577:
568:
1162:
923:. Hurleys are manufactured from the butt log (bottom 1.5-m of the stem) and from trees ideally of a diameter at breast height around 25–30 cm. Only fast-grown, straight, and knot-free ash can be used for this purpose. Due to the lack of available ash in Ireland, over 75% of the timber needed to produce the 350,000 hurleys required for the game annually must be imported, mostly from Eastern European countries. The importance of ash timber to the game of hurling is reflected in the fact that the game is referred to all over Ireland as "The Clash of the Ash".
1135:
1182:
935:
1194:
1120:
91:
233:
336:
1108:
3937:
1004:
66:
1922:
785:
42:
1150:
3947:
3957:
1942:
328:
793:
415:. The female flowers are somewhat longer than the male flowers, dark purple, without petals, and are wind-pollinated. Both male and female flowers can occur on the same tree, but it is more common to find all male and all female trees. A tree that is all male one year can produce female flowers the next, and similarly a female tree can become male. The
423:
2.5–4.5 cm (0.98–1.77 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) broad, often hanging in bunches through the winter; they are often called 'ash keys'. If the fruit is gathered and planted when it is still green and not fully ripe, it will germinate straight away, however once the fruit is
812:
on a 10-year cycle to provide a sustainable source of timber for fuel and poles for building and woodworking. The colour of the wood ranges from creamy white to light brown, and the heart wood may be a darker olive-brown. Ash timber is hard, tough and very hard-wearing, with a coarse, open grain and
603:, latitude 57.4278 N. Ash prefers moister soil types and is commonly limited by temperature and so not found at the higher colder altitudes in much of Europe, though in Iran, it may reach 2000 m asl. As a young seedling, it is shade tolerant, but older trees are light-demanding. It is an early-
867:, often in hedgerows, and evidence in the form of some huge boles with multiple trunks emerging at head height can still be seen in parts of Britain. The Glen Lyon ash is a notable example of a pollarded ash which at about 400–500 years of age achieved a girth of 6 m. In
403:) in which the leaves are alternate with paired stipules. The leaves are often among the last to open in spring, and the first to fall in autumn if an early frost strikes; they often fall dull green or develop a bright yellow autumn colour. The
817:'s natural resistance to decay, and is not as suitable for posts buried in the ground. Because of its high flexibility, shock resistance, and resistance to splitting, ash wood is the traditional material for bows, tool handles, especially for
994:
in
Scotland, lovers reportedly used to eat leaves of an ash tree known as the "Dreamin' Tree" that grew near the church of St Blane, and the pleasant dreams they then experienced revealed their actual spouses and intended fates.
553:
It is native throughout
Britain and Ireland, particularly on limestone, as in northern Scotland, where the most northerly native ashwood in Britain occurs on limestone at Rassal Ashwood. It is widely planted elsewhere.
364:
growing to 12–18 m (39–59 ft) (exceptionally to 43 m or 141 ft) tall with a trunk up to 2 m (6.6 ft) (exceptionally to 3.5 m or 11 ft) diameter, with a tall, narrow crown. The
895:
to form the handle of the walking stick. The light colour and attractive grain of ash wood make it popular in modern furniture such as chairs, dining tables, doors, and other architectural features and
926:
Ash is valuable as firewood because it burns well even when 'green' (freshly cut). Ash bark and leaves are used in modern herbal medicine for its astringent and laxative properties.
804:
The resilience and rapid growth made it an important resource for smallholders and farmers. It was probably the most versatile wood in the countryside with wide-ranging uses. Until
836:, and it was extensively used in the construction of early aircraft. Ash was commonly used green for making chair frames which would be seated with another timber or with woven
726:
2194:
427:
European ash rarely exceeds 250 years of age. However, there are numerous specimens estimated between 200 and 250 years old and there are a few over 250. The largest is in
1577:
1161:
1661:
656:). The larvae burrow into the buds when newly hatched and later feed on the flowers and leaves. A common moth which causes the browning of ash leaves, as well as
2137:
717:) has shown that resistance does occur in European populations, but at least for the samples tested, it is neither common nor strong. Due to the importance of
3830:
617:
type, in which the fungus grows within the tissues of the root and forms branched, tree-like structures within the cells of the root cortex. Unlike other
636:
of the UK records 111 species of insects and mites using ash as a food plant, of which 29 are specific to ash. A further six are specific to ash and its
2094:
Petrică Tudor M, Ingrid Agnes M, Szilard B. 2011. Study of
Physical Characteristics, Mechanical and Technological Properties of Wood Species from the
1555:
599:
types, but is particularly associated with basic soils on calcareous substrates. The most northerly ashwood in
Britain is on limestone at Rassal,
4174:
2161:
389:
margins, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long and 0.8–3 cm (0.31–1.18 in) broad and sessile on the leaf
4463:
4252:
1119:
3820:
2273:
2099:
1393:
369:
is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming thick and vertically fissured on old trees. The shoots are stout, greenish-grey, with
4360:
1349:
2280:
4122:
4478:
4187:
4135:
4275:
1581:
4218:
2312:
2235:
1752:
1668:
1644:
4339:
4192:
863:, a European management system in which open woodland provided shelter and forage for grazing animals. Ash was coppiced and
4563:
4543:
3805:
1539:
1444:
4558:
3950:
3835:
2144:
2120:
2057:
1505:
1484:
1464:
1333:
2098:
Genus
Encountered in Romania Compared to Other Main Forestry Species. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development
4553:
4427:
3810:
753:
650:
species use the species as a food source. One example of an ash-specific feeding moth is the centre-barred sallow (
424:
brown and fully ripe, it will not germinate until 18 months after sowing (i.e. not until two winters have passed).
4257:
4161:
1958:
431:, England and is 9 m (29.5 ft) in girth. There are several examples over 4.5 metres (14.8 ft) in
1595:
Dorota
Dobrowolska; Sebastian Hein; Anne Oosterbaan; Sven Wagner; Jo Clark; Jens Peter Skovsgaard (April 2011).
4493:
4488:
4422:
4280:
3815:
4378:
4548:
4239:
4052:
3825:
3535:
2553:
1956:
Oliva, Jonàs; Redondo, Miguel Ángel; Stenlid, Jan (25 August 2020). "Functional
Ecology of Forest Disease".
1134:
4015:
3960:
3162:
1421:
17:
4468:
4386:
4034:
1563:
689:
defines a gall as "... an abnormal growth produced by a plant under the influence of another organism".
4373:
3012:
1967:
1373:
1368:
1149:
1107:
856:. The practice essentially died out in the early 20th century, but has seen a revival in recent years.
769:
686:
670:. The usually gregarious larvae form an epidermal gallery (i.e. feed within the leaf) which leads to a
576:
567:
1364:
4533:
4473:
4267:
4213:
4140:
3840:
3759:
2978:
2305:
2168:
2143:(Report). Fact Sheet No. 35. Teagasc – The Agriculture and Food Development Authority. Archived from
633:
90:
1242:
879:(traps) sometimes known as 'creeves' by local people are still made from ash sticks. Because of its
4538:
4528:
4523:
4508:
4483:
1089:, grows vigorously forming an attractive small to medium-sized tree with mounds of weeping branches
304:
4365:
4231:
4503:
4498:
4088:
3192:
2340:
2335:
702:
4329:
4518:
4513:
4179:
3977:
3917:
2998:
2968:
2963:
2669:
2050:
1718:
666:
1407:
2983:
2832:
2694:
2606:
1181:
614:
604:
207:
4306:
4205:
4096:
3940:
3845:
3729:
3620:
3114:
2794:
2774:
2714:
2298:
880:
1594:
1008:
8:
4324:
3570:
3565:
3099:
3084:
3064:
3059:
2935:
2817:
2227:
55:
2032:
1975:
1927:
populations in three
Lithuanian progeny trials with a special emphasis on resistance to
1562:. Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from
4435:
4352:
3628:
3138:
3074:
2699:
2426:
2386:
1995:
1898:
1865:
1841:
1808:
1789:
1302:
1172:
377:(which distinguish it from most other ash species, which have grey or brown buds). The
85:
2267:
1693:
1219:
1193:
1025:'Aurea', the traditional, slow-growing golden ash ─ not to be confused with 'Jaspidea'
4568:
4301:
4070:
3922:
3779:
3610:
3590:
3177:
2920:
2644:
2486:
2231:
2116:
2070:
2053:
1999:
1987:
1979:
1903:
1846:
1832:
1748:
1640:
1535:
1501:
1480:
1460:
1440:
1329:
765:
652:
642:
1793:
1306:
1085:'Pendula' (weeping ash), one of the best-known cultivars, widely planted during the
947:
4440:
4075:
3580:
3555:
3530:
3500:
3157:
2739:
2634:
2401:
1971:
1893:
1885:
1836:
1828:
1781:
1612:
1292:
1237:
708:
607:
species and may well outcompete beech and oak, which are later-succession species.
547:
523:
399:
382:
381:
are opposite, 20–35 cm (7.9–13.8 in) long, pinnately compound, with 7–13
295:, the latter determining its western boundary. The northernmost location is in the
4026:
1528:
4288:
4039:
3912:
3525:
3461:
3235:
2955:
2925:
2885:
2799:
2501:
1785:
959:
939:
841:
756:
led by
Richard Buggs are sequencing the self-pollinated offspring of a tree from
752:
is being sequenced by two groups of scientists in the United
Kingdom. A group at
678:. Later, two successive cones are formed by folding the tip of a leaf downwards.
483:
296:
268:
128:
70:
4414:
4391:
4316:
4244:
4347:
3891:
3881:
3789:
3749:
3545:
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3431:
3421:
3411:
3225:
2988:
2684:
2506:
2491:
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2376:
1632:
934:
904:
884:
868:
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626:
420:
370:
351:
115:
1617:
1596:
4457:
4200:
4000:
3861:
3754:
3724:
3426:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3328:
3182:
3167:
3129:
3079:
3069:
2822:
2779:
2536:
2461:
2411:
2371:
2366:
1983:
1228:
1086:
897:
826:
733:
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428:
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312:
288:
223:
75:
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4404:
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3401:
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2804:
2784:
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2441:
2406:
2219:
1991:
1907:
1850:
991:
876:
860:
805:
459:
232:
1768:
Stener LG (2012). "Clonal differences in susceptibility to the dieback of
335:
4226:
4148:
4062:
4009:
3896:
3886:
3774:
3600:
3585:
3451:
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308:
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3210:
3150:
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2754:
2709:
2558:
2471:
2436:
1003:
975:
864:
849:
671:
527:
432:
4153:
2272:– distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
891:
and the ends heated in steam. The wood could then be bent in a curved
776:, discovered by Erik Kjær, which has survived 8 years of ash dieback.
4109:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3575:
3510:
3353:
3338:
3313:
3124:
3104:
3049:
3039:
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2516:
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963:
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853:
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809:
784:
358:
41:
3971:
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3699:
3679:
3323:
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3024:
2900:
2827:
2769:
2734:
2729:
2626:
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2456:
2421:
2416:
2205:
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908:
637:
543:
531:
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386:
280:
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264:
184:
174:
164:
154:
141:
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4114:
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3876:
3871:
3764:
3734:
3694:
3638:
3492:
3471:
3363:
3318:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3250:
3220:
3215:
3089:
2993:
2930:
2875:
2764:
2719:
2674:
2596:
2586:
2571:
2466:
2446:
1141:
1126:
967:
920:
916:
830:
773:
737:
535:
490:. The species is widely cultivated and reportedly naturalized in
408:
394:
346:, popularly known as "keys" or "helicopter seeds", are a type of
292:
1920:
589:
at 185 m asl in July (l) and March (r), showing branch structure
4101:
4047:
3866:
3595:
3343:
3094:
3044:
2940:
2910:
2850:
2724:
2649:
2611:
2564:
2431:
2349:
979:
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722:
698:
511:
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487:
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471:
463:
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404:
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316:
300:
284:
2290:
1639:. Toller Fratrum, Dorset: Little Toller Books. pp. 25–6.
3744:
3653:
3648:
3633:
3054:
2845:
2838:
2809:
2789:
2759:
2744:
2704:
2689:
2679:
2664:
2659:
2639:
2616:
2591:
2511:
792:
682:
675:
661:
586:
451:
416:
347:
327:
272:
102:
1743:
Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter; Bloxham, Michael (2011).
3643:
3172:
3109:
3034:
2915:
2870:
2865:
2601:
2345:
2135:
2013:
1211:
971:
955:
872:
721:
as a host, Jönsson and Thor 2012 find that rare/threatened
596:
539:
467:
378:
361:
339:
3769:
3260:
3029:
2855:
2749:
2581:
1457:
A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
822:
814:
374:
1125:
Tree 46 m tall, Château des princes de Croÿ, Le Roeulx,
2199:: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use
1921:
Pliūra A, Lygis V, Suchockas V, Bartkevičius E (2011).
1578:"Wood Pasture: Rassal Ashwood National Nature Reserve"
279:. It is native throughout mainland Europe east to the
3831:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
2192:
1742:
1605:
Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research
1217:
713:
Research into the genetics of the resistance of ash (
2254:
Glasgow & London: Blackwood & Son Ltd. p. 83
1500:. Forestry Commission booklet 20. HMSO. p. 36.
397:. These features distinguish ash from mountain ash (
1955:
1813:) populations against the novel emerging pathogen
1527:
1422:Altervista Flora of the United States and Canada,
772:led by Allan Downie are sequencing "Tree 35" from
303:. The species is widely cultivated and reportedly
2115:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antiques Collectors Club.
1747:(Second ed.). Shrewsbury: FSC Publications.
1719:"15.014 Gracillaria syringella (Fabricius, 1794)"
1394:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,
903:Ash is the only wood used for the manufacture of
4455:
2136:John Whiriskey; Paul McCarthy, eds. (May 2006).
2014:"Welcome to Ash tree genomes – Ash Tree Genomes"
1949:
974:"), watered by three magical springs, serves as
915:in Irish, the timber sticks used in the game of
27:Species of deciduous tree in the family Oleaceae
1243:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T203367A67807718.en
482:mountains. The northernmost location is in the
466:. It is also considered native in southwestern
1556:"Online atlas of the British and Irish Flora,
2306:
2167:. The Scout Association. 1999. Archived from
1874:(Ascomycota): an emerging infectious disease"
1601:L.): implications for silviculture Forestry"
2274:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1866:"Presence of natural genetic resistance in
1580:. Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from
1320:
1318:
1316:
2313:
2299:
1914:
1525:
231:
64:
40:
1897:
1840:
1616:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1296:
1241:
3821:Building and Wood Workers' International
1863:
1694:"Centre-barred Sallow Atethmia centrago"
1625:
1534:. Perth, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage.
1477:The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
1313:
1277:"Biological Flora of the British Isles:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1067:'Jaspidea' a modern, vigorous golden ash
1002:
950:- is typically described as an ash tree.
933:
883:European ash wood was commonly used for
791:
783:
334:
326:
1774:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
1659:
1631:
1548:
14:
4456:
2110:
2033:"Ash genome reveals fungus resistance"
1767:
1514:
1274:
411:, open before the leaves, and have no
263:to distinguish it from other types of
4464:IUCN Red List near threatened species
3976:
3975:
2294:
2218:
2039:
1923:"Performance of twenty four European
1495:
1344:
1342:
1257:
813:a density of 710 kg/m. It lacks
4428:fc2622ed-46f4-4a2b-9907-9917b14585ca
4268:3388d0f5-2393-4546-ad8f-2b2854dd5918
3956:
2030:
1806:
1469:
1031:'Aurea Pendula' (weeping golden ash)
978:, sustaining the nine worlds of the
3946:
3806:American Association of Woodturners
1976:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050028
1736:
1662:"Invertebrates associated with Ash"
1570:
1526:Stiven, Roland; Holl, Kate (2004).
1449:
1387:
1357:
1229:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
907:, referred to as hurls in parts of
859:Ash is an important constituent of
796:Replica of the body frame from the
24:
1339:
25:
4580:
3836:National Wood Carvers Association
2261:
1864:McKinney LV, et al. (2011).
1408:Biota of North America Program,
1155:Leaf and shoot, showing black bud
800:car, made primarily from ash wood
4379:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:609009-1
3955:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3811:Architectural Woodwork Institute
2283:– Ash info, images and video at
2224:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
2193:Pliûra, A.; Heuertz, M. (2003).
2162:"The burning properties of wood"
1833:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00222.x
1218:Khela, S.; Oldfield, S. (2018).
1192:
1180:
1160:
1148:
1133:
1118:
1106:
613:mycorrhizae are of the internal
575:
566:
494:and in scattered locales in the
311:and in scattered locales in the
89:
2320:
2244:
2212:
2186:
2154:
2129:
2104:
2088:
2063:
2024:
2006:
1959:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1857:
1800:
1761:
1711:
1686:
1653:
1588:
1489:
1055:'Diversifolia' (one-leaved ash)
754:Queen Mary University of London
685:have been recorded on ash. The
438:
4479:Trees of mild maritime climate
3816:British Woodworking Federation
1437:Larousse Easy way guide Trees.
1429:
1415:
1401:
958:and other writing relating to
848:). The parts were turned on a
725:face an unusually high (0.38)
706:which was previously known as
692:
595:Ash occurs on a wide range of
322:
13:
1:
3826:Caricature Carvers of America
2226:. Translated by Angela Hall.
1807:Kjær ED, et al. (2012).
1204:
727:coextinction risk probability
697:Ash dieback is caused by the
1809:"Adaptive potential of ash (
1786:10.1080/02827581.2012.735699
1113:Two ash trees fused together
998:
929:
7:
4564:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4544:Flora of the United Kingdom
2111:Cotton, Bernard D. (1990).
1815:Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus
1597:"A review of European ash (
1326:Trees of Britain and Europe
985:
982:in its roots and branches.
49:Foliage and immature fruit
10:
4585:
2113:The English Regional Chair
2031:Heap, Tom (16 June 2013).
1941:(1): 17–34. Archived from
1374:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1369:Plants of the World Online
1099:
846:The English Regional Chair
770:The Genome Analysis Centre
687:British Plant Gall Society
557:
3984:
3931:
3905:
3854:
3841:Society of Wood Engravers
3798:
3712:
3662:
3619:
3491:
3484:
3372:
3259:
3201:
3020:
3011:
2954:
2625:
2544:
2535:
2359:
2328:
2250:Downie, R. Angus (1934).
1821:Evolutionary Applications
1275:Thomas, Peter A. (2016).
788:Veneer of common ash wood
743:
634:Biological Records Centre
239:
230:
213:
206:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
4559:Plants described in 1753
1475:Mitchell, A. F. (1982).
1455:Mitchell, A. F. (1974).
946:- seen here depicted by
887:. Poles were cut from a
585:Ash tree (~20m tall) in
4554:Garden plants of Europe
1618:10.1093/forestry/cpr001
1365:"Fraxinus excelsior L."
1298:10.1111/1365-2745.12566
808:, the trees were often
779:
703:Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
287:mountains, and west to
3918:Frameless construction
2999:Wood-plastic composite
2051:Sinclair-Stevenson Ltd
1348:Den virtuella floran:
1324:Rushforth, K. (1999).
1236:: e.T203367A67807718.
1011:
951:
801:
789:
667:Gracillaria syringella
640:relative wild privet (
615:arbuscular mycorrhizal
354:
332:
4494:Flora of the Pyrenees
4489:Flora of Western Asia
2252:Bute and the Cumbraes
1772:in southern Sweden".
1496:Edlin, H. L. (1985).
1006:
937:
795:
787:
732:the host tree in the
338:
330:
4549:Least concern plants
3846:Timber Framers Guild
2700:Australian Blackwood
2150:on 22 November 2007.
1890:10.1038/hdy.2010.119
1584:on 6 September 2013.
1435:Kilbracken, J.1983.
1007:Ash saplings from a
962:, the vast ash tree
954:In the 13th-century
840:(e.g. those made by
458:, and from southern
3566:Hammer-headed tenon
3085:Janka hardness test
2174:on 23 December 2012
1745:British Plant Galls
1674:on 3 September 2013
1566:on 1 December 2021.
407:are borne in short
56:Conservation status
4469:Fraxinus excelsior
4330:Fraxinus excelsior
4317:Fraxinus_excelsior
4053:fraxinus-excelsior
4016:Fraxinus excelsior
3986:Fraxinus excelsior
2427:Japanese carpentry
2281:Fraxinus excelsior
2269:Fraxinus excelsior
2197:Fraxinus excelsior
2045:Mabey, R. (1996).
1925:Fraxinus excelsior
1868:Fraxinus excelsior
1811:Fraxinus excelsior
1770:Fraxinus excelsior
1723:British leafminers
1599:Fraxinus excelsior
1558:Fraxinus excelsior
1424:Fraxinus excelsior
1410:Fraxinus excelsior
1396:Fraxinus excelsior
1351:Fraxinus excelsior
1285:Journal of Ecology
1279:Fraxinus excelsior
1222:Fraxinus excelsior
1173:Knightshayes Court
1169:Fraxinus excelsior
1093:Fraxinus excelsior
1083:Fraxinus excelsior
1077:Fraxinus excelsior
1071:Fraxinus excelsior
1065:Fraxinus excelsior
1059:Fraxinus excelsior
1053:Fraxinus excelsior
1047:Fraxinus excelsior
1041:Fraxinus excelsior
1035:Fraxinus excelsior
1029:Fraxinus excelsior
1023:Fraxinus excelsior
1012:
952:
938:The world tree of
802:
790:
750:Fraxinus excelsior
715:Fraxinus excelsior
444:Fraxinus excelsior
355:
344:Fraxinus excelsior
333:
248:Fraxinus excelsior
217:Fraxinus excelsior
4451:
4450:
4302:Open Tree of Life
3978:Taxon identifiers
3969:
3968:
3923:Green woodworking
3780:Wood preservation
3708:
3707:
3611:Tongue and groove
3591:Mortise and tenon
3480:
3479:
3178:Warrington hammer
3007:
3006:
2695:African Blackwood
2487:Segmented turning
2237:978-0-85991-513-7
1754:978-1-85153-284-1
1646:978-1-908213-14-3
852:or shaped with a
766:John Innes Centre
764:. A group at the
653:Atethmia centrago
643:Ligustrum vulgare
244:
243:
240:Distribution map
199:F. excelsior
79:
16:(Redirected from
4576:
4534:Flora of Germany
4474:Ornamental trees
4444:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4382:
4381:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4296:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4248:
4247:
4245:NBNSYS0000003949
4235:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4105:
4104:
4092:
4091:
4079:
4078:
4066:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4043:
4042:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3973:
3972:
3959:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3489:
3488:
3158:Thickness planer
3018:
3017:
2812:(lime, basswood)
2542:
2541:
2402:Chainsaw carving
2315:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2047:Flora Britannica
2043:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:on 2 April 2015.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1872:Chalara fraxinea
1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1667:. Archived from
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1291:(4): 1158–1209.
1272:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1215:
1196:
1184:
1164:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1110:
709:Chalara fraxinea
579:
570:
548:British Columbia
400:Sorbus aucuparia
235:
219:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4539:Flora of Poland
4529:Flora of France
4524:Flora of Russia
4509:Flora of Turkey
4484:Trees of Europe
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4390:
4385:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4313:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4289:Observation.org
4287:
4279:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3927:
3913:Frame and panel
3901:
3850:
3794:
3704:
3663:Surface piecing
3658:
3615:
3536:Crown of thorns
3476:
3462:Smoothing plane
3368:
3255:
3197:
3100:Milling machine
3003:
2964:Cross-laminated
2950:
2621:
2531:
2502:Spindle turning
2492:Shingle weaving
2462:Pallet crafting
2355:
2324:
2319:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2138:Ash For Hurleys
2134:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1954:
1950:
1935:Baltic Forestry
1929:Chlara fraxinea
1919:
1915:
1870:(Oleraceae) to
1862:
1858:
1805:
1801:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1633:Rackham, Oliver
1630:
1626:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1494:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1340:
1323:
1314:
1273:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1043:'Autumn Purple'
1001:
988:
960:Norse mythology
940:Norse mythology
932:
842:Philip Clissett
782:
746:
695:
681:In Britain, 14
646:). A number of
627:ectomycorrhizae
593:
592:
591:
590:
582:
581:
580:
572:
571:
560:
484:Trondheimsfjord
441:
393:. There are no
325:
297:Trondheimsfjord
271:species in the
269:flowering plant
251:, known as the
226:
221:
215:
202:
88:
80:
71:Near Threatened
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Flora of Spain
4501:
4499:Flora of Italy
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:wfo-0000832453
4432:
4419:
4409:
4396:
4383:
4370:
4357:
4344:
4334:
4321:
4311:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4262:
4249:
4236:
4223:
4210:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4158:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4106:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4057:
4044:
4031:
4021:
4006:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3892:Quarter sawing
3889:
3884:
3882:Wood splitting
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3790:Wood finishing
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Paint stripper
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Shoulder plane
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Moulding plane
3429:
3424:
3422:Japanese plane
3419:
3414:
3412:Grooving plane
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Flooring clamp
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Winding sticks
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Timber-framing
3160:
3155:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Particle board
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Glue laminated
2966:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:Timber framing
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Relief carving
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:Bush carpentry
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:Woodland Trust
2277:
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2257:
2256:
2243:
2236:
2211:
2185:
2153:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2087:
2062:
2038:
2023:
2005:
1968:Annual Reviews
1948:
1913:
1884:(5): 788–797.
1856:
1827:(3): 219–228.
1799:
1780:(3): 205–216.
1760:
1753:
1735:
1710:
1685:
1652:
1645:
1624:
1611:(2): 133–148.
1587:
1569:
1547:
1541:978-1853973864
1540:
1513:
1506:
1488:
1468:
1448:
1428:
1414:
1400:
1386:
1356:
1338:
1312:
1256:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1037:'Autumn Blaze'
1032:
1026:
1000:
997:
987:
984:
948:Lorenz Frølich
931:
928:
911:and known as a
885:walking sticks
869:Northumberland
827:tennis rackets
781:
778:
760:, held by the
758:Worcestershire
748:The genome of
745:
742:
734:wooded meadows
694:
691:
625:does not form
584:
583:
574:
573:
565:
564:
563:
562:
561:
559:
556:
470:from northern
450:from northern
440:
437:
385:with coarsely
357:It is a large
324:
321:
242:
241:
237:
236:
228:
227:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
145:
144:
139:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4581:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Flora of Iraq
4517:
4515:
4514:Flora of Iran
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
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3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Chainsaw mill
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
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3809:
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3799:Organizations
3797:
3791:
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3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Steam bending
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:French polish
3723:
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3711:
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3618:
3612:
3609:
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3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Rabbet/Rebate
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Mason's mitre
3579:
3577:
3574:
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3453:
3450:
3448:
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3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Jointer plane
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Compass plane
3395:
3393:
3392:Chamfer plane
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Bedrock plane
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
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3307:
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3300:
3297:
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3277:
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3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
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3227:
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3214:
3212:
3209:
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3200:
3194:
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3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Veneer hammer
3166:
3164:
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3159:
3156:
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3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
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3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Impact driver
3078:
3076:
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2922:
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2909:
2907:
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2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Red Quebracho
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
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2698:
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2641:
2638:
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2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
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2561:
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2551:
2549:
2547:
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2534:
2528:
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2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
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2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Bow and arrow
2370:
2368:
2367:Boat building
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Simek, Rudolf
2215:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2195:Common ash –
2189:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2122:1-85149-023-X
2118:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2076:
2075:Niche Timbers
2072:
2066:
2059:
2058:1-85619-377-2
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2018:ashgenome.org
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1917:
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1895:
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1848:
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1826:
1822:
1818:
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1812:
1803:
1795:
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1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1670:
1663:
1660:Alan Stubbs.
1656:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1591:
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1559:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1507:9780117100398
1503:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1485:0-00-219037-0
1482:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:0-00-212035-6
1462:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1445:0-7523-0027 X
1442:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:0-00-220013-9
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
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1265:
1263:
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1244:
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1225:
1223:
1214:
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1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:Victorian era
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1005:
996:
993:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:("the steed (
965:
961:
957:
949:
945:
941:
936:
927:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
898:wood flooring
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
799:
794:
786:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
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741:
739:
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731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
705:
704:
700:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:garden privet
655:
654:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
588:
578:
569:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Massachusetts
513:
509:
508:New Brunswick
505:
501:
497:
496:United States
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:is native to
445:
436:
434:
430:
429:Clapton Court
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
360:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
320:
318:
314:
313:United States
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Great Britain
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
218:
212:
209:
208:Binomial name
205:
201:
200:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:Tracheophytes
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:European ash
33:
30:
19:
3985:
3730:Heat bending
3675:Edge banding
3447:Router plane
3442:Rebate plane
3402:Finger plane
3133:
2837:
2831:
2811:
2805:Lignum vitae
2654:
2563:
2557:
2522:Wood carving
2497:Shipbuilding
2482:Root carving
2442:Log building
2407:Chip carving
2279:
2268:
2251:
2246:
2223:
2214:
2196:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2156:
2145:the original
2131:
2112:
2106:
2095:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2046:
2041:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1943:the original
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1744:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1655:
1637:The Ash Tree
1636:
1627:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1582:the original
1572:
1564:the original
1557:
1550:
1530:Wood Pasture
1529:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1471:
1456:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1359:
1353:distribution
1350:
1325:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1247:. Retrieved
1233:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1168:
1167:Weeping ash
1092:
1082:
1076:
1073:'Monophylla'
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1013:
992:Isle of Bute
989:
953:
925:
912:
902:
877:lobster pots
861:wood pasture
858:
845:
806:World War II
803:
749:
747:
729:
719:F. excelsior
718:
714:
707:
701:
696:
680:
672:brown blotch
665:
651:
641:
631:
623:F. excelsior
622:
618:
611:F. excelsior
610:
609:
594:
552:
474:east to the
462:to northern
460:Fennoscandia
443:
442:
439:Distribution
426:
398:
356:
343:
331:Male flowers
260:
257:European ash
256:
252:
247:
246:
245:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
148:
135:
122:
109:
29:
18:European ash
4227:NatureServe
4149:iNaturalist
4010:Wikispecies
3951:WikiProject
3897:Rift sawing
3887:Flat sawing
3775:Wood drying
3452:Scrub plane
3437:Razee plane
3387:Block plane
3241:Mitre clamp
3188:Wood scribe
3139:Combination
2881:Purpleheart
2577:Douglas fir
2527:Woodturning
2360:Occupations
2322:Woodworking
2228:D.S. Brewer
2035:. BBC News.
1970:: 343–361.
1678:28 February
1498:Broadleaves
1249:12 November
1171:'Pendula',
844:, see also
762:Earth Trust
693:Ash dieback
674:with black
648:Lepidoptera
601:Wester Ross
520:Connecticut
504:Nova Scotia
492:New Zealand
350:known as a
323:Description
309:New Zealand
305:naturalised
129:Angiosperms
4458:Categories
4353:kew-369664
4348:Plant List
3906:Techniques
3855:Conversion
3785:Wood stain
3713:Treatments
3501:Birdsmouth
3467:Spokeshave
3417:Jack plane
3407:Fore plane
3246:Pipe clamp
3211:Band clamp
3135:Carpenters
2956:Engineered
2906:Rubberwood
2755:Eucalyptus
2559:Calocedrus
2472:Pyrography
2437:Kohlrosing
2276:(EUFORGEN)
2204:(Report).
2178:1 November
1479:. Collins
1459:. Collins
1439:Larousse.
1328:. Collins
1205:References
1140:Old tree,
976:axis mundi
881:elasticity
850:pole lathe
834:cue sticks
798:Volvo ÖV 4
740:, Sweden.
605:succession
528:New Jersey
502:including
486:region of
433:Derbyshire
299:region of
261:common ash
3695:Parquetry
3690:Oystering
3685:Marquetry
3526:Butterfly
3193:Workbench
3125:Sandpaper
3105:Mitre box
3050:Drawknife
3040:Burnisher
3025:Abrasives
2974:Hardboard
2635:Afromosia
2517:Whittling
2467:Parquetry
2452:Marquetry
2397:Certosina
2392:Carpentry
2382:Cabinetry
2329:Overviews
2080:19 August
2000:218618105
1984:0066-4286
1175:, England
1095:'Skyline'
1018:include;
1016:cultivars
1014:Its many
1009:mast year
999:Cultivars
964:Yggdrasil
944:Yggdrasil
930:Mythology
865:pollarded
854:drawknife
730:vis-a-vis
621:species,
359:deciduous
193:Species:
99:Kingdom:
4569:Fraxinus
4423:VicFlora
4412:VASCAN:
4405:23000019
4400:Tropicos
4314:PalDat:
4232:2.149042
4180:11257655
4167:609009-1
4060:BioLib:
3995:Wikidata
3941:Category
3720:Adhesive
3700:Purfling
3680:Intarsia
3621:Profiles
3546:Dovetail
3485:Geometry
3324:Hand saw
3309:Crosscut
3294:Circular
3289:Chainsaw
3236:Holdfast
2901:Rosewood
2833:American
2828:Mahogany
2800:Jelutong
2770:Hornbeam
2735:Cocobolo
2730:Chestnut
2645:Andiroba
2457:Millwork
2422:Intarsia
2417:Fretwork
2412:Ébéniste
2341:Glossary
2222:(2007).
2206:EUFORGEN
2096:Fraxinus
1992:32396761
1908:20823903
1878:Heredity
1851:25568043
1794:85292870
1635:(2014).
1307:86930831
1049:'Crispa'
986:Folklore
909:Leinster
810:coppiced
638:Oleaceae
619:Fraxinus
544:Kentucky
532:Maryland
524:New York
476:Caucasus
413:perianth
409:panicles
395:stipules
387:serrated
383:leaflets
281:Caucasus
277:Oleaceae
186:Fraxinus
175:Oleaceae
171:Family:
165:Lamiales
155:Asterids
142:Eudicots
76:IUCN 3.1
4214:MoBotPF
4128:3172358
4084:Ecocrop
4001:Q156907
3961:Commons
3877:Whipsaw
3872:Sawmill
3765:Varnish
3760:Thermal
3735:Lacquer
3670:Binding
3639:Chamfer
3506:Biscuit
3472:Surform
3364:Whipsaw
3334:Keyhole
3319:Fretsaw
3299:Compass
3284:Bucksaw
3274:Bandsaw
3269:Backsaw
3251:Sawbuck
3221:F-clamp
3216:C-clamp
3090:Jointer
2994:Plywood
2946:Zebrano
2886:Ovankol
2851:Meranti
2839:African
2810:Linden
2765:Hickory
2720:Cedrela
2715:Camphor
2710:Bubinga
2705:Boxwood
2685:Bilinga
2670:Avodire
2587:Juniper
2572:Cypress
2447:Luthier
2336:History
1899:3186218
1842:3353348
1728:28 July
1703:28 July
1698:UKmoths
1379:13 July
1142:Belgium
1127:Belgium
1100:Gallery
1061:'Erosa'
990:On the
968:gallows
921:Ireland
917:hurling
905:hurleys
889:coppice
831:snooker
819:hammers
774:Denmark
738:Gotland
723:lichens
558:Ecology
536:Ontario
435:alone.
405:flowers
373:-black
293:Ireland
275:family
267:, is a
181:Genus:
161:Order:
103:Plantae
74: (
4366:FREX80
4361:PLANTS
4307:671802
4265:NZOR:
4219:282928
4206:203367
4193:502663
4154:125440
4102:595387
4048:ARKive
4027:166739
4024:APDB:
3867:Hewing
3606:Splice
3561:Halved
3556:Groove
3551:Finger
3531:Coping
3516:Bridle
3493:Joints
3374:Planes
3359:Veneer
3349:Scroll
3344:Ripsaw
3329:Jigsaw
3304:Coping
3203:Clamps
3130:Square
3120:Shaper
3115:Router
3095:Mallet
3070:Gimlet
3045:Chisel
2941:Willow
2931:Walnut
2921:Totara
2911:Sapele
2876:Poplar
2861:Padauk
2823:Merbau
2795:Jarrah
2780:Imbuia
2775:Idigbo
2740:Cumaru
2725:Cherry
2650:Anigre
2612:Spruce
2565:Cedrus
2432:Khatam
2387:Caning
2350:lumber
2234:
2119:
2056:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1906:
1896:
1849:
1839:
1792:
1751:
1643:
1560:(Ash)"
1538:
1504:
1483:
1463:
1443:
1332:
1305:
1079:'Nana'
980:cosmos
829:, and
744:Genome
699:fungus
512:Quebec
500:Canada
488:Norway
480:Alborz
472:Turkey
464:Greece
456:Russia
448:Europe
421:samara
391:rachis
379:leaves
352:samara
317:Canada
301:Norway
285:Alborz
4337:PFI:
4276:NZPCN
4258:38873
4175:IRMNG
4115:FRXEX
4076:6JMBM
4063:40411
4040:59333
3745:Paint
3654:Ovolo
3649:Ogive
3634:Bevel
3601:Scarf
3586:Miter
3354:Table
3339:Miter
3314:Frame
3231:Gripe
3147:Speed
3143:Miter
3075:Gauge
3065:Float
3060:Fence
3055:Drill
3013:Tools
2936:Wenge
2926:Utile
2891:Ramin
2846:Maple
2818:Lovoa
2790:Iroko
2760:Hazel
2745:Ebony
2690:Birch
2680:Beech
2675:Balsa
2665:Aspen
2660:Apple
2640:Alder
2597:Kauri
2592:Larch
2554:Cedar
2537:Woods
2512:Treen
2202:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2165:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2071:"Ash"
1996:S2CID
1966:(1).
1790:S2CID
1672:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1303:S2CID
970:) of
913:camán
683:galls
676:frass
664:, is
662:lilac
587:Wales
452:Spain
419:is a
417:fruit
348:fruit
340:Seeds
273:olive
255:, or
149:Clade
136:Clade
123:Clade
110:Clade
4415:6727
4392:7308
4374:POWO
4340:9215
4325:PfaF
4294:6796
4281:3954
4253:NCBI
4201:IUCN
4188:ITIS
4162:IPNI
4136:GRIN
4123:GBIF
4110:EPPO
4089:6271
4035:APNI
3644:Ogee
3629:Bead
3571:Knee
3541:Dado
3521:Butt
3261:Saws
3173:Vise
3110:Rasp
3035:Adze
2916:Teak
2871:Plum
2866:Pear
2627:Hard
2607:Rimu
2602:Pine
2546:Soft
2346:Wood
2232:ISBN
2180:2010
2117:ISBN
2082:2009
2054:ISBN
1988:PMID
1980:ISSN
1904:PMID
1847:PMID
1749:ISBN
1730:2017
1705:2017
1680:2015
1641:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1381:2023
1330:ISBN
1251:2021
1234:2018
1199:Bark
1187:Buds
972:Odin
956:Edda
893:vise
875:and
873:crab
838:rush
823:axes
821:and
780:Uses
768:and
660:and
632:The
597:soil
546:and
540:Ohio
498:and
478:and
468:Asia
375:buds
367:bark
362:tree
315:and
291:and
283:and
4436:WFO
4387:RHS
4240:NBN
4141:282
4097:EoL
4071:CoL
3770:Wax
3740:Oil
3576:Lap
3511:Box
3279:Bow
3151:Try
3030:Axe
2984:OSB
2979:MDF
2856:Oak
2785:Ipê
2750:Elm
2655:Ash
2617:Yew
2582:Fir
1972:doi
1894:PMC
1886:doi
1882:106
1837:PMC
1829:doi
1782:doi
1613:doi
1293:doi
1289:104
1238:doi
919:in
815:oak
736:of
454:to
371:jet
342:of
307:in
265:ash
259:or
253:ash
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4438::
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4389::
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2230:.
2073:.
2049:.
2016:.
1994:.
1986:.
1978:.
1964:58
1962:.
1939:17
1937:.
1933:.
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1892:.
1880:.
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1823:.
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1788:.
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1721:.
1696:.
1609:84
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1603:.
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1372:.
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1301:.
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1232:.
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542:,
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