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responsibilities of expert witnesses are to evaluate potential problems, defects, deficiencies, or errors only when able to fully appreciate a process or system. Expert witnesses are obligated to study the processes prior to making a survey or postpone the assignment prior to potentially missing the target due to lack of specific condition understanding. They are called to testify under the assumption that all the preparation required for a competent evaluation of the process has been made.
75:
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1296:(or the procedure) can be suspended in order to allow the experts to study the case and produce their results. More frequently, meetings of experts occur before trial. Experts charge a professional fee which is paid by the party commissioning the report (both parties for joint instructions) although the report is addressed to the court. The fee must not be contingent on the outcome of the case. Expert witnesses may be
1064:, under the Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (FRE), an expert witness must be qualified on the topic of testimony. In determining the qualifications of the expert, the FRE requires the expert have had specialized education, training, or practical experience in the subject matter relating to the case. The expert's testimony must be based on facts in evidence, and should offer opinion about the
903:
conditions. Conversely, the court does allow an expert to testify about issues that may not be personally known by them. This allows the expert to rely upon scientific articles, discussions with colleagues on the subject, testimony read in preparation for testimony in the case and similar pieces of information not personally known to the expert.
1177:
of the major struggles that came out of this precedent was the application to both civil and criminal cases. Many of the courts and judges had trouble interpreting the "general acceptance" notion of a particular field in a concise and non-arbitrary manner. In 2012, courts in nine states still used the
1189:
In 1975, the United States
Congress issued the Federal Rules of Evidence. FRE 702 was issued to provide a standard for expert witness testimony to be upheld by the United States court system. The rule specified that the application of expert witnesses had to be attributed to a person with "scientific
1176:
Through this ruling, the judge's opinion in Frye v. United States set precedent and the standard by which expert witnesses would be utilized in the court system for decades. In the federal courts, between 1948 and 1975, Frye was cited 55 times; however, the use and application was not consistent. One
948:
An expert testifying in a United States federal court must satisfy the requirements of Fed. R. Evid. 702. Generally, under Rule 702, an expert is a person with "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge" who can "assist the trier of fact," which is typically a jury. A witness who is being
902:
One important rule that applies to the expert witness but not the percipient witness is the exception to the hearsay rule. A percipient witness tells only what he/she actually knows about a case and nothing more. Percipient witnesses cannot give opinions nor conjecture regarding a hypothetical set of
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Expert witnesses are called upon in the court system to serve as an objective party to the lawsuit and never function as an advocate for one side or the other. Expert witnesses are present in litigation to explain complicated scientific issues, not to influence the jury or judge with fervor. The main
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Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential force of the principle must be recognized, and while courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from
1099:
police officer, with the public defenders paying approximately $ 311,000 for seven experts and the prosecutors paying $ 270,000 for three experts. A 2021 survey conducted by SEAK, Inc., a company that helps professionals serve as expert witnesses, revealed a median hourly rate of $ 500, $ 400, and $
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An expert witness at the time of trial is qualified by the court and must be re-qualified each time that person comes to trial for the offering of opinions. The qualification is given by each trial judge and takes place regardless of prior appearances by a particular expert witness. Expert witnesses
1051:
The non-testifying expert can be present at the trial or hearing to aid the attorney in asking questions of other expert witnesses. Unlike a testifying expert, a non-testifying expert can be easily withdrawn from a case. It is also possible to change a non-testifying expert to a testifying expert
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The educating witness teaches the fact-finder (jury or, in a bench trial, judge) about the underlying scientific theory and instrument implementing theory. This witness is an expert witness, called to elicit opinions that a theory is valid and the instruments involved are reliable. The witness must
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If the witness needs to testify in court, the privilege is no longer protected. The expert witness's identity and nearly all documents used to prepare the testimony will become discoverable. Usually an experienced lawyer will advise the expert not to take notes on documents because all of the notes
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such that they are able to authenticate the evidence, prove that it is what they represent it to be, when testifying at trial. Most notably in the context of a criminal prosecution, an expert witness who evaluates or examines an item pertinent to an investigation or case evaluation may add an entry
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Under the CPR, expert witnesses may be instructed to produce a joint statement detailing points of agreement and disagreement to assist the court or tribunal. The meeting is held quite independently of instructing lawyers, and often assists in resolution of a case, especially if the experts review
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In 1923, the case of Frye v. United States instituted significant change to both criminal and civil law by addressing the use of expert witness testimony in conjunction with scientific testimony. In Frye v. United States, the defense team attempted to introduce both the results of a polygraph test
812:
to decide which expert witness to believe. Although experts are legally prohibited from expressing their opinion of submitted evidence until after they are hired, sometimes a party can surmise beforehand, because of reputation or prior cases, that the testimony will be favorable regardless of any
930:
In the case of an expert witness, the weight of his/her evidence depends heavily on the foundation support established prior to an opinion being given. Examples include educational background, review of scholarly works, field studies and trainings which all lead up to developing a foundation of
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recognized midwives, handwriting experts and land surveyors as legal experts. The codified use of expert witnesses and the admissibility of their testimony and scientific evidence has developed significantly in the
Western court system over the last 250 years. The concept of allowing an expert
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Called after teaching witness leaves stand. Usually the laboratory technician who personally conducted the test. Witness will describe both the test and the results. When describing test, will venture opinions that proper test procedures were used and that equipment was in good working order.
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of the witness in order to challenge that witness' qualifications. If qualified by the court, then the expert may testify "in the form of an opinion or otherwise" so long as: "(1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
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However, the court rejected the expert's testimony, ruling that: "While courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general
881:
Electronic evidence has also entered the courtroom as critical forensic evidence. Audio and video evidence must be authenticated by both parties in any litigation by a forensic expert who is also an expert witness who assists the court in understanding details about that electronic evidence.
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before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts.
1318:(1953) provides authority that where a witness has particular knowledge or skills in an area being examined by the court, and has been called to court in order to elaborate on that area for the benefit of the court, that witness may give evidence of his/her opinion on that area.
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In high stakes cases multiple experts, in multiple topics, are often retained by each party. Although it is still relatively rare, the court itself may also retain its own independent expert. In all cases, fees paid to an expert may not be contingent on the outcome of the case.
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or technical knowledge," in conjunction with a list of qualifications that would quality one to be an expert in terms of "knowledge, skill, experience, training or education". This rule thus clarified the acceptable use of expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases.
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recordings and closed-circuit television systems produce electronic evidence often used in litigation, more so today than in the past. Video recordings of bank robberies and audio recordings of life threats are presented in court rooms by electronic expert witnesses.
1084:, where the expert compares signatures to determine the likelihood of a forgery, and medical case reviews by a physician or nurse, in which the expert goes over hospital and medical records to assess the possibility of malpractice, experts often initially charge a
1202:
responded that "the applicable considerations are 'probativeness, materiality, and reliability of the evidence on the one side, and any tendency to mislead, prejudice or confuse the jury on the other.'" The court appeared to reject the previous precedent set by
1103:
The expert's professional fee, plus his or her related expenses, is generally paid by the party retaining the expert. In some circumstance the party who prevails in the litigation may be entitled to recover the amounts paid to its expert from the losing party.
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case an expert may be shown two music scores, book texts, or circuit boards and asked to ascertain their degree of similarity. In the majority of cases, the expert's personal relation to the defendant is considered and usually adjudged to be irrelevant.
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However, FRE 702 still left some courts in confusion. The courts who would use this new rule were confused as to whether FRE 702 served to bolster the "general acceptance" ruling in Frye or if FRE 702 was the replacement of this rule. For instance, in
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during pre-trial discovery, or at trial. Hourly fees range from approximately $ 200 to $ 750 or more per hour, varying primarily by the expert's field of expertise, and the individual expert's qualifications and reputation. In several fields, such as
931:
knowledge for credibility of a testimony. Before trial, all experts must prepare a report summarizing their analysis and conclusions and share the report with all other parties. This allows other parties to effectively cross-examine the expert.
733:, to provide scientific rationale behind the proposed legislation. The decision by the English Court to allow for an expert to provide contextual background and detail on a case is often cited as the root of modern rules on expert testimony.
785:, in order to provide the court with a complete knowledge on the fact/action it is judging. The expertise has the legal value of an acquisition of data. The results of these experts are then compared to those by the experts of the parties.
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In the U.S., a party may hire experts to help them evaluate a given case. For example, a car maker may hire an experienced mechanic to decide if its cars were built to specification. This kind of expert opinion will be protected from
1153:(1923), said that admissible scientific evidence must be a result of a theory that had "general acceptance" in the scientific community. This test results in uniform decisions regarding admissibility. In particular, the judges in
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has issued guidelines for experts appearing in
Australian courts. This covers the format of the expert's written testimony as well as their behaviour in court. Similar procedures apply in non-court forums, such as the Australian
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a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.
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to a "chain of custody" document, a form that contains the item's description, the time and date of release for all prior custodians of the item, and the time and date of release to the witness.
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475 for testifying in court, case preparation, and deposition respectively. As for the highest amount ever billed for a single case, the median was $ 24,000 and the mean was just over $ 62,000.
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for their initial report. As with the hourly fees discussed previously, the amount of that flat fee varies considerably based on the reviewing expert's field, experience and reputation.
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by the opposing party. In other words, if the expert finds evidence against their client, the opposite party will not automatically gain access to it. This privilege is similar to the
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offered as an expert must first establish his or her competency in the relevant field through an examination of his or her credentials. The opposing attorney is permitted to conduct a
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361:
2374:
2003:
Yell, Mitchell L.; Katsiyannis, Antonis; Ryan, Joseph B.; McDuffie, Kimberly (November 2008). "Recovery of Expert Fees in
Special Education Due Process Hearings".
1425:: Expert witness is qualified to give evidence, where the court itself cannot form an opinion and special study, skill or experience is required for the purpose
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Snow, J.N., & Weed, R. (1997). Mental health forensic issues in
Georgia: The role of the expert witness. Georgia Journal of Professional Counselors, 53-65.
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and modify their opinions. When this happens, substantial trial costs can be saved when the parties to a dispute agree to a settlement. In most systems, the
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to the court. A witness may be jointly instructed by both sides if the parties agree to this, especially in cases where the liability is relatively small.
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in 1782. In this particular case, the court was hearing litigation regarding the silting of Wells Harbor in
Norfolk and allowed leading civil engineer,
1412:: Expert evidence is admissible on the basis that the knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue
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1242:
It provides four factors that courts ought to consider when determining whether expert testimony is admissible under the
Federal Rules of Evidence:
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Snow, J.N. & Weed, R. (1996). Forensic issues in mental health: The role of the expert witness. Journal of Legal Nurse
Consulting, 7(4), 2-13.
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Experts in the U.S. typically are paid on an hourly basis for their services in investigating the facts, preparing a report, and if necessary,
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1444:: Expert evidence must be provided in as much detail as possible in-order to convince the judge that the expert's opinions are well founded
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1862:
2194:
1842:
Guidelines for Expert
Witnesses in Proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia, Practice Direction, (Federal Court of Australia, 2007)
1468:: Expert's "duties to the Court override any obligation to the person from whom they have received instructions or have been paid by"
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administered to Frye to determine Frye's innocence as well as the testimony of an expert witness to verify and explain the results.
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758:
1450:: Expert testimony to be based on sufficient facts, data or products of a credible source of test and tried principles and methods
1406:: Expert evidence is to furnish the Judge or jury with necessary scientific criteria for testing the accuracy of their conclusions
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witness to testify in a court setting and provide opinionated evidence on the facts of other witnesses was first introduced by
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Although experts can testify in any case in which their expertise is relevant, criminal cases are more likely to use
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are those whom the court has deemed qualified to speak on a topic to provide background to anyone on a lay jury.
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methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case."
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1300:(issued with a witness summons), although this is normally a formality to avoid court date clashes.
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be qualified as an expert witness, which may require academic qualifications or specific training.
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691:. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about
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are common kinds of expert evidence heard in serious criminal cases. In civil cases, the work of
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1960:
1207:. The rationale in the Williams case was later adopted by other federal courts, including the
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Expert evidence is often the most important component of many civil and criminal cases today.
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were used as experts in determining pregnancy, virginity and female fertility. Similarly, the
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Giannelli, Paul C.; McMunigal, Kevin C. (2007). "Prosecutors, Ethics, and Expert
Witnesses".
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1474:: Expert's duty is not formally defined under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure /Evidence
808:, they are often used by both sides to advocate differing positions, and it is left up to a
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3322:
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1890:"What are the differences between an expert witness and a consultant non testifying expert"
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Evidence in the nineties: cases, materials, and problems for an age of science and statutes
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which adopted a "reliability" test in 1984. Meanwhile, other federal courts stuck to the
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1624:— English caselaw abolishing witness immunity from civil action for negligence
1249:"Whether the theory or technique has an acceptable known or potential rate of error"
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Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Thinking about Expert Evidence as Expert Testimony
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2012:
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basis in the submitted data; such experts are commonly disparaged as "hired guns."
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1252:"The existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation"
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2040:"Full Cost in Translation: Awarding Expert Witness Fees in Copyright Litigation"
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which would not be solved until the Supreme Court set a new expert standard in
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The forensic expert practice is an ancient profession. For example, in ancient
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1284:(CPR), an expert witness is required to be independent and address his or her
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in most countries. The use of expert witnesses is sometimes criticized in the
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2016:
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Expert Witnessing and Scientific Testimony : A Guidebook, Second Edition
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1431:: An expert witness is qualified by knowledge, skill, experience or education
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It is important that expert witnesses who handle evidence maintain a proper
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The accidental expert witness, Tom Worthington, Information Age (IDG, 2005)
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612:
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1940:
Effective Expert Witnessing, Fifth Edition: Practices for the 21st Century
1644:— Canadian case law establishing qualifications for expert witnesses
777:, can in some systems call upon experts to technically evaluate a certain
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1978:
Mangraviti, James J.; Wilbur, Kelly J.; Donovan, Nadine Nasser (2021).
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Carlson, Ronald L.; Imwinkelried, Edward J.; Kionka, Edward J. (1991).
1246:"Whether the expert's theory or technique can be (and has been) tested"
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684:
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557:
2358:-The Most Influential Supreme Court Ruling You've Never Heard Of (pdf)
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Expert Testimony in Federal Civil Trials: A Preliminary Analysis (pdf)
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1681:"Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 702. Testimony by Expert Witnesses"
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1255:"Whether the theory or technique has attained 'general acceptance'"
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Federal Judicial Center; National Research Council, eds. (2011).
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863:
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2366:, 28.4 International Review of Law and Economics, 246-255 (2008)
1525:, a panel of expert witnesses had to decide on the character of
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1487:: Expert evidence is examined before the Judge (or Arbitrator)
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2237:"Gollum Was a Victim, say Experts in ErdoÄźan Defamation Case"
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paid nearly $ 600,000 during the trial over the killing of a
997:– are frequently used in both the civil and criminal courts.
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774:
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Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
1961:"County paid nearly $ 600,000 for expert witnesses at trial"
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3153:
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2320:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997).
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Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America
2279:(3rd. ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
2002:
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Person whose opinion is accepted by the judge as an expert
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Stern, Hal S.; Cuellar, Maria; Kaye, David (April 2019).
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1737:
The Use of Social Science Data in Supreme Court Decisions
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acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs."
1113:
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The expert has a great responsibility, and especially in
263:
2071:"Reliability and validity of forensic science evidence"
1977:
2390:
2195:"A Brief History of Expert Witnesses in U.S. Courts"
2124:
Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
1756:"A Brief History of Expert Witnesses in U.S. Courts"
1506:: Expert opinion on ultimate issue is not admissible
1263:
test when analyzing their own expert witness rules.
1181:
standard when analyzing state expert witness rules.
162:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2109:
2387:. Volume 52, Issue 4, Article 4. p. 803-840.
2351:Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy
1982:. Falmouth, Massachusetts: Seak, Inc. p. 4.
825:
757:, cause of failure in a machine or other device,
3622:
2068:
1854:
1825:"Forensic Ethics and the Expert Witness". 2007.
1719:"Forensic Ethics and the Expert Witness". 2007.
1512:: Expert opinion on ultimate issue is admissible
1493:: Expert evidence can be compelled to deposition
1321:
2406:
1980:2021 SEAK, Inc. Survey of Expert Witness Fees
1007:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
632:
82:The examples and perspective in this article
1550:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
1435:
1240:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
1222:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
2226:Davie v Magistrates of Edinburgh 1953 SC 34
2192:
2037:
1925:"Rule 702. Testimony by Expert Witnesses".
1360:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
862:is usually important, the latter to assess
62:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2413:
2399:
2364:Dueling Experts and Imperfect Verification
2267:The Judicial Assessment of Expert Evidence
2171:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1888:Eri J.D., Christopher (19 November 2013).
1710:, articles "Evidence", "Expert", "Witness"
749:are relied on for opinions on severity of
639:
625:
2193:Ryskamp, Dani Alexis; J.D. (2018-05-10).
2143:(3 ed.). New York. pp. 807–10.
2086:
1380:Learn how and when to remove this message
1238:arose out of the U.S. Supreme Court case
1072:to the evidence in drawing a conclusion.
1030:
671:, is a person whose opinion by virtue of
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3558:History of the American legal profession
1887:
1735:Rosemary J. Erickson, Rita James Simon,
1675:
1673:
759:loss of earnings and associated benefits
2276:Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence
1753:
893:Rules of evidence and code of procedure
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1687:. Cornell Law School. 30 November 2011
1107:
945:will be available to the other party.
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1967:. Associated Press. 28 November 2017.
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2269:, Cambridge University Press (2008).
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1358:adding citations to reliable sources
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1259:In 2012, twenty-two states used the
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796:by an expert is a severely punished
160:adding citations to reliable sources
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2325:The Expert Witness and his Evidence
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1052:before the expert disclosure date.
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2385:Villanova University School of Law
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1912:
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761:, care costs, and the like. In an
14:
3652:
2542:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2338:
2332:Being an Effective Expert Witness
2005:Intervention in School and Clinic
1773:
1742:
1266:
816:
687:, is accepted by the judge as an
43:This article has multiple issues.
19:For the album-review column, see
3589:
3588:
3574:
2308:
2088:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2019.01250.x
1653:Traffic collision reconstruction
1416:
1330:
1315:Davie v Magistrates of Edinburgh
1055:
989:– UK, Ireland, and Commonwealth
965:, whereas civil cases, such as
136:
73:
32:
3553:History of the legal profession
2347:(Federal Judicial Center, 2000)
2252:
2220:
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2118:
2103:
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2031:
1996:
1971:
1953:
1932:
1845:
1836:
1635:Questioned document examination
1523:ErdoÄźan-Gollum comparison trial
1392:
1124:knowledge or techniques. Most
897:
147:needs additional citations for
51:or discuss these issues on the
2038:Vennekotter, Nicholas (2019).
1819:
1810:
1801:
1729:
1713:
1699:
1478:
1454:
826:Duties in United States courts
1:
1950:. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
1929:. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
1786:Cohen, Kenneth (2015-08-05).
1754:Ryskamp, Dani (10 May 2018).
1664:
1185:The Federal Rules of Evidence
2323:Reynolds, MP and King, PSD,
1629:Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael
1135:
878:cases are typical examples.
848:forensic firearm examination
547:Declaration against interest
415:Self-authenticating document
7:
2334:, Thames Publishing (1993).
1685:Legal Information Institute
1532:
1322:Comparison of UK and US law
1303:
1147:test, coming from the case
870:in long and complex cases.
96:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3657:
3220:International legal theory
2699:International slavery laws
2694:International human rights
2689:International criminal law
2262:, CRC Press,2nd Ed (1999).
2260:Law for the Expert Witness
1942:. CRC Press. pp. 107–110.
1556:Death of an Expert Witness
1459:
1397:
1132:, is scientific evidence.
1002:Federal Court of Australia
910:
703:
18:
3568:
3545:
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3273:Administration of justice
3258:
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2428:
1831:10.1007/978-0-387-35383-8
1725:10.1007/978-0-387-35383-8
1516:
1436:Admissibility of Evidence
1120:is evidence derived from
1046:attorney–client privilege
1044:(not to be confused with
425:Hague Evidence Convention
314:Eyewitness identification
3050:Basic structure doctrine
2900:Natural and legal rights
2781:Public international law
2017:10.1177/1053451208321601
1938:Matson, Jack V. (2012).
1790:. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
934:
552:Present sense impression
362:Public policy exclusions
3230:Principle of typicality
2704:International trade law
2420:
2293:2027/hvd.32044032506586
2137:Fisher, George (2013).
1597:Forensic video analysis
736:
21:Expert Witness (column)
1707:Black's Law Dictionary
1093:Kootenai County, Idaho
1031:Non-testifying experts
979:employment consultants
963:forensic psychologists
659:countries such as the
329:Consciousness of guilt
3225:Principle of legality
2984:Delegated legislation
2684:Intellectual property
1562:Employment consultant
1282:Civil Procedure Rules
1215:precedent, causing a
1150:Frye v. United States
1042:work-product doctrine
872:Intellectual property
763:intellectual property
478:Recorded recollection
3443:Barristers' chambers
3385:Legal representation
3323:Justice of the peace
2669:Financial regulation
2245:. 23 September 2016.
1760:The Expert Institute
1582:Forensic engineering
1354:improve this section
1082:handwriting analysis
995:attending physicians
975:forensic accountants
860:forensic accountants
512:in United States law
156:improve this article
102:create a new article
94:improve this article
84:may not represent a
3478:Election commission
3190:Expressive function
2719:Landlord–tenant law
2618:Consumer protection
2380:Villova Law Journal
2327:, Blackwell (1992).
1965:Coeur d'Alene Press
1592:Forensic psychology
1572:Forensic accountant
1118:scientific evidence
1108:Scientific evidence
959:forensic scientists
926:Weight of testimony
352:Laying a foundation
3436:Legal institutions
3303:Lawsuit/Litigation
3293:Dispute resolution
3098:Catholic canon law
2806:State of emergency
2769:Will and testament
2493:Law of obligations
2446:Constitutional law
2436:Administrative law
2316:Jasanoff, Sheila,
2112:Fordham Law Review
2044:Fordham Law Review
1927:Cornell Law School
1900:on 23 January 2014
1648:Saisie-contrefaçon
1577:Forensic economics
971:forensic engineers
940:Testifying experts
876:medical negligence
856:forensic engineers
844:DNA fingerprinting
655:, particularly in
608:trusts and estates
488:Dead Man's Statute
453:Direct examination
410:Best evidence rule
3636:Forensic evidence
3618:
3617:
3278:Constitutionalism
3200:Law and economics
3038:Act of parliament
2776:Product liability
2729:Legal archaeology
2654:Environmental law
2648:Entertainment law
2488:International law
2302:978-0-309-21421-6
2150:978-1-60930-060-9
1874:978-0-87473-740-0
1390:
1389:
1382:
1278:England and Wales
1272:England and Wales
1126:forensic evidence
1022:Reporting witness
1013:Educating witness
852:accident analysis
649:
648:
569:Implied assertion
532:Dying declaration
527:Excited utterance
473:Proffer agreement
458:Cross-examination
271:Types of evidence
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104:, as appropriate.
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3283:Criminal justice
2613:Construction law
2608:Conflict of laws
2573:Agricultural law
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1236:Daubert standard
1230:Daubert standard
1196:U.S. v. Williams
1130:genetic evidence
985:experts. Senior
919:chain of custody
913:Chain of custody
907:Chain of custody
641:
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542:Ancient document
522:Business records
420:Ancient document
400:Chain of custody
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3407:Question of law
3360:Practice of law
3340:Judicial review
3254:
3205:Legal formalism
3185:Comparative law
3180:Contract theory
3163:
3083:Legal pluralism
3054:
3043:Act of Congress
2967:Executive order
2933:
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2754:Nationality law
2679:Immigration law
2603:Competition law
2556:
2424:
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2858:Statutory law
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2816:Transport law
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2734:Legal fiction
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2664:Financial law
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2623:Corporate law
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2431:
2429:Core subjects
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2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1989:9781892904584
1985:
1981:
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1962:
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1621:Jones v Kaney
1618:
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1602:Frye standard
1600:
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1510:United States
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1472:United States
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1448:United States
1446:
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1429:United States
1427:
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1417:Qualification
1411:
1410:United States
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1381:
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1355:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:This section
1337:
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1327:
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1317:
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1301:
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1295:
1289:
1287:
1286:expert report
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1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1217:circuit split
1214:
1210:
1209:Third Circuit
1206:
1201:
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1097:Coeur d'Alene
1094:
1089:
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1063:
1062:United States
1056:United States
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857:
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841:
838:examination,
837:
832:
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814:
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807:
803:
802:United States
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732:
728:
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715:
711:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:certification
678:
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669:United States
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319:Genetic (DNA)
317:
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309:Demonstrative
307:
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173: –
172:
168:
167:Find sources:
161:
157:
151:
150:
145:This article
143:
139:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2010
103:
99:
95:
89:
87:
80:
71:
70:
65:
63:
56:
55:
50:
49:
44:
39:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3631:Evidence law
3607:
3600:
3586:
3572:
3345:Jurisdiction
3313:Legal remedy
3268:Adjudication
3168:Legal theory
3006:Ratification
3001:Promulgation
2972:Proclamation
2952:Codification
2885:Human rights
2873:Divine right
2863:Constitution
2831:Women in law
2749:Military law
2744:Marriage law
2739:Maritime law
2638:Election law
2578:Aviation law
2568:Abortion law
2520:Property law
2456:Criminal law
2378:
2355:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2275:
2266:
2259:
2253:Bibliography
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2139:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2081:(2): 21–24.
2078:
2075:Significance
2074:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2047:
2043:
2033:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1893:
1883:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1787:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1736:
1731:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1684:
1639:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1608:Gibson's law
1548:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1490:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1428:
1422:
1409:
1403:
1393:Similarities
1376:
1367:
1352:Please help
1340:
1313:
1307:
1290:
1280:, under the
1275:
1260:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1221:
1212:
1204:
1198:(1978), the
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:ruled that:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1128:, including
1117:
1111:
1102:
1090:
1074:
1059:
1050:
1034:
1025:
1016:
999:
956:
947:
943:
929:
916:
901:
898:Hearsay rule
884:
880:
833:
829:
820:
806:civil trials
790:penal trials
787:
768:
753:, degree of
744:
740:
731:John Smeaton
726:
718:Roman Empire
707:
683:, skills or
652:
650:
613:Criminal law
556:
482:
382:Similar fact
262:Part of the
236:
218:
209:
199:
192:
185:
178:
166:
154:Please help
149:verification
146:
116:
107:
83:
59:
52:
46:
45:Please help
42:
25:
3517:Legislature
3448:Bureaucracy
3245:Rule of man
3240:Rule of law
3215:Libertarian
3078:Chinese law
2979:Legislation
2929:Regulations
2917:Law reports
2895:Natural law
2791:Reparations
2786:Refugee law
2709:Jurimetrics
2650:(Media law)
2588:Banking law
2583:Amnesty law
2561:Disciplines
2498:Private law
1904:19 November
1691:21 November
1604:of evidence
1479:Depositions
1455:Differences
1070:correlation
991:consultants
836:Fingerprint
804:because in
745:Typically,
517:Confessions
468:Impeachment
357:Materiality
304:Inculpatory
299:Exculpatory
284:Documentary
3625:Categories
3510:Law school
3390:Prosecutor
3328:Magistrate
3115:Jewish law
3073:Common law
2994:Rulemaking
2989:Regulation
2939:Law making
2878:Divine law
2854:Legal code
2801:Sports law
2724:Law of war
2674:Health law
2659:Family law
2643:Energy law
2593:Bankruptcy
2530:Punishment
2525:Public law
2330:Smith, D,
2265:Dwyer, D,
2204:2021-11-01
1948:1466578645
1665:References
1298:subpoenaed
1122:scientific
1077:testifying
987:physicians
969:, may use
886:Voice-mail
685:experience
667:, and the
657:common law
579:common law
558:Res gestae
443:Competence
367:Spoliation
182:newspapers
48:improve it
3488:Judiciary
3483:Executive
3458:The bench
3395:Solicitor
3370:Barrister
3250:Sociology
3235:Pseudolaw
3175:Anarchist
3132:Roman law
3120:Parsi law
3105:Hindu law
3093:Canon law
3068:Civil law
3021:Concordat
2912:Precedent
2821:Trust law
2796:Space law
2633:Drugs law
2503:Procedure
2441:Civil law
2167:cite book
2159:823514237
2097:159219970
2050:(4): 1721
2025:145086428
1641:R v Mohan
1614:In limine
1558:- a novel
1521:During a
1370:July 2019
1341:does not
1310:Scots Law
1066:causation
1038:discovery
951:voir dire
710:Babylonia
695:or about
673:education
665:Australia
448:Privilege
434:Witnesses
372:Character
338:Relevance
279:Testimony
98:talk page
54:talk page
3595:Category
3537:Tribunal
3522:Military
3365:Attorney
3335:Judgment
3195:Feminist
3110:Jain law
2907:Case law
2628:Cyberlaw
2535:Corporal
2513:Criminal
2483:Evidence
2473:Doctrine
2451:Contract
2140:Evidence
1533:See also
1304:Scotland
1091:In 2017
771:tribunal
714:midwives
693:evidence
677:training
599:Property
589:Contract
463:Redirect
256:Evidence
92:You may
3609:Outline
3546:History
3453:The bar
3427:Verdict
3375:Counsel
3355:Justice
3210:History
3033:Statute
2849:Charter
2811:Tax law
2759:Probate
2375:Archive
2356:Daubert
2114:: 1509.
2054:18 June
1460:Conduct
1398:Purpose
1362:removed
1347:sources
1261:Daubert
1060:In the
993:, U.S.
864:damages
794:perjury
747:experts
704:History
497:Hearsay
294:Digital
196:scholar
3527:Police
3498:Agency
3380:Lawyer
3125:Sharia
3016:Treaty
3011:Repeal
2957:Decree
2868:Custom
2764:Estate
2714:Labour
2478:Equity
2299:
2242:Bianet
2157:
2147:
2095:
2023:
1986:
1946:
1871:
1794:
1765:2 July
1527:Gollum
1517:Turkey
1224:(1993)
858:, and
846:, and
792:, and
783:action
755:sanity
751:injury
689:expert
577:Other
266:series
198:
191:
184:
177:
169:
3602:Index
3468:Court
3412:Trial
3318:Judge
3159:Yassa
2962:Edict
2508:Civil
2461:Crime
2093:S2CID
2021:S2CID
1294:trial
935:Types
868:costs
798:crime
775:judge
697:facts
604:Wills
581:areas
377:Habit
203:JSTOR
189:books
100:, or
3350:Jury
3298:Fiqh
3154:Xeer
2552:Tort
2468:Deed
2297:ISBN
2173:link
2155:OCLC
2145:ISBN
2056:2022
1984:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1906:2013
1869:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1767:2019
1693:2018
1547:and
1345:any
1343:cite
1234:The
1213:Frye
1205:Frye
1179:Frye
1155:Frye
1145:Frye
1143:The
1139:test
1137:Frye
1000:The
983:care
874:and
866:and
810:jury
779:fact
769:The
737:Role
594:Tort
324:Lies
175:news
2422:Law
2377:).
2373:" (
2289:hdl
2281:doi
2083:doi
2013:doi
1827:doi
1721:doi
1356:by
1308:In
1276:In
1114:law
1112:In
1068:or
1048:).
981:or
961:or
781:or
651:An
264:law
158:by
3627::
2856:/
2383:.
2353:.
2295:.
2287:.
2239:.
2197:.
2181:^
2169:}}
2165:{{
2153:.
2129:^
2091:.
2079:16
2077:.
2073:.
2048:87
2046:.
2042:.
2019:.
2009:44
2007:.
1963:.
1914:^
1892:.
1775:^
1758:.
1744:^
1683:.
1672:^
1529:.
1312:,
1226:.
1116:,
1009:.
977:,
973:,
854:,
842:,
712:,
679:,
675:,
663:,
606:,
57:.
2414:e
2407:t
2400:v
2305:.
2291::
2283::
2207:.
2175:)
2161:.
2099:.
2085::
2058:.
2027:.
2015::
1992:.
1908:.
1877:.
1833:.
1829::
1798:.
1769:.
1723::
1695:.
1383:)
1377:(
1372:)
1368:(
1364:.
1350:.
640:e
633:t
626:v
243:)
237:(
225:)
219:(
214:)
210:(
200:·
193:·
186:·
179:·
152:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
90:.
64:)
60:(
23:.
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