8231:
8224:
8216:
8214:9781118130667
8210:
8206:
8199:
8191:
8189:9780814732090
8185:
8181:
8174:
8166:
8164:9780814732090
8160:
8156:
8149:
8134:
8130:
8124:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7981:
7970:September 13,
7965:
7958:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7936:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7887:
7883:
7876:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7711:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7690:9781839213212
7686:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7665:9781509926213
7661:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7615:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7587:
7583:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7489:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7427:September 10,
7423:
7416:
7409:
7407:
7391:
7387:
7380:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7346:
7331:
7327:
7320:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7253:
7251:9781107181373
7247:
7243:
7236:
7221:
7217:
7214:Herra, Dana.
7210:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7057:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7018:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6953:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6916:September 17,
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6879:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6784:
6777:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6566:
6562:
6555:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6349:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6271:(Interview).
6270:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6229:September 22,
6224:
6220:
6213:
6202:September 22,
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6113:
6107:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6070:9781316859278
6066:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5964:
5963:Indian Kanoon
5960:
5954:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5866:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5667:September 10,
5663:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5590:
5589:Indian Kanoon
5586:
5580:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5361:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5325:The Economist
5322:
5316:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5260:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4672:
4666:
4651:
4647:
4646:"Our history"
4641:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4337:
4331:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4258:September 27,
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3914:9789811374036
3910:
3906:
3899:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3813:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3776:9783319285016
3772:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3751:9783319285016
3747:
3743:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3630:
3627:Kimmel, Ron.
3623:
3607:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3556:9780387384641
3552:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3521:, Elesevier,
3520:
3514:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3489:9783540311119
3485:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:R. Brunelli,
3447:
3438:
3420:
3413:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3360:
3358:9780387405957
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3333:9780387405957
3329:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:9781482226577
3248:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3227:9780387405957
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3202:9783642273865
3198:
3194:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3151:9780387384641
3147:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3126:9780387384641
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3101:9783540464822
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3076:9780387384641
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3051:9783642273865
3047:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3023:9780814732090
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2998:9780814732090
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2973:9780814732090
2969:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2948:9780814732090
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2923:9780814732090
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2898:9780444516084
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
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2864:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2587:9780387346540
2583:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2562:9781605951508
2558:
2554:
2547:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Gait analysis
2456:
2454:
2453:Vein matching
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
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2256:
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2249:
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2240:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:psychologists
2142:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2083:Charlie Baker
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:Massachusetts
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Letitia James
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:Sophie Linden
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:In 2019, the
1783:
1781:
1780:user accounts
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1727:personal data
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1696:Controversies
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Logan Airport
1680:
1675:
1672:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:Magic Kingdom
1600:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:country music
1552:
1551:popular music
1547:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1512:Magic Kingdom
1508:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
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1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
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242:In 1993, the
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9566:Hugging Face
9530:David Silver
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9032:Applications
9011:Augmentation
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1979:surveillance
1977:to purchase
1971:Aaron Peskin
1967:
1945:Clearview AI
1941:class action
1930:
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1885:
1881:
1877:Timnit Gebru
1870:
1846:
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1806:King's Cross
1793:King's Cross
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1769:Clearview AI
1749:
1745:stakeholders
1732:
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1025:fingerprints
1014:
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908:Commonwealth
898:surveillance
882:
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689:Social media
674:
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605:with a high
595:
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502:illumination
483:
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450:Clearview AI
447:
404:
383:Gabor filter
380:
359:linear model
336:
273:
241:
236:Takeo Kanade
233:
213:
179:gender norms
175:
128:
120:authenticate
99:
97:
79:
66:
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9714:Categories
9662:Autoencoder
9617:Transformer
9485:Alex Graves
9433:OpenAI Five
9337:IBM Watsonx
8959:Convolution
8937:Overfitting
8769:Press, Eyal
8753:October 22,
8727:October 22,
8525:February 9,
8500:February 9,
8474:February 9,
8451:February 9,
8425:January 22,
8365:www.vox.com
8315:February 3,
8289:October 17,
8063:www.msn.com
8006:October 27,
7741:October 25,
7715:October 25,
7453:January 25,
7074:January 10,
6518:November 2,
6492:November 2,
6387:News.com.au
5938:panoptic.in
5535:panoptic.in
5378:December 3,
5169:December 3,
5141:December 3,
5007:December 9,
4956:December 9,
4781:January 24,
4747:November 8,
4476:October 21,
4393:October 21,
4388:TargetTrend
4201:November 2,
4176:November 2,
4151:November 2,
3939:January 27,
3719:AZoRobotics
3176:November 6,
2828:November 5,
2794:November 5,
2730:VentureBeat
2641:www.gao.gov
2133:physiognomy
2003:During the
1777:data scrape
1488:Star Casino
1364:Netherlands
1256:voter fraud
1145:Coronavirus
823:fingerprint
813:introduced
684:Application
662:pseudocolor
516:Traditional
488:problem in
409:for faces.
376:Fisherfaces
228:widows peak
173:of images.
135:smartphones
131:application
112:video frame
9740:Categories
9703:Technology
9556:EleutherAI
9515:Fei-Fei Li
9510:Yann LeCun
9423:Q-learning
9406:Decisional
9332:IBM Watson
9240:Midjourney
9132:TensorFlow
8979:Activation
8932:Regression
8927:Clustering
8633:August 24,
8599:August 27,
7927:2404400349
7395:October 4,
7335:August 17,
7309:August 17,
7283:August 17,
7123:October 4,
6910:(Abstract)
6870:"Robo cop"
6754:Bayometric
6620:August 18,
6595:August 18,
6513:TechCrunch
6225:(in Dutch)
6223:Het Parool
6198:(in Dutch)
6096:October 7,
5350:August 15,
5305:October 5,
5277:August 28,
5249:August 28,
5243:TechCrunch
5135:TechCrunch
4807:October 4,
4673:. CBC News
4146:TechCrunch
4125:August 13,
3832:1803.07599
3801:August 17,
3725:August 17,
3637:January 1,
3612:October 6,
3517:H. Ugail,
2768:October 7,
2492:References
2203:Apple Inc.
2169:Paul Ekman
1987:East Coast
1983:Somerville
1955:(PIPEDA).
1637:Weaknesses
1557:celebrity
1437:Read Hayes
1070:See also:
1029:iris scans
926:e-passport
852:human face
842:Healthcare
792:Windows 10
772:smartphone
734:neural net
646:isometries
558:eigenfaces
538:algorithms
526:eigenfaces
411:Paul Viola
397:developed
363:orthogonal
284:New Mexico
143:biometrics
114:against a
9586:MIT CSAIL
9551:Anthropic
9520:Andrew Ng
9418:AlphaZero
9262:VideoPoet
9225:AlphaFold
9162:MindSpore
9116:SpiNNaker
9111:Memristor
9018:Diffusion
8994:Rectifier
8974:Batchnorm
8954:Attention
8949:Adversary
8628:0261-3077
8594:The Verge
8551:April 12,
8113:April 12,
8087:April 12,
7921:: 30–26.
7891:April 11,
7865:March 26,
7837:March 26,
7811:March 26,
7806:1059-1028
7775:March 26,
7770:0362-4331
7591:April 10,
7560:April 10,
7507:1533-7928
7478:April 10,
7364:0261-3077
7173:April 10,
7148:April 10,
6903:USA Today
6760:April 10,
6729:April 30,
6684:April 22,
6654:August 3,
6649:0099-9660
6590:The Times
6487:The Verge
6457:1488-1756
6278:channels.
6177:IrpiMedia
6008:MediaNama
5634:MediaNama
5510:0362-4331
5481:April 21,
5404:April 21,
5002:0190-8286
4976:USA Today
4802:TechPlore
4776:1357-0978
4655:March 11,
4630:March 11,
4434:0148-5598
4420:(4): 39.
4367:April 10,
4341:April 10,
4320:April 10,
4315:The Verge
4292:April 10,
4287:0099-9660
4227:March 17,
4120:USA Today
4100:April 22,
4070:April 22,
4044:April 17,
4039:1059-1028
4006:The Verge
3454:, Wiley,
3377:hrsid.com
2823:0362-4331
2537:1005.4263
2433:SenseTime
2395:MALINTENT
2315:AI effect
2282:Apple Pay
2276:The Verge
2215:Affectiva
2213:spin-off
1895:In 2010,
1756:Vkontakte
1575:The Times
1510:Disney's
1482:Australia
1179:In 2019,
1154:sued the
1105:Zhengzhou
994:San Diego
930:ePassport
922:SmartGate
780:Microsoft
776:unlocking
546:normalize
532:Cambridge
506:grayscale
490:computing
427:detectors
347:Eigenface
304:Minnesota
300:biometric
234:In 1970,
191:deepfakes
69:June 2022
9694:Portals
9453:Auto-GPT
9285:Word2vec
9089:Hardware
9006:Datasets
8908:Concepts
8654:June 30,
8573:July 18,
8520:PC World
8399:June 30,
8370:June 30,
8285:. Frobes
8138:June 12,
8107:BBC News
7923:ProQuest
7909:(2019).
7831:wbur.org
7641:nist.gov
7512:March 8,
7330:BBC News
7303:BBC News
7225:April 5,
7199:April 5,
7045:July 23,
7003:26465631
6963:PLOS ONE
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