The Exodus - Knowledge

1098:, the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation. Many theories have been advanced to explain the composition of the first five books of the Bible, but two have been especially influential. The first of these, Persian Imperial authorisation, advanced by Peter Frei in 1985, is that the Persian authorities required the Jews of Jerusalem to present a single body of law as the price of local autonomy. Frei's theory was demolished at an interdisciplinary symposium held in 2000, but the relationship between the Persian authorities and Jerusalem remains a crucial question. The second theory, associated with Joel P. Weinberg and called the "Citizen-Temple Community", is that the Exodus story was composed to serve the needs of a post-exilic Jewish community organized around the Temple, which acted in effect as a bank for those who belonged to it. The books containing the Exodus story served as an "identity card" defining who belonged to this community (i.e., to Israel), thus reinforcing Israel's unity through its new institutions. 1742:"While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt..." "Archaeology does not really contribute to the debate over the historicity or even historical background of the Exodus itself, but if there was indeed such a group, it contributed the Exodus story to that of all Israel. While I agree that it is most likely that there was such a group, I must stress that this is based on an overall understanding of the development of collective memory and of the authorship of the texts (and their editorial process). Archaeology, unfortunately, cannot directly contribute (yet?) to the study of this specific group of Israel's ancestors." 351: 1990:, p. 36: "The impression one has now is that the debate has settled down. Although they do not seem to admit it, the minimalists have triumphed in many ways. That is, most scholars reject the historicity of the 'patriarchal period', see the settlement as mostly made up of indigenous inhabitants of Canaan and are cautious about the early monarchy. The exodus is rejected or assumed to be based on an event much different from the biblical account. On the other hand, there is not the widespread rejection of the biblical text as a historical source that one finds among the main minimalists. There are few, if any, maximalists (defined as those who accept the biblical text unless it can be absolutely disproved) in mainstream scholarship, only on the more fundamentalist fringes." 44: 240: 908: 797: 428: 1720:"The biblical text has its own inner logic and consistency, largely divorced from the concerns of secular history. conversely, the Bible, never intended to function primarily as a historical document, cannot meet modern canons of historical accuracy and reliability. There is, in fact, remarkably little of proven or provable historical worth or reliability in the biblical Exodus narrative, and no reliable independent witnesses attest to the historicity or date of the Exodus events." 1447: 1074:. In the Pentateuch, Moses creates the brazen serpent in Numbers 21:4-9. Meindert Dijkstra writes that while the historicity of the Mosaic origin of the Nehushtan is unlikely, its association with Moses appears genuine rather than the work of a later redactor. Mark Walter Bartusch notes that the nehushtan is not mentioned at any prior point in Kings, and suggests that the brazen serpent was brought to Jerusalem from the Northern Kingdom after its destruction in 722 BCE. 1277: 1531: 1042:, which portrays the Exodus as beginning a history culminating in the building of the temple at Jerusalem. Pamela Barmash argues that the psalm is a polemic against the Northern Kingdom; as it fails to mention that kingdom's destruction in 722 BCE, she concludes that it must have been written before then. The psalm's version of the Exodus contains some important differences from what is found in the Pentateuch: there is no mention of Moses, and the 1007:, who uses the words "Here are your gods, O Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt" (1 Kings 12:28). Scholars relate Jeroboam's calves to the golden calf made by Aaron of Exodus 32. Both include a nearly identical dedication formula ("These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt", Exodus 32:8). This episode in Exodus is "widely regarded as a tendentious narrative against the Bethel calves". Egyptologist 1273:. The fringes worn at the corners of traditional Jewish prayer shawls are described as a physical reminder of the obligation to observe the laws given at the climax of Exodus: "Look at it and recall all the commandments of the Lord" (Numbers). The festivals associated with the Exodus began as agricultural and seasonal feasts but became completely subsumed into the Exodus narrative of Israel's deliverance from oppression at the hands of God. 1401:'s discussion of the exodus in 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 and his comparison of the early church in Corinth to the Israelites in the desert "he two most significant NT passages touching on the exodus". John also refers to Jesus as manna (John 6:31-5), water flowing from a rock in the desert (John 7:37-9), and as a pillar of fire (John 8:12). Early Christians frequently interpreted actions taken in the Exodus, and sometimes the Exodus as a whole, 1545: 1711:) a title meaning "chief" and shortened from "chief lector priest". The Pharaoh's magicians are able to replicate Moses and Aaron's actions until the third plague (gnats), when they are the first to recognize that a divine power is at work (Exodus 8:19). In plague four (festering boils), they themselves are afflicted and no longer contest with Moses and Aaron. 4844: 748:. The geography is vague with regions such as Goshen unidentified, and there are internal problems with dating in the Pentateuch. No modern attempt to identify a historical Egyptian as a prototype for Moses has found wide acceptance, and no period in Egyptian history matches the biblical accounts of the Exodus. Some elements of the story are 1083:

themselves heading first, unexpectedly, and in no obvious geographical order, to an obscure mountain." In addition, there is widespread agreement that the revelation of the law in Deuteronomy was originally separate from the Exodus: the original version of Deuteronomy is generally dated to the 7th century BCE. The contents of the books of

136:) from the indigenous Canaanite culture. Most modern scholars believe that some elements in the story of the Exodus might have some historical basis, but that any such basis has little resemblance to the story told in the Pentateuch. While the majority of modern scholars date the composition of the Pentateuch to the period of the 710:) is today held by "few, if any in mainstream scholarship, only on the more fundamentalist fringes." There is no direct evidence for any of the people or events of Exodus in non-biblical ancient texts or in archaeological remains, and this has led most scholars to omit the Exodus events from comprehensive histories of Israel. 862:

Joel S. Baden noted the presence of Semitic-speaking slaves in Egypt who sometimes escaped in small numbers as potential inspirations for the Exodus. It is also possible that oppressive Egyptian rule of Canaan during the late second millennium BCE, during the 19th and especially the 20th dynasty, may

624:

The climax of the Exodus is the covenant (binding legal agreement) between God and the Israelites mediated by Moses at Sinai: Yahweh will protect the Israelites as his chosen people for all time, and the Israelites will keep Yahweh's laws and worship only him. The covenant is described in stages: at

1030:

recension. Russell and Frank Moore Cross argue that the Israelites of the Northern Kingdom may have believed that the calves at Bethel and Dan were made by Aaron. Russell suggests that the connection to Jeroboam may have been later, possibly coming from a Judahite redactor. Pauline Viviano, however,

771:

mention "Asiatics" living in Egypt as slaves and workers, these people cannot be securely connected to the Israelites, and no contemporary Egyptian text mentions a large-scale exodus of slaves like that described in the Bible. The earliest surviving historical mention of the Israelites, the Egyptian

369:

on the Egyptians each time Moses repeats his demand and Pharaoh refuses to release the Israelites. Pharaoh's magicians are able to match the first plagues, in which Yahweh turns the Nile to blood and produces a plague of frogs, but they cannot match any plagues starting with the third, the plague of

2111:

Históricamente, no podemos hablar más de un periodo de los Patriarcas, del Éxodo de los israelitas de Egipto, de la conquista de Canaán, de un periodo de los Jueces en Palestina, ni de una Monarquía Unida dominando desde el Éufrates hasta el Arco de Egipto. Incluso la historicidad del Exilio de los

1082:

The revelation of God on Sinai appears to have originally been a tradition unrelated to the Exodus. Joel S. Baden notes that "he seams still show: in the narrative of Israel's rescue from Egypt there is little hint that they will be brought anywhere other than Canaan – yet they find

810:

Despite the absence of any archaeological evidence, most scholars nonetheless hold that the Exodus probably has some sort of historical basis, with Kenton Sparks referring to it as "mythologized history". Scholars posit that a small group of Egyptian origin may have joined the early Israelites, and

497:

ahead to Canaan to scout the land. The spies discover that the Canaanites are formidable, and to dissuade the Israelites from invading, the spies falsely report that Canaan is full of giants (Numbers 13:30-33). The Israelites refuse to go to Canaan, and Yahweh declares that the generation that left

254:

The story of the Exodus is told in the first half of Exodus, with the remainder recounting the 1st year in the wilderness, and followed by a narrative of 39 more years in the books of Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, the last four of the first five books of the Bible (also called the Torah or

723:

itself attempts to ground the event firmly in history, reconstructing a date for the exodus as the 2666th year after creation (Exodus 12:40-41), the construction of the tabernacle to year 2667 (Exodus 40:1-2, 17), stating that the Israelites dwelled in Egypt for 430 years (Exodus 12:40-41), and

787:

argues from his analysis of the itinerary lists in the books of Exodus, Numbers and Deuteronomy that the biblical account represents a long-term cultural memory, spanning the 16th to 10th centuries BCE, rather than a specific event: "The beginning is vague and now untraceable." Instead, modern

1751:

Micah 6:4–5 ("I brought you up out of Egypt and redeemed you from the land of slavery; I sent Moses to lead you, also Aaron and Miriam. My people, remember what Balak king of Moab plotted and what Balaam son of Beor answered. Remember your journey from Shittim to Gilgal, that you may know the

329:, and the two assemble the Israelites and perform miraculous signs to rouse their belief in Yahweh's promise. Moses and Aaron then go to Pharaoh and ask him to let the Israelites go into the desert for a religious festival, but he refuses and increases their workload, commanding them to make 693:

There are two main positions on the historicity of the Exodus in modern scholarship. The majority position is that the biblical Exodus narrative has some historical basis, although there is little of historical fact in it. The other position, often associated with the school of

1915:"In every generation a person is duty-bound to regard himself as if he personally has gone forth from Egypt, since it is said 'And you shall tell your son in that day saying, it is because of that which the Lord did for me when I came forth out of Egypt." —Exodus 13:8 1332:, the Festival of Booths, is associated with the Israelites living in booths after they left their previous homes in Egypt. It celebrates how God provided for the Israelites while they wandered in the desert without food or shelter. It is celebrated by building a 405:, Yahweh sends an angel to each house to kill the firstborn son and firstborn cattle, but the houses of the Israelites are spared by the blood on their doorposts. Yahweh commands the Israelites to commemorate this event in "a perpetual ordinance" (Exodus 12:14). 886:, for instance, argues that "here is no compelling reason that the exodus has to be rooted in history", and that the details of the story more closely fit the seventh through the fifth centuries BCE than the traditional dating to the second millennium BCE. 705:

of the Jewish people, providing an ideological foundation for their culture and institutions, not an accurate depiction of the history of the Israelites. The view that the biblical narrative is essentially correct unless it can explicitly be proved wrong

858:

and culture mentioned in the Exodus narrative, and the names Moses, Aaron and Phinehas, which seem to have an Egyptian origin. Scholarly estimates for how many could have been involved in such an exodus range from a few hundred to a few thousand people.

629:– on stone tablets; and finally, as the people gather in Moab to cross into the promised land of Canaan, Moses reveals Yahweh's new covenant "beside the covenant he made with them at Horeb" (Deuteronomy 29:1). The laws are set out in a number of codes: 743:

further states that the number of Israelite males aged 20 years and older in the desert during the wandering was 603,550, which works out to a total population of 2.5-3 million including women and children—far more than could be supported by the

863:

have disposed some native Canaanites to adopt into their own mythology the exodus story of a small group of Egyptian refugees. Nadav Na'aman argues that oppressive Egyptian rule of Canaan may have inspired the Exodus narrative, forming a "

1225:

suggested that it may have been the Jews themselves that inserted themselves into Manetho's narrative, in which various negative actions from the point of view of the Egyptians, such as desecrating temples, are interpreted positively.

525:

dies and the Israelites remain for nineteen years. To provide water, Yahweh commands Moses to get water from a rock by speaking to it, but Moses instead strikes the rock with his staff, for which Yahweh forbids him from entering the

1384:

before himself returning from Egypt (Matt 2:13-15). Other parallels in Matthew include that he is baptized by water (Matt 3:13-17), and tested in the desert; unlike the Israelites, he is able to resist temptation (Matt. 4.1-3). The

1514:

to depict Moses leading the Israelites across the Red Sea. African Americans suffering under slavery and racial oppression interpreted their situation in terms of the Exodus, making it a catalyst for social change. South American

718:

Most mainstream scholars do not accept the biblical Exodus account as history for a number of reasons. Most agree that the Exodus stories were written centuries after the apparent setting of the stories. Scholars argue that the

1648:

is used here in its academic sense, meaning "a traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon." It is

1304:

are recited: "In every generation a person is duty-bound to regard himself as if he personally has gone forth from Egypt." Because the Israelites fled Egypt in haste without time for bread to rise, the unleavened bread

498:

Egypt will have to pass away before the Israelites can enter the promised land. The Israelites will have to remain in the wilderness for forty years, and Yahweh kills the spies through a plague except for the righteous

1046:

is described as "food of the mighty" rather than as bread in the wilderness. Nadav Na'aman argues for other signs that the Exodus was a tradition in Judah before the destruction of the northern kingdom, including the

1501:

A number of historical events and situations have been compared to the Exodus. Many early American settlers interpreted their flight from Europe to a new life in America as a new exodus. American "founding fathers"

1146:. Hecataeus tells how the Egyptians blamed a plague on foreigners and expelled them from the country, whereupon Moses, their leader, took them to Canaan. In this version, Moses is portrayed extremely positively. 788:

archaeology suggests continuity between Canaanite and Israelite settlement, indicating a primarily Canaanite origin for Israel, with no suggestion that a group of foreigners from Egypt comprised early Israel.

309:

According to Ezekiel 20:8-9, the enslaved Israelites also practised "abominations" and worshiped the gods of Egypt. This provoked Yahweh to destroy them but he relented to avoid his name being "profaned".

4505: 1372:

thinks this unlikely. Mark suggests that the outpouring of Jesus' blood creates a new covenant (Mark 14:24) in the same way that Moses' sacrifice of bulls had created a covenant (Exodus 24:5). In the

191:, a major prophet in Islam. The narrative has also resonated with various groups in more recent centuries, such as among the early American settlers fleeing religious persecution in Europe, and among 128:

The consensus of modern scholars is that the Pentateuch does not give an accurate account of the origins of the Israelites, who appear instead to have formed as an entity in the central highlands of

538:, where Aaron dies. The Israelites try to go around Edom, but the Israelites complain about lack of bread and water, so Yahweh sends a plague of poisonous snakes to afflict them (Numbers 21:4-7). 3946: 1253:. In the Bible, the Exodus is frequently mentioned as the event that created the Israelite people and forged their bond with God, being described as such by the prophets Hosea, Jeremiah, and 1094:

Scholars broadly agree that the publication of the Torah (or of a proto-Pentateuch) took place in the mid-Persian period (the 5th century BCE), echoing a traditional Jewish view which gives

1168:, where Osarseph gives the lepers a law code and changes his name to Moses. The identification of Osarseph with Moses in Manetho's account may be an interpolation or may come from Manetho. 1288:

For Jews, the Passover celebrates the freedom of the Israelites from captivity in Egypt, the settling of Canaan by the Israelites, and the "passing over" of the angel of death during the

1336:, a temporary shelter also called a booth or tabernacle, in which the rituals of Sukkot are performed, recalling the impermanence of the Israelites' homes during the desert wanderings. 4163: 1110:(late 4th century BCE–late 1st century BCE) record several Egyptian tales of the expulsion of a group of foreigners connected to the Exodus. These tales often include elements of the 1412:

9:17, Paul interprets the hardened heart of Pharaoh during the Plagues of Egypt as referring to the hardened hearts of the Jews who rejected Christ. Early Christian authors such as

347:(sea monster or snake) (Exodus 7:8-13); however, Pharaoh's magicians are also able to do this, though Moses' serpent devours the others. Pharaoh refuses to let the Israelites go. 1316:

Shavuot celebrates the granting of the Law to Moses on Mount Sinai; Jews are called to rededicate themselves to the covenant on this day. Some denominations follow Shavuot with

760:. The Bible does not mention the names of any of the pharaohs involved, further obscuring comparison of archaeologically recovered Egyptian history with the biblical narrative. 915: 1031:

concludes that neither the references to Jeroboam's calves in Hosea (Hosea 8:6 and 10:5) nor the frequent prohibitions of idol worship in the seventh-century southern prophet

956:

The story may, therefore, have originated a few centuries earlier, perhaps in the 10th or 9th century BCE, and there are signs that it took different forms in Israel, in the

1026:). Stephen Russell dates this tradition to "the eighth century BCE or earlier", and argued that it preserves a genuine Exodus tradition from the Northern Kingdom, but in a 625:

Exodus 24:3–8 the Israelites agree to abide by the "book of the covenant" that Moses has just read to them; shortly afterwards God writes the "words of the covenant" – the

282:(Exodus 1:11). The pharaoh also orders the slaughter at birth of all male Hebrew children. One Hebrew child, however, is rescued and abandoned in a floating basket on the 577:

having intercourse (Numbers 25:7-9). Yahweh commands the Israelites to destroy the Midianites, and Moses and Phinehas take another census. Then they conquer the lands of

274:

The pharaoh becomes concerned by the number and strength of the Israelites in Egypt and enslaves them, commanding them to build at two "supply" or "store cities" called

1906:" broke in pieces the bronze serpent that Moses had made, for until those days the people of Israel had made offerings to it; it was called Nehushtan" (2 Kings 18:4). 482:

kill three thousand of the Israelites (Exodus 32:28), and Yahweh sends a plague on them. The Israelites now accept the covenant, which is reestablished; they build a

4484:

Nelson, W. David (2015). "Discontinuity and Dissonance: Torah, Textuality, and Early Rabbinic Hermeneutics of Exodus". In Barmash, Pamela; Nelson, W. David (eds.).

4274: 6107: 1055:, as well as the great political importance that the narrative came to assume there. A Judahite cultic object associated with the exodus was the brazen serpent or 6137: 983:

state that God "brought a vine out of Egypt" (Psalm 80:8) and record ritual observances of Israel's deliverance from Egypt as well as a version of part of the

2069:

Pfoh, Emanuel (September–December 2010). "UNA DECONSTRUCCIÓN DEL PASADO DE ISRAEL EN EL ANTIGUO ORIENTE: HACIA UNA NUEVA HISTORIA DE LA ANTIGUA PALESTINA".

3992: 4828:

Viviano, Pauline (2019). "Do the Books of Hosea and Jeremiah Know of a Sinai/Horeb Golden Calf Story". In Mason, Eric F.; Lupieri, Edmondo F. (eds.).

964:

before being unified in the Persian era. The Exodus narrative was most likely further altered and expanded under the influence of the return from the

890:

suggests that the story may have been inspired by the return to Israel of Israelites and Judaeans who were placed in Egypt as garrison troops by the

1300:

of the Seder it is written that every generation is obliged to remind and identify itself in terms of the Exodus. Thus the following words from the

416:

at night. However, once the Israelites have left, Yahweh "hardens" Pharaoh's heart to change his mind and pursue the Israelites to the shore of the

4715:

Sarason, Richard S. (2015). "The Past as Paradigm:Enactments of the Exodus Motif in Jewish Liturgy". In Barmash, Pamela; Nelson, W. David (eds.).

4876: 474:

and detailed rules for ritual worship, among other laws. However, in Moses's absence the Israelites sin against Yahweh by creating the idol of a

1569: 6102: 698:, is that the biblical exodus traditions are the invention of the exilic and post-exilic Jewish community, with little to no historical basis. 4716: 447:, but are defeated. Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses, convinces him to appoint judges for the tribes of Israel. The Israelites reach the 846:). Evidence in favor of historical traditions forming a background to the Exodus myth include the documented movements of small groups of 545:, and the Israelites who look at it are cured (Numbers 21:8-9). The Israelites are soon in conflict with various other kingdoms, and king 1998: 3631: 3604: 2288: 6253: 6052: 5571: 5462: 1798:

How to Read the Bible: History, Prophecy, Literature - Why Modern Readers Need to Know the Difference and What It Means for Faith Today

113:). The narrative of the Exodus describes a history of Egyptian bondage of the Israelites followed by their exodus from Egypt through a 4615: 830:

Most scholars who accept a historical core of the exodus date this possible exodus group to the thirteenth century BCE at the time of

6213: 6112: 5526: 5457: 4558:"Kingdom, Messianic Authority, and the Re-Constituting of God's People: Tracing the Function of Exodus Material in Mark's Narrative" 6246: 1210:

proposed that the story comes from oral sources that "must predate the first possible acquaintance of an Egyptian writer with the

350: 4057: 408:

Pharaoh finally casts the Israelites out of Egypt after his firstborn son is killed. Yahweh leads the Israelites in the form of a

6097: 1838:

Many scholars assume that the appeal to the exodus here is the work of a Deuteronomistic editor, but that is not necessarily so.

5400: 5370: 557:

to curse the Israelites, but Balaam blesses them instead. Some Israelites begin having sexual relations with Moabite women and

389:. He instructs the Israelites to take a lamb on the 10th day, and on the 14th day to slaughter it and daub its blood on their 333:. Moses and Aaron return to Pharaoh and ask him to free the Israelites and let them depart. Pharaoh demands Moses to perform a 4638: 1289: 402: 140:(5th century BCE), some of the elements of this narrative are older, since allusions to the story are made by 8th-century BCE 6373: 6237: 6229: 4818: 4793: 4770: 4749: 4726: 4705: 4684: 4627: 4604: 4569: 4544: 4493: 4472: 4449: 4421: 4398: 4375: 4330: 4307: 4286: 4263: 4242: 4219: 4198: 4175: 4144: 4117: 4073: 4046: 4025: 4002: 3981: 3958: 3935: 3908: 3867: 3840: 3808: 3785: 3764: 3741: 3720: 3699: 2651: 2041: 1874: 1854: 1831: 1811: 1785: 1765: 6383: 1258: 160: 1428:

of the Old Covenant of Moses by the New Covenant of Christ, which was open to all people rather than limited to the Jews.

1214:." Assmann suggested that the story has no single origin but rather combines numerous historical experiences, notably the 971:

Evidence from the Bible suggests that the Exodus from Egypt formed a "foundational mythology" or "state ideology" for the

374:. After each plague, Pharaoh asks the Israelites to worship Yahweh to remove the plague, then still refuses to free them. 5390: 5365: 4869: 4127:

Dozeman, Thomas B.; Shectman, Sarah (2016). "Exodus". In Yee, Gale A.; Page, Hugh R. Jr.; Coomber, Matthew J. M. (eds.).

1111: 875:, a group of Semitic invaders, is also frequently discussed as a potential historical parallel or origin for the story. 684: 6436: 6317: 6309: 17: 4557: 804: 271:. Exodus begins with the death of Joseph and the ascension of a new pharaoh "who did not know Joseph" (Exodus 1:8). 6333: 6293: 6285: 6117: 1482: 847: 294:. Grown to a young man, Moses kills an Egyptian he sees beating a Hebrew slave, and takes refuge in to the land of 2027: 1662:

A "store city" or "supply city" was a city used to store provisions and garrison an important campaign route. The

6446: 6349: 6341: 6301: 1511: 2063:

Current scholarly consensus based on archaeology holds the enslavement and exodus traditions to be unhistorical.

435:

The Israelites begin to complain, and Yahweh miraculously provides them with water and food, eventually raining

6127: 6045: 5048: 4862: 1320:, during which the "two most heinous sins committed by the Jews in their relationship to God" are mourned: the 287: 5979: 5810: 5614: 3754: 3625:

Annabel Keeler, "Moses from a Muslim Perspective", in: Solomon, Norman; Harries, Richard; Winter, Tim (eds.),

5519: 3731: 878:

Many other scholars reject this view, and instead see the biblical exodus traditions as the invention of the

867:" of Egyptian oppression that was transferred from Canaan to Egypt itself in the popular consciousness. The 4646: 868: 424:, and the Israelites cross on dry ground, but the sea closes on the pursuing Egyptians, drowning them all. 4318: 2691: 490:

of the Israelites and establishes the duties of the Levites. Then the Israelites depart from Mount Sinai.

4536: 972: 934: 851: 835: 6010: 4503:

Na'aman, Nadav (2011). "The Exodus Story: Between Historical Memory and Historiographical Composition".

2112:

israelitas de Palestina hacia Babilonia como un evento único ha sido puesta en seria duda recientemente.

608:, reviewing their travels and giving them further laws. Yahweh tells Moses to summon Joshua to lead the 5933: 5581: 5137: 4848: 1667: 843: 413: 196: 2859: 1866:

Still Selling the Righteous: A Redaction-critical Investigation of Reasons for Judgment in Amos 2.6-16

1164:, to take over Egypt. They wreak havoc until the Pharaoh and his son chase them out to the borders of 6451: 6038: 5385: 5124: 2848: 1409: 1377: 176: 5604: 1889:

However, the date of composition of the Song of the Sea - ostensibly celebrating the victory at the

1309:

is eaten on Passover, and homes must be cleansed of any items containing leavening agents, known as

5876: 5599: 5512: 5008: 4441: 1172: 946: 820: 688: 303: 133: 5619: 5609: 2825: 783:), appears to place them in or around Canaan and gives no indication of any exodus. Archaeologist 506:, who will be allowed to enter the promised land (Numbers 13:36-38). A group of Israelites led by 6471: 6441: 5696: 5142: 1458: 1180: 757: 51: 35: 2814: 1059:: according to 2 Kings 18:4, the brazen serpent had been made by Moses and was worshiped in the 5701: 5225: 5162: 4676: 4342:

The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism: Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History

3927: 2031: 1803: 1579: 1184: 534:

requesting passage through his land to Canaan, but the king refuses. The Israelites then go to

358: 4737: 4435: 4361: 4255:

Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and The Date of the Pentateuch

4209: 2010: 1864: 1821: 1206:

The stories may represent a polemical Egyptian response to the Exodus narrative. Egyptologist

6461: 6092: 5928: 5845: 5670: 5043: 5013: 4781: 4670: 4530: 4462: 4367: 3969: 3710: 3626: 3598: 2296: 1775: 1755: 172: 30:

This article is about the events related in the Bible. For the second book of the Bible, see

4411: 4235:

Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience

4191:

Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience

4105: 3894: 3796: 43: 6221: 6142: 6132: 5591: 5265: 5132: 1666:

version includes a reference to a third "supply city" built by the Hebrews: " On, which is

1389:

repeatedly calls Jesus the Passover lamb (John 1:29, 13:1, 19:36), something also found in

965: 957: 768: 586: 452: 421: 330: 114: 565:

the idolators and sends another plague. The full extent of Yahweh's wrath is averted when

510:, son of Izhar, rebels against Moses, but Yahweh opens the earth and sends them living to 8: 6431: 6410: 6180: 6163: 6122: 5716: 5493: 5220: 5084: 1516: 1402: 1122: 1060: 707: 695: 228: 216: 168: 141: 110: 1221:

There is general agreement that the stories originally had nothing to do with the Jews.

925:

The earliest traces of the traditions behind the exodus appear in the northern prophets

239: 6393: 5938: 5691: 5303: 5210: 4937: 4593: 4345: 4150: 4092: 3920: 3881: 3873: 2102: 2094: 1796: 1695: 1606: 1000: 907: 784: 609: 86: 1171:

Other versions of the story are recorded by the first-century BCE Egyptian grammarian

6466: 6398: 5706: 5273: 5250: 5240: 5053: 4907: 4814: 4789: 4766: 4745: 4722: 4701: 4680: 4623: 4600: 4565: 4540: 4489: 4468: 4445: 4431: 4417: 4394: 4371: 4326: 4303: 4282: 4259: 4238: 4215: 4194: 4171: 4140: 4113: 4069: 4042: 4021: 3998: 3977: 3954: 3931: 3904: 3900: 3885: 3863: 3836: 3804: 3781: 3760: 3737: 3716: 3695: 2647: 2106: 2086: 2047: 2037: 1870: 1850: 1827: 1807: 1781: 1761: 1704: 1686: 1507: 1373: 1107: 864: 633: 598: 398: 192: 137: 102: 4231:"The Wilderness Narrative and Itineraries and the Evolution of the Exodus Tradition" 1729:

It must be stated, however, that while there is no consensus on the identity of the

6388: 6078: 6070: 6061: 5576: 5488: 5483: 5109: 5079: 4651: 4579: 4514: 4132: 3855: 2078: 1503: 1369: 1325: 1027: 984: 961: 887: 879: 812: 753: 646: 626: 494: 456: 366: 264: 212: 4993: 5923: 5850: 5395: 5339: 5157: 5033: 4807: 4805:

Tigay, Jeffrey H. (2004). "Exodus". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

4760: 4695: 4388: 4297: 4253: 4036: 4015: 3775: 3689: 3635: 2641: 1994: 1844: 1381: 1317: 1088: 1048: 1035:

show any knowledge of a tradition of a golden calf having been created in Sinai.

1018:, may be partially historical due to its association with the historical pharaoh 816: 796: 773: 740: 657: 460: 448: 409: 386: 256: 106: 62: 4562:

Biblical Interpretation in Early Christian Gospels, volume 1: The Gospel of Mark

1038:

Some of the earliest evidence for Judahite traditions of the exodus is found in

945:, who was active in the south around the same time, references the exodus once ( 321:

and commands him to go to Egypt to free the Hebrew slaves and bring them to the

6456: 6325: 6192: 6015: 5825: 5665: 5642: 5561: 5543: 5452: 5437: 5205: 5189: 5174: 5152: 5074: 4889: 4464:

Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History

4154: 3974:

In Search of Pre-exilic Israel: Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar

3852:

Rhythms of Religious Ritual: The Yearly Cycles of Jews, Christians, and Muslims

1894: 1730: 1574: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1437: 1398: 1386: 1361: 1293: 1281: 1250: 1244: 1222: 1165: 988: 938: 725: 720: 570: 558: 542: 427: 338: 260: 247: 188: 145: 98: 31: 4349: 3820:

Understanding Dan: An Exegetical Study of a Biblical City, Tribe, and Ancestor

6425: 6074: 6005: 5815: 5769: 5711: 5380: 5375: 5283: 5147: 5023: 4917: 4526: 4518: 4168:

Exile and Restoration Revisited: Essays on the Babylonian and Persian Periods

3877: 2090: 2051: 1626: 1588: 1489:, with and his life being narrated and recounted more than that of any other 1413: 1394: 1353: 1215: 1138: 942: 930: 883: 824: 764: 702: 664: 640: 527: 518: 322: 118: 4672:

The Song of the Sea: The Date of Composition and Influence of Exodus 15:1-21

4136: 2082: 736:(Exod. 1:11), as well as the count of 600,000 Israelite men (Exodus 12:37). 6261: 5958: 5855: 5820: 5805: 5779: 5675: 5416: 5245: 5099: 5094: 5089: 4998: 4061: 1752:

righteous acts of the Lord") is a late addition to the original book. See

1536: 1425: 1211: 1156:, tells how 80,000 lepers and other "impure people", led by a priest named 1115: 949:), but it is debated whether the passage is an addition by a later editor. 926: 745: 605: 318: 4583: 3859: 1191:

included a version of the story that claims that the Hebrews worshipped a

6403: 6268: 6173: 6168: 5943: 5891: 5800: 5784: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5566: 5442: 5235: 5230: 5215: 5104: 4357: 2098: 2006: 1757:

Illuminating Moses: A History of Reception from Exodus to the Renaissance

1321: 1207: 1200: 1195:

as their god to ridicule Egyptian religion, whereas the Roman biographer

1008: 992: 800: 733: 671: 604:

Moses then addresses the Israelites for a final time on the banks of the

475: 314: 279: 4096: 3797:"Out of the Mists of History: The Exaltation of the Exodus in the Bible" 1446: 1276: 6185: 5881: 5754: 5655: 5447: 5421: 5278: 5179: 5119: 4978: 4912: 1663: 1584: 1176: 1019: 1004: 839: 613: 594: 562: 483: 90: 4233:. In Levy, Thomas E.; Schneider, Thomas; Propp, William H. C. (eds.). 882:

and post-exilic Jewish community, with little to no historical basis.

219:, and the Israelite wanderings in the wilderness up to the borders of 5989: 5953: 5298: 5288: 5169: 4932: 4922: 4639:"Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity" 1592: 1486: 1478: 1421: 1345: 1203:

was expelled from Egypt and had two sons named Juda and Hierosolyma.

1161: 1084: 1056: 1052: 831: 653: 535: 184: 4230: 4186: 3828: 2030:. In Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael; Thomson Gale (Firm) (eds.). 1352:

draw directly on the imagery of the Passover and the Exodus. In the

486:

for Yahweh, and receive their laws. Yahweh commands Moses to take a

223:. Its message is that the Israelites were delivered from slavery by 6030: 5984: 5896: 5886: 5730: 5633: 5551: 5535: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5255: 5184: 5058: 4952: 4947: 4942: 3691:

The Invention of Religion: Faith and Covenant in the Book of Exodus

1890: 1485:. He is the mentioned 136 times, the most of any individual in the 1417: 1301: 1297: 1262: 1240: 1196: 1157: 1143: 1133: 1067:

of Judah, who destroyed it as part of a religious reform, possibly

1064: 1039: 1032: 980: 976: 950: 855: 566: 444: 299: 164: 4189:. In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H.C. Propp (eds.). 4066:

The interpretation of Exodus studies in honour of Cornelis Houtman

3733:

The mind of Egypt: history and meaning in the time of the Pharaohs

2489: 1376:, Jesus reverses the direction of the Exodus by escaping from the 1142:

and in a variant version by the first-century BCE Greek historian

5974: 5948: 5650: 5349: 5344: 5323: 5038: 5018: 5003: 4988: 4957: 4854: 4340:

Gruen, Erich S. (2016). "The Use and Abuse of the Exodus Story".

2271: 2269: 1490: 1390: 1365: 1310: 1266: 1254: 1188: 1149: 1023: 953:, active in the 7th century, mentions both Moses and the Exodus. 891: 749: 590: 479: 467:(law, instruction), and Yahweh promises them the land of Canaan. 455:, where Yahweh reveals himself to his people and establishes the 417: 390: 334: 268: 215:, the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, the revelations at 208: 156: 4830:

Golden Calf Traditions in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

838:), with some instead dating it to the twelfth century BCE under 397:, and to observe the Passover meal that night, the night of the 6368: 5871: 5739: 5660: 5028: 4584:"New English Translation of the Septuagint: Electronic Version" 3922:

The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age

3578: 3566: 3014: 2942: 1596: 1349: 1333: 1329: 1306: 1270: 1192: 996: 872: 729: 554: 522: 499: 487: 440: 394: 295: 275: 224: 220: 129: 4323:

The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Biblical Interpretation

4279:

The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation

4129:

The Pentateuch: Fortress Commentary on the Bible Study Edition

4017:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?

2303: 2266: 1733:, some proposals for its original location have been advanced. 1296:

during which parts of the exodus narrative are retold. In the

811:

contributed their own Egyptian Exodus story to all of Israel.

267:, who had become a high official in the court of the Egyptian 6378: 6158: 5293: 5114: 4983: 4973: 4927: 4277:. In Dozeman, Thomas; Evans, Craig A.; Lohr, Joel N. (eds.). 2332: 2330: 1561:, the continuation of the narrative in the conquest of Canaan 1357: 1043: 582: 574: 546: 511: 507: 503: 471: 436: 378: 326: 291: 180: 149: 122: 94: 93:

whose narrative is spread over four of the five books of the

3202: 2881: 2879: 2736: 2347: 2345: 2077:(3 (143)). Ciudad de México: El Colegio De Mexico: 669–697. 1893:- ranges from an early mid-12th century BCE period through 5504: 4038:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?

3829:"Ägypten und der Exodus: Ein altes Thema, ein neuer Ansatz" 3777:

Reading the Old Testament: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible

3113: 2438: 2254: 1644: 1101: 1095: 550: 541:

After Moses prays for deliverance, Yahweh has him create a

531: 382: 371: 283: 4718:

Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations

4486:

Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations

4187:"The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus" 3994:

In Search of 'Ancient Israel': A Study in Biblical Origins

3801:

Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations

3554: 2760: 2327: 1967: 1965: 132:

in the late second millennium BCE (around the time of the

3508: 3506: 3315: 3031: 3029: 2906: 2876: 2585: 2513: 2390: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2342: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 1091:

are late additions to the narrative by priestly sources.

306:. The old pharaoh dies and a new one ascends the throne. 6108:

Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

4532:

The Talmud: Law, Theology, Narrative : a Sourcebook

4164:"From Exile and Restoration to Exile and Reconstruction" 3346: 3344: 3342: 3233: 3231: 3229: 2954: 2896: 2894: 2477: 2455: 2453: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 1360:

is frequently associated with motifs of the Exodus. The

1132:) as preserved in the first century CE Jewish historian 894:

in the fifth and sixth centuries BCE, during the exile.

6138:

Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour

3665: 3653: 3530: 3518: 3491: 3479: 3455: 3443: 3409: 3407: 3327: 3303: 3291: 3255: 3243: 3192: 3190: 3188: 2966: 2726: 2724: 2573: 2561: 2525: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2194: 2192: 2167: 2165: 1962: 1261:

and celebrated each year during the Jewish holidays of

1249:

Commemoration of the Exodus is central to Judaism, and

578: 263:

during a famine, under the protection of an Israelite,

4299:

Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?

4083:

Douglas, Mary (1993). "The Glorious Book of Numbers".

3835:(in German). Vol. 100. Zaphon. pp. 151–180. 3503: 3431: 3356: 3279: 3267: 3161: 3149: 3077: 3041: 3026: 2748: 2672: 2660: 2537: 2501: 2378: 2357: 2315: 2204: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1698: 1689: 1679:

These magicians are referred to in the Hebrew text as

1229: 713: 701:

The biblical Exodus narrative is best understood as a

355:

Lamentations over the Death of the First-Born of Egypt

255:

Pentateuch). In the first book of the Pentateuch, the

3850:

Black, Kathy; et al. (2018). "The Jewish Year".

3641: 3419: 3368: 3339: 3226: 2990: 2978: 2930: 2918: 2891: 2830: 2796: 2597: 2465: 2450: 2289:"Ezekiel 20 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges" 2242: 2143: 1179:(Bocchoris), the first-century CE Egyptian historian 1077: 4390:

Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical studies

4060:. In Roukema, Riemer; Peerbolte, Bert Jan Lietaert; 3759:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3542: 3467: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3214: 3185: 3089: 3002: 2864: 2784: 2772: 2721: 2709: 2621: 2549: 2223: 2189: 2162: 1950: 1526: 1284:

table setting, commemorating the Passover and Exodus

1160:, join forces with the former Hyksos, now living in 897: 3101: 3065: 2609: 2120: 1933: 4806: 4592: 4321:. In Blouwers, Paul M.; Martens, Peter W. (eds.). 4166:. In Grabbe, Lester L.; Knoppers, Gary N. (eds.). 3919: 3173: 3137: 3125: 3053: 1795: 1183:, and the first-century BCE Gallo-Roman historian 1011:suggests that event, which would have taken place 933:, both active in the 8th century BCE in northern 616:, from where he sees the Promised Land, and dies. 259:, the Israelites had come to live in Egypt in the 2177: 2025: 1777:Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction 1477:The story of the Exodus is also recounted in the 636:or Ten Commandments, Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5; 325:in Canaan. Yahweh also speaks to Moses's brother 6423: 2036:. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). pp. 612–623. 4578: 4126: 3854:. Vol. 1. Claremont Press. pp. 9–74. 3799:. In Barmash, Pamela; Nelson, W. David (eds.). 3584: 3572: 2495: 2309: 2275: 2260: 1823:Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: Third Edition 854:and 19th dynasties, some elements of Egyptian 791: 6103:Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 1826:. Augsburg Fortress, Publishers. p. 354. 1481:, in which Moses is one of the most prominent 6046: 5520: 4870: 4325:. Oxford University Press. pp. 547–560. 2026:Greenberg, Moshe; Sperling, S. David (2007). 1670:" (LXX Exodus 1:11, trans. Larry J. Perkins). 1653:being used to mean "something that is false". 1519:also takes much inspiration from the Exodus. 1121:The earliest non-biblical account is that of 4697:Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature 4461:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). 3949:. In Brenner, Athalya; Yee, Gale A. (eds.). 1680: 1496: 342: 187:as part of the extensive referencing of the 4622:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–89. 4502: 4228: 2885: 2742: 2591: 1983:Sources for 'most scholars' or 'consensus': 1869:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 156–157. 1292:. Passover involves a ritual meal called a 1175:, who set the story in the time of Pharaoh 752:and defy rational explanation, such as the 70: 6053: 6039: 5527: 5513: 5463:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm 4877: 4863: 4616:"Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt" 4595:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 4460: 4108:. In Feldman, L.H.; Levison, J.R. (eds.). 2483: 2444: 1971: 815:cautiously identifies this group with the 805:suggested pharaohs in the Exodus narrative 678: 227:their god, and therefore belong to him by 6113:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 5458:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 4506:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 1977: 1773: 1754:Miller II, Robert D. (25 November 2013). 1753: 1114:("Hyksos period") and most are extremely 530:. Moses sends a messenger to the king of 6247:Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain 4845:Old maps showing the route of the Exodus 4740:. In Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (eds.). 4620:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4613: 4161: 4106:"Josephus Between Greeks and Barbarians" 4055: 3831:. In Wimmer, S. J.; Zwickel, W. (eds.). 3817: 3794: 3773: 3638:, T&T Clark Publ. (2005), pp. 55–66. 3155: 3047: 3035: 2984: 2972: 2912: 2754: 2678: 2640:Friedman, Richard Elliott (2017-09-12). 2639: 2603: 2567: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2372: 2351: 2217: 2156: 1793: 1405:to prefigure Jesus or actions of Jesus. 1275: 1218:and Hyksos periods, into a folk memory. 1102:Hellenistic Egyptian parallel narratives 906: 795: 426: 365:After this, Yahweh inflicts a series of 349: 238: 42: 6098:Thou shalt have no other gods before me 4827: 4714: 4693: 4668: 4590: 4555: 4525: 4251: 4207: 4082: 3944: 3917: 3892: 3729: 3712:Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt 3708: 3687: 3671: 3659: 3619: 3536: 3524: 3437: 3362: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3237: 3208: 3083: 3020: 2996: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2900: 2870: 2766: 2471: 2459: 2384: 2336: 2321: 2248: 1862: 1819: 1187:. The first-century CE Roman historian 167:. Early Christians saw the Exodus as a 14: 6424: 4779: 4762:Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch 4483: 4409: 4386: 4316: 4295: 4272: 4211:Josephus's Interpretation of the Bible 3990: 3967: 3826: 3597:Ltd, Hymns Ancient Modern (May 1996). 3560: 3512: 3374: 3095: 2836: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2692:"Joel S. Baden | Yale Divinity School" 2666: 2579: 2555: 2531: 2519: 2432: 2236: 2171: 1993: 1987: 1956: 1944: 1106:Writers in Greek and Latin during the 183:. The Exodus is also recounted in the 155:The story of the Exodus is central in 6239:Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law 6231:Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah 6034: 5508: 4858: 4804: 4650:. 8, article 15: 2–12. Archived from 4636: 4564:. T & T Clark. pp. 100–115. 4430: 4356: 4339: 4184: 4103: 4034: 4013: 3849: 3752: 3647: 3548: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3425: 3413: 3398: 3386: 3350: 3333: 3321: 3249: 3220: 3196: 3119: 3107: 3071: 3059: 3008: 2730: 2715: 2627: 2543: 2507: 2198: 2183: 2137: 1999:"Deconstructing the walls of Jericho" 1842: 1324:and the doubting of God's promise by 302:, a daughter of the Midianite priest 6217:(Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting) 6060: 5590: 4735: 4363:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice 4131:. Fortress Press. pp. 137–178. 2615: 2068: 1441: 1397:(1 Cor 5:7-8). Michael Graves calls 1063:in Jerusalem until the time of king 517:The Israelites come to the oasis of 431:Moses parts the Red Sea (1907 print) 163:and celebrated in festivals such as 5391:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai 4851:, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection 4758: 4488:. Lexington Books. pp. 23–51. 4068:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 17–26. 3596: 3179: 3167: 3143: 3131: 1802:. Oxford University Press. p. 1570:List of films related to the Exodus 1230:Religious and cultural significance 902: 714:Reliability of the biblical account 685:Sources and parallels of the Exodus 619: 24: 4884: 4214:. University of California Press. 3803:. Lexington Books. pp. 1–22. 1863:Hamborg, Graham R. (24 May 2012). 1820:Collins, John J. (15 April 2018). 1368:on the Exodus, though the scholar 1339: 1078:Composition of the Torah narrative 937:, but their southern contemporary 27:Founding myth of the Jewish people 25: 6483: 4838: 4582:; Wright, Benjamin, eds. (2014). 4258:. T & T Clark International. 3896:The Song of the Sea: Ex 15:1 – 21 3628:Abraham's Muslims in conversation 3607:from the original on 17 June 2016 1257:. The Exodus is invoked daily in 941:shows no knowledge of an exodus. 916:Gustave Doré's illustrations for 898:Development and final composition 850:into and out of Egypt during the 463:: the Israelites are to keep his 6118:Honour thy father and thy mother 4744:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 313. 4344:. de Gruyter. pp. 197–228. 3590: 1909: 1543: 1529: 1445: 912:Ezra Reads the Law to the People 848:Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples 207:The Exodus tells a story of the 4784:. In Dozeman, Thomas B. (ed.). 4618:. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). 3756:The Book of Exodus: A Biography 3680: 2853: 2842: 2819: 2808: 2684: 2633: 2281: 1900: 1883: 1745: 1736: 1723: 1714: 1673: 1656: 1512:Great Seal of the United States 1152:, also preserved in Josephus's 724:specifying place names such as 612:. Yahweh tells Moses to ascend 478:. As punishment Yahweh has the 202: 6128:Thou shalt not commit adultery 4788:. Cambridge University Press. 4599:. Princeton University Press. 4560:. In Hatina, Thomas R. (ed.). 4437:Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic 4416:. Cambridge University Press. 4162:Eskenazi, Tamara Cohn (2009). 3945:Coomber, Matthew J.M. (2012). 3694:. Princeton University Press. 1636: 1619: 1199:claimed that the Egyptian god 991:records the dedication of two 493:Yahweh commands Moses to send 377:Moses is commanded to fix the 13: 1: 3976:. Continuum. pp. 23–40. 1922: 1897:, down to as late as 350 BCE. 1780:. Paulist Press. p. 90. 1234: 1126: 1068: 1012: 777: 286:. He is found and adopted by 5534: 4694:Russell, Stephen C. (2009). 4647:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 4614:Redmount, Carol A. (2001) . 4387:Lemche, Niels Peter (1985). 4252:Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006). 4237:. Springer. pp. 39–54. 4229:Finkelstein, Israel (2015). 3947:"Before Crossing the Jordan" 3736:. Harvard University Press. 3715:. Harvard University Press. 1927: 1794:McKenzie, Steven L. (2005). 1344:The Christian ritual of the 792:Potential historical origins 561:, so Yahweh orders Moses to 317:, where Yahweh appears in a 234: 7: 5980:Challah from Shmurah Matzah 4813:. Oxford University Press. 4742:A Dictionary of Archaeology 4591:Redford, Donald B. (1992). 4537:University Press of America 4056:Dijkstra, Meindert (2006). 3893:Brenner, Martin L. (2012). 3833:Ägypten und Altes Testament 3822:. Sheffield Academic Press. 3774:Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). 3585:Dozeman & Shectman 2016 3573:Dozeman & Shectman 2016 2496:Dozeman & Shectman 2016 2310:Dozeman & Shectman 2016 2276:Dozeman & Shectman 2016 2261:Pietersma & Wright 2014 1843:Wolff, Hans Walter (1990). 1774:McDermott, John J. (2002). 1522: 1431: 1364:has been suggested to be a 1328:. A third Jewish festival, 159:. It is recounted daily in 48:Departure of the Israelites 10: 6488: 5934:Eve of Passover on Shabbat 5582:White House Passover Seder 4849:National Library of Israel 4780:Sparks, Kenton L. (2010). 4669:Russell, Brian D. (2007). 4586:. Oxford University Press. 4208:Feldman, Louis H. (1998). 3991:Davies, Philip R. (2015). 3818:Bartusch, Mark W. (2003). 1625:The name "exodus" is from 1435: 1238: 1112:Second Intermediate Period 973:Northern Kingdom of Israel 968:in the sixth century BCE. 682: 451:and Yahweh calls Moses to 439:down for them to eat. The 420:. Moses uses his staff to 29: 6437:Egypt in the Hebrew Bible 6361: 6278: 6206: 6151: 6085: 6068: 5998: 5967: 5916: 5909: 5864: 5838: 5793: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5684: 5641: 5632: 5542: 5471: 5430: 5409: 5386:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael 5358: 5332: 5264: 5198: 5125:Pillars of fire and cloud 5067: 4966: 4900: 4281:. BRILL. pp. 61–87. 4104:Droge, Arthur J. (1996). 3997:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3918:Collins, John J. (2005). 3795:Barmash, Pamela (2015b). 2071:Estudios de Asia y África 1497:As historical inspiration 1378:Massacre of the Innocents 313:Meanwhile, Moses goes to 195:striving for freedom and 6225:(c. 1513–1515 sculpture) 6215:Descent from Mount Sinai 5877:Flourless chocolate cake 4832:. Brill. pp. 36–48. 4759:Ska, Jean Louis (2006). 4519:10.1163/156921211X579579 4442:Harvard University Press 4317:Graves, Michael (2019). 4085:Jewish Studies Quarterly 3827:Bietak, Manfred (2022). 3023:, pp. 1–20, 15, 19. 2951:, pp. 41–43, 46–47. 2003:lib1.library.cornell.edu 1849:. Augsburg. p. 23. 1612: 1603:telling the Exodus story 1173:Lysimachus of Alexandria 918:La Grande Bible de Tours 821:Richard Elliott Friedman 689:Historicity of the Bible 559:worshipping Moabite gods 337:, and Aaron throws down 134:Late Bronze Age collapse 121:under the leadership of 6233:(c. 1645-1650 painting) 4556:Perkins, Larry (2006). 4296:Grabbe, Lester (2017). 4273:Grabbe, Lester (2014). 4185:Faust, Avraham (2015). 4137:10.2307/j.ctt1b3t6qt.11 4058:"Moses, the Man of God" 4035:Dever, William (2003). 4014:Dever, William (2001). 3968:Davies, Graham (2004). 3753:Baden, Joel S. (2019). 2083:10.24201/eaa.v45i3.1995 1708: 1699: 1690: 1483:prophets and messengers 1290:death of the first-born 1181:Chaeremon of Alexandria 823:identifies it with the 758:Crossing of the Red Sea 679:Origins and historicity 470:Yahweh establishes the 211:of the Israelites, the 6447:Stations of the Exodus 5702:Maxwell House Haggadah 5226:Stations of the Exodus 4809:The Jewish Study Bible 4637:Romer, Thomas (2008). 4410:Meyers, Carol (2005). 4110:Josephus' Contra Apion 3972:. In Day, John (ed.). 3970:"Was There an Exodus?" 3951:Exodus and Deuteronomy 2484:Moore & Kelle 2011 2445:Moore & Kelle 2011 2295:. 2024. Archived from 1972:Moore & Kelle 2011 1681: 1580:Stations of the Exodus 1285: 1185:Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus 1003:by the Israelite king 987:(Psalm 81:10-11). The 975:. The northern psalms 960:, and in the southern 922: 807: 432: 362: 359:Charles Sprague Pearce 343: 251: 115:passage in the Red Sea 55: 34:. For other uses, see 6303:Les Dix Commandements 6093:I am the Lord thy God 5929:Fast of the Firstborn 5401:In Antebellum America 5366:Sources and parallels 5014:High Priest of Israel 4700:. Walter de Gruyter. 4368:KTAV Publishing House 3860:10.2307/j.ctvwrm4gj.6 3730:Assmann, Jan (2003). 3709:Assmann, Jan (2009). 3688:Assmann, Jan (2018). 3634:29 April 2016 at the 3211:, pp. 29, 34–35. 3122:, p. 2 and fn.3. 2033:Encyclopaedia Judaica 1760:. BRILL. p. 19. 1685:, which derives from 1393:(1 Pet 1:18-20), and 1279: 910: 799: 430: 353: 341:, which turns into a 242: 46: 6374:In Catholic theology 6351:The Ten Commandments 6335:The Ten Commandments 6319:The Ten Commandments 6311:The Ten Commandments 6295:The Ten Commandments 6287:The Ten Commandments 6164:Biblical Mount Sinai 6143:Thou shalt not covet 6133:Thou shalt not steal 5697:Birds' Head Haggadah 4738:"Israel, Israelites" 4275:"Exodus and History" 3926:. Eerdmans. p. 3780:. Cengage Learning. 3600:Third Way (magazine) 2299:on February 1, 2024. 1510:recommended for the 966:Babylonian captivity 781: 1207 BCE 643:, Exodus 20:22–23:3; 641:Book of the Covenant 331:bricks without straw 117:, in pursuit of the 80:Departure from Egypt 6411:Ethics in the Bible 6181:Ark of the Covenant 6123:Thou shalt not kill 5717:Washington Haggadah 5494:Zipporah at the inn 5256:Yam Suph (Reed Sea) 5085:Ark of the Covenant 3563:, pp. 548–549. 3324:, pp. 218–220. 3170:, pp. 226–227. 2769:, pp. 412–413. 2498:, pp. 138–139. 2339:, pp. 139–142. 2013:on 10 November 2001 1997:(29 October 1999). 1846:Micah: A Commentary 1517:Liberation theology 1424:all emphasized the 1348:and the holiday of 1130: 320 BCE 1123:Hecataeus of Abdera 1072: 727 BCE 1016: 931 BCE 708:Biblical maximalism 696:Biblical minimalism 670:Deuteronomic Code, 652:The ritual laws of 514:(Numbers 16:1-33). 385:at the head of the 298:, where he marries 6394:Seven Laws of Noah 5939:Passover sacrifice 5692:Amsterdam Haggadah 5615:Maror and Chazeret 5572:"Outstretched Arm" 5371:Textual variations 5211:Massah and Meribah 5129:Priestly clothing 5049:Pharaoh's daughter 4786:Methods for Exodus 4736:Shaw, Ian (2002). 4432:Cross, Frank Moore 3953:. Fortress Press. 3252:, pp. 134–35. 2522:, p. 153–154. 2028:"Exodus, Book of." 1607:The Exodus Decoded 1457:. You can help by 1286: 958:Transjordan region 923: 808: 785:Israel Finkelstein 667:, Leviticus 17–26; 610:conquest of Canaan 472:Aaronic priesthood 433: 363: 288:Pharaoh's daughter 252: 56: 6419: 6418: 6399:Great Commandment 6321:(2006 miniseries) 6028: 6027: 6024: 6023: 5905: 5904: 5834: 5833: 5725: 5724: 5707:Sarajevo Haggadah 5628: 5627: 5502: 5501: 5251:Wilderness of Sin 5241:Battle of Refidim 5138:golden head plate 5054:Shiphrah and Puah 4820:978-0-19-529751-5 4795:978-1-139-48738-2 4782:"Genre Criticism" 4772:978-1-57506-122-1 4751:978-0-631-23583-5 4728:978-1-4985-0293-1 4707:978-3-11-022171-8 4686:978-0-820-48809-7 4629:978-0-19-988148-2 4606:978-0-691-03606-9 4580:Pietersma, Albert 4571:978-0-567-38142-2 4546:978-0-761-83115-0 4495:978-1-4985-0293-1 4474:978-0-8028-6260-0 4451:978-0-674-09176-4 4423:978-0-521-00291-2 4400:978-90-04-07853-6 4377:978-0-873-34004-5 4332:978-0-19-102820-5 4309:978-0-567-67043-4 4288:978-90-04-28266-7 4265:978-0-567-02592-0 4244:978-3-319-04768-3 4221:978-0-520-20853-7 4200:978-3-319-04768-3 4177:978-0-567-46567-2 4146:978-1-5064-1442-3 4119:978-90-04-10325-2 4075:978-90-429-1806-1 4048:978-0-8028-4416-3 4027:978-0-8028-2126-3 4004:978-0-567-66299-6 3983:978-0-567-08206-0 3960:978-1-4514-0819-5 3937:978-0-8028-2892-7 3910:978-3-110-86722-0 3901:Walter de Gruyter 3869:978-1-946230-15-7 3842:978-3-96327-062-8 3810:978-1-4985-0293-1 3787:978-0-495-39105-0 3766:978-0-691-16954-5 3743:978-0-674-01211-0 3722:978-0-674-02030-6 3701:978-1-4008-8923-5 3500:, pp. 80–86. 3488:, pp. 60–61. 3464:, pp. 19–20. 3452:, pp. 22–23. 3336:, pp. 35–36. 2963:, pp. 46–47. 2915:, pp. 10–12. 2745:, pp. 62–69. 2696:divinity.yale.edu 2653:978-0-06-256526-6 2646:. HarperCollins. 2582:, pp. 65–67. 2546:, pp. 15–17. 2534:, pp. 63–64. 2510:, pp. 18–19. 2447:, pp. 86–87. 2435:, pp. 23–24. 2354:, pp. 59–60. 2043:978-0-02-866097-4 1895:post-exilic times 1876:978-0-567-04860-8 1856:978-0-8066-2449-5 1833:978-1-5064-4605-9 1813:978-0-19-803655-5 1787:978-0-8091-4082-4 1767:978-90-04-25854-9 1508:Benjamin Franklin 1475: 1474: 1374:Gospel of Matthew 1108:Ptolemaic Kingdom 871:expulsion of the 865:collective memory 803:, one of several 634:Ethical Decalogue 599:Tribe of Manasseh 412:in the day and a 193:African Americans 171:prefiguration of 138:Achaemenid Empire 18:Exodus from Egypt 16:(Redirected from 6479: 6452:Jewish mythology 6389:613 commandments 6265:(1968 sculptures 6257:(1962 sculpture) 6079:Ritual Decalogue 6071:Tablets of Stone 6062:Ten Commandments 6055: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6031: 5914: 5913: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5735: 5639: 5638: 5588: 5587: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5489:Ten Commandments 5484:Plagues of Egypt 5359:Textual analysis 5110:Incense offering 5080:Ark of bulrushes 4879: 4872: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4833: 4824: 4812: 4799: 4776: 4755: 4732: 4711: 4690: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4633: 4610: 4598: 4587: 4575: 4550: 4522: 4499: 4478: 4455: 4427: 4404: 4381: 4353: 4336: 4313: 4292: 4269: 4248: 4225: 4204: 4181: 4158: 4123: 4100: 4079: 4052: 4031: 4008: 3987: 3964: 3941: 3925: 3914: 3889: 3846: 3823: 3814: 3791: 3770: 3747: 3726: 3705: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2669:, pp. 8–10. 2664: 2658: 2657: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2592:Finkelstein 2015 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399:, p. 28-29. 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2334: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2221: 2215: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2141: 2135: 2118: 2114: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2009:. Archived from 1981: 1975: 1969: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1860: 1840: 1817: 1801: 1791: 1771: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1693: 1687:Ancient Egyptian 1684: 1677: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1640: 1634: 1623: 1597:Torah portions ( 1553: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1504:Thomas Jefferson 1470: 1467: 1449: 1442: 1370:Larry J. Perkins 1326:the Twelve Spies 1131: 1128: 1073: 1070: 1017: 1014: 985:Ten Commandments 962:Kingdom of Judah 903:Early traditions 888:Philip R. Davies 813:William G. Dever 782: 779: 765:ancient Egyptian 754:Plagues of Egypt 647:Ritual Decalogue 627:Ten Commandments 620:Covenant and law 457:Ten Commandments 422:part the Red Sea 346: 290:, who names him 213:Plagues of Egypt 84: 81: 78: 75: 72: 67:Yəṣīʾat Mīṣrayīm 21: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6357: 6274: 6241:(1659 painting) 6202: 6147: 6081: 6064: 6059: 6029: 6020: 5994: 5963: 5924:Bedikat Chametz 5901: 5860: 5830: 5789: 5721: 5680: 5671:L'Shana Haba'ah 5624: 5586: 5538: 5533: 5503: 5498: 5467: 5426: 5405: 5396:Song of the Sea 5354: 5328: 5260: 5194: 5063: 5034:Nadab and Abihu 4962: 4896: 4895: 4883: 4841: 4836: 4821: 4796: 4773: 4765:. Eisenbrauns. 4752: 4729: 4708: 4687: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4641: 4630: 4607: 4572: 4547: 4496: 4475: 4452: 4424: 4401: 4378: 4333: 4310: 4289: 4266: 4245: 4222: 4201: 4178: 4155:j.ctt1b3t6qt.11 4147: 4120: 4076: 4049: 4028: 4005: 3984: 3961: 3938: 3911: 3870: 3843: 3811: 3788: 3767: 3744: 3723: 3702: 3683: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3636:Wayback Machine 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2718:, pp. 6–7. 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2570:, pp. 2–3. 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2387:, pp. 210. 2383: 2379: 2371: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2224: 2216: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2155: 2144: 2136: 2121: 2117: 2056: 2054: 2044: 2016: 2014: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1963: 1959:, pp. 6–7. 1955: 1951: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1857: 1834: 1814: 1788: 1768: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1678: 1674: 1661: 1657: 1641: 1637: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1499: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1455:needs expansion 1440: 1434: 1382:Herod the Great 1342: 1340:In Christianity 1318:The Three Weeks 1247: 1237: 1232: 1129: 1104: 1080: 1071: 1049:Song of the Sea 1015: 905: 900: 817:Tribe of Joseph 794: 780: 774:Merneptah Stele 767:texts from the 741:Book of Numbers 716: 691: 681: 622: 597:, and half the 589:, settling the 575:Midianite woman 461:Mosaic covenant 410:pillar of cloud 387:Hebrew calendar 257:Book of Genesis 244:Israel in Egypt 237: 205: 97:(specifically, 82: 79: 76: 73: 65:: יציאת מצרים, 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6472:Sacred history 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6442:Book of Exodus 6439: 6434: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6313:(2004 musical) 6307: 6305:(2000 musical) 6299: 6291: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6193:Book of Exodus 6190: 6189: 6188: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6058: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6016:Prayer for dew 6013: 6011:Torah readings 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Echad Mi Yodea 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562:Ha Lachma Anya 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:Eye for an eye 5450: 5445: 5440: 5438:I Am that I Am 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5266:Torah readings 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5190:Temple menorah 5187: 5182: 5177: 5175:Staff of Moses 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890:Book of Exodus 4885: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4840: 4839:External links 4837: 4835: 4834: 4825: 4819: 4801: 4800: 4794: 4777: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4733: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4691: 4685: 4666: 4634: 4628: 4611: 4605: 4588: 4576: 4570: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4527:Neusner, Jacob 4523: 4500: 4494: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4428: 4422: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4354: 4350:j.ctvbkjxph.14 4337: 4331: 4314: 4308: 4302:. Bloomsbury. 4293: 4287: 4270: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4226: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4182: 4176: 4170:. Bloomsbury. 4159: 4145: 4124: 4118: 4101: 4091:(3): 193–216. 4080: 4074: 4053: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4010: 4009: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3965: 3959: 3942: 3936: 3915: 3909: 3890: 3868: 3847: 3841: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3792: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3674:, p. 123. 3664: 3662:, p. 335. 3652: 3650:, p. 107. 3640: 3618: 3603:. p. 18. 3589: 3587:, p. 160. 3577: 3575:, p. 150. 3565: 3553: 3541: 3539:, p. 107. 3529: 3527:, p. 114. 3517: 3515:, p. 548. 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 105. 3418: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3353:, p. 106. 3338: 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 227. 3302: 3300:, p. 170. 3290: 3278: 3266: 3264:, p. 342. 3254: 3242: 3225: 3223:, p. 131. 3213: 3201: 3199:, p. 134. 3184: 3182:, p. 225. 3172: 3160: 3148: 3146:, p. 218. 3136: 3134:, p. 217. 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3086:, p. 204. 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3025: 3013: 3011:, p. 124. 3001: 2989: 2977: 2975:, p. 8-9. 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2890: 2875: 2863: 2860:Jeremiah 16:14 2852: 2841: 2839:, p. 315. 2829: 2818: 2807: 2805:, p. 105. 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2733:, p. 477. 2720: 2708: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2652: 2632: 2630:, p. 231. 2620: 2618:, p. 313. 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2423:, p. 146. 2413: 2411:, p. 4–5. 2401: 2389: 2377: 2356: 2341: 2326: 2324:, p. 139. 2314: 2312:, p. 149. 2302: 2280: 2278:, p. 139. 2265: 2253: 2241: 2222: 2203: 2201:, p. xiv. 2188: 2176: 2174:, p. 327. 2161: 2142: 2140:, p. 476. 2119: 2116: 2115: 2073:(in Spanish). 2066: 2042: 2023: 1991: 1984: 1976: 1961: 1949: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1882: 1875: 1855: 1832: 1812: 1786: 1766: 1744: 1735: 1731:Land of Goshen 1722: 1713: 1672: 1655: 1635: 1633:, "going out", 1617: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1582: 1577: 1575:Moses in Islam 1572: 1567: 1565:Ipuwer Papyrus 1562: 1559:Book of Joshua 1555: 1554: 1551:Judaism portal 1540: 1524: 1521: 1498: 1495: 1473: 1472: 1452: 1450: 1438:Moses in Islam 1436:Main article: 1433: 1430: 1387:Gospel of John 1362:Gospel of Mark 1341: 1338: 1302:Pesaḥim (10:5) 1259:Jewish prayers 1251:Jewish culture 1245:Passover Seder 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1223:Erich S. Gruen 1103: 1100: 1079: 1076: 1022:(the biblical 989:Books of Kings 904: 901: 899: 896: 793: 790: 728:(Gen. 46:28), 721:Book of Exodus 715: 712: 680: 677: 676: 675: 668: 661: 650: 644: 637: 621: 618: 553:asks the seer 543:brazen serpent 414:pillar of fire 261:Land of Goshen 248:Edward Poynter 236: 233: 204: 201: 161:Jewish prayers 32:Book of Exodus 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6484: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075:Finger of God 6072: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Song of Songs 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Yehuda Matzos 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:Matzo lasagna 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:Szyk Haggadah 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685:Illustrations 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381:Exodus Rabbah 5379: 5377: 5376:Covenant Code 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163:undergarments 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721:. Lexington. 4720: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4667: 4657:on 2020-10-21 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062:Houtman, Cees 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878:j.ctvwrm4gj.6 3875: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3551:, p. 53. 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3476:, p. 20. 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3440:, p. 75. 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3416:, p. 19. 3415: 3410: 3408: 3401:, p. 26. 3400: 3395: 3389:, p. 10. 3388: 3383: 3377:, p. 43. 3376: 3371: 3365:, p. 53. 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3288:, p. 37. 3287: 3282: 3276:, p. 35. 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 34. 3239: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3158:, p. 86. 3157: 3156:Eskenazi 2009 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3110:, p. 99. 3109: 3104: 3098:, p. 49. 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3074:, p. 10. 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3050:, p. 28. 3049: 3048:Dijkstra 2006 3044: 3038:, p. 41. 3037: 3036:Bartusch 2003 3032: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2999:, p. 96. 2998: 2993: 2986: 2985:Barmash 2015b 2981: 2974: 2973:Barmash 2015b 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2939:, p. 55. 2938: 2933: 2927:, p. 41. 2926: 2921: 2914: 2913:Barmash 2015b 2909: 2903:, p. 50. 2902: 2897: 2895: 2888:, p. 40. 2887: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2849:Jeremiah 15:1 2845: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2793:, p. 85. 2792: 2787: 2781:, p. 84. 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2757:, p. 78. 2756: 2755:Redmount 2001 2751: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2712: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2681:, p. 65. 2680: 2679:Redmount 2001 2675: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2604:Barmash 2015b 2600: 2594:, p. 49. 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2569: 2568:Barmash 2015b 2564: 2558:, p. 69. 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2486:, p. 88. 2485: 2480: 2474:, p. 46. 2473: 2468: 2462:, p. 11. 2461: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2421:Bandstra 2008 2417: 2410: 2409:McKenzie 2005 2405: 2398: 2397:Bandstra 2008 2393: 2386: 2381: 2375:, p. 60. 2374: 2373:Redmount 2001 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2352:Redmount 2001 2348: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2251:, p. 94. 2250: 2245: 2239:, p. 73. 2238: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2220:, p. 59. 2219: 2218:Redmount 2001 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2159:, p. 87. 2158: 2157:Redmount 2001 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995:Herzog, Ze'ev 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1974:, p. 81. 1973: 1968: 1966: 1958: 1953: 1947:, p. 36. 1946: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1912: 1903: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1589:Bo (parashah) 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1541: 1538: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1453:This section 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Justin Martyr 1411: 1406: 1404: 1403:typologically 1400: 1396: 1395:1 Corinthians 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380:committed by 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:New Testament 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1242: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Against Apion 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1139:Against Apion 1135: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:golden calves 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 920: 919: 913: 909: 895: 893: 889: 885: 884:Lester Grabbe 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 825:Tribe of Levi 822: 818: 814: 806: 802: 798: 789: 786: 775: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 722: 711: 709: 704: 703:founding myth 699: 697: 690: 686: 673: 669: 666: 665:Holiness Code 662: 659: 655: 651: 648: 645: 642: 638: 635: 632: 631: 630: 628: 617: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 528:Promised Land 524: 520: 519:Kadesh Barnea 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 429: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 368: 360: 356: 352: 348: 345: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:Promised Land 320: 316: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 249: 245: 241: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 200: 198: 194: 190: 189:life of Moses 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 119:Promised Land 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:founding myth 68: 64: 60: 53: 52:David Roberts 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6462:Origin myths 6384:Alternatives 6350: 6342: 6337:(2007 film) 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6262: 6254: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6197: 6086:Commandments 5968:Laws/customs 5959:Pesach Sheni 5856:Potato kugel 5839:Main courses 5811:René Neymann 5806:Manischewitz 5780:Matzah pizza 5676:Vehi Sheamda 5556: 5478: 5417:Nash Papyrus 5100:Burning bush 5095:Bronze laver 5090:Asherah pole 4888: 4829: 4808: 4785: 4761: 4741: 4717: 4696: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4652:the original 4645: 4619: 4594: 4561: 4531: 4510: 4504: 4485: 4467:. Eerdmans. 4463: 4436: 4412: 4389: 4362: 4358:Klein, Isaac 4341: 4322: 4298: 4278: 4254: 4234: 4210: 4193:. Springer. 4190: 4167: 4128: 4109: 4088: 4084: 4065: 4041:. Eerdmans. 4037: 4020:. Eerdmans. 4016: 3993: 3973: 3950: 3921: 3895: 3851: 3832: 3819: 3800: 3776: 3755: 3732: 3711: 3690: 3681:Bibliography 3672:Coomber 2012 3667: 3660:Assmann 2018 3655: 3643: 3627: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3599: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3537:Perkins 2006 3532: 3525:Perkins 2006 3520: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3438:Neusner 2005 3433: 3421: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3363:Sarason 2015 3358: 3329: 3317: 3310:Assmann 2003 3305: 3298:Gmirkin 2006 3293: 3286:Assmann 2009 3281: 3274:Assmann 2009 3269: 3262:Feldman 1998 3257: 3245: 3238:Assmann 2009 3216: 3209:Assmann 2009 3204: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3084:Assmann 2018 3079: 3067: 3062:, p. 9. 3055: 3043: 3021:Brenner 2012 3016: 3004: 2997:Russell 2007 2992: 2987:, p. 9. 2980: 2968: 2961:Viviano 2019 2956: 2949:Russell 2009 2944: 2937:Russell 2009 2932: 2925:Russell 2009 2920: 2908: 2901:Assmann 2018 2886:Na'aman 2011 2873:, p. 1. 2871:Russell 2009 2866: 2855: 2844: 2832: 2821: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2767:Redford 1992 2762: 2750: 2743:Na'aman 2011 2738: 2711: 2699:. Retrieved 2695: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2642: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2606:, p. 4. 2599: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2472:Collins 2005 2467: 2460:Russell 2009 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2385:Douglas 1993 2380: 2337:Assmann 2018 2322:Assmann 2018 2317: 2305: 2297:the original 2293:Biblehub.com 2292: 2283: 2256: 2249:Assmann 2018 2244: 2179: 2110: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2055:. Retrieved 2032: 2015:. Retrieved 2011:the original 2002: 1979: 1952: 1911: 1902: 1885: 1865: 1845: 1837: 1822: 1797: 1776: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1725: 1716: 1675: 1658: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1621: 1598: 1537:Bible portal 1500: 1476: 1463: 1459:adding to it 1454: 1426:supersession 1407: 1343: 1315: 1287: 1248: 1220: 1212:Hebrew Bible 1205: 1170: 1153: 1148: 1137: 1120: 1105: 1093: 1081: 1037: 970: 955: 924: 917: 911: 877: 869:17th dynasty 861: 844:20th dynasty 836:19th dynasty 829: 809: 762: 746:Sinai Desert 738: 717: 700: 692: 649:, Exodus 34; 623: 606:Jordan River 603: 571:an Israelite 540: 516: 495:twelve spies 492: 469: 464: 449:Sinai Desert 434: 407: 403:final plague 376: 364: 354: 339:Moses' staff 319:burning bush 312: 308: 273: 253: 243: 206: 203:In the Bible 197:civil rights 173:resurrection 154: 127: 66: 58: 57: 47: 40: 6404:Golden Rule 6353:(2016 film) 6345:(2010 film) 6329:(2007 film) 6297:(1956 film) 6289:(1923 film) 6174:Mount Horeb 6169:Mount Sinai 5944:Chol HaMoed 5917:Observances 5892:Marunchinos 5785:Matzoquiles 5775:Matzah meal 5765:Matzah brei 5760:Matzah ball 5577:Ten Plagues 5567:Ma Nishtana 5443:Baal-zephon 5410:Manuscripts 5236:Pi-Ramesses 5231:Pi-HaHiroth 5221:Mount Sinai 5216:Mount Horeb 5133:breastplate 5105:Golden calf 5075:Aaron's rod 3561:Graves 2019 3513:Graves 2019 3375:Nelson 2015 3096:Grabbe 2017 2837:Lemche 1985 2803:Davies 2015 2791:Grabbe 2014 2779:Grabbe 2014 2667:Meyers 2005 2580:Grabbe 2014 2556:Grabbe 2014 2532:Grabbe 2014 2520:Bietak 2022 2433:Davies 2004 2237:Sparks 2010 2172:Lemche 1985 2057:29 November 1988:Grabbe 2017 1957:Meyers 2005 1945:Grabbe 2017 1322:Golden Calf 1208:Jan Assmann 1116:anti-Jewish 1009:Jan Assmann 947:Micah 6:4–5 801:Ramesses II 769:New Kingdom 672:Deuteronomy 587:Transjordan 476:golden calf 453:Mount Sinai 379:first month 315:Mount Horeb 217:Mount Sinai 209:enslavement 169:typological 111:Deuteronomy 6432:The Exodus 6426:Categories 6198:The Exodus 5882:Hadji bada 5872:Egg kichel 5755:Chremslach 5656:Chad Gadya 5557:The Exodus 5479:The Exodus 5448:El Shaddai 5422:Papyrus 18 5180:Tabernacle 5120:Mercy seat 4979:Israelites 4677:Peter Lang 4661:2017-08-28 3648:Tigay 2004 3549:Baden 2019 3498:Baden 2019 3486:Black 2018 3474:Black 2018 3462:Black 2018 3450:Black 2018 3426:Klein 1979 3414:Black 2018 3399:Black 2018 3387:Black 2018 3351:Tigay 2004 3334:Baden 2019 3322:Gruen 2016 3250:Droge 1996 3221:Droge 1996 3197:Droge 1996 3120:Romer 2008 3108:Dever 2001 3072:Baden 2019 3060:Baden 2019 3009:Cross 1997 2826:Hosea 12:9 2731:Faust 2015 2716:Baden 2019 2643:The Exodus 2628:Dever 2003 2544:Dever 2003 2508:Dever 2003 2199:Baden 2019 2184:Tigay 2004 2138:Faust 2015 2017:9 February 1923:References 1668:Heliopolis 1664:Septuagint 1239:See also: 1235:In Judaism 1177:Bakenranef 1020:Sheshonq I 1005:Jeroboam I 840:Ramses III 750:miraculous 683:See also: 614:Mount Nebo 595:Reubenites 484:tabernacle 443:attack at 441:Amalekites 95:Pentateuch 91:Israelites 59:The Exodus 5990:Gebrochts 5954:Isru Chag 5910:Religious 5821:Rakusen's 5794:Companies 5299:Mishpatim 5289:Beshalach 5170:Showbread 4513:: 39–69. 4393:. Brill. 4112:. Brill. 3886:160440464 3611:7 January 2616:Shaw 2002 2107:161105175 2099:i25822397 2091:0185-0164 2052:123527471 1928:Citations 1682:ḥartummîm 1642:The term 1593:Beshalach 1466:July 2024 1422:Augustine 1346:eucharist 1162:Jerusalem 1085:Leviticus 1057:nehushtan 1053:Psalm 114 892:Assyrians 832:Ramses II 654:Leviticus 536:Mount Hor 401:. In the 399:full moon 391:doorposts 300:Tzipporah 235:Narrative 177:salvation 103:Leviticus 85:) is the 6467:Passover 5985:Kitniyot 5897:Meringue 5887:Macaroon 5865:Desserts 5801:Streit's 5634:Haggadah 5605:Charoset 5552:Afikoman 5536:Passover 5340:Priestly 5319:Vayakhel 5314:Ki Tissa 5309:Tetzaveh 5185:Tefillin 5059:Zipporah 4901:Chapters 4529:(2005). 4434:(1997). 4360:(1979). 4319:"Exodus" 4097:40753099 4064:(eds.). 3632:Archived 3605:Archived 3180:Ska 2006 3168:Ska 2006 3144:Ska 2006 3132:Ska 2006 2815:Amos 9:7 2701:30 March 2007:Ha'aretz 1891:Reed Sea 1709:ḥar-tibi 1705:Akkadian 1700:p-hritob 1599:parashot 1523:See also 1432:In Islam 1418:Irenaeus 1298:Hagaddah 1263:Passover 1241:Passover 1197:Plutarch 1158:Osarseph 1144:Diodorus 1134:Josephus 1065:Hezekiah 1040:Psalm 78 1033:Jeremiah 1028:Judahite 951:Jeremiah 856:folklore 819:, while 756:and the 734:Ramesses 656:1–6 and 569:impales 567:Phinehas 521:, where 445:Rephidim 229:covenant 165:Passover 144:such as 142:prophets 6362:Related 6327:The Ten 5999:Prayers 5975:Chametz 5949:Mimouna 5846:Brisket 5651:Adir Hu 5600:Beitzah 5431:Phrases 5350:Elohist 5345:Jahwist 5333:Sources 5324:Pekudei 5304:Terumah 5279:Va'eira 5068:Objects 5044:Pharaoh 5039:Oholiab 5019:Ithamar 5004:Gershom 4994:Eliezer 4989:Bezalel 1696:Demotic 1629:ἔξοδος 1585:Va'eira 1491:prophet 1391:1 Peter 1366:midrash 1311:Chametz 1267:Shavuot 1255:Ezekiel 1189:Tacitus 1150:Manetho 1089:Numbers 1024:Shishak 921:, 1866) 658:Numbers 601:there. 591:Gadites 480:Levites 418:Red Sea 395:lintels 367:Plagues 335:miracle 280:Rameses 269:pharaoh 250:, 1867) 157:Judaism 107:Numbers 89:of the 74: 54:, 1829) 6369:Joshua 6250:(1876) 6207:In art 6152:Topics 5748:Dishes 5740:Matzah 5661:Dayenu 5620:Zeroah 5610:Karpas 5472:Events 5274:Shemot 5199:Places 5158:turban 5029:Miriam 5009:Jethro 4967:People 4847:, The 4817: 4792: 4769: 4748: 4725: 4704: 4683: 4626: 4603: 4568: 4543: 4492: 4471: 4448: 4420: 4413:Exodus 4397: 4374: 4348: 4329: 4306: 4285: 4262: 4241: 4218: 4197: 4174: 4153: 4143: 4116: 4095: 4072: 4045: 4024: 4001: 3980: 3957: 3934: 3907: 3884: 3876: 3866: 3839: 3807: 3784: 3763: 3740: 3719: 3698: 2650: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2050: 2040: 1873: 1853: 1830: 1810: 1784: 1764: 1691:ḥrj-tp 1631:exodos 1591:, and 1487:Qur'an 1479:Qur'an 1420:, and 1410:Romans 1350:Easter 1334:sukkah 1330:Sukkot 1307:matzoh 1271:Sukkot 1269:, and 1216:Amarna 1193:donkey 1061:temple 997:Bethel 939:Isaiah 935:Israel 880:exilic 873:Hyksos 763:While 732:, and 730:Pithom 726:Goshen 674:12–26. 573:and a 563:impale 555:Balaam 523:Miriam 500:Joshua 488:census 361:(1877) 344:tannin 304:Jethro 296:Midian 276:Pithom 265:Joseph 225:Yahweh 221:Canaan 185:Qur'an 130:Canaan 109:, and 99:Exodus 63:Hebrew 36:Exodus 6457:Moses 6379:Tabot 6279:Media 6263:Moses 6255:Moses 6223:Moses 6159:Moses 5731:Foods 5643:Songs 5592:Plate 5544:Seder 5294:Yitro 5206:Egypt 5153:tunic 5115:Manna 5024:Marah 4984:Aaron 4974:Moses 4958:38–40 4953:35–38 4948:30–34 4943:27–30 4938:25–27 4933:21–24 4928:18–20 4923:13–17 4918:10–13 4655:(PDF) 4642:(PDF) 4346:JSTOR 4151:JSTOR 4093:JSTOR 3882:S2CID 3874:JSTOR 2103:S2CID 2095:JSTOR 1861:apud 1627:Greek 1613:Notes 1358:Jesus 1294:Seder 1282:Seder 1166:Syria 1044:manna 943:Micah 931:Hosea 660:1–10; 583:Sihon 547:Balak 512:Sheol 508:Korah 504:Caleb 465:torah 437:manna 372:gnats 327:Aaron 292:Moses 181:Jesus 150:Hosea 123:Moses 6343:I Am 5851:Lamb 5826:Osem 5246:Shur 5148:sash 5143:robe 4999:Elim 4815:ISBN 4790:ISBN 4767:ISBN 4746:ISBN 4723:ISBN 4702:ISBN 4681:ISBN 4624:ISBN 4601:ISBN 4566:ISBN 4541:ISBN 4490:ISBN 4469:ISBN 4446:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4327:ISBN 4304:ISBN 4283:ISBN 4260:ISBN 4239:ISBN 4216:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4172:ISBN 4141:ISBN 4114:ISBN 4070:ISBN 4043:ISBN 4022:ISBN 3999:ISBN 3978:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3932:ISBN 3905:ISBN 3864:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3805:ISBN 3782:ISBN 3761:ISBN 3738:ISBN 3717:ISBN 3696:ISBN 3613:2016 2703:2021 2648:ISBN 2087:ISSN 2059:2019 2048:OCLC 2038:ISBN 2019:2019 1871:ISBN 1851:ISBN 1841:and 1828:ISBN 1808:ISBN 1782:ISBN 1762:ISBN 1645:myth 1506:and 1399:Paul 1243:and 1201:Seth 1096:Ezra 1087:and 1051:and 999:and 979:and 929:and 927:Amos 852:18th 739:The 687:and 663:The 639:The 581:and 551:Moab 532:Edom 502:and 459:and 393:and 383:Aviv 284:Nile 278:and 175:and 148:and 146:Amos 71:lit. 6269:3/3 6186:lid 4913:6–9 4908:1–6 4515:doi 4133:doi 3856:doi 2079:doi 1651:not 1461:. 1408:In 1136:in 1001:Dan 995:in 585:in 549:of 381:of 357:by 179:by 6428:: 6267:, 6077:· 6073:· 5284:Bo 4679:. 4675:. 4644:. 4539:. 4535:. 4511:11 4509:. 4444:. 4440:. 4370:. 4366:. 4149:. 4139:. 4087:. 3930:. 3928:45 3903:. 3899:. 3880:. 3872:. 3862:. 3505:^ 3406:^ 3341:^ 3228:^ 3187:^ 3028:^ 2893:^ 2878:^ 2723:^ 2694:. 2452:^ 2359:^ 2344:^ 2329:^ 2291:. 2268:^ 2225:^ 2206:^ 2191:^ 2164:^ 2145:^ 2122:^ 2109:. 2101:. 2093:. 2085:. 2075:45 2061:. 2046:. 2005:. 2001:. 1964:^ 1935:^ 1836:. 1818:, 1806:. 1804:78 1792:, 1772:, 1707:: 1703:, 1595:: 1587:, 1493:. 1416:, 1356:, 1313:. 1280:A 1265:, 1127:c. 1118:. 1069:c. 1013:c. 981:81 977:80 827:. 778:c. 593:, 579:Og 231:. 199:. 152:. 125:. 105:, 101:, 69:: 6271:) 6054:e 6047:t 6040:v 5528:e 5521:t 5514:v 4878:e 4871:t 4864:v 4823:. 4798:. 4775:. 4754:. 4731:. 4710:. 4689:. 4664:. 4632:. 4609:. 4574:. 4549:. 4521:. 4517:: 4498:. 4477:. 4454:. 4426:. 4403:. 4380:. 4352:. 4335:. 4312:. 4291:. 4268:. 4247:. 4224:. 4203:. 4180:. 4157:. 4135:: 4122:. 4099:. 4089:1 4078:. 4051:. 4030:. 4007:. 3986:. 3963:. 3940:. 3913:. 3888:. 3858:: 3845:. 3813:. 3790:. 3769:. 3746:. 3725:. 3704:. 3615:. 2705:. 2656:. 2263:. 2186:. 2081:: 2021:. 1879:. 1859:. 1816:. 1790:. 1770:. 1694:( 1601:) 1468:) 1464:( 1125:( 914:( 842:( 834:( 776:( 706:( 246:( 83:' 77:' 61:( 50:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index