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Interior (topology)

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1205: 6086: 5869: 6107: 31: 6075: 4896: 6144: 6117: 6097: 4283: 4077: 4131: 3925: 3057: 2852: 4885: 1701: 4550: 5269: 2770: 5393: 5149: 3120: 3678: 2681: 4691: 3611: 4278:{\displaystyle {\operatorname {int} _{X}}{\biggl (}\bigcap _{i\in \mathbb {N} }\operatorname {cl} _{X}S_{i}{\biggr )}={\operatorname {int} _{X}\operatorname {cl} _{X}}{\biggl (}\bigcap _{i\in \mathbb {N} }S_{i}{\biggr )}.} 4072:{\displaystyle {\operatorname {cl} _{X}}{\biggl (}\bigcup _{i\in \mathbb {N} }\operatorname {int} _{X}S_{i}{\biggr )}={\operatorname {cl} _{X}\operatorname {int} _{X}}{\biggl (}\bigcup _{i\in \mathbb {N} }S_{i}{\biggr )}.} 4605: 4822: 3217: 3349: 1538: 4899:
The red shapes are not interior-disjoint with the blue Triangle. The green and the yellow shapes are interior-disjoint with the blue Triangle, but only the yellow shape is entirely disjoint from the blue
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These examples show that the interior of a set depends upon the topology of the underlying space. The last two examples are special cases of the following.
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if the intersection of their interiors is empty. Interior-disjoint shapes may or may not intersect in their boundary.
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The exterior is the interior of the complement, which is the same as the complement of the closure; in formulas,
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can be readily translated into the language of interior operators, by replacing sets with their complements in
834: 3492: 2551: 1867: 6027: 5582: 3523: 2083: 4384: 2847:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} (S\cup T)~\supseteq ~(\operatorname {int} S)\cup (\operatorname {int} T)} 1978: 2437: 2280: 2160: 1138: 1066: 996: 926: 867: 3803: 750: 6168: 6035: 4880:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S\subseteq \operatorname {ext} \left(\operatorname {ext} S\right).} 6173: 3754: 3475: 1696:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} (\{z\in \mathbb {C} :|z|\leq 1\})=\{z\in \mathbb {C} :|z|<1\}.} 4545:{\displaystyle \operatorname {ext} S=\operatorname {int} (X\setminus S)=X\setminus {\overline {S}}.} 3730: 5834: 4757: 2915: 1568: 1307: 17: 5264:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} (S\cap T)=(\operatorname {int} S)\cap (\operatorname {int} T).} 3155: 2765:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} (S\cap T)=(\operatorname {int} S)\cap (\operatorname {int} T).} 2375: 1956: 1934: 1841: 1748: 1480: 1396: 471: 6120: 6106: 5419: 4981: 3750: 1204: 893: 4696: 3406: 3386: 3134: 6055: 5976: 5853: 5841: 5814: 5774: 5616: 5388:{\displaystyle \operatorname {cl} (S\cup T)=(\operatorname {cl} S)\cup (\operatorname {cl} T).} 5144:{\displaystyle \operatorname {cl} (S\cup T)=(\operatorname {cl} S)\cup (\operatorname {cl} T).} 6050: 5897: 5824: 3847: 3783: 2690: 402: 5298: 5174: 3115:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} (S\cup T)=\operatorname {int} \mathbb {R} =\mathbb {R} .} 6045: 5997: 5971: 5819: 5274: 5154: 4975: 4750:
Some of the properties of the exterior operator are unlike those of the interior operator:
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of two open sets is open, so too does the interior operator distribute over intersections
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These identities may be remembered with the following mnemonic. Just as the intersection
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the whole space into three blocks (or fewer when one or more of these is empty):
4411: 3606:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} _{X}S=X\setminus {\overline {(X\setminus S)}}} 1706: 1500: 203: 6100: 6007: 5939: 5646: 5574: 5514: 5457:. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. Translated by Berberian, S. K. New York: 2546: 2028: 1563: 3782:
In general, the interior operator does not commute with unions. However, in a
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The above statements will remain true if all instances of the symbols/words
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However, the interior operator does not distribute over unions since only
6012: 4600:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S=\operatorname {ext} (X\setminus S).} 4290: 1718: 154:
the whole space into three blocks (or fewer when one or more of these is
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is guaranteed in general and equality might not hold. For example, if
5981: 4817:{\displaystyle \operatorname {ext} T\subseteq \operatorname {ext} S.} 3212:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S\subseteq \operatorname {int} T.} 1391: 1275: 247: 155: 4895: 3344:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} (S\cup T)=\operatorname {int} S.} 5966: 5934: 5883: 5790: 4740: 2304: 519: 293:(This is illustrated in the introductory section to this article.) 89: 5491:. Translated by CsĂĄszĂĄr, KlĂĄra. Bristol England: Adam Hilger Ltd. 5585:. Vol. 27. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 146:; it consists of the points that are in neither the set nor its 4963: 4289:
The result above implies that every complete metric space is a
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the topology in which the only open sets are the empty set and
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because there is an Δ-neighbourhood of a which is a subset of
1721:, one can put other topologies rather than the standard one: 150:. The interior, boundary, and exterior of a subset together 5759: 4554:
Similarly, the interior is the exterior of the complement:
5427:. Berlin New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 5012:. River Edge, N.J. London: World Scientific. p. 33. 4978: â€“ A closed curve divides the plane into two regions 920:
can be defined in any of the following equivalent ways:
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is understood from context then the shorter notation
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Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 5291:of two closed sets is closed, so too does the 4990: â€“ Generalization of topological interior 4960: â€“ Generalization of topological interior 4754:The exterior operator reverses inclusions; if 2905:{\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} ,S=(-\infty ,0],} 5775: 3375:", "cl", "closed", "superset", and "smallest" 1829:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} ()=[0,1).} 4984: â€“ Generalization of algebraic interior 4437:namely, it is the union of all open sets in 3046: 3040: 1687: 1651: 1642: 1606: 1470:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} ()=(0,1)} 4890: 6143: 6116: 5782: 5768: 1190:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} _{X}S.} 296:This definition generalizes to any subset 165:are a slightly different concept; see the 5007: 4374:{\displaystyle \operatorname {ext} _{X}S} 4249: 4166: 4043: 3960: 3738: 3734: 3105: 3097: 3033: 2868: 1961: 1939: 1846: 1753: 1661: 1616: 1573: 1517: 1485: 1401: 857:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} _{X}S} 127:. In this sense interior and closure are 5675: 5645: 5513: 5407: 5052: 5040: 5010:Convex analysis in general vector spaces 4894: 3509:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} _{X}} 2576:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S=S.} 1922:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} ()=.} 1203: 29: 5705: 5607: 5483: 5449: 3540:{\displaystyle \operatorname {cl} _{X}} 3379:and the following symbols are swapped: 2105:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} X=X} 14: 6161: 5573: 4403:{\displaystyle \operatorname {ext} S,} 3547:or by an overline , in the sense that 3471: 2012:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} ()} 5763: 5551:. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 5543: 4739:The interior and exterior are always 3470:For more details on this matter, see 2453:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 2296:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 2176:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 1154:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 1089:is the set of all interior points of 1082:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 1012:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 942:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 883:{\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S} 96:. A point that is in the interior of 27:Largest open subset of some given set 4296: 3481: 779: 142:is the complement of the closure of 3839:{\displaystyle S_{1},S_{2},\ldots } 1415:(with the standard topology), then 542:is a subset of a topological space 24: 4830:. It does have the property that 4700: 4662: 3023: 2999: 2934: 2887: 1274:In any space, the interior of the 646:is contained in an open subset of 25: 6185: 5743: 5271:And similarly, just as the union 4585: 4526: 4511: 3658: 3636: 3588: 3576: 3285: 3037: 1524: 1019:is the union of all open sets of 270:which is completely contained in 177: 6142: 6115: 6105: 6095: 6084: 6074: 6073: 5867: 5549:Introduction to General Topology 3786:the following result does hold: 1477:whereas the interior of the set 666:that is completely contained in 5401: 5070:The analogous identity for the 2212:be a topological space and let 518:by replacing "open ball" with " 514:This definition generalizes to 399:if there exists a real number 161:The interior and exterior of a 5653:. London: Macdonald & Co. 5414:General Topology: Chapters 1–4 5379: 5367: 5361: 5349: 5343: 5331: 5255: 5243: 5237: 5225: 5219: 5207: 5135: 5123: 5117: 5105: 5099: 5087: 4591: 4579: 4517: 4505: 3846:be a sequence of subsets of a 3742:{\displaystyle \,\setminus \,} 3664: 3652: 3594: 3582: 3520:operator, which is denoted by 3323: 3311: 3131:nondecreasing with respect to 3084: 3072: 3026: 3014: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2975: 2969: 2957: 2937: 2925: 2896: 2881: 2841: 2829: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2756: 2744: 2738: 2726: 2720: 2708: 2655: 2643: 2006: 2003: 1991: 1988: 1913: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1880: 1877: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1787: 1784: 1677: 1669: 1645: 1632: 1624: 1603: 1464: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1431: 1428: 949:is the largest open subset of 490: 478: 172: 13: 1: 5583:Graduate Texts in Mathematics 4994: 4826:The exterior operator is not 4776:{\displaystyle S\subseteq T,} 3367:are respectively replaced by 2943:{\displaystyle T=(0,\infty )} 2187: 1583:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ,} 1326:{\displaystyle S\subseteq X,} 5789: 4534: 3625: 3598: 3171:{\displaystyle S\subseteq T} 2391:{\displaystyle T\subseteq S} 1968:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1946:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1853:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1760:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1492:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } 1408:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 505:{\displaystyle d(x,y)<r.} 7: 5521:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 4972: â€“ Algebraic structure 4951: 1199: 913:{\displaystyle S^{\circ },} 10: 6190: 6036:Banach fixed-point theorem 5706:Willard, Stephen (2004) . 4709:{\displaystyle \partial S} 3416:{\displaystyle \supseteq } 3396:{\displaystyle \subseteq } 3222:Other properties include: 3144:{\displaystyle \subseteq } 6069: 6026: 5990: 5876: 5865: 5797: 4966: â€“ Topological model 3755:Kuratowski closure axioms 3476:Kuratowski closure axioms 3355:Relationship with closure 5425:ÉlĂ©ments de mathĂ©matique 4891:Interior-disjoint shapes 4743:, while the boundary is 4716:denotes the boundary of 4613:, and exterior of a set 4410:is the largest open set 3751:set-theoretic difference 1227:is an interior point of 1161:is usually preferred to 709:is an interior point of 379:is an interior point of 226:is an interior point of 38:is an interior point of 5295:distribute over unions 4982:Quasi-relative interior 4457:that are disjoint from 4325:of a topological space 808:of a topological space 421:{\displaystyle r>0,} 6091:Mathematics portal 5991:Metrics and properties 5977:Second-countable space 5617:Upper Saddle River, NJ 5389: 5312: 5311:{\displaystyle \cup ;} 5285: 5265: 5188: 5187:{\displaystyle \cap ;} 5165: 5145: 4938: 4918: 4901: 4881: 4818: 4777: 4733: 4710: 4687: 4627: 4601: 4546: 4474: 4451: 4431: 4404: 4375: 4342: 4319: 4279: 4122: 4102: 4073: 3916: 3896: 3866: 3840: 3774: 3743: 3721: 3694: 3674: 3607: 3541: 3510: 3460: 3440: 3417: 3397: 3345: 3292: 3260: 3240: 3213: 3172: 3145: 3116: 3059:is a proper subset of 3053: 2944: 2906: 2848: 2766: 2677: 2617: 2577: 2540: 2520: 2494: 2474: 2454: 2427: 2392: 2366: 2346: 2324: 2297: 2269: 2246: 2226: 2206: 2177: 2152: 2129: 2106: 2074: 2054: 2013: 1969: 1947: 1923: 1860:the topology in which 1854: 1830: 1761: 1739: 1709:, the interior of any 1697: 1584: 1556: 1534: 1493: 1471: 1409: 1384: 1362: 1327: 1298: 1270: 1264: 1241: 1221: 1191: 1155: 1129: 1106: 1083: 1056: 1033: 1013: 986: 963: 943: 914: 884: 858: 825: 802: 770: 743: 723: 703: 683: 660: 640: 620: 600: 576: 556: 536: 506: 468:whenever the distance 462: 442: 422: 393: 373: 353: 333: 310: 287: 264: 240: 220: 196: 51: 46:is on the boundary of 5681:Topology for Analysis 5390: 5313: 5286: 5284:{\displaystyle \cup } 5266: 5189: 5166: 5164:{\displaystyle \cap } 5146: 5008:Zalinescu, C (2002). 4939: 4919: 4898: 4882: 4819: 4778: 4734: 4711: 4688: 4628: 4602: 4547: 4475: 4452: 4432: 4405: 4376: 4343: 4320: 4280: 4123: 4103: 4101:{\displaystyle S_{i}} 4074: 3917: 3897: 3895:{\displaystyle S_{i}} 3867: 3848:complete metric space 3841: 3784:complete metric space 3775: 3744: 3722: 3695: 3675: 3608: 3542: 3511: 3474:below or the article 3461: 3459:{\displaystyle \cap } 3441: 3439:{\displaystyle \cup } 3418: 3398: 3346: 3293: 3261: 3241: 3214: 3173: 3146: 3117: 3054: 2945: 2907: 2849: 2767: 2678: 2618: 2578: 2541: 2526:is an open subset of 2521: 2495: 2475: 2460:is an open subset of 2455: 2428: 2393: 2367: 2347: 2325: 2298: 2270: 2247: 2227: 2207: 2178: 2153: 2130: 2107: 2075: 2055: 2014: 1970: 1948: 1924: 1855: 1831: 1762: 1740: 1698: 1585: 1557: 1535: 1494: 1472: 1410: 1385: 1363: 1328: 1299: 1265: 1242: 1222: 1207: 1192: 1156: 1130: 1107: 1084: 1057: 1034: 1014: 987: 964: 944: 915: 885: 859: 826: 803: 771: 744: 724: 704: 684: 661: 641: 621: 601: 577: 557: 537: 507: 463: 443: 423: 394: 374: 354: 334: 311: 288: 265: 241: 221: 197: 123:of the complement of 33: 6046:Invariance of domain 5998:Euler characteristic 5972:Bundle (mathematics) 5679:(17 October 2008) . 5322: 5299: 5275: 5198: 5175: 5155: 5078: 4976:Jordan curve theorem 4928: 4908: 4834: 4787: 4758: 4720: 4697: 4641: 4617: 4558: 4484: 4461: 4441: 4418: 4385: 4352: 4329: 4309: 4132: 4112: 4085: 3926: 3906: 3879: 3853: 3804: 3761: 3731: 3708: 3684: 3617: 3551: 3524: 3493: 3450: 3430: 3407: 3387: 3302: 3270: 3250: 3230: 3182: 3156: 3135: 3063: 2954: 2916: 2858: 2778: 2699: 2634: 2592: 2552: 2530: 2510: 2484: 2464: 2438: 2402: 2376: 2356: 2336: 2311: 2281: 2256: 2236: 2216: 2196: 2161: 2139: 2119: 2084: 2064: 2041: 1979: 1957: 1935: 1931:If one considers on 1868: 1842: 1838:If one considers on 1775: 1769:lower limit topology 1749: 1745:is the real numbers 1729: 1594: 1569: 1546: 1507: 1481: 1419: 1397: 1374: 1337: 1308: 1285: 1251: 1231: 1211: 1165: 1139: 1119: 1093: 1067: 1043: 1023: 997: 973: 953: 927: 894: 868: 835: 812: 792: 757: 733: 713: 693: 670: 650: 630: 610: 590: 566: 546: 526: 472: 452: 432: 403: 383: 363: 343: 323: 300: 274: 254: 230: 210: 186: 167:Jordan curve theorem 6056:Tychonoff's theorem 6051:PoincarĂ© conjecture 5805:General (point-set) 5615:(Second ed.). 3798: —  2693:binary intersection 246:if there exists an 6041:De Rham cohomology 5962:Polyhedral complex 5952:Simplicial complex 5718:Dover Publications 5621:Prentice Hall, Inc 5420:Topologie GĂ©nĂ©rale 5385: 5308: 5281: 5261: 5184: 5161: 5141: 4958:Algebraic interior 4934: 4914: 4902: 4877: 4814: 4773: 4732:{\displaystyle S.} 4729: 4706: 4683: 4623: 4597: 4542: 4473:{\displaystyle S.} 4470: 4447: 4430:{\displaystyle S,} 4427: 4400: 4371: 4341:{\displaystyle X,} 4338: 4315: 4275: 4254: 4171: 4118: 4098: 4069: 4048: 3965: 3912: 3892: 3865:{\displaystyle X.} 3862: 3836: 3792: 3773:{\displaystyle X.} 3770: 3739: 3727:and the backslash 3720:{\displaystyle S,} 3717: 3690: 3670: 3603: 3537: 3506: 3456: 3436: 3413: 3393: 3341: 3288: 3256: 3236: 3209: 3168: 3141: 3112: 3049: 2940: 2902: 2844: 2762: 2673: 2613: 2573: 2536: 2516: 2490: 2470: 2450: 2423: 2388: 2362: 2342: 2323:{\displaystyle X.} 2320: 2293: 2268:{\displaystyle X.} 2265: 2242: 2222: 2202: 2173: 2151:{\displaystyle X,} 2148: 2125: 2102: 2070: 2053:{\displaystyle X,} 2050: 2009: 1965: 1943: 1919: 1850: 1826: 1757: 1735: 1693: 1580: 1552: 1530: 1489: 1467: 1405: 1380: 1358: 1323: 1297:{\displaystyle X,} 1294: 1271: 1263:{\displaystyle M.} 1260: 1237: 1217: 1187: 1151: 1125: 1105:{\displaystyle S.} 1102: 1079: 1055:{\displaystyle S.} 1052: 1029: 1009: 985:{\displaystyle S.} 982: 959: 939: 910: 880: 854: 824:{\displaystyle X,} 821: 798: 769:{\displaystyle x.} 766: 739: 719: 699: 682:{\displaystyle S.} 679: 656: 636: 616: 596: 572: 552: 532: 516:topological spaces 502: 458: 438: 418: 389: 369: 349: 329: 306: 286:{\displaystyle S.} 283: 260: 236: 216: 192: 84:of all subsets of 58:, specifically in 52: 6169:Closure operators 6156: 6155: 5945:fundamental group 5727:978-0-486-43479-7 5690:978-0-486-46903-4 5660:978-0-356-02077-8 5630:978-0-13-181629-9 5609:Munkres, James R. 5592:978-0-387-90125-1 5558:978-0-85226-444-7 5528:978-0-697-06889-7 5468:978-0-387-90972-1 5434:978-3-540-64241-1 5409:Bourbaki, Nicolas 4988:Relative interior 4946:interior-disjoint 4937:{\displaystyle b} 4917:{\displaystyle a} 4626:{\displaystyle S} 4537: 4450:{\displaystyle X} 4318:{\displaystyle S} 4297:Exterior of a set 4237: 4154: 4121:{\displaystyle X} 4031: 3948: 3915:{\displaystyle X} 3790: 3702:topological space 3693:{\displaystyle X} 3628: 3601: 3488:interior operator 3482:Interior operator 3472:interior operator 3259:{\displaystyle X} 3239:{\displaystyle S} 2810: 2804: 2539:{\displaystyle X} 2519:{\displaystyle S} 2502:subspace topology 2493:{\displaystyle S} 2473:{\displaystyle S} 2365:{\displaystyle X} 2345:{\displaystyle T} 2245:{\displaystyle T} 2225:{\displaystyle S} 2205:{\displaystyle X} 2183:is the empty set. 2128:{\displaystyle S} 2073:{\displaystyle X} 2019:is the empty set. 1862:every set is open 1738:{\displaystyle X} 1713:is the empty set. 1555:{\displaystyle X} 1383:{\displaystyle X} 1278:is the empty set. 1240:{\displaystyle M} 1220:{\displaystyle a} 1128:{\displaystyle X} 1032:{\displaystyle X} 962:{\displaystyle X} 801:{\displaystyle S} 780:Interior of a set 742:{\displaystyle S} 722:{\displaystyle S} 702:{\displaystyle x} 659:{\displaystyle X} 639:{\displaystyle x} 619:{\displaystyle X} 599:{\displaystyle S} 575:{\displaystyle x} 555:{\displaystyle X} 535:{\displaystyle S} 461:{\displaystyle S} 441:{\displaystyle y} 392:{\displaystyle S} 372:{\displaystyle x} 352:{\displaystyle d} 332:{\displaystyle X} 309:{\displaystyle S} 263:{\displaystyle x} 239:{\displaystyle S} 219:{\displaystyle x} 202:is a subset of a 195:{\displaystyle S} 75:topological space 16:(Redirected from 6181: 6174:General topology 6146: 6145: 6119: 6118: 6109: 6099: 6089: 6088: 6077: 6076: 5871: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5761: 5760: 5739: 5709:General Topology 5702: 5677:Wilansky, Albert 5672: 5642: 5604: 5579:General Topology 5570: 5540: 5510: 5489:General topology 5480: 5455:General Topology 5451:Dixmier, Jacques 5446: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5293:closure operator 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5072:closure operator 5068: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5005: 4970:Interior algebra 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4530: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4363: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4252: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4047: 4046: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4009: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3947: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3816: 3815: 3799: 3796: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3580: 3563: 3562: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3446:" swapped with " 3445: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3403:" swapped with " 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3036: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2871: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2808: 2802: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2691:distributes over 2682: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2036:indiscrete space 2018: 2016: 2015: 2010: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1635: 1627: 1619: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1520: 1501:rational numbers 1498: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1177: 1176: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1010: 991: 989: 988: 983: 968: 966: 965: 960: 948: 946: 945: 940: 919: 917: 916: 911: 906: 905: 889: 887: 886: 881: 863: 861: 860: 855: 847: 846: 830: 828: 827: 822: 807: 805: 804: 799: 775: 773: 772: 767: 748: 746: 745: 740: 728: 726: 725: 720: 708: 706: 705: 700: 688: 686: 685: 680: 665: 663: 662: 657: 645: 643: 642: 637: 625: 623: 622: 617: 605: 603: 602: 597: 581: 579: 578: 573: 561: 559: 558: 553: 541: 539: 538: 533: 511: 509: 508: 503: 467: 465: 464: 459: 447: 445: 444: 439: 427: 425: 424: 419: 398: 396: 395: 390: 378: 376: 375: 370: 358: 356: 355: 350: 338: 336: 335: 330: 315: 313: 312: 307: 292: 290: 289: 284: 269: 267: 266: 261: 245: 243: 242: 237: 225: 223: 222: 217: 201: 199: 198: 193: 145: 141: 126: 114: 111:The interior of 107: 99: 95: 87: 79: 72: 49: 45: 41: 37: 21: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6083: 6065: 6061:Urysohn's lemma 6022: 5986: 5872: 5863: 5835:low-dimensional 5793: 5788: 5746: 5728: 5691: 5661: 5647:Schubert, Horst 5631: 5593: 5575:Kelley, John L. 5559: 5529: 5515:Dugundji, James 5499: 5469: 5459:Springer-Verlag 5435: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5020: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4954: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4893: 4859: 4855: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4529: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4287: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3643: 3639: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3581: 3579: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3516:is dual to the 3500: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3104: 3096: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3032: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2867: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398:if and only if 2377: 2374: 2373: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2042: 2039: 2038: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1707:Euclidean space 1676: 1668: 1660: 1631: 1623: 1615: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1516: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1024: 1021: 1020: 998: 995: 994: 974: 971: 970: 954: 951: 950: 928: 925: 924: 901: 897: 895: 892: 891: 869: 866: 865: 842: 838: 836: 833: 832: 813: 810: 809: 793: 790: 789: 782: 758: 755: 754: 734: 731: 730: 714: 711: 710: 694: 691: 690: 689:(Equivalently, 671: 668: 667: 651: 648: 647: 631: 628: 627: 611: 608: 607: 591: 588: 587: 567: 564: 563: 547: 544: 543: 527: 524: 523: 473: 470: 469: 453: 450: 449: 433: 430: 429: 404: 401: 400: 384: 381: 380: 364: 361: 360: 344: 341: 340: 324: 321: 320: 301: 298: 297: 275: 272: 271: 255: 252: 251: 231: 228: 227: 211: 208: 207: 204:Euclidean space 187: 184: 183: 180: 175: 143: 139: 124: 112: 105: 97: 93: 85: 77: 70: 47: 43: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6187: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6113: 6103: 6093: 6081: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6008:Winding number 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5940:homotopy group 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5744:External links 5742: 5741: 5740: 5726: 5703: 5689: 5673: 5659: 5643: 5629: 5605: 5591: 5571: 5557: 5541: 5527: 5511: 5497: 5481: 5467: 5447: 5433: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5307: 5304: 5280: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5183: 5180: 5160: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5018: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4953: 4950: 4933: 4913: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4824: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4728: 4725: 4705: 4702: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4622: 4609:The interior, 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4469: 4466: 4446: 4426: 4423: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4337: 4334: 4314: 4298: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4117: 4095: 4091: 4079: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3911: 3889: 3885: 3861: 3858: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3788: 3769: 3766: 3737: 3716: 3713: 3689: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3534: 3530: 3503: 3499: 3483: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3455: 3435: 3424: 3412: 3392: 3377: 3376: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3255: 3235: 3220: 3219: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3151: 3140: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2694: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2628: 2623: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2587: 2583: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2547:if and only if 2535: 2515: 2505: 2489: 2469: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2433: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2361: 2341: 2330: 2319: 2316: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2264: 2261: 2252:be subsets of 2241: 2221: 2201: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2147: 2144: 2124: 2112:and for every 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2069: 2049: 2046: 2032: 2029:discrete space 2021: 2020: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1963: 1941: 1929: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1848: 1836: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1755: 1734: 1717:On the set of 1715: 1714: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1579: 1575: 1551: 1540: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1487: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1403: 1379: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1293: 1290: 1279: 1259: 1256: 1236: 1216: 1201: 1198: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1124: 1113: 1112: 1101: 1098: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1062: 1051: 1048: 1028: 1008: 1005: 1002: 992: 981: 978: 958: 938: 935: 932: 909: 904: 900: 879: 876: 873: 853: 850: 845: 841: 820: 817: 797: 781: 778: 765: 762: 738: 718: 698: 678: 675: 655: 635: 615: 595: 585: 584:interior point 571: 551: 531: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 457: 437: 417: 414: 411: 408: 388: 368: 348: 328: 305: 282: 279: 259: 235: 215: 191: 179: 178:Interior point 176: 174: 171: 102:interior point 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6186: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6018:Orientability 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:Set-theoretic 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Combinatorial 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5780: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714:Mineola, N.Y. 5711: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5498:0-85274-275-4 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485:CsĂĄszĂĄr, Ákos 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5305: 5302: 5294: 5278: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5181: 5178: 5158: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5055:, p. 25. 5054: 5053:Bourbaki 1989 5049: 5043:, p. 24. 5042: 5041:Bourbaki 1989 5037: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5019:981-238-067-1 5015: 5011: 5004: 5000: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4931: 4911: 4897: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4726: 4723: 4703: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4636: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4552: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4467: 4464: 4444: 4424: 4421: 4413: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4335: 4332: 4312: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4272: 4260: 4256: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4141: 4137: 4115: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4066: 4054: 4050: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3935: 3931: 3909: 3902:is closed in 3887: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3767: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3735: 3714: 3711: 3703: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3630: 3622: 3591: 3585: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3453: 3433: 3425: 3410: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3253: 3246:is closed in 3233: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3043: 3029: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2864: 2861: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2773: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2585: 2584: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2548: 2533: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2500:is given the 2487: 2467: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2434: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2359: 2339: 2331: 2317: 2314: 2306: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2262: 2259: 2239: 2219: 2199: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2145: 2142: 2122: 2115: 2114:proper subset 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2067: 2047: 2044: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1985: 1982: 1975:itself, then 1930: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1871: 1863: 1837: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1781: 1778: 1770: 1732: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1673: 1665: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1628: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1597: 1577: 1565: 1564:complex plane 1549: 1541: 1527: 1521: 1513: 1510: 1502: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1425: 1422: 1393: 1377: 1369: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1291: 1288: 1281:In any space 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1257: 1254: 1234: 1214: 1206: 1197: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1122: 1115:If the space 1099: 1096: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1063: 1049: 1046: 1039:contained in 1026: 1006: 1003: 1000: 993: 979: 976: 969:contained in 956: 936: 933: 930: 923: 922: 921: 907: 902: 898: 877: 874: 871: 851: 848: 843: 839: 818: 815: 795: 787: 777: 763: 760: 752: 751:neighbourhood 736: 716: 696: 676: 673: 653: 633: 613: 593: 583: 569: 549: 529: 521: 517: 512: 499: 496: 493: 487: 484: 481: 475: 455: 435: 415: 412: 409: 406: 386: 366: 346: 326: 319: 303: 294: 280: 277: 257: 249: 233: 213: 205: 189: 170: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 137: 132: 130: 122: 118: 109: 103: 91: 83: 76: 69: 65: 61: 57: 32: 19: 6148:Publications 6013:Chern number 6003:Betti number 5892: 5886: / 5877:Key concepts 5825:Differential 5708: 5680: 5650: 5612: 5578: 5548: 5545:Joshi, K. D. 5518: 5488: 5454: 5418: 5413: 5402:Bibliography 5318:explicitly: 5194:explicitly: 5066: 5048: 5036: 5009: 5003: 4945: 4903: 4749: 4608: 4553: 4305:of a subset 4302: 4300: 4288: 3795:(C. Ursescu) 3789: 3781: 3487: 3485: 3469: 3378: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3221: 2191: 2022: 1719:real numbers 1716: 1114: 788:of a subset 785: 783: 513: 339:with metric 318:metric space 295: 250:centered at 181: 163:closed curve 160: 135: 133: 110: 101: 63: 53: 42:. The point 6111:Wikiversity 6028:Key results 4944:are called 4904:Two shapes 4348:denoted by 4291:Baire space 4108:is open in 3704:containing 2627:Idempotence 2352:is open in 831:denoted by 173:Definitions 56:mathematics 6163:Categories 5957:CW complex 5898:Continuity 5888:Closed set 5847:cohomology 5754:PlanetMath 4995:References 4828:idempotent 4381:or simply 2188:Properties 1711:finite set 1503:is empty: 428:such that 117:complement 34:The point 6136:geometric 6131:algebraic 5982:Cobordism 5918:Hausdorff 5913:connected 5830:Geometric 5820:Continuum 5810:Algebraic 5699:227923899 5537:395340485 5411:(1989) . 5374:⁡ 5365:∪ 5356:⁡ 5338:∪ 5329:⁡ 5303:∪ 5279:∪ 5250:⁡ 5241:∩ 5232:⁡ 5214:∩ 5205:⁡ 5179:∩ 5159:∩ 5130:⁡ 5121:∪ 5112:⁡ 5094:∪ 5085:⁡ 5028:285163112 4900:Triangle. 4864:⁡ 4853:⁡ 4847:⊆ 4841:⁡ 4806:⁡ 4800:⊆ 4794:⁡ 4765:⊆ 4701:∂ 4675:⁡ 4669:∪ 4663:∂ 4660:∪ 4654:⁡ 4635:partition 4633:together 4586:∖ 4577:⁡ 4565:⁡ 4535:¯ 4527:∖ 4512:∖ 4503:⁡ 4491:⁡ 4392:⁡ 4366:⁡ 4246:∈ 4239:⋂ 4217:⁡ 4183:⁡ 4163:∈ 4156:⋂ 4040:∈ 4033:⋃ 4011:⁡ 3977:⁡ 3957:∈ 3950:⋃ 3834:… 3736:∖ 3659:∖ 3650:⁡ 3637:∖ 3626:¯ 3613:and also 3599:¯ 3589:∖ 3577:∖ 3565:⁡ 3454:∩ 3434:∪ 3411:⊇ 3391:⊆ 3333:⁡ 3318:∪ 3309:⁡ 3286:∅ 3277:⁡ 3201:⁡ 3195:⊆ 3189:⁡ 3163:⊆ 3139:⊆ 3094:⁡ 3079:∪ 3070:⁡ 3038:∖ 3024:∞ 3012:∪ 3000:∞ 2997:− 2982:⁡ 2973:∪ 2964:⁡ 2935:∞ 2888:∞ 2885:− 2836:⁡ 2827:∪ 2818:⁡ 2806:⊇ 2794:∪ 2785:⁡ 2751:⁡ 2742:∩ 2733:⁡ 2715:∩ 2706:⁡ 2686:Preserves 2665:⁡ 2650:⁡ 2641:⁡ 2605:⊆ 2599:⁡ 2586:Intensive 2559:⁡ 2445:⁡ 2415:⁡ 2409:⊆ 2383:⊆ 2288:⁡ 2168:⁡ 2091:⁡ 1986:⁡ 1875:⁡ 1782:⁡ 1767:with the 1658:∈ 1637:≤ 1613:∈ 1601:⁡ 1525:∅ 1514:⁡ 1426:⁡ 1392:real line 1350:⊆ 1344:⁡ 1315:⊆ 1276:empty set 1179:⁡ 1146:⁡ 1074:⁡ 1004:⁡ 934:⁡ 903:∘ 875:⁡ 849:⁡ 248:open ball 152:partition 138:of a set 131:notions. 88:that are 6101:Wikibook 6079:Category 5967:Manifold 5935:Homotopy 5893:Interior 5884:Open set 5842:Homology 5791:Topology 5750:Interior 5651:Topology 5649:(1968). 5639:42683260 5613:Topology 5611:(2000). 5577:(1975). 5547:(1983). 5519:Topology 5517:(1966). 5487:(1978). 5477:10277303 5453:(1984). 5443:18588129 4952:See also 4611:boundary 4412:disjoint 4303:exterior 4081:If each 3875:If each 3749:denotes 3127:Monotone 2080:itself, 1200:Examples 786:interior 520:open set 148:boundary 136:exterior 64:interior 60:topology 18:Exterior 6126:general 5928:uniform 5908:compact 5859:Digital 5567:9218750 5507:4146011 5423:]. 3791:Theorem 3700:is the 3518:closure 3373:closure 2034:In any 2027:In any 1864:, then 1771:, then 1705:In any 1562:is the 1390:is the 206:, then 121:closure 119:of the 115:is the 80:is the 6121:Topics 5923:metric 5798:Fields 5736:115240 5734:  5724:  5697:  5687:  5669:463753 5667:  5657:  5637:  5627:  5601:338047 5599:  5589:  5565:  5555:  5535:  5525:  5505:  5495:  5475:  5465:  5441:  5431:  5026:  5016:  4964:DE-9IM 4745:closed 4693:where 3793:  3680:where 2809:  2803:  582:is an 522:". If 448:is in 100:is an 68:subset 62:, the 5903:Space 5417:[ 4783:then 4414:from 4128:then 3922:then 3298:then 3178:then 3152:: If 2950:then 2480:when 2372:then 1590:then 1333:then 749:is a 562:then 316:of a 156:empty 82:union 73:of a 66:of a 5732:OCLC 5722:ISBN 5695:OCLC 5685:ISBN 5665:OCLC 5655:ISBN 5635:OCLC 5625:ISBN 5597:OCLC 5587:ISBN 5563:OCLC 5553:ISBN 5533:OCLC 5523:ISBN 5503:OCLC 5493:ISBN 5473:OCLC 5463:ISBN 5439:OCLC 5429:ISBN 5024:OCLC 5014:ISBN 4924:and 4741:open 4301:The 3800:Let 3486:The 3266:and 2912:and 2305:open 2232:and 2192:Let 1682:< 784:The 494:< 410:> 134:The 129:dual 90:open 5752:at 5247:int 5229:int 5202:int 5074:is 4861:ext 4850:ext 4838:int 4803:ext 4791:ext 4672:ext 4651:int 4574:ext 4562:int 4500:int 4488:ext 4389:ext 4357:ext 4208:int 4138:int 4015:int 3968:int 3641:int 3556:int 3498:int 3330:int 3306:int 3274:int 3226:If 3198:int 3186:int 3091:int 3067:int 2979:int 2961:int 2833:int 2815:int 2782:int 2748:int 2730:int 2703:int 2662:int 2647:int 2638:int 2596:int 2556:int 2442:int 2412:int 2332:If 2307:in 2303:is 2285:int 2165:int 2135:of 2088:int 1983:int 1872:int 1779:int 1725:If 1598:int 1542:If 1511:int 1499:of 1423:int 1370:If 1341:int 1304:if 1170:int 1143:int 1071:int 1001:int 931:int 890:or 872:int 864:or 840:int 753:of 729:if 626:if 606:in 586:of 182:If 158:). 104:of 92:in 54:In 6165:: 5730:. 5720:. 5716:: 5712:. 5693:. 5663:. 5633:. 5623:. 5619:: 5595:. 5581:. 5561:. 5531:. 5501:. 5471:. 5461:. 5437:. 5371:cl 5353:cl 5326:cl 5127:cl 5109:cl 5082:cl 5022:. 4747:. 4293:. 4221:cl 4174:cl 4002:cl 3932:cl 3529:cl 3478:. 2695:: 2630:: 2588:: 776:) 359:: 169:. 108:. 5783:e 5776:t 5769:v 5756:. 5738:. 5701:. 5671:. 5641:. 5603:. 5569:. 5539:. 5509:. 5479:. 5445:. 5383:. 5380:) 5377:T 5368:( 5362:) 5359:S 5350:( 5347:= 5344:) 5341:T 5335:S 5332:( 5306:; 5259:. 5256:) 5253:T 5244:( 5238:) 5235:S 5226:( 5223:= 5220:) 5217:T 5211:S 5208:( 5182:; 5139:. 5136:) 5133:T 5124:( 5118:) 5115:S 5106:( 5103:= 5100:) 5097:T 5091:S 5088:( 5030:. 4932:b 4912:a 4875:. 4871:) 4867:S 4857:( 4844:S 4812:. 4809:S 4797:T 4771:, 4768:T 4762:S 4727:. 4724:S 4704:S 4681:, 4678:S 4666:S 4657:S 4648:= 4645:X 4621:S 4595:. 4592:) 4589:S 4583:X 4580:( 4571:= 4568:S 4540:. 4532:S 4524:X 4521:= 4518:) 4515:S 4509:X 4506:( 4497:= 4494:S 4468:. 4465:S 4445:X 4425:, 4422:S 4398:, 4395:S 4369:S 4361:X 4336:, 4333:X 4313:S 4273:. 4268:) 4261:i 4257:S 4250:N 4243:i 4233:( 4225:X 4212:X 4203:= 4198:) 4191:i 4187:S 4178:X 4167:N 4160:i 4150:( 4142:X 4116:X 4094:i 4090:S 4067:. 4062:) 4055:i 4051:S 4044:N 4037:i 4027:( 4019:X 4006:X 3997:= 3992:) 3985:i 3981:S 3972:X 3961:N 3954:i 3944:( 3936:X 3910:X 3888:i 3884:S 3860:. 3857:X 3831:, 3826:2 3822:S 3818:, 3813:1 3809:S 3768:. 3765:X 3715:, 3712:S 3688:X 3668:, 3665:) 3662:S 3656:X 3653:( 3645:X 3634:X 3631:= 3623:S 3595:) 3592:S 3586:X 3583:( 3574:X 3571:= 3568:S 3560:X 3533:X 3502:X 3466:" 3426:" 3423:" 3383:" 3371:" 3339:. 3336:S 3327:= 3324:) 3321:T 3315:S 3312:( 3283:= 3280:T 3254:X 3234:S 3207:. 3204:T 3192:S 3166:T 3160:S 3129:/ 3110:. 3106:R 3102:= 3098:R 3088:= 3085:) 3082:T 3076:S 3073:( 3047:} 3044:0 3041:{ 3034:R 3030:= 3027:) 3021:, 3018:0 3015:( 3009:) 3006:0 3003:, 2994:( 2991:= 2988:) 2985:T 2976:( 2970:) 2967:S 2958:( 2938:) 2932:, 2929:0 2926:( 2923:= 2920:T 2900:, 2897:] 2894:0 2891:, 2882:( 2879:= 2876:S 2873:, 2869:R 2865:= 2862:X 2842:) 2839:T 2830:( 2824:) 2821:S 2812:( 2800:) 2797:T 2791:S 2788:( 2760:. 2757:) 2754:T 2745:( 2739:) 2736:S 2727:( 2724:= 2721:) 2718:T 2712:S 2709:( 2688:/ 2671:. 2668:S 2659:= 2656:) 2653:S 2644:( 2611:. 2608:S 2602:S 2571:. 2568:S 2565:= 2562:S 2534:X 2514:S 2504:. 2488:S 2468:S 2448:S 2421:. 2418:S 2406:T 2386:S 2380:T 2360:X 2340:T 2318:. 2315:X 2291:S 2263:. 2260:X 2240:T 2220:S 2200:X 2171:S 2146:, 2143:X 2123:S 2100:X 2097:= 2094:X 2068:X 2048:, 2045:X 2007:) 2004:] 2001:1 1998:, 1995:0 1992:[ 1989:( 1962:R 1940:R 1917:. 1914:] 1911:1 1908:, 1905:0 1902:[ 1899:= 1896:) 1893:] 1890:1 1887:, 1884:0 1881:[ 1878:( 1847:R 1824:. 1821:) 1818:1 1815:, 1812:0 1809:[ 1806:= 1803:) 1800:] 1797:1 1794:, 1791:0 1788:[ 1785:( 1754:R 1733:X 1691:. 1688:} 1685:1 1678:| 1674:z 1670:| 1666:: 1662:C 1655:z 1652:{ 1649:= 1646:) 1643:} 1640:1 1633:| 1629:z 1625:| 1621:: 1617:C 1610:z 1607:{ 1604:( 1578:, 1574:C 1550:X 1528:. 1522:= 1518:Q 1486:Q 1465:) 1462:1 1459:, 1456:0 1453:( 1450:= 1447:) 1444:] 1441:1 1438:, 1435:0 1432:[ 1429:( 1402:R 1378:X 1356:. 1353:S 1347:S 1321:, 1318:X 1312:S 1292:, 1289:X 1258:. 1255:M 1235:M 1215:a 1185:. 1182:S 1174:X 1149:S 1123:X 1100:. 1097:S 1077:S 1050:. 1047:S 1027:X 1007:S 980:. 977:S 957:X 937:S 908:, 899:S 878:S 852:S 844:X 819:, 816:X 796:S 764:. 761:x 737:S 717:S 697:x 677:. 674:S 654:X 634:x 614:X 594:S 570:x 550:X 530:S 500:. 497:r 491:) 488:y 485:, 482:x 479:( 476:d 456:S 436:y 416:, 413:0 407:r 387:S 367:x 347:d 327:X 304:S 281:. 278:S 258:x 234:S 214:x 190:S 144:S 140:S 125:S 113:S 106:S 98:S 94:X 86:S 78:X 71:S 50:. 48:S 44:y 40:S 36:x 20:)

Index

Exterior

mathematics
topology
subset
topological space
union
open
complement
closure
dual
boundary
partition
empty
closed curve
Jordan curve theorem
Euclidean space
open ball
metric space
topological spaces
open set
neighbourhood

empty set
real line
rational numbers
complex plane
Euclidean space
finite set
real numbers

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