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537: "Well listen. The King had been driven to the scaffold in his own carriage and his hands were free. At the foot of the scaffold we decided to tie his hands, but less because we feared that he might defend himself than because we thought he might by an involuntary movement spoil his execution or make it more painful. So one assistant waited with a rope, while another said to him 'It is necessary to tie your hands'. On hearing these unexpected words, at the unexpected sight of that rope, Louis XVI made an involuntary gesture of repulsion. 'Never!' he cried, 'never!' and pushed back the man holding the rope. The other three assistants, believing that a struggle was imminent, dashed forward. That is the explanation of the moment of confusion interpreted after their fashion by the historians. It was then that my father approached and said, in the most respectful tone of voice imaginable, 'With a handkerchief, Sire'. At the word 'Sire', which he had not heard for so long, Louis XVI winced, and at the same moment his confessor had addressed a few words to him from the carriage, said 'So be it, then, that too, my God!' and held out his hands."
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established that Louis alone was a rebel; Louis cannot, therefore, be judged; he already is judged. He is condemned, or the republic cannot be absolved. To propose to have a trial of Louis XVI, in whatever manner one may, is to retrogress to royal despotism and constitutionality; it is a counter-revolutionary idea because it places the revolution itself in litigation. In effect, if Louis may still be given a trial, he may be absolved, and innocent. What am I saying? He is presumed to be so until he is judged. But if Louis is absolved, if he may be presumed innocent, what becomes of the revolution? If Louis is innocent, all the defenders of liberty become slanderers.
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means, making those culpable powerless to harm it. But for a king dethroned in the bosom of a revolution, which is as yet cemented only by laws; a king whose name attracts the scourge of war upon a troubled nation; neither prison nor exile can render his existence inconsequential to public happiness; this cruel exception to the ordinary laws avowed by justice can be imputed only to the nature of his crimes. With regret, I pronounce this fatal truth: Louis must die so that the nation may live.
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let go my arm, and I saw him cross with a firm foot the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were placed opposite to me; and in a voice so loud, that it must have been heard at the Pont
Tournant, I heard him pronounce distinctly these memorable words: "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France."
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people, I die innocent!" Then, turning towards his executioners, Louis XVI declared "Gentlemen, I am innocent of everything of which I am accused. I hope that my blood may cement the good fortune of the French." The blade fell. It was 10:22 am. One of the assistants of Sanson showed the head of Louis XVI to the people, whereupon a huge cry of "Vive la Nation! Vive la RĂ©publique!" arose and an artillery salute rang out which reached the ears of the imprisoned Royal family.
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421:. After initially refusing to permit Sanson and his assistants to bind his hands together, the former king was ultimately convinced by Edgeworth, and his own handkerchief was used instead of rope. The executioner's men then cut his hair and opened his shirt's collar. Accompanied by drum rolls, Louis climbed the stairs of the scaffold and joined Sanson and his four assistants on the platform.
441:) to hold it in place. At 10:22 a.m., the device was activated and the blade swiftly decapitated him. One of Sanson's assistants grabbed his severed head out of the receptacle into which it fell and exhibited it to the cheering crowd. Some of the spectators shouted "Long live the Nation!", Long live the Republic!", and "Long live Liberty!", and
654:... is this really the same man that I see being jostled by four assistant executioners, forcibly undressed, his voice drowned out by the drums, trussed to a plank, still struggling, and receiving the heavy blade so badly that the cut does not go through his neck, but through the back of his head and his jaw, horribly?
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After voting for Louis' execution, the
Convention sent a delegation to announce the verdict to the former king at the Temple Prison. Louis made a number of requests, notably asking for an additional period of three days before his execution and a final visit from his family. The deputies accepted the
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Louis was a king, and our republic is established; the critical question concerning you must be decided by these words alone. Louis was dethroned by his crimes; Louis denounced the French people as rebels; he appealed to chains, to the armies of tyrants who are his brothers; the victory of the people
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in France and the true beginning of democracy within the nation, although Louis XVI would not be the last king of France. Others (even some who had supported major political reform) condemned the execution as an act of senseless bloodshed and saw it as a sign that France had devolved into a state of
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were asked to attend the meeting on 3 December. Most
Montagnards favoured judgment and execution, while the Girondins were more divided concerning how to proceed, with some arguing for royal inviolability, others for clemency, and others advocating lesser punishment or banishment. The next day on 4
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The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pass; the King was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded, I feared for a moment that his courage might fail; but what was my astonishment, when arrived at the last step, I felt that he suddenly
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After walking to the edge of the scaffold, Louis signaled to the drummers to stop and proclaimed his innocence to the crowd and expressed his concern for the future of France. He would have continued but a drum roll was ordered by
Santerre, and the resulting noise made his final words difficult to
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He asked to be alone for a few minutes with his confessor. He wanted to give us a package to turn over to you ; we made the observation that we were only charged with taking him to the scaffold. He answered: “This is proper.” He turned the package over to one of our colleagues, asked that we look
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club. On 14 January 1793, the King was unanimously voted guilty of conspiracy and attacks upon public safety. Never before the
Convention was like a court. On 15 January the call for a referendum was defeated by 424 votes to 287, which Robespierre led. On 16 January, voting began to determine the
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Nothing of note happened. We went up to the office of the Marine to prepare the official report of the execution. Capet was never out of our sight up till the guillotine. He arrived at 10 hours 10 minutes; it took him three minutes to get out of the carriage. He wanted to speak to the people but
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With the question of the King's fate now occupying public discourse, Robespierre delivered a speech that would define the rhetoric and course of Louis's trial. Robespierre argued that the dethroned king could now function only as a threat to liberty and national peace and that the members of the
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of
Thursday, 21 February 1793, Sanson emphasises that the King "bore all this with a composure and a firmness which has surprised us all. I remained strongly convinced that he derived this firmness from the principles of the religion by which he seemed penetrated and persuaded as no other man."
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Yes, the death penalty is, in general, a crime, unjustifiable by the indestructible principles of nature, except in cases protecting the safety of individuals or the society altogether. Ordinary misdemeanours have never threatened public safety because society may always protect itself by other
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Arriving at the foot of the guillotine, Louis XVI looked for a moment at the instruments of his execution and asked Sanson why the drums had stopped beating. He came forward to speak, but there were shouts to the executioners to get on with their work. As he was strapped down, he exclaimed "My
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be that of the queen; hurriedly he then said: “my wife.” In addition, he asked that his former servants at
Versailles not be forgotten. He said to Santerre: “Let us go.” He crossed one courtyard on foot and climbed into a carriage in the second. On the way the most profound silence reigned.
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Here are some unknown details. The executioners numbered four; two only performed the execution; the third stayed at the foot of the ladder, and the fourth was on the wagon which was to convey the King's body to the
Madeleine Cemetery and which was waiting a few feet from the scaffold.
531: "You know how much playwrights need accurate information, Monsieur Sanson. The moment may come for me to put Louis XVI on the stage. How much truth is there in the story of the wrestling bout between him and your father's assistants at the foot of the scaffold?"
338:. He seated himself in it with the priest, with two militiamen sitting opposite them. The carriage left the Temple at approximately 9 a.m. to the sound of drums and trumpets. For more than an hour the carriage made its way through Paris, escorted by about 200 mounted
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King's sentence; the session continued for 24 hours. Robespierre worked fervently to ensure the king's execution. The
Jacobins successfully defeated the Girondins' final appeal for clemency. On 20 January half of the deputies voted for immediate death.
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belonging to the Count of Marsan. The Baron leaped forward calling "Follow me, my friends, let us save the King!", but his associates had been denounced and only a few had been able to turn up. Three of them were killed, but de Batz managed to escape.
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Often viewed as a turning point in both French and
European history, the execution inspired various reactions around the world. To some, Louis' death at the hands of his former subjects symbolized the end of an unbroken thousand-year period of
352:, and riflemen) occupying intersections, squares and posted along the streets, as well as cannons placed at strategic locations. Parisians came in large numbers to witness the execution, both on the route and at the site of the guillotine.
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We have just given you an exact account of what occurred. I have only praise for the armed force, which was extremely obedient. Louis Capet wanted to speak of commiseration to the people, but I prevented him so the king could receive his
146:, left the fate of the former king open to debate. A commission was established to examine the evidence against him while the Convention's Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. On 13 November,
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December the Convention decreed all the royalist writings illegal. 26 December was the day of the last hearing of the King. On 28 December, Robespierre was asked to repeat his speech on the fate of the king in the
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Louis' death emboldened revolutionaries throughout the country, who continued to alter French political and social structure radically over the next several years. Nine months after Louis XVI's death, his wife
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which Louis himself had violated, and which declared his inviolability, could not now be used in his defence. On 20 November, opinion turned sharply against Louis following the discovery of a
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and Louis-Charles, and his sister Élisabeth. At around 11 p.m., Louis' family left the Temple and the former king again met with his confessor. He went to sleep at half past midnight.
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based on false confessions. The story spread widely and the phrase remains in use today to indicate "the triumph of reason and logic over religious superstition".
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277:. After dressing with Cléry's aid, the former king was joined by Edgeworth at approximately 6. a.m.. He heard his last Mass, served by Cléry, and received
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Jacques Roux drafting the report on the execution of Louis XVI. Detail from an engraving by J.-Frédéric Cazenave after a 1793 painting by Charles Benazech
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633:] seizing by the hair the severed head of Louis XVI., showed it to the people, and for a few moments let the blood from it trickle upon the scaffold.
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The executioners wore breeches, coats in the French style as the Revolution had modified it, and three-cornered hats with enormous tri-colour cockades.
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latter but refused to postpone the execution. Louis was served his last dinner at around 7 p.m. After meeting with his confessor, the Irish priest
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were buried, in the cemetery of the Church of the Madeleine, is today the "Square Louis XVI" greenspace, containing the classically self-effacing
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at the bottom of the pit and covered by one of earth, the whole being firmly and thoroughly tamped down. Louis XVI's head was placed at his feet.
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389:). Louis' carriage arrived at the Place de la RĂ©volution at around 10:15 a.m., stopping in front of a scaffold installed between the
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On Edgeworth's advice, Louis avoided a last farewell scene with his family. At 7 a.m. he confided his last wishes to the priest: his
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William J. Murray (1986) The right-wing press in the French Revolution 1789–792 Royal Historical Society Studies in History 44, p. 1
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in a near-unanimous vote; while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained. Ultimately, they condemned him to death by a
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refers to a meeting circa 1830 with Henri Sanson, eldest son of Charles-Henri Sanson, who had also been present at the execution.
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responded to the story by offering his own version of events in a letter dated 20 February 1793. The account of Sanson states:
253:, at around 8 p.m. Louis XVI received the former royal family at his room. He was visited by Marie Antoinette, their children
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and the service for the dead. In pursuance of an executive order, the body lying in its open coffin was thrown onto a bed of
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Louis exited the carriage and was received by the executioner Charles-Henri Sanson, and then took off his frock coat and
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Santerre wouldn’t allow it. His head fell. The citizens dipped their pikes and their handkerchiefs in his blood.
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In arguing for a judgment by the elected Convention without trial, Robespierre supported the recommendations of
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leaped on the scaffolding, plunged his hand into the blood, splashed drips of it onto the crown, and shouted, "
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Promenades sur les lieux de l'histoire – d'Henri IV à mai 68, les rues de Paris racontent l'histoire de France
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showed us the body. It was clothed in a white vest and grey silk breeches with matching stockings. We chanted
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Assembly were not to be impartial judges but rather statesmen with responsibility for ensuring public safety:
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was to go to his son and his wedding ring to his wife. At around 8 a.m. the commander of the National Guard,
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His son Henri Sanson was appointed Executioner of Paris from April 1793, and executed Marie Antoinette.
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They executed the King with their hats on, and it was without taking his hat off that Samson, [
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Father Edgeworth had reminded the King that on Good Friday Jesus had offered his hands to be tied.
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Louis stands trial before the Convention, as Robespierre watches from the first row. Engraving by
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869:(in French). Vol. III: Novembre 1793 – Juillet 1794. Introduction et notes explicatives par
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187:, who headed the commission reporting on legal aspects of Louis's trial or judgment. Unlike some
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742:" (usually translated as, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged"). De Molay (died 1314), the last
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Louis XVI and his family being transferred to the Temple Prison on 13 August 1792. Engraving by
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951:"Pierre, Louis Manuel – Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 – Assemblée nationale"
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100:, formerly queen of France, met her own death at the guillotine at the same location in Paris.
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understand. The order has also been attributed to others, including Santerre's aide-de-camp
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in Paris, along with his wife Marie Antoinette, their two children and his younger sister
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A popular but apocryphal legend holds that as soon as the guillotine fell, an anonymous
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The death of Louis XVI, King of France, from an English engraving, published in 1798.
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in December 1792 and was present at the execution of Louis XVI, recalled vividly:
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Louis entered a green carriage awaiting in the second court. The mayor of Paris,
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Day of 21 January 1793 – the death of Louis Capet at the Place de la Révolution
281:. The Mass requisites were provided by special direction of the authorities.
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French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
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Edgeworth de Firmont at the foot of the scaffold, 21 January 1793
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announces the death sentence to Louis XVI on 20 January 1793, by
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consisting of Louis's communications with bankers and ministers.
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Arriving at the cemetery, I called for silence. A detachment of
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at around 5 a.m., and was greeted by a host of people including
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Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution
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in 1840, a man called Leboucher, who had arrived in Paris from
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In his letter, published along with its French mistakes in the
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François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
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completed in 1826 during the reign of Louis' youngest brother
535: "I know, that's why it is you I'm asking."
363:, a supporter of the former royal family who had financed the
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The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old
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to a municipal official and handed himself over to Santerre.
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The Jacobin clubs in the French Revolution: the Middle Years
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Edgeworth, Louis' Irish confessor, wrote in his memoirs:
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Execution of Louis XVI in a contemporary German engraving
273:, who was appointed to report on the day's events by the
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have written a number of works on Louis XVI, including:
1065:, « Il faut sauver Louis XVI », radio program
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The Key to Solomon's Key: Secrets of Magic and Masonry
1236:"The Memoirs of Victor Hugo by Victor Hugo: Chapter 2"
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The area where Louis XVI and later (16 October 1793)
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describes the execution of Louis XVI in these words:
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List of people associated with the French Revolution
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Un bourgeois sans-culotte : le général Santerre
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1102:Thoraval, Anna (2004). "L'exécution de Louis XVI".
437:), positioning his neck beneath the device's yoke (
393:and a pedestal, where a statue of his grandfather,
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813:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
4589:
3438:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
920:. Princeton University Press. pp. 308–10.
1480:Significant civil and political events by year
667:The execution depicted on a Portuguese plate (
83:and previously royal executioner under Louis.
1367:
1131:(in French). Paris: Massin. pp. 86–101.
4533:
4492:
4468:
4449:
3433:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1253:
581:after his family, and asked that Cléry, his
120:Jacques François Joseph Swebach-Desfontaines
2120:
1175:
1173:
1023:
1021:
903:
864:
794:
3637:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
1374:
1360:
1309:English Witnesses of the French Revolution
1156:. Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 8.
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
637:
375:The convoy continued on its way along the
3902:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
3560:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
3383:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
1179:
1106:(in French). Parigramme. pp. 60–69.
975:P. McPhee (2016) Liberty or Death, p. 172
4334:
1618:Nationalization of the Church properties
1259:
1170:
1101:
1027:
1018:
906:, pp. 129–30, in Tome IX, Discours.
839:
815:. Paris: Quadrige / PUF. p. 42 in "
750:, after the latter had sentenced him to
746:, had reportedly cursed Louis' ancestor
662:
549:
465:
456:
408:
355:In the neighbourhood of the present-day
310:
233:
170:
113:
47:, was publicly executed by beheading by
20:
4563:Historiography of the French Revolution
3834:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
3545:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
1151:
993:
978:
915:
877:. pp. 121–22 in Tome IX, Discours.
659:Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine
485:
4590:
3570:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
3525:Other significant figures and factions
1218:"Report on the Execution of Louis XVI"
887:
810:
778:at the beginning of the 20th century.
229:
4438:
4333:
3617:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3523:
3373:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
3312:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3270:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
2873:
2119:
1750:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1478:
1381:
1355:
1316:Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac
1211:
1209:
1182:Louis XVI – le pouvoir et la fatalité
1126:
719:, had a funerary monument erected by
307:Journey to the Place de la RĂ©volution
55:and the French First Republic at the
4598:1793 events of the French Revolution
3771:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3183:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
2874:
1970:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1215:
957:from the original on 5 December 2021
4439:
3378:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
865:Robespierre, Maximilien de (1958).
744:Grand Master of the Knights Templar
726:
342:. The city had 80,000 men-at-arms (
13:
4568:Influence of the French Revolution
4558:Symbolism in the French Revolution
3322:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
3283:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1538:Convocation of the Estates General
1266:. CCC Publishing. pp. 47–48.
1206:
844:. B. Blackwell. pp. 292–300.
594:Santerre is then quoted as saying:
445:were fired while a few danced the
134:, Louis XVI was imprisoned at the
16:1793 public execution of Louis XVI
14:
4634:
4210:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
3942:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3244:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
3026:François Christophe de Kellermann
2265:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
1335:
1194:From his Memoirs, published 1815.
452:
75:. The execution was performed by
67:had convicted the former king of
3937:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
3844:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
3814:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
3705:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
3483:
3448:
3418:
3393:
3350:
3224:
3101:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
2882:
1654:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1340:
715:where in 1816 his brother, King
265:Louis was awakened by his valet
261:Final hours at the Temple Prison
150:stated in the Convention that a
4275:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
4022:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
3947:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
3158:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
3153:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
3133:Catherine-Dominique de PĂ©rignon
2961:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
1879:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1284:
1228:
1216:Roux, Jacques (20 April 2024).
1197:
1188:
1145:
1120:
1095:
1076:
1056:
1036:
969:
707:On 21 January 1815, during the
545:
511:
79:, then High Executioner of the
4548:Women in the French Revolution
4150:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
3327:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
2991:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
2620:French invasion of Switzerland
943:
934:
909:
858:
833:
804:
132:insurrection of 10 August 1792
51:on 21 January 1793 during the
1:
4553:Incroyables and merveilleuses
4372:Pierre Claude François Daunou
4160:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
3291:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3262:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2559:Naval Engagement off Brittany
2312:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
2286:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
2095:Constitution of the Year VIII
1830:Committee of General Security
1715:National Legislative Assembly
1570:National Constituent Assembly
1329:Louis XVI, un Visage retrouvé
781:
669:Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga
156:secret cache of 726 documents
103:
4471:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4265:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
4155:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
4052:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
3952:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
3642:Charles Malo François Lameth
3317:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
3148:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
3091:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2291:Second Battle of Wissembourg
1978:Constitution of the Year III
1291:Necker, Anne Louise Germaine
1030:Marie-Antoinette l'insoumise
916:Kennedy, Michael L. (1988).
603:
404:
126:Following the attack on the
7:
4367:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
3992:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
3927:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
3887:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
3766:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
3751:JĂ©rĂ´me PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
3746:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
3555:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
3408:William V, Prince of Orange
2278:First Battle of Wissembourg
2235:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
1951:Closing of the Jacobin Club
1820:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
1777:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
1637:Abolition of the Parlements
1610:Women's March on Versailles
1260:DuQuette, Lon Milo (2006).
10:
4639:
4502:French Republican calendar
4057:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
3682:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
3036:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
2986:Charles François Dumouriez
2976:Jacques François Dugommier
2790:League of Armed Neutrality
2623:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
2575:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
2398:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2377:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2041:Second Congress of Rastatt
1825:Committee of Public Safety
1812:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
1302:The Memoirs of Victor Hugo
1152:Monnier, Raymonde (1989).
469:
107:
4608:Deaths by person in Paris
4517:Cult of the Supreme Being
4445:
4434:
4340:
4329:
4288:
4122:
4115:
4000:
3857:
3779:
3690:
3677:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
3583:
3532:Patriotic Society of 1789
3530:
3519:
3481:
3446:
3416:
3391:
3348:
3335:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3257:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
3222:
3213:
3191:
2896:
2880:
2869:
2838:
2801:
2774:Convention of Alessandria
2756:
2663:
2610:
2541:
2411:
2385:
2302:
2199:
2126:
2115:
2071:
2060:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
2052:
2025:
1962:
1898:
1793:
1726:
1675:
1629:
1521:What Is the Third Estate?
1512:
1485:
1474:
1389:
1240:www.online-literature.com
1222:Marxists Internet Archive
1047:La Fabrique de l'Histoire
1028:Bertière, Simone (2002).
994:Vincent, Bernard (2006).
709:First Bourbon Restoration
243:Hippolyte de la Charlerie
45:abolition of the monarchy
4225:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4190:Joséphine de Beauharnais
4072:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
4042:François-Nicolas Vincent
4027:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3201:Charles-Alexandre Linois
3096:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
3076:François Séverin Marceau
3056:François Joseph Lefebvre
2951:Jean-Étienne Championnet
2926:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2921:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2916:Alexandre de Beauharnais
2906:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
2628:French Invasion of Egypt
2506:Second Battle of Bassano
2240:Battle of Kaiserslautern
2014:Conspiracy of the Equals
1707:The Constitution of 1791
1578:Storming of the Bastille
1180:Le Nabour, Éric (1988).
1127:Krief, Philippe (2004).
1032:. Paris: Ă©d. de Fallois.
801:., in Tome IX, Discours.
757:
199:and the imprisonment of
4205:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
4077:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4037:Antoine-François Momoro
4032:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3849:François de Neufchâteau
3799:Charles-François Lebrun
3741:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
3622:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
3498:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
3304:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
3299:Karl Mack von Leiberich
2931:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2745:Second Battle of Zurich
2636:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2482:First Battle of Bassano
2320:Second Battle of Boulou
2121:Revolutionary campaigns
2079:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
1994:Council of Five Hundred
1782:First republic declared
1718:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1699:Declaration of Pillnitz
1423:Constitutional monarchy
840:Thompson, J.M. (1988).
811:Soboul, Albert (2005).
713:Basilica of Saint-Denis
677:Church of the Madeleine
638:Louis-SĂ©bastien Mercier
290:Antoine Joseph Santerre
92:violent, amoral chaos.
4534:
4493:
4469:
4450:
3962:Prieur de la CĂ´te-d'Or
3957:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
3867:Maximilien Robespierre
3700:Jacques Pierre Brissot
3565:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
2996:Louis-Charles de Flers
2981:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
2946:Jean François Carteaux
2721:First Battle of Zurich
2684:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
2639:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
2599:Treaty of Campo Formio
2345:Glorious First of June
2273:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2232:Expedition to Sardinia
1910:Desmoulins guillotined
1845:Assassination of Marat
1837:Fall of the Girondists
1809:Revolutionary Tribunal
1801:Execution of Louis XVI
1691:Champ de Mars massacre
1594:Abolition of Feudalism
1347:Execution of Louis XVI
705:
672:
656:
635:
601:
592:
555:
540:
501:
483:
462:
414:
327:
245:
239:Dominique Joseph Garat
216:All the deputies from
214:
180:
169:
148:Maximilien Robespierre
123:
57:Place de la RĂ©volution
33:
4407:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3672:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3652:Jean-François Rewbell
3138:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3021:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3011:Jacques Maurice Hatry
2782:Battle of Hohenlinden
2655:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
2490:Battle of Emmendingen
2437:Battle of Castiglione
2324:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2255:Battle of Hondschoote
1926:Thermidorian Reaction
1890:(throughout the year)
1663:Fête de la Fédération
1589:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
1573:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
1557:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
1349:at Wikimedia Commons
1323:Louis XVI, Roi Martyr
1067:Au cœur de l'histoire
689:
666:
652:
618:
596:
571:
553:
526:
496:
478:
472:Henry Essex Edgeworth
470:Further information:
466:Henry Essex Edgeworth
460:
412:
314:
251:Henry Essex Edgeworth
237:
209:
174:
164:
144:French First Republic
117:
108:Further information:
81:French First Republic
63:four days prior, the
24:
4335:Influential thinkers
4082:Jean-François Varlet
3982:Jean-Lambert Tallien
3977:Jean Bon Saint-André
3804:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
3726:Marquis de Condorcet
3575:Nicolas de Condorcet
3340:Dagobert von Wurmser
3173:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
3116:Pierre-Jacques Osten
3031:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
2966:Louis-Nicolas Davout
2956:Chapuis de Tourville
2498:Battle of Schliengen
2445:Battle of Theiningen
2366:Battle of Aldenhoven
2250:Battle of Wattignies
2219:Battle of Neerwinden
2033:Coup of 18 Fructidor
1546:Death of the Dauphin
799:_tome_9.djvu/122 120
776:anti-clerical period
492:Charles-Henri Sanson
486:Charles-Henri Sanson
381:rue de la RĂ©volution
185:Jean-Baptiste Mailhe
77:Charles-Henri Sanson
4422:Mary Wollstonecraft
4200:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3987:Pierre Louis Prieur
3932:Jean-Henri Voulland
3907:Jacques-Louis David
3839:Jean Joseph Mounier
3540:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3178:Belgrand de Vaubois
3066:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3006:Emmanuel de Grouchy
2811:Treaty of Lunéville
2450:Battle of Neresheim
2395:Siege of Luxembourg
2374:Siege of Luxembourg
2329:Battle of Tourcoing
2260:Siege of Bellegarde
2087:Coup of 18 Brumaire
1999:Council of Ancients
1774:National Convention
1766:September Massacres
1742:Brunswick Manifesto
1734:France declares war
1501:Assembly of Vizille
1184:. Paris: JC Lattès.
890:, p. 867, in "
797:, pp. 104–05,
431:Beaufranchet d'Ayat
429:, maréchal de camp
267:Jean-Baptiste Cléry
230:Night of 20 January
65:National Convention
4260:Loménie de Brienne
4235:Madame de Lamballe
4170:Napoléon Bonaparte
3967:Prieur de la Marne
3882:Camille Desmoulins
3736:Marie Jean HĂ©rault
3612:Jean-Sifrein Maury
3607:Arnaud de La Porte
3463:Alexander Korsakov
3249:Count of Clerfayt
3168:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3081:Auguste de Marmont
2936:Napoléon Bonaparte
2827:Algeciras campaign
2819:Treaty of Florence
2697:Battle of Stockach
2530:Ireland expedition
2514:Battle of Calliano
2474:Battle of Rovereto
2466:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
1918:Law of 22 Prairial
1887:Anti-clerical laws
1862:The Death of Marat
1683:Flight to Varennes
1084:MĂ©moires de Sanson
1004:. pp. 14–18.
819:" by Grendron, F.
673:
565:and member of the
556:
463:
415:
365:flight to Varennes
344:National Guardsmen
328:
246:
181:
124:
110:Trial of Louis XVI
34:
4623:Public executions
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4459:Cockade of France
4430:
4429:
4392:Antoine Lavoisier
4382:Benjamin Franklin
4362:Anacharsis Cloots
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4245:Louis de Breteuil
4087:Theophile Leclerc
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3468:Alexander Suvorov
3209:
3208:
3143:JĂłzef Poniatowski
3061:Étienne Macdonald
2865:
2864:
2766:Battle of Marengo
2729:Battle of Trebbia
2713:Battle of Cassano
2705:Battle of Magnano
2689:Battle of Ostrach
2591:Battle of Neuwied
2353:Battle of Fleurus
2337:Battle of Tournay
2214:War in the Vendée
2150:Royalist Revolts
2111:
2110:
1668:
1644:Abolition of the
1562:Tennis Court Oath
1554:National Assembly
1383:French Revolution
1345:Media related to
1273:978-1-888729-14-6
1163:978-2-85944-179-1
1129:Paris Rive Droite
1113:978-2-84096-323-3
1053:, 19 January 2011
1011:978-2-07-030749-4
927:978-0-691-05526-8
875:Éditions sociales
851:978-0-631-15504-1
752:burn at the stake
583:valet-de-chambre,
205:Dauphin of France
53:French Revolution
4630:
4539:
4527:Temple of Reason
4498:
4474:
4455:
4436:
4435:
4387:Thomas Jefferson
4331:
4330:
4250:de Chateaubriand
4180:Joseph Bonaparte
4175:Lucien Bonaparte
4165:Marie Antoinette
4120:
4119:
4107:Sylvain Maréchal
4062:François Hanriot
3897:Louis Philippe I
3824:Louis Philippe I
3819:Philippe Égalité
3761:Olympe de Gouges
3731:Charlotte Corday
3721:Étienne Clavière
3521:
3520:
3503:Antonio Ricardos
3488:
3487:
3473:Andrei Rosenberg
3453:
3452:
3423:
3422:
3398:
3397:
3368:Ralph Abercromby
3355:
3354:
3330:
3307:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3124:
3071:Marcellin Marbot
2894:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2875:Military leaders
2871:
2870:
2858:
2850:
2846:Treaty of Amiens
2831:
2823:
2815:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2749:
2748:(25–26 Sep 1799)
2741:
2733:
2732:(17–20 Jun 1799)
2725:
2717:
2716:(27–28 Apr 1799)
2709:
2701:
2693:
2692:(20–21 Mar 1799)
2685:
2677:
2673:Second Coalition
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2583:Treaty of Leoben
2579:
2571:
2570:(14–15 Jan 1797)
2567:Battle of Rivoli
2563:
2555:
2551:Italian campaign
2534:
2526:
2525:(15–17 Nov 1796)
2522:Battle of Arcole
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2458:Battle of Amberg
2454:
2441:
2433:
2429:Battle of Lonato
2425:
2421:Italian campaign
2399:
2378:
2370:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2295:
2294:(26–27 Dec 1793)
2282:
2274:
2236:
2228:
2224:Battle of Famars
2192:
2117:
2116:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2064:
2045:
2037:
2018:
2010:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1686:(20–21 Jun 1791)
1666:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1505:
1497:
1493:Day of the Tiles
1476:
1475:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1307:Thompson, J.M.,
1278:
1277:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1045:, radio program
1043:L'après-Varennes
1040:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1015:
991:
976:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
947:
941:
938:
932:
931:
913:
907:
904:Robespierre 1958
901:
895:
894:" by Dorigny, M.
885:
879:
878:
862:
856:
855:
837:
831:
830:
808:
802:
795:Robespierre 1958
792:
768:Expiatory Chapel
764:Marie Antoinette
738:Jacques de Molay
727:Jacques de Molay
644:Le nouveau Paris
490:The executioner
324:Charles Benazech
302:
197:Marie Antoinette
177:Reinier Vinkeles
128:Tuileries Palace
98:Marie Antoinette
4638:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4577:
4452:La Marseillaise
4441:
4440:Cultural impact
4426:
4336:
4317:
4284:
4240:Madame du Barry
4230:Catherine Théot
4220:Thérésa Tallien
4111:
4102:Gracchus Babeuf
4047:François Chabot
4004:
3996:
3917:Georges Couthon
3912:Marquis de Sade
3877:Jean-Paul Marat
3853:
3809:Bertrand Barère
3775:
3686:
3667:Boissy d'Anglas
3662:Madame de Staël
3627:Antoine Barnave
3595:
3588:
3579:
3526:
3507:
3482:
3477:
3447:
3442:
3417:
3412:
3392:
3387:
3349:
3344:
3328:
3305:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3239:JĂłzsef Alvinczi
3223:
3205:
3187:
3128:Nicolas Oudinot
3118:
3051:Claude Lecourbe
3046:Charles Leclerc
2941:Guillaume Brune
2911:Pierre Augereau
2881:
2876:
2861:
2856:
2854:Treaty of Paris
2848:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2407:
2397:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2298:
2293:
2280:
2272:
2270:Siege of Toulon
2234:
2226:
2209:First Coalition
2195:
2186:
2122:
2107:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2067:
2062:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2008:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1871:Law of Suspects
1865:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1819:
1817:Reign of Terror
1811:
1803:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1671:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1597:(4–11 Aug 1789)
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1530:RĂ©veillon riots
1524:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1481:
1470:
1385:
1380:
1338:
1331:(1990) O.E.I.L.
1287:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1019:
1012:
992:
979:
974:
970:
960:
958:
949:
948:
944:
939:
935:
928:
914:
910:
902:
898:
886:
882:
863:
859:
852:
838:
834:
827:
809:
805:
793:
789:
784:
760:
748:Philip the Fair
729:
681:Louis de France
661:
640:
606:
548:
539:
536:
534:
532:
530:
522:Alexandre Dumas
514:
488:
474:
468:
455:
407:
332:Nicolas Chambon
309:
296:
263:
232:
179:, c. 1793-1796.
112:
106:
73:simple majority
17:
12:
11:
5:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4618:1790s in Paris
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4522:Cult of Reason
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4464:Flag of France
4461:
4456:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4270:Jacques Necker
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Claire Lacombe
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Jacques HĂ©bert
4013:
4011:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Georges Danton
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Henri Grégoire
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Camille Jordan
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2737:Battle of Novi
2734:
2726:
2724:(4–7 Jun 1799)
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2517:(6–7 Nov 1796)
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2432:(3–4 Aug 1796)
2426:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:Peace of Basel
2400:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Siege of Mainz
2242:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2176:
2174:Siege of Mainz
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2006:13 Vendémiaire
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1983:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1853:Levée en masse
1850:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1758:10th of August
1755:
1747:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1640:(Feb–Jul 1790)
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1337:
1336:External links
1334:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1300:Hugo, Victor,
1298:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1252:
1227:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1144:
1137:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1075:
1063:Franck Ferrand
1055:
1051:France Culture
1035:
1017:
1010:
977:
968:
942:
933:
926:
908:
896:
880:
867:Textes choisis
857:
850:
832:
826:978-2130536055
825:
803:
786:
785:
783:
780:
759:
756:
740:, tu es vengé!
728:
725:
660:
657:
639:
636:
605:
602:
547:
544:
527:
513:
510:
487:
484:
467:
464:
454:
453:Witness quotes
451:
406:
403:
391:Champs-Élysées
316:Louis XVI and
308:
305:
262:
259:
231:
228:
105:
102:
41:king of France
30:Charles Monnet
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4635:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:Sans-culottes
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Metric system
4505:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4306:Panthéon Club
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:Joachim Murat
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Gilbert Romme
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:de Cambacérès
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:Madame Roland
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:André Chénier
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Grace Elliott
3600:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Joseph Souham
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
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27:
23:
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4543:Phrygian cap
4488:Bastille Day
4402:Thomas Paine
4357:Edmund Burke
4352:Beaumarchais
4346:Les Lumières
4344:
4185:Joseph Fesch
4097:Pauline LĂ©on
4067:Jacques Roux
4006:
3590:
3016:Lazare Hoche
3001:Paul Grenier
2971:Louis Desaix
2830:(8 Jul 1801)
2814:(9 Feb 1801)
2785:(3 Dec 1800)
2708:(5 Apr 1799)
2509:(6 Nov 1796)
2485:(8 Sep 1796)
2477:(4 Sep 1796)
2469:(3 Sep 1796)
2440:(5 Aug 1796)
2369:(2 Oct 1794)
2348:(1 Jun 1794)
2090:(9 Nov 1799)
2036:(4 Sep 1797)
1973:(1 Apr 1795)
1943:White Terror
1936:guillotined
1913:(5 Apr 1794)
1860:
1840:(2 Jun 1793)
1800:
1710:(3 Sep 1791)
1661:
1621:(2 Nov 1789)
1613:(5 Oct 1789)
1541:(5 May 1789)
1519:
1496:(7 Jun 1788)
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1456:
1449:
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1407:
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1393:
1339:
1328:
1325:(1982) Tequi
1322:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1285:Bibliography
1262:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:
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1128:
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1103:
1097:
1088:
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1046:
1038:
1029:
996:
971:
959:. Retrieved
945:
936:
917:
911:
899:
891:
883:
871:Jean Poperen
866:
860:
841:
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812:
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626:
623:
619:
608:Speaking to
607:
597:
593:
588:
582:
579:
573:We went to
572:
561:, a radical
559:Jacques Roux
557:
546:Jacques Roux
541:
528:
515:
512:Henri Sanson
504:
502:
497:
489:
479:
475:
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384:
380:
374:
369:rue de Cléry
368:
357:rue de Cléry
356:
354:
347:
329:
315:
283:
271:Jacques Roux
264:
247:
218:the Mountain
215:
210:
182:
165:
160:
152:Constitution
125:
94:
85:
69:high treason
35:
25:
18:
4412:Abbé Sieyès
4397:Montesquieu
4313:Social Club
4255:Jean Chouan
4145:Louis XVIII
3922:Roger Ducos
3892:Paul Barras
3859:Montagnards
3789:Abbé Sieyès
3592:monarchiens
3400:Netherlands
3329:(Hungarian)
3277:(Hungarian)
3193:French Navy
3119: [
3041:Jean Lannes
2898:French Army
2676:(1798–1802)
2647:(1798–1800)
2631:(1798–1801)
2361:Chouannerie
2322:(Pyrenees)
2187: [
2154:Chouannerie
1946:(Fall 1794)
1934:Robespierre
888:Soboul 2005
842:Robespierre
721:Edme Gaulle
717:Louis XVIII
610:Victor Hugo
505:Thermomètre
443:gun salutes
297: [
130:during the
4592:Categories
4301:Cordeliers
4215:Talleyrand
4140:Louis XVII
4002:HĂ©bertists
3756:Jean Debry
3586:Feuillants
3215:Opposition
3111:Michel Ney
2533:(Dec 1796)
2141:Thionville
2044:(Dec 1797)
2017:(May 1796)
2009:5 Oct 1795
1986:Directoire
1866:(painting)
1769:(Sep 1792)
1753:(Jun 1792)
1586:Great Fear
1525:(Jan 1789)
1416:Revolution
961:7 December
782:References
599:execution.
575:the Temple
386:rue Royale
377:boulevards
286:royal seal
201:Louis XVII
104:Background
49:guillotine
43:since the
4613:Louis XVI
4135:Louis XVI
4130:Charles X
3781:The Plain
3692:Girondins
3632:Lafayette
3293:(Walloon)
3275:Pál Kray
3251:(Walloon)
2793:(1800–02)
2644:Quasi-War
2103:Consulate
1989:(1795–99)
1444:Consulate
1437:Directory
1245:28 August
1002:Gallimard
1000:. Paris:
997:Louis XVI
873:. Paris:
772:Charles X
733:Freemason
701:quicklime
693:Gendarmes
604:Leboucher
518:Causeries
447:farandole
405:Execution
340:gendarmes
294:last will
189:Girondins
140:Élisabeth
61:his trial
39:, former
37:Louis XVI
4495:Panthéon
4483:Muscadin
4478:Marianne
4417:Voltaire
4296:Jacobins
4289:Factions
3829:Mirabeau
3285:(French)
2179:Jemappes
2163:Dauphiné
1646:Nobility
1458:Journals
1451:Glossary
1430:Republic
1402:Timeline
1071:Europe 1
955:Archived
395:Louis XV
379:and the
279:Viaticum
89:monarchy
4377:Diderot
4123:Figures
4008:Enragés
3714:Father
3425:Prussia
3357:Britain
3306:(Saxon)
3264:(Swiss)
3231:Austria
1090:Gallica
697:Vespers
648:Mercier
614:Bourges
516:In his
439:lunette
435:bascule
427:Dugazon
399:fédérés
349:fédérés
336:tumbrel
223:Jacobin
122:, 1792.
4116:Others
3455:Russia
2889:France
2554:(1797)
2424:(1796)
2159:Vendée
2136:Verdun
1963:1795–6
1906:Danton
1465:Museum
1395:Causes
1311:(1938)
1304:(1899)
1297:(1818)
1270:
1160:
1135:
1110:
1008:
924:
848:
823:
563:Enragé
419:cravat
359:, the
326:(1793)
203:, the
193:PĂ©tion
32:(1794)
4573:Films
3490:Spain
3123:]
2191:]
2184:Namur
2169:Lille
2146:Valmy
758:Today
683:, at
383:(now
322:, by
301:]
28:, by
4005:and
3589:and
2839:1802
2803:1801
2758:1800
2665:1799
2612:1798
2543:1797
2413:1796
2387:1795
2304:1794
2201:1793
2128:1792
2072:1799
2053:1798
2026:1797
1908:and
1899:1794
1794:1793
1727:1792
1676:1791
1630:1790
1513:1789
1486:1788
1268:ISBN
1247:2022
1158:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1006:ISBN
963:2021
922:ISBN
846:ISBN
821:ISBN
685:Sens
318:Abbé
3365:Sir
1069:on
642:In
630:sic
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3121:fr
2189:fr
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