1118:
1126:
300:
161:
3897:
577:, a subcommittee was formed to propose changes to the regulations. The subcommittee recommended that the automatic award of titles be abolished, criticized the methods used for awarding titles based on qualifying performances, and called for a change in the makeup of the Qualification Committee. Several delegates supported the subcommittee recommendations, including GM
467:
669:, based on the average rating of the contestants. For instance, it was decided that 'Category 1' status would apply to tournaments with an average Elo rating of participants falling within the range 2251â2275; similarly Category 2 would apply to the range 2276â2300 etc. The higher the tournament Category, the stronger the tournament.
976:
To qualify for the
Grandmaster title, a player needed to achieve three such GM results within a rolling period of three years. Exceptionally, if a player's contributory games totalled 30 or more, then the title could be awarded on the basis of two such results. There were also circumstances where the
1150:
Starting from 1977, FIDE awarded honorary
Grandmaster titles to 32 players based on their past performances or other contributions to chess. The following players have been awarded honorary Grandmaster titles. MariÄ and Honfi were awarded the title posthumously in the year of their death, and Sultan
560:
The regulations also allowed titles to be awarded by a FIDE Congress on recommendation by the
Qualification Committee. Recommendations were based on performance in qualifying tournaments, with the required score depending on the percentage of Grandmasters and International Masters in the tournament.
114:
of over 2600, but as the average Elo rating of the top players has increased, it has typically come to refer to players with an Elo rating of over 2700. Super GMs, the number of whom has grown considerably over the years, have some name recognition in the world of sport and are typically the highest
1141:
mentions discussion at the FIDE congress of 2008 regarding a perceived decrease in value of the grandmaster title. The number of grandmasters had increased greatly between 1972 and 2008, but according to
Macieja, the number of registered players rated over 2200 had increased even faster. Since that
676:
for each
Category of tournament. Players must meet or surpass the relevant score to demonstrate that they had performed at Grandmaster (GM) or International Master (IM) level. Scores were expressed as percentages of a perfect maximum score and decreased as the tournament Category increased, thereby
314:
created the titles of
Grandmaster (GM), International Master (IM) and Woman Master (WM, later known as Woman International Master or WIM). The grandmaster title is sometimes called "International Grandmaster" (IGM), possibly to distinguish it from similar national titles, but the shortened form is
497:
countries opposed it. In 1953, FIDE abolished the old regulations, although a provision was maintained that allowed older masters who had been overlooked to be awarded titles. The new regulations awarded the title of
International Grandmaster of the FIDE to players meeting any of the following
278:
In 1927, the Soviet Union's Chess
Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, in the form of the German loan word "GroĂmeister". At the time Soviet players were not competing outside their own country. This title was abolished in 1931, after having been awarded to
512:
The winner of an international tournament meeting specified standards, and any player placing second in two such tournaments within a span of four years. The tournament must be at least eleven rounds with seven or more players, 80 percent or more being
International Grandmasters or
530:
After FIDE issued the 1953 title regulations, it was recognized that they were somewhat haphazard, and work began to revise the regulations. The FIDE Congress in Vienna in 1957 adopted new regulations, called the FAV system, in recognition of the work done by
1097:
FIDE titles including the grandmaster title are valid for life, but FIDE regulations allow a title to be revoked for "use of a FIDE title or rating to subvert the ethical principles of the title or rating system" or if a player is found to have violated the
607:
To fulfill requirement 2b, the candidate must score one GM norm in a category 1a tournament or two norms within a three-year period in two
Category 1b tournaments, or one Category 2a tournament and one Category 1b tournament.
1071:
The rating requirement can be fulfilled even if the player starts a tournament rated below 2500 and then reaches or exceeds a 2500 rating during the tournament but eventually concludes the tournament with a rating lower than
517:. Additionally, 30 percent of the players must be Grandmasters who have the absolute right to play in the next World Championship Candidates Tournament, or who have played in such a tournament in the previous ten years.
318:
Titles were awarded by a resolution of the FIDE General Assembly and the Qualification Committee, with no formal written criteria. FIDE first awarded the Grandmaster title in 1950 to 27 players. These players were:
680:
Tournament organisers could then apply the percentages to their own tournament format and declare in advance the actual score that participants must achieve to attain a GM or IM result (nowadays referred to as a
520:
A player who demonstrates ability manifestly equal to that of (3) above in an international tournament or match. Such titles must be approved by the Qualification Committee with the support of at least five
76:, is open to all players regardless of gender. The great majority of grandmasters are men, but 42 women have been awarded the GM title as of 2024, out of a total of about 2000 grandmasters. There is also a
118:
FIDE titles are only awarded at the quarterly FIDE Council meetings. Players who have qualified for the GM title but have not yet been awarded it are informally referred to as "GM-elect".
631:
In addition, no more than 50 percent plus one of the players can be from the same country for tournaments of 10 to 12 players, or no more than 50 percent plus two for larger tournaments.
175:
was divided into two sections: the Championship Tournament and the Masters' Tournament. The Championship section was for players who had previously won an international tournament.
628:
Since FIDE titles are for life, a GM or IM does not count for the purposes of this requirement if he had not had a GM or IM result in the five years prior to the tournament.
1881:
553:
Any player who would qualify from the Interzonal to play in the Candidates but who was excluded because of a limitation on the number of participants from his Federation.
1903:"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / Table for Direct Titles effective from 1 January 2024 / FIDE Handbook"
1969:
1488:"Congratulations to GM-elect Christopher Yoo, who has broken (subject to FIDE confirmation) the 2500 barrier to become a grandmaster at 14 years and 51 weeks!"
665:
system. The establishment of an updated list of players and their Elo rating enabled significantly strong international chess tournaments to be allocated a
253:
has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of
1094:, or a Continental Chess Championship, given that the player's peak FIDE rating is at least 2300. Current regulations can be found in the FIDE Handbook.
485:, who had emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany, was not entered in the first class of Grandmasters, even though he had played two matches for the
2448:
2004:
1358:
595:
2b. Scores at least the number of points in a tournament corresponding to the total of a 55 percent score against Grandmasters plus 75 percent against
2034:
634:
Seventy-four GM titles were awarded in 1951 through 1968. During that period, ten GM titles were awarded in 1965, but only one in 1966 and in 1968.
539:), and Giancarlo Dal Verme (Italy). Under the 1957 regulations, the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE was automatically awarded to:
100:
1441:
96:
1078:
The Grandmaster title is also automatically conferred, without needing to fulfill the above criteria, when reaching the final 16 in the
573:
said that the regulations "made it possible to award international titles to players without sufficient merit". At the 1964 Congress in
3677:
1412:
650:
FIDE Congress. The proposals were put together by Wilfried Dorazil (then FIDE Vice-President) and fellow Committee members Grandmaster
92:
1348:
3234:
1910:
490:
442:
Since FIDE did not award the Grandmaster title posthumously, world-class players who died prior to 1950, including World Champions
1873:
3692:
3652:
1606:
3672:
110:"Super grandmaster" is an informal term to refer to the world's elite players. In the past this would refer to players with an
88:
1686:
3667:
2099:
1754:
1727:
1667:
1640:
1572:
1044:
The player's opponents must come from at least 3 different chess federations, which can include the player's own federation.
3224:
222:
149:
3612:
3475:
3465:
3229:
390:
Players still living who, though past their best in 1950, were recognised as having been world class when at their peak:
446:, Lasker, Capablanca, and Alekhine, never received the title. A few strong still living players such as British India's
384:
3750:
3220:
3215:
1943:
1138:
2543:
1512:
1382:
1117:
3687:
3587:
3480:
3450:
2062:
1343:
275:(FIDE, or International Chess Federation) was formed in Paris in 1924, but at that time did not award formal titles.
1975:
203:
3657:
3647:
3565:
3455:
2205:
2200:
585:
FIDE raised the standards required for international titles. The International Grandmaster title regulations were:
17:
210:
was a designated grandmaster event. Rubinstein won with 12œ points out of 19. Tied for second with 12 points were
3642:
3632:
2153:
1655:
1628:
1462:
1091:
1087:
581:
who felt that existing regulations were leading to an inflation of international titles. At the 1965 Congress in
536:
250:
3637:
3627:
3622:
2290:
2252:
3772:
3682:
3617:
3198:
2960:
2511:
1559:
1353:
1013:) from a total of at least 27 games in tournaments. With some exceptions, to receive a norm in a tournament:
246:
188:
1996:
3036:
2516:
2026:
1275:
172:
145:
141:
1020:
at the end of the tournament must be at least 2600. (Tournaments are no longer classified in categories.)
550:
tournament to play in the Candidates Tournament, even if he did not play in the Candidates for any reason.
3927:
3786:
3735:
3445:
1194:
57:
can attain. Once achieved, the title is held for life, though exceptionally the title can be revoked for
1068:
of at least 2500 at any point (although they need not maintain this level to obtain or keep the title).
1017:
229:, who had partially funded the tournament. The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five finalists:
3859:
3837:
3745:
3730:
3394:
3346:
3341:
3331:
2999:
2677:
2521:
1338:
1313:
1083:
1035:
291:, who thus became the first "official" Grandmaster of the USSR. Verlinsky did not get his title back.
3791:
3725:
3575:
3470:
3319:
1854:
234:
489:
with Alekhine. He received the title in 1951, by a vote of thirteen to eight with five abstentions.
3767:
3740:
3582:
3304:
2697:
2692:
2649:
2548:
1433:
486:
226:
136:
65:
50:
2383:
3876:
3406:
3071:
2114:
1564:
284:
77:
2417:
3460:
3389:
2687:
2533:
2438:
2283:
2215:
1031:
592:
2a. Anyone who scores at least 40 percent in a quarter-final match in the Candidates Tournament
455:
271:
Before 1950, the term grandmaster was sometimes informally applied to world class players. The
73:
569:
Concerns were raised that the 1957 regulations were too lax. At the FIDE Congress in 1961, GM
3932:
3592:
3515:
3401:
3101:
3096:
2783:
2506:
2465:
2247:
2126:
596:
532:
506:
328:
1404:
1142:
FIDE congress, discussion of the value of the grandmaster title has occasionally continued.
1134:
3309:
3246:
3205:
3166:
2948:
2938:
2868:
2682:
2613:
2538:
2423:
2222:
1550:
1168:
514:
1317:
677:
reflecting the strength of a player's opposition and the relative difficulty of the task.
651:
427:
69:
8:
3757:
3537:
3289:
3176:
3146:
3116:
3088:
3061:
3004:
2905:
2873:
2833:
2788:
2501:
2443:
2318:
2266:
2261:
2146:
1487:
1190:
647:
556:
Any player who actually plays in a Candidates Tournament and scores at least 33â
percent.
431:
3299:
1902:
1232:
509:, or any player who replaces an absent contestant and earns at least a 50 percent score.
380:
3864:
3762:
3505:
3314:
2955:
2843:
2806:
2455:
2323:
1252:
1238:
980:
The full proposals included many other rules and regulations, covering such topics as:
419:
238:
1602:
1307:
1269:
1222:
1184:
1156:
3847:
3720:
3532:
3490:
3421:
3373:
3356:
3336:
3188:
3126:
3066:
3041:
2888:
2853:
2848:
2828:
2816:
2659:
2627:
2593:
2573:
2410:
2404:
2365:
2232:
2095:
1821:
1813:
1785:
1777:
1750:
1723:
1663:
1636:
1568:
1099:
1065:
411:
407:
332:
324:
288:
242:
176:
164:
58:
1242:
1164:
615:
1aâat least sixteen players, at least 50 percent are GMs and 70 percent at least IMs
458:
were not awarded titles. Sultan Khan was awarded the GM title posthumously in 2024.
399:
3842:
3715:
3557:
3500:
3411:
3361:
3210:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3056:
2977:
2967:
2943:
2910:
2482:
2396:
2170:
1805:
1769:
1711:
1682:
1285:
1218:
1056:
1047:
A maximum of 60% of a player's opponents can come from the player's own federation.
1010:
682:
443:
423:
372:
364:
336:
303:
215:
211:
207:
199:. These players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament.
196:
130:
for an expert in some field is recorded from 1590. The first known use of the term
2054:
661:
In essence, the proposals built on the work done by Professor Elo in devising his
395:
3807:
3781:
3602:
3597:
3547:
3485:
3294:
3269:
3254:
3051:
3009:
2992:
2893:
2811:
2773:
2751:
2736:
2667:
2644:
2603:
2598:
2477:
2460:
2300:
1279:
1258:
1125:
1079:
482:
447:
391:
360:
340:
280:
180:
3076:
2987:
1291:
1262:
1246:
481:
Title awards under the original regulations were subject to political concerns.
403:
3906:
3822:
3570:
3416:
3279:
3274:
3111:
3106:
2972:
2930:
2900:
2729:
2672:
2560:
2528:
2494:
2487:
2472:
2433:
2428:
2355:
2350:
2195:
2139:
1214:
1204:
1180:
578:
470:
415:
376:
368:
255:
230:
184:
466:
3921:
3881:
3871:
3854:
3527:
3510:
3437:
3326:
3284:
3264:
3046:
3028:
3019:
2982:
2915:
2838:
2823:
2778:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2578:
2340:
2278:
2087:
1850:
1715:
1554:
1174:
1160:
84:
1935:
1301:
1106:
3901:
3827:
3812:
3542:
3368:
3351:
3259:
3193:
3136:
3131:
2863:
2858:
2798:
2741:
2632:
2588:
2360:
2345:
2335:
2271:
2237:
2210:
2178:
1789:
1378:
1295:
1050:
A maximum of 66% of a player's opponents can come from a single federation.
673:
600:
570:
435:
54:
1825:
3181:
3171:
2920:
2883:
2766:
2377:
2372:
2330:
2183:
1874:"Changes to FIDE Rating and Title Regulations, Effective January 1, 2022"
1333:
1228:
1198:
1027:
348:
38:
2120:
152:
as a grandmaster, and the term was also applied to a few other players.
3817:
2878:
2714:
2704:
2637:
2621:
2313:
1208:
662:
618:
1bâat least twelve players, at least 33â
percent GMs and 70 percent IMs
547:
451:
356:
352:
111:
2384:
1936:"FIDE Handbook - FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 January 2024"
1005:
To become a grandmaster, a player must achieve both of the following:
505:
Masters who have the absolute right to play in the World Championship
327:, and those who had qualified for (or been seeded into) the inaugural
3832:
3161:
3121:
2724:
2719:
2608:
2583:
2308:
1742:
655:
582:
494:
192:
3710:
1041:
The player's opponents must have an average rating of at least 2380.
658:. The recommendations of the Committee report were adopted in full.
299:
3520:
2568:
1321:
977:
system could be adapted to fit team events and other competitions.
574:
344:
1059:
with at least 40 participants of average rating of 2000 and above.
2242:
1817:
1781:
2709:
83:
There are also Grandmaster titles for composers and solvers of
64:
The title of Grandmaster, along with the lesser FIDE titles of
646:
titles evolved from the "Dorazil" proposals, presented to the
160:
134:
in connection with chess was in the 18 February 1838 issue of
2162:
42:
1023:
At least 33% of the player's opponents must be Grandmasters.
672:
Another vital component involved the setting of meritorious
2227:
2058:
1939:
1861:(1 ed.), Chess Ltd, Sutton Coldfield, pp. 238â240
1662:(1 ed.), Russell Enterprises, Inc., pp. 177â178,
1635:(1 ed.), Russell Enterprises, Inc., pp. 315â316,
1535:
grand master, n. : Oxford English Dictionary (oed.com)
643:
589:
1. Any World Champion is automatically awarded the GM title
474:
311:
272:
104:
46:
1102:
in a tournament on which the title application was based.
3896:
2131:
1434:"Title Inflation Waters Down the Meaning of Grandmaster"
266:
1706:
1704:
1633:
Kings, Commoners and Knaves: Further Chess Explorations
1510:
1426:
1843:
287:. The title was brought back in 1935, and awarded to
103:(ICCGM). Both of these bodies are now independent of
80:
title with lower requirements awarded only to women.
1701:
1463:"Christopher Yoo Breaks 2500 FIDE; Becomes GM-Elect"
624:
2bâten to fourteen players, at least 50 percent IMs.
621:
2aâat least fifteen players, at least 50 percent IMs
1026:At least 50% of the player's opponents must hold a
1359:Comparison of top chess players throughout history
599:(IM) plus 85 percent against other players (a GM "
225:, the title Grandmaster was formally conferred by
1895:
996:Calculations, including the handling of fractions
294:
3919:
1774:The Official Blue Book and Encyclopedia of Chess
1710:
1511:Green (NathanielGreen), Nathaniel (2022-10-19).
535:Giovanni Ferrantes (Italy), Alexander (probably
1800:
1798:
1513:"World's Top Teenager Makes Triumphant Return"
101:International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster
2147:
1963:
1961:
1722:(1 ed.), Cadogan Books, pp. 28â29,
1648:
97:International Correspondence Chess Federation
1930:
1928:
1795:
1762:
1747:The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
1997:"Remarks on the ACP's FIDE Congress report"
1549:
1396:
323:The top players of the day: world champion
2154:
2140:
2027:"'A GM is a GM'? â FIDE title devaluation"
1958:
93:List of grandmasters for chess composition
1968:Macieja, Bartlomiej (December 17, 2008),
1925:
1849:
1812:, David McKay Company, pp. 211â214,
1776:, David McKay Company, pp. 332â336,
1349:List of chess players by peak FIDE rating
493:supported his application, but all other
144:as "our past grandmaster". Subsequently,
2086:
1837:
1804:
1768:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1145:
1124:
1116:
465:
298:
159:
45:players by the world chess organization
2055:"FIDE Chess Profile â Jonathan Penrose"
1967:
1402:
1129:Evolution of the number of grandmasters
155:
140:, in which a correspondent referred to
14:
3920:
2024:
1994:
1654:
1627:
1105:Exact regulations can be found in the
1055:At least one norm must be scored at a
1000:
89:World Federation for Chess Composition
2135:
2127:"Chess Grandmasters" by Edward Winter
1946:from the original on 17 February 2024
1907:International Chess Federation (FIDE)
1871:
1580:
1538:
993:Registration of tournaments with FIDE
267:Informal and Soviet usage before 1950
53:, Grandmaster is the highest title a
1621:
273:FĂ©dĂ©ration Internationale des Ăchecs
223:St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament
1913:from the original on 5 January 2024
1741:
1121:Number of new grandmasters per year
637:
611:The categories of tournaments are:
564:
525:
461:
179:won the Championship section, over
107:, but work in cooperation with it.
24:
1971:ACP Report by GM Bartlmiej Macieja
1689:from the original on 28 March 2017
1139:Association of Chess Professionals
1112:
25:
3944:
2108:
1344:List of female chess grandmasters
3895:
3566:List of strong chess tournaments
2025:Silver, Albert (June 26, 2013),
1609:from the original on 3 July 2008
1403:Friedel, Frederic (2020-08-18).
2544:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
2065:from the original on 2021-10-19
2047:
2037:from the original on 2021-12-04
2018:
2007:from the original on 2020-12-02
1988:
1884:from the original on 2023-02-03
1865:
1831:
1735:
1675:
1595:
1444:from the original on 2021-12-15
1415:from the original on 2021-12-16
1385:from the original on 2021-12-01
642:The modern system for awarding
546:Any player qualifying from the
2115:"Requirements for FIDE Titles"
1683:"Chess Notes by Edward Winter"
1529:
1504:
1480:
1455:
1405:"Thirteen Super Grandmasters!"
1371:
473:(1865â1954), one of the first
295:Official status (1950 onwards)
27:Title in chess awarded by FIDE
13:
1:
3664:Computer chess championships
1560:The Oxford Companion to Chess
1364:
1354:List of youngest grandmasters
259:and Marshall's autobiography
251:Chess historian Edward Winter
204:San SebastiĂĄn 1912 tournament
537:Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander
7:
3446:Bishop and knight checkmate
1995:Faulks, Nick (2008-12-24).
1327:
1195:Alexander Konstantinopolsky
984:Eligible tournament formats
99:(ICCF) awards the title of
10:
3949:
3609:Other world championships
2092:The Encyclopaedia of Chess
1339:List of chess grandmasters
1009:Favorable results (called
878:
784:
690:
648:1970 Siegen Chess Olympiad
121:
3890:
3800:
3703:
3556:
3456:Opposite-coloured bishops
3436:
3382:
3245:
3087:
3027:
3018:
2929:
2797:
2658:
2559:
2395:
2299:
2169:
2161:
2121:"World Top Chess players"
1100:anti-cheating regulations
1092:World Senior Championship
1088:World Junior Championship
221:By some accounts, in the
173:Ostend tournament of 1907
66:International Master (IM)
3583:World Chess Championship
2549:World Chess Hall of Fame
1720:The Soviet Championships
227:Russian Tsar Nicholas II
3877:Simultaneous exhibition
3787:Chess newspaper columns
3476:Rook and bishop vs rook
3466:Queen and pawn vs queen
1810:Official Chess Handbook
1565:Oxford University Press
315:far more common today.
148:and others referred to
3332:RichterâVeresov Attack
3320:Queen's Indian Defence
2117:from the FIDE Handbook
1974:, FIDE, archived from
1130:
1122:
1036:Woman Candidate Master
478:
456:Eugene Znosko-Borovsky
307:
168:
3593:Candidates Tournament
3481:Rook and pawn vs rook
3451:King and pawn vs king
3402:List of chess gambits
3305:King's Indian Defence
2983:Isolated Queen's Pawn
2507:List of chess players
2449:Top player comparison
2248:Internet chess server
2094:, St. Martins Press,
1859:Siegen Chess Olympiad
1151:Khan 58 years later.
1146:Honorary grandmasters
1133:A report prepared by
1128:
1120:
987:Eligible participants
597:International Masters
515:International Masters
507:Candidates Tournament
469:
329:Candidates Tournament
302:
163:
74:Candidate Master (CM)
3310:Nimzo-Indian Defence
3206:Scandinavian Defense
3167:Semi-Italian Opening
3072:King's Indian Attack
2961:first-move advantage
2614:Threefold repetition
2539:Bobby Fischer Center
2424:Charlemagne chessmen
2418:Göttingen manuscript
2382:
2223:Correspondence chess
1872:cbird (2021-12-10).
1749:, Arco, p. 66,
1169:Carlos Torre Repetto
990:Unrated participants
261:My 50 Years of Chess
235:JosĂ© RaĂșl Capablanca
156:Early tournament use
3538:Two knights endgame
3290:Bogo-Indian Defence
3177:Two Knights Defense
3117:Nimzowitsch Defence
2807:Artificial castling
2444:Soviet chess school
2319:Dubrovnik chess set
1191:Vladimir Alatortsev
1018:performance rating
1001:Current regulations
543:The world champion.
533:International Judge
502:The world champion.
432:Savielly Tartakower
285:Soviet Championship
283:, who won the 1929
3928:Chess Grandmasters
3768:endgame literature
3315:Old Indian Defense
3225:Accelerated Dragon
3097:Alekhine's Defence
2829:Checkmate patterns
2698:symbols in Unicode
2693:annotation symbols
2456:Geography of chess
2324:Staunton chess set
1840:, pp. 224â226
1438:The New York Times
1253:George Koltanowski
1239:Vladimir Makogonov
1135:BartĆomiej Macieja
1131:
1123:
487:World Championship
479:
420:Viacheslav Ragozin
308:
239:Alexander Alekhine
169:
115:earners in chess.
3915:
3914:
3792:Chess periodicals
3721:Chess in the arts
3653:Chess composition
3491:Philidor position
3432:
3431:
3374:Trompowsky Attack
3357:Semi-Slav Defence
3247:Queen's Pawn Game
3127:Four Knights Game
3102:CaroâKann Defence
3067:Zukertort Opening
2854:Discovered attack
2574:Cheating in chess
2411:Versus de scachis
2101:978-0-7091-4697-1
1806:Harkness, Kenneth
1770:Harkness, Kenneth
1756:978-0-668-04721-0
1729:978-1-85744-201-4
1712:Cafferty, Bernard
1669:978-1-888690-17-0
1642:978-1-888690-04-0
1603:"nimzowitsch.com"
1574:978-0-19-280049-7
1318:Andreas DĂŒckstein
1084:Women's World Cup
974:
973:
968:
967:
874:
873:
780:
779:
652:Svetozar GligoriÄ
428:Friedrich SĂ€misch
408:Grigory Levenfish
333:Isaac Boleslavsky
325:Mikhail Botvinnik
289:Mikhail Botvinnik
243:Siegbert Tarrasch
177:Siegbert Tarrasch
165:Siegbert Tarrasch
87:, awarded by the
78:Woman Grandmaster
16:(Redirected from
3940:
3902:Chess portal
3900:
3899:
3843:Leela Chess Zero
3774:Oxford Companion
3726:early literature
3716:Chess aesthetics
3461:Pawnless endgame
3412:Bongcloud Attack
3390:List of openings
3362:Chigorin Defense
3300:GrĂŒnfeld Defence
3211:Sicilian Defence
3157:Ponziani Opening
3152:Philidor Defence
3147:Petrov's Defence
3089:King's Pawn Game
3062:Larsen's Opening
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1294:(posthumously),
1286:Jonathan Penrose
1233:Theodor GhiÈescu
1219:Mario Monticelli
1057:Swiss tournament
1032:Candidate Master
882:
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638:1970 regulations
565:1965 regulations
526:1957 regulations
462:1953 regulations
424:Akiba Rubinstein
381:Gideon StÄhlberg
373:Samuel Reshevsky
365:Andor Lilienthal
337:Igor Bondarevsky
304:Akiba Rubinstein
216:Rudolf Spielmann
212:Aron Nimzowitsch
208:Akiba Rubinstein
197:Mikhail Chigorin
70:FIDE Master (FM)
21:
18:FIDE Grandmaster
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3603:FIDE Grand Prix
3598:Chess World Cup
3552:
3548:Wrong rook pawn
3486:Lucena position
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3295:Catalan Opening
3270:English Defence
3255:Budapest Gambit
3241:
3199:Austrian Attack
3083:
3052:English Opening
3014:
3010:School of chess
2993:Minority attack
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2894:Queen sacrifice
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2650:White and Black
2645:Touch-move rule
2604:Perpetual check
2599:Fifty-move rule
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1280:Rudolf Teschner
1270:Dragoljub MiniÄ
1259:Andrija Fuderer
1223:Jaroslav Ć ajtar
1185:RaĂșl Sanguineti
1157:Julio BolbochĂĄn
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1113:Title inflation
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392:Ossip Bernstein
361:Alexander Kotov
341:David Bronstein
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3275:Indian Defence
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2109:External links
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2088:Sunnucks, Anne
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2017:
1987:
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1716:Taimanov, Mark
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1656:Winter, Edward
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1629:Winter, Edward
1620:
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1563:(2 ed.),
1555:Whyld, Kenneth
1537:
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1440:. 2008-04-20.
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1379:"FIDE Ratings"
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377:Vasily Smyslov
369:Miguel Najdorf
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256:The New Yorker
247:Frank Marshall
231:Emanuel Lasker
189:Frank Marshall
185:Dawid Janowski
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51:World Champion
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3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Grob's Attack
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Dunst Opening
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Benko Opening
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:Flank opening
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Transposition
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:Chess museums
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Notable games
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2291:World records
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:Rating system
2260:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2031:Chessbase.com
2028:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1978:on 2009-03-05
1977:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1838:Sunnucks 1970
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1592:, p. 223
1591:
1590:Sunnucks 1970
1586:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1551:Hooper, David
1546:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:Heinz Lehmann
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:Arnold Denker
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:Esteban Canal
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1107:FIDE Handbook
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:The player's
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
689:
686:
684:
678:
675:
670:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
635:
632:
629:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
555:
552:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
538:
534:
519:
516:
511:
508:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
468:
459:
457:
454:and France's
453:
449:
445:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:OldĆich Duras
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
320:
316:
313:
305:
301:
292:
290:
286:
282:
276:
274:
264:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
166:
162:
153:
151:
147:
146:George Walker
143:
142:William Lewis
139:
138:
133:
129:
119:
116:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
49:. Apart from
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3933:Chess titles
3828:Chess engine
3813:Chess boxing
3773:
3543:Wrong bishop
3395:theory table
3369:Torre Attack
3352:Slav Defence
3260:Colle System
3235:Scheveningen
3194:Pirc Defence
3137:Italian Game
3132:Giuoco Piano
3077:RĂ©ti Opening
3000:Piece values
2988:MarĂłczy Bind
2949:the exchange
2939:Compensation
2869:Interference
2859:Double check
2633:Time control
2620:
2594:by agreement
2522:grandmasters
2466:South Africa
2416:
2409:
2385:Score sheets
2331:Chess pieces
2238:Online chess
2188:
2184:Chess titles
2179:Chess theory
2091:
2081:Bibliography
2080:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2049:
2039:, retrieved
2030:
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:
1980:, retrieved
1976:the original
1970:
1948:. Retrieved
1915:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1878:US Chess.org
1877:
1867:
1858:
1845:
1833:
1809:
1773:
1764:
1746:
1737:
1719:
1691:. Retrieved
1677:
1659:
1650:
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1597:
1558:
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1469:. 2021-12-16
1467:US Chess.org
1466:
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1408:
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1373:
1296:Enrico Paoli
1292:KĂĄroly Honfi
1263:Rudolf MariÄ
1247:Bogdan Ćliwa
1149:
1132:
1104:
1096:
1077:
1004:
979:
975:
679:
671:
666:
660:
641:
633:
630:
627:
610:
606:
571:Milan Vidmar
568:
559:
529:
480:
477:Grandmasters
450:, Germany's
441:
436:Milan Vidmar
412:GĂ©za MarĂłczy
404:Boris KostiÄ
385:LĂĄszlĂł SzabĂł
317:
309:
277:
270:
260:
254:
220:
201:
170:
135:
131:
127:
125:
117:
109:
82:
63:
55:chess player
34:
30:
29:
3758:Chess books
3558:Tournaments
3417:Fool's mate
3182:Vienna Game
3172:Scotch Game
3005:Prophylaxis
2921:Zwischenzug
2906:Undermining
2874:Overloading
2834:Combination
2683:descriptive
2378:Chess table
2373:Chess clock
2189:Grandmaster
1950:19 February
1917:19 February
1855:Levy, David
1334:Chess title
1314:Sultan Khan
1229:Arthur Dake
1199:Erik Lundin
1030:other than
894:Score (IM)
800:Score (IM)
706:Score (IM)
349:Reuben Fine
306:(1880â1961)
167:(1862â1934)
137:Bell's Life
132:grandmaster
128:grandmaster
41:awarded to
31:Grandmaster
3922:Categories
3865:joke chess
3818:Chess club
3506:opposition
2968:Middlegame
2956:Initiative
2879:Pawn storm
2844:Deflection
2715:Key square
2705:Fianchetto
2638:Fast chess
2622:En passant
2314:chessboard
2069:2019-09-04
2041:2019-02-15
2011:2022-12-29
1982:2021-10-20
1888:2022-11-16
1743:Elo, Arpad
1522:2023-05-28
1497:2023-05-28
1473:2023-05-28
1448:2021-01-19
1419:2021-01-19
1409:Chess News
1389:2021-10-28
1365:References
1302:PĂ©ter Dely
1209:Stojan Puc
1066:Elo rating
1028:FIDE title
891:Score (GM)
797:Score (GM)
703:Score (GM)
663:Elo rating
548:Interzonal
498:criteria:
491:Yugoslavia
452:Paul Lipke
357:Paul Keres
353:Salo Flohr
112:Elo rating
3848:Stockfish
3838:Deep Blue
3833:AlphaZero
3741:paintings
3533:Tablebase
3497:Strategy
3407:Irregular
3162:Ruy Lopez
3122:Open Game
2889:Sacrifice
2849:Desperado
2752:connected
2725:Open file
2720:King walk
2678:algebraic
2609:Stalemate
2584:Checkmate
2309:Chess set
2301:Equipment
2001:ChessBase
1517:Chess.com
1205:Eero Böök
1090:, or the
1080:World Cup
958:2601â2625
944:2576â2600
930:2551â2575
916:2526â2550
902:2501â2525
864:2476â2500
850:2451â2475
836:2426â2450
822:2401â2425
808:2376â2400
770:2351â2375
756:2326â2350
742:2301â2325
728:2276â2300
714:2251â2275
656:Arpad Elo
583:Wiesbaden
495:Communist
331:in 1950:
193:Amos Burn
126:Usage of
3907:Category
3860:glossary
3521:Zugzwang
3501:fortress
3438:Endgames
3347:Declined
3342:Accepted
3020:Openings
2978:Hedgehog
2944:Exchange
2931:Strategy
2911:Windmill
2762:isolated
2747:backward
2569:Castling
2512:amateurs
2405:Timeline
2279:Variants
2233:Glossary
2216:software
2201:glossary
2090:(1970),
2063:Archived
2035:archived
2005:Archived
1944:Archived
1911:Archived
1882:Archived
1857:(1970),
1818:66013085
1808:(1967),
1782:56014153
1772:(1956),
1745:(1978),
1718:(1998),
1687:Archived
1658:(2003),
1631:(1999),
1607:Archived
1557:(1992),
1442:Archived
1413:Archived
1383:Archived
1328:See also
1322:Iivo Nei
1137:for the
888:Avg. Elo
794:Avg. Elo
700:Avg. Elo
667:Category
575:Tel Aviv
521:members.
444:Steinitz
345:Max Euwe
310:In 1950
263:(1942).
150:Philidor
59:cheating
3808:Arbiter
3801:Related
3658:Solving
3648:Amateur
3230:Najdorf
2812:Battery
2799:Tactics
2774:Swindle
2757:doubled
2737:Outpost
2668:Blunder
2483:Armenia
2397:History
2243:Premove
2211:engines
2206:matches
2171:Outline
1790:1578704
1693:29 June
1613:29 June
1492:Twitter
1312:2024 â
1306:2003 â
1300:1999 â
1290:1996 â
1284:1993 â
1274:1992 â
1268:1991 â
1257:1990 â
1251:1988 â
1237:1987 â
1227:1986 â
1213:1985 â
1203:1984 â
1189:1983 â
1179:1982 â
1173:1981 â
1155:1977 â
206:won by
122:History
95:). The
37:) is a
3746:poetry
3736:novels
3711:CaĂŻssa
3643:Senior
3633:Junior
3221:Dragon
3216:Alapin
2901:Skewer
2767:passed
2710:Gambit
2517:female
2478:Europe
2461:Africa
2356:Knight
2351:Bishop
2098:
1826:728637
1824:
1816:
1788:
1780:
1753:
1726:
1666:
1639:
1571:
1086:, the
434:, and
383:, and
245:, and
195:, and
72:, and
3693:WCSCC
3638:Youth
3628:Blitz
3623:Rapid
3613:Women
3576:Women
3528:Study
3383:Other
2916:X-ray
2839:Decoy
2824:Block
2779:Tempo
2742:Pawns
2660:Terms
2579:Check
2561:Rules
2495:India
2488:Spain
2473:China
2366:Fairy
2341:Queen
2272:norms
2163:Chess
1072:2500.
1011:norms
674:norms
91:(see
43:chess
39:title
3731:film
3688:WCCC
3683:TCEC
3673:CSVN
3618:Team
3588:List
2864:Fork
2789:Trap
2589:Draw
2361:Pawn
2346:Rook
2336:King
2284:List
2253:list
2228:FIDE
2123:FIDE
2096:ISBN
2059:FIDE
1952:2024
1940:FIDE
1919:2024
1822:OCLC
1814:LCCN
1786:OCLC
1778:LCCN
1751:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1695:2015
1664:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1615:2015
1569:ISBN
1034:and
964:30%
950:33%
936:36%
922:40%
908:43%
885:Cat.
870:47%
856:50%
842:53%
828:57%
814:60%
791:Cat.
776:64%
762:67%
748:70%
734:73%
720:76%
697:Cat.
683:norm
644:FIDE
601:norm
475:FIDE
312:FIDE
214:and
202:The
171:The
105:FIDE
47:FIDE
3668:CCC
2884:Pin
2688:PGN
1064:An
961:43%
947:47%
933:50%
919:53%
905:57%
867:60%
853:64%
839:67%
825:70%
811:73%
773:76%
759:78%
745:81%
731:83%
717:85%
685:).
603:").
3924::
2061:.
2057:.
2033:,
2029:,
2003:.
1999:.
1960:^
1942:.
1938:.
1927:^
1909:.
1905:.
1880:.
1876:.
1853:;
1820:,
1797:^
1784:,
1714:;
1703:^
1685:.
1605:.
1582:^
1553:;
1540:^
1515:.
1490:.
1465:.
1436:.
1411:.
1407:.
1381:.
1320:,
1278:,
1261:,
1245:,
1241:,
1231:,
1221:,
1217:,
1207:,
1197:,
1193:,
1183:,
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1109:.
955:15
941:14
927:13
913:12
899:11
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