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windows were used to view the interior of the chamber to facilitate the quantity of ether being administered. Further modifications included the same plated and polished surfaces on the interior as on the exterior. All fixtures on the apparatus are fitted to ensure there is no leakage of chemicals in the chamber or hot-water from the hot-water jacket. The hot-water jacket serves as an insulator to heat the water which then produces condensation. When the condensation is mixed with the ether and is inhaled, it develops the chemical properties of an anesthetic. The hot-water jacket has a detachable screw-stopper that allows the metal cap, chamber, and bag used to anaesthetize the patient to be cleaned of verdigris. All the above-mentioned features were combined with knowledge gained after practice using this inhaler—such as that the slot located near the bag needs to be opened for ventilation after the induction of the patient—combined to develop the new improved ether inhaler.
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to muffle the screams of patients for those on the floors below. Because pain often induced shock, surgeons of the day prided themselves on the speed in which they could amputate an arm or a leg. Ninety seconds was considered a good time. Two 19th-century operating chairs famously known as
Bigelow Operating chair was built in 1854, are located in the display area behind the seating tiers. Their red velvet upholstery was apparently intended to make bloodstains less visible. It was created in light of this discovery; it was the first of its kind without restraints and had ivory and wooden handles that could be used to position the unconscious, anesthetized patient. The chair quickly fell out of use over the next few decades, however, as it was made from leather rather than metal, which can be sterilized more easily.
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room under the seats of the Ether Dome theater, the exhibit is designated as the “G. H. Gay Ward, Memorial of George Henry Gay” by a shiny, gold plaque. On the walls there are drawings and paintings of notable figures, such as Dr. William T. G. Morton, and pictures of quotes, like “We have conquered pain.” Alongside the exhibited pictures and quotes, there are artifacts like an operating chair and the wedding clothes of
William T. G. Morton, which represent an evidence of wealth and a veneration of ether. The hidden crescent-shaped corridor is a significant part of the Ether Dome exhibit that rarely gets the same attention. With a normal diabetes office inside of the small doors, it is easy to see how the Ether Dome's second half can be mistaken for a locked room or closet behind the Ether Dome.
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nitrous oxide as a means of performing painless dental work; specifically the extraction of teeth. In
January 1845, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston allowed Wells to demonstrate the method of anesthesia. Unfortunately, the patient did not respond to the dose of nitrous oxide given, which resulted in Wells’ endless contempt. Wells continued with extensive self-experimentation, such as repeated inhalation, with various chemicals. There is evidence that suggests a strong correlation between his inhalation of chemicals to a drastic change in personality. In fact, he was imprisoned for throwing acid at individuals walking in New York City and later committed suicide while the Paris Medical Society named him the discoverer of anesthetic gases.
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historic operation as realistically as possible, a group of doctors and their spouses, working with the
Prosperis, searched out photographs, daguerreotypes, and portraits of the participants. They also consulted vintage photographs and artifacts from the MGH Archives and Special Collections. The theatre department of Emerson College was engaged to provide period costumes and makeup. Much of the original paraphernalia—the ether flask, the operating chair, and various furnishings of the amphitheater—was still in the hospital museum and available for the scene.
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801:, examined and translated the hieroglyphics on the mummy's coffin. Hailing from the 26th Dynasty (663–525 BC) or later, the mummy now had a name—Padihershef, meaning "He whom the god Hershef has given." and a birthplace—Thebes; and an occupation—stonecutter. Newer medical information tells us that Padihershef, or "Padi", was probably between 20 and 30 years of age and was not a stonecutter at all. Rather, he was "tomb finder," or prospector, someone who looked for spaces in the Theban necropolis that could serve as burial spaces.
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pain. Morton had previously experimented with ether, but never on a patient. Jackson and Morton tangled in a bitter legal dispute and pamphleteering war, that lasted 20 years. In 1868 Morton read a newspaper item asserting that
Jackson deserved the lion's share of credit. Morton became feverish, threw himself into a pond in New York's Central Park and died, probably from a stroke, soon thereafter. Jackson died insane at McLean Asylum in Belmont, Massachusetts.
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Massachusetts
General Hospital, whose trustees accepted the gift as "an appropriate ornament of the operating room," while also hoping to exhibit the mummy to raise funds for the hospital. The fledgling hospital, which had opened its doors just two years earlier, was still in need of operating funds that would help it better serve the sick and indigent individuals for whom it had been chartered to provide care. The mummy would help raise those needed funds.
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when Morton made the first incision in his neck for the surgery. During the surgery, Warren noted that the blood of the patient was very dark, and thought that the anesthesia might be producing its effect through carbonization of the blood, a remark which was met with a burst of applause. Upon awakening after the surgery, he announced that he had felt a scratching sensation, but no pain.
327:, then painlessly removed part of a tumor from Abbott's neck. After Warren had finished, and Abbott regained consciousness, Warren asked the patient how he felt. Reportedly, Abbott said, "Feels as if my neck's been scratched". Warren then turned to his medical audience and uttered "Gentlemen, this is no Humbug". This was presumably a reference to the unsuccessful demonstration of
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standing where so that everyone, including the students in the gallery, could see the action. Many configurations were tested, and The
Prosperis photographed hundred of photographs a cast of 20 men, mostly MGH physicians, who gathered in the Ether Dome in January 2000 dressed in period costumes. Finally the scene was set and recorded.
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land." Everett wanted to exude his appreciation of MGH being a charitable institution—a voluntary hospital with a mission of treating the often poor patients who were in dire need of assistance. In return for the gifted statue of Apollo, the trustees of MGH kept this statue in the Ether Dome as a memorial to his philanthropic acts.
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image, reproduced many times, was painted 27 years after the event. It is the product of the artist's imagination and portrays, among the actual participants, others who were not really in attendance but are nonetheless "painted into history." Subsequent research has provided a more accurate list of the witnesses.
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The mummy arrived in Boston on April 26, 1823, on the
British ship the Sally Ann and was the first complete Egyptian burial ensemble in America. He was placed under the care of the ship's captain, Robert B. Edes, along with Bryant P. Tilden, Esq., who ultimately made the decision to give the mummy to
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Hinckley uses light and line to draw attention to the surgery; the side wall of the gallery draws a clear diagonal line which ends at the surgeon Warren's head. Morton's ether inhaler reflects light so as to make the sponge contained inside visible. Abbott's shirt as well as the cloth and the bowl on
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Commissioned by
William Thomas Green Morton, the Original Morton Etherizer was used on Ether Day as a means of inhalation anesthesia. The Etherizer was made of blown glass with brass fittings at the two open ends, a middle chamber, and a mouthpiece. The middle chamber held a sponge that was soaked in
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to make him fall unconscious; he left the hospital with an unremarkable change in the size of the tumor. He was assured—as he probably knew, that it was a benign growth and that he had contributed greatly to the history of medicine. He died in 1855 at the age of 30, leaving behind a wife, a daughter,
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and its first surgeon, had performed a post-mortem on "Padi" when he first came to the MGH, which included uncovering the mummy's head, as it remains today. In 1931, and again in 1977, X-rays were taken of Padi in his case, which provided a little more insight into his health. Growth lines show that
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The Ether Dome served as an operating theater from 1821 to 1867, when a new surgical building was constructed. Operating rooms built before electricity were typically located on the top floor of a building to take advantage of available light. Before surgical anesthesia the location was also helpful
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In 1845 Wells had attempted to demonstrate the use of nitrous oxide as anesthesia at MGH but it was “dismissed as humbug” because the patient cried out during the procedure although later, the patient denied feeling any pain. His career then began to spiral down. Wells left the practice of dentistry
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Shortly after his arrival, the mummy was put on display at "Mr. Doggett's
Repository of Arts" in Boston, where hundreds of people paid $ 0.25 to see the first complete human Egyptian mummy in the U.S. That fall, the mummy went on a year-long (1823 to 1824) multi-city tour of the East Coast, raising
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The Ether Dome is one of the oldest operating theatres in the United States. Over the years, there has been a concerted effort to restore the original architecture of the Ether Dome while also incorporating modern technology for educational uses today. Architects and designers tried to maintain the
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In either December 1841 or January 1842, Long had introduced the use of sulphuric ether as a substitution to nitrous oxide for the use of entertainment at parties. Long was possibly the first to use ether as a way to alleviate pain during surgery. Long had been using ether in surgery since 1842. On
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Morton used a newly developed apparatus, later called the Morton Etherizer, to deliver the diethyl-ether vapors, holding the mouthpiece to Abbott's lips and instructing him to breathe deeply and slowly. Abbott fell into an unconscious, sleeplike state within three to four minutes, and did not react
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The teaching skeleton hanging in the Ether Dome can be seen in the background of daguerreotypes showing the administration of ether anesthesia in 1847. Such skeletons were a common feature in hospitals and medical schools in the 19th century. While the identity of this skeleton is not known, it is
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Padihershef's remains have been studied by means of x-rays and CT scans. In 2013, a donor provided funds for the mummy's restoration. During the procedure, Padihershef was given a full-body CT scan overseen by Massachusetts General Hospital's radiologist Rajiv Gupta. This scan, which provided more
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Accordingly, in 2000 the clinical staff of the MGH voted to commission Warren and Lucia Prosperi, well known for their historically accurate paintings, to "do it right." Artists Warren and Lucia Prosperi created this mural between 2000 and 2001, painting on site in the Ether Dome. To represent the
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about Morton, who claimed to have used ether as an anesthetic. Long then began to record his findings and write his account of the discovery. He also collected notarized letters from former patients, but after presenting his findings to the Medical College of Georgia, he discovered two others also
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Charles T. Jackson was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University after practicing as a medical doctor for four years before establishing his chemistry laboratory to teach analytical chemistry. It is speculated that Jackson suggested administering a higher dosage and grade of sulfuric ether to
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The use of vapors, which could be inhaled, became more popular in the 18th century as a potential source of pain relief, especially during surgeries, which up to then were generally gory and extremely painful. One of the earliest mentions of the use of an inhaled gas for pain relief comes from the
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Located through small doors on either side of the Ether Dome theater or through a closed door at the bottom of a steep, downwards stairway behind the top row of the theater, there is an exhibit of various Ether Day artifacts and information, including quotes from the Ether Day event. In the round
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Padi has been restored twice before: once in the 1980s and again in 2002. Salt deposits that build up from the embalming elixir have formed on the exposed portions of Padi's face and head need to be removed periodically. The restoration also included replacing the old grass and wood case with the
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While the words "Operating Room" still appear inside the door to the closet on the right of the painting, today the room serves as a place for meetings and lectures. The steel tiers with individual chairs date from about 1930, when fire regulations required the replacement of the old wooden bench
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Also, the location of the dome and the large glass ceiling and windows that compose the dome let in light for operations to be performed. Modern day surgery theaters follow the same concept of the Ether Dome's stylistic arrangement, however do not feature a dome due to modern lighting technology.
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As the 150th anniversary of the first public demonstration of the use of ether anesthesia on October 16, 1846, approached and preparations for the celebration at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) began, it was recognized that a proper commemorative painting was needed. The famous Hinckley
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Prior to Morton's public demonstration of ether, he had supposedly met with Jackson (who was known as attempting to steal others inventions) to discuss questions surrounding anesthesia. It is at this meeting where, supposedly, Jackson had suggested to use ether as a means of alleviating surgical
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in March 1845. In exchange, the hospital trustees presented to him "their grateful acknowledgments for his beautiful gift, valuable as a memorial, that, amidst his arduous public duties in a foreign country, Mr. Everett feels an undiminished interest in the charitable institutions of his native
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On one Sunday in January, 2001, a group convened to re-enact the historic event on site at the original location, MGH's Ether Dome, with the Boston press corps in attendance. Two hours were spent debating the likely orientation of the operating chair and instrument table and who would have been
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On April 9, 1898 Messrs, Mayer, and Meltzer unveiled the newly designed Clover's smaller ether inhaler. The inhaler was modified from the previous inhaler used on Ether Day by adding two circular apertures on both sides of the apparatus located near two small viewing windows. The apertures and
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was a practicing American dentist in Hartford, Connecticut who is considered a pioneer in the use of surgical anesthesia. In 1844, during a laughing-gas roadshow, Wells cited nitrous oxide—colloquially known as “laughing gas”—as having pain-killing properties. After this revelation, Wells used
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The Ether Dome has not always served the purpose of an operating room. From 1821 to 1868, operations were performed, it was then a storage area from 1868 to 1873, a dormitory from 1873 to 1889, a dining room for the nurses employed at MGH from 1889 to 1892, and now it is a teaching space. The
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One of the outcomes of the project includes a CT facial reconstruction of Padihershef. Using the scans, 3D facial recognition software and a thorough knowledge of mummy forensics, Elias' group undertook a thorough analysis based on all these factors and using a 3D skull model, developed a
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Padi was so ill as a child that his growth stopped for some time before he was well again. Bone damage reveals that he suffered from arthritis. The extensive report included here provides many details of Padi's life that were unknown to us until his March 2013 scanning examination.
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The practice of pain relief has existed since the time of civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, China, and Greece, in a multitude of various forms. In Ancient Egypt, natural remedies were often used, while in China, acupuncture was developed as a way to restore an imbalance in the
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However, for hygiene purposes the spectators' section is separated from the main gallery by glass. The Ether Dome and its original theatre style architecture has turned into a nationally recognized historical site for interested spectators, especially students of medicine.
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ether, and the chamber would create gaseous conditions thereby making inhalants. The two brass fittings serve as ventilation so that the concentration of the gaseous ether the patient would inhale via the mouthpiece gives the appropriate dose to be safely anesthetized.
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The Apollo remains a part of the architecture of the Ether Dome as a testament to medicine due to its symbolism. Upon further observing the cast statue, one may notice the snake directly next to Apollo. Snakes are a symbol of renewal and are even displayed in the
455:, left him an orphan in 1832. After a career as a printer and editor, in September 1846, he went in to receive a medical evaluation for a tumor he had on the left side of his jaw, even though it had been present his whole life and did not cause him any pain.
755:, a Dutch merchant living in the Greek city of Smyrna in the early 19th century. It is thought that Mr. Van Lennep, who was also the Counsel General of the Netherlands, bought the mummy as a gift to Boston as a way to impress his native New England in-laws.
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Over the course of 2001, Warren Prosperi created the painting with its life-size figures on site in the Ether Dome, allowing visitors to witness the emergence of the historic re-enactment. This painting now hangs on the front wall of the amphitheater.
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March 30, 1842, he removed a tumor from the neck of a young man named James Venable. Over the following years, Long would use ether in his obstetrical practice, however, he never published any of his findings until seeing the December 1846 issue of a
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Lloyd, Phoebe (1994). "Book Review Robert C. Hinckley and the Recreation of "The First Operation under Ether. " by Richard J. Wolfe. 182 pp., illustrated. Boston, Boston Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, 1993. $ 22".
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even more money for the hospital. Upon his return, he was placed in the Ether Dome where he subsequently witnessed more than 6,000 surgeries, including the famous first successful demonstration of surgery under anesthesia on October 16, 1846.
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as was appropriate for the dignity of his profession. The ivory or ebony handles of his surgical instruments signaled his status but made the instruments difficult to clean. Sterile surgery was not achieved at the MGH until the 1880s.
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learned the technique and began experimenting on his own, and in October 1846 Morton successfully demonstrated ether anesthesia. However, Morton's interest in surgical anesthesia was not solely influenced by Horace Wells, but also
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decried, while on a visit to Everett's home, where the statue was draped to cover its near-nakedness, a few years before the donation, the covering as an example of the prudishness of otherwise educated and open-minded Americans.
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The Hippocrates of Ancient Greek scholars worshipped Apollo, and this inevitably led to teachings that would act as a precedent to modern-day medical personnel. Apollo—the god of medicine and healing—was sacred in the original
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in 1800 noted that, "As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation appears capable of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place."
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authenticity of the space by relying on historical documents and photos. Additionally, specialists analyzed paint chips from the early 19th century in order to help with renovations and to ensure the damages were repaired.
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than 20,000 scans that were then assembled into 3D renderings of his body. Many of these are replicated in the report prepared by forensic pathologist Jonathan Elias, PhD, of AMSC Research, a mummy research consortium.
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While Morton, Long and Jackson sought fame, Long wanted to be recognized, and to alleviate the pain of his patients. Though Long was the first to surgically use ether, he was not the first to introduce it to the world.
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was planned for the meeting of the Halsted Society at the Massachusetts General Hospital on September 12, 2001. Because of the infamous events of the previous day, that meeting was canceled (but held two years later).
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hospital commemorated the historical significance of the space in 1896 on the 50th anniversary of the first public demonstration of surgical anesthesia. The Ether Dome was designated a National Historic Site in 1965.
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Sloane, David, and Allan Brandt. "Of Beds and Benches: Building the Modern American Hospital." Buildings and the Subject of Science: Introduction to the Architecture of Science. Cambridge: MIT, 1999. N. pag.
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in Paris. where the statue that is on display was crafted. The Louvre made and sold plaster casts of the statue, one of which Everett bought and shipped back to Boston. The English sea captain and novelist
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turned to the observers and proclaimed, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug." Bigelow immediately published an article describing the event and the news quickly traveled to Europe and other parts of America.
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The dome's architecture resembles that of a courtroom or a theatre where surgeries were performed at the center of the dome. An audience can witness the surgeries from amphitheater-style seating.
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1250:"Discovery of anaesthesia by Dr. Horace Wells : memorial services at the fiftieth anniversary : Free Download & Streaming." Internet Archive. Accessed August 01, 2017.
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For a short period of time, both Horace Wells and William T.G. Morton were taught and employed by dentist, anesthesiologist, and first Dean of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine
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Desai, M. S.; Desai, S. P. (2015). "Discovery of Modern Anesthesia: A Counterfactual Narrative about Crawford W. Long, Horace Wells, Charles T. Jackson, and William T. G. Morton".
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seating. The names of the chairs have no known significance—it is likely that hospital donors were given the opportunity to name a chair after a favorite figure from MGH history.
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the table are starkly white, directing the eye to the operation. However, the viewer is shielded from the point of incision and from any blood, lessening the impact of the image.
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partially unwrapped and examined the mummy. He then published the first American treatise about mummies and mummification. The mummy spent much of the late 19th century at the
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persuaded Warren to allow him to try his technique on a surgical patient. The trial took place in the Ether Dome on October 16, 1846. The patient was a young printer named
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A controversy surrounding the painting revolves around those who are painted into it. Hinckley includes Charles Hosea Hildreth, surgeon Abel Lawrence Peirson, surgeon
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and his family, and went to New York, where he was arrested for throwing acid on prostitutes. He killed himself in jail by slashing an artery after taking chloroform.
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882:—a prominent emblem of healing. Furthermore, the statue is an indicator to visitors that this room represents innovation and the advancement of medicine.
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received an Egyptian mummy from the city of Boston, complete with painted wooden inner and outer coffins. The ensemble had been given to the city by
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Guralnick, Walter C.; Kaban, Leonard B. (2011). "Keeping Ether "En-Vogue": The Role of Nathan Cooley Keep in the History of Ether Anesthesia".
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Among the revolving door of noted physicians and important figures supposedly present on the historic Ether Day, one figure remains constant:
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Wells, Jackson, Morton and a Georgia doctor, Crawford W. Long, each claimed credit for the innovation of using ether as an anesthetic.
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claimed to be discoverers: Horace Wells and Charles Jackson. When Long entered his claims, this controversy was already in process.
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1396:"MassGeneral Home." Ether Inhaler and Case - Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Accessed August 03, 2017.
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in the same theater the previous year, which was ended by cries of "Humbug!" after the patient groaned with pain.
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As the mural depicts, in the years before antiseptic and aseptic surgery, a surgeon typically operated in a
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Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It
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625:(1882–1893). He interviewed various Boston physicians and reviewed records and newspaper reports.
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The Ether Dome's skeleton. Such skeletons were essential tools of 19th-century medical education.
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The mummy Padishershef has borne witness to many medical milestones during his 190 years in the
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http://academic.eb.com.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Horace-Wells/76511
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included a mere three sentence summary of his life and descendants in its December 1 issue.
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meticulously researched the event, particularly who was present and participating, for his
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What's in a Name?" Massachusetts General Hospital. MGH, 17 Apr. 2017. Web. 31 July 2017.
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Until this most recent examination, little was known about his life before his death.
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Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care: Our Story
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http://history.massgeneral.org/catalog/Detail.aspx?itemId=768&searchFor=Medical
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The plaster statue of Apollo in the Ether Dome was given to the M by statesman and
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Desai, Sukumar P.; Desai, Manisha S.; Maddi, Rosemarie; Battit, George E. (2007).
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in 1842, but this went unpublished until 1849. The Ether Dome event occurred when
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More than a century later the hospital learned just who the mummy was. In 1960,
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Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
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The Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital: An Icon of Medical Innovation
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National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
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1263:"Charles Thomas Jackson." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed August 3, 2017.
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as a surgical anesthetic on October 16, 1846, otherwise known as Ether Day.
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1381:"Edward Gilbert Abbott: Enigmatic Figure of the Ether Demonstration"
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Townsend, Geo J. (January 1891). "The First Operation under Ether".
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Britannica Academic, s.v. "Horace Wells," accessed August 1, 2017,
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Thomas-Jackson
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Replica of the inhaler Morton used to administer the ether.
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The inside of the dome as viewed from the surgical theatre.
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U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
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representation of what Padi may have looked like in life.
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https://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/history/restore.htm
1742:
http://www.massgeneral.org/News/newsarticle.aspx?id=6268
1606:
https://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/history/restore.htm
797:, curator emeritus of the Department of Egyptian Art at
742:
1534:"Conquering surgical pain: Four men stake their claim"
907:
possible that it was obtained through the practice of
1756:. MGH Neurosurgical Service, n.d. Web. 31 July 2017.
1604:. MGH Neurosurgical Service, n.d. Web. 31 July 2017.
1556:
1109:
1898:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1136:
1796:The History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction
1784:. Massachusetts General Hospital. August 19, 2011.
1341:"The Roots of Critical Care - Mass General Giving"
1252:https://archive.org/details/discoveryofanaes00phil
1174:
668:
1115:
540:
365:
2403:
1696:"Mummy gets a CT scan at MGH - The Boston Globe"
726:One additional footnote: a special unveiling of
470:
2379:National Register of Historic Places portal
973:Operating theater tiered seating under the dome
2427:National Register of Historic Places in Boston
1752:"The Ether Dome: The Restoration of an Icon".
1600:"The Ether Dome: The Restoration of an Icon."
1276:
1150:. Southern Medical Association. Archived from
914:
843:
1853:
1641:A conversation with Warren and Lucia Prosperi
1031:List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
961:Outside view as photographed from the grounds
860:The displayed work is a copy of the original
487:
315:, a local dentist, used ether to anesthetize
1409:
1088:"Ether Dome, Massachusetts General Hospital"
279:is a surgical operating amphitheater in the
782:. The mummy's outer coffin has been at the
451:in September 1825. His parents, victims of
1860:
1846:
1821:The Ether Dome: The restoration of an icon
1626:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde
1440:
1092:National Historic Landmark summary listing
357:British chemist Humphry Davys, who in his
58:
30:Ether Dome, Massachusetts General Hospital
1716:. Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital.
1658:. Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital.
1574:
1493:
1467:
1279:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
38:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1794:Bynum, W. F. "Medicine at the Bedside".
1740:. MGH, 17 Apr. 2017. Web. 31 July 2017.
1386:. Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology.
1364:
897:
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757:
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377:As a former partner in Wells’ practice,
338:
16:Historic surgical operating amphitheater
1596:
1594:
1172:
1094:. National Park Service. Archived from
611:Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine
2404:
1064:"National Register Information System"
1058:
1056:
840:current climate-controlled enclosure.
394:successfully anesthetize the patient.
2422:National Historic Landmarks in Boston
1841:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1345:Massachusetts General Hospital Giving
1311:
1080:
743:Mummy (the hospital's oldest patient)
1798:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. 7. Print.
1675:"Uncovering the Life of Padihershef"
1653:
1591:
1069:National Register of Historic Places
567:
1576:10.1097/01.anes.0000265166.14383.0d
1053:
835:The Apollo Belvedere Statue at MGH.
706:as displayed inside the Ether Dome.
685:
13:
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1662:
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1116:Madden, M. Leslie (May 14, 2004).
1009:View from the seats of the theater
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1677:. Massachusetts General Hospital
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669:The first operating room of MGH
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607:The First Operation Under Ether
560:Dr. William Thomas Green Morton
47:U.S. National Historic Landmark
2417:Massachusetts General Hospital
1738:Massachusetts General Hospital
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1231:
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1199:
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1036:Massachusetts General Hospital
1021:Diethyl Ether (Anesthetic Use)
814:Massachusetts General Hospital
749:Massachusetts General Hospital
623:The First Operation with Ether
593:The First Operation with Ether
542:The First Operation with Ether
438:
366:History of ether's application
343:
307:, had previously administered
285:Massachusetts General Hospital
241:
1:
1428:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)87887-9
1124:. University of Georgia Press
1046:
997:Operating theater and seating
985:Apollo statue by the entrance
471:The original Morton Etherizer
414:With the help of MGH surgeon
141:Show map of the United States
1538:neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu
799:Boston's Museum of Fine Arts
784:George Walter Vincent Museum
702:Warren and Lucia Prosperi's
691:Warren and Lucia Prosperi's
404:
19:United States historic place
7:
2342:National Historic Landmarks
1510:"Crawford Long (1815-1878)"
1327:10.1056/NEJM199407283310424
1118:"Crawford Long (1815-1878)"
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915:Ether Dome sublevel exhibit
893:
844:The Apollo Belvedere Statue
762:Outer Coffin of Padihershef
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313:William Thomas Green Morton
10:
2443:
2337:Cape Cod National Seashore
1291:10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.121
1206:The Roots of Critical Care
923:
780:Boston Museum of Fine Arts
488:The improved ether inhaler
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2018:
2011:
1925:
1914:
1875:
1559:"A Tale of Two Paintings"
1468:Underwood, E. A. (1951).
1410:Wilson Smith, T. (1898).
558:. It tells the story of
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240:NRHP reference
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182:42.3635278°N 71.0678611°W
160:
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116:Show map of Massachusetts
69:
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24:
2391:United States portal
1514:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1412:"Improved Ether Inhaler"
1122:New Georgia Encyclopedia
638:Countway Medical Library
554:written and directed by
458:Abbott was given enough
232:Architectural style
1639:Todres, M. Gionfriddo.
1470:"The Ether Controversy"
1400:and Surgical Equipment.
1173:Fenster, J. M. (2001).
187:42.3635278; -71.0678611
1888:Keeper of the Register
1486:10.1136/bmj.2.4736.895
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642:Harvard Medical School
619:Robert Cutler Hinckley
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325:Harvard Medical School
1903:National Park Service
1883:Contributing property
1074:National Park Service
949:Inside the Ether Dome
901:
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634:Jonathan Mason Warren
601:
509:
502:The ether controversy
478:
445:Edward Gilbert Abbott
339:History of anesthesia
317:Edward Gilbert Abbott
155:Boston, Massachusetts
1736:"What's in a Name?"
1154:on February 13, 2015
823:, MD, co-founder of
449:Middlesex County, MA
323:, the first dean of
1754:Neurosurgery at MGH
1654:Kitz, R.J. (2002).
1602:Neurosurgery at MGH
821:John Collins Warren
776:John Collins Warren
432:John Collins Warren
416:Henry Jacob Bigelow
379:William T.G. Morton
321:John Collins Warren
266:Designated NHL
178: /
1831:2008-02-11 at the
1763:2017-07-31 at the
1611:2017-07-31 at the
1144:"Crawford W. Long"
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591:Robert Hinckley's
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399:Nathan Cooley Keep
388:Nathan Cooley Keep
384:Charles T. Jackson
201:less than one acre
91:Show map of Boston
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2019:Barnstable County
1893:Historic district
1656:This is No Humbug
1367:Boston Med Surg J
1192:978-0-06-019523-6
871:Frederick Marryat
583:René Fülöp-Miller
575:Triumph Over Pain
569:Triumph Over Pain
552:biographical film
281:Bulfinch Building
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253:Significant dates
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2128:Middlesex County
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753:Jacob Van Lennep
747:On May 4, 1823,
686:Curated displays
548:The Great Moment
520:Medical Examiner
510:Crawford W. Long
269:January 12, 1965
261:October 15, 1966
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2310:southwestern
2305:northwestern
2066:Essex County
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1679:. Retrieved
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1449:(6): 410–5.
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1443:AANA Journal
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1349:. Retrieved
1347:. 2011-06-15
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1168:
1158:February 13,
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1148:Doctors' Day
1147:
1138:
1128:February 13,
1126:. Retrieved
1121:
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1100:. Retrieved
1096:the original
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937:Seating area
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333:Horace Wells
276:
274:
2325:Other lists
2285:Southbridge
2165:Marlborough
2119:Springfield
2052:New Bedford
1778:MGH HOTLINE
795:Dows Dunham
439:The patient
344:Pain relief
185: /
173:71°4′4.30″W
161:Coordinates
2406:Categories
2215:Winchester
2190:Somerville
2150:Framingham
2078:Gloucester
2047:Fall River
2026:Barnstable
1933:Barnstable
1681:2016-08-07
1543:2017-08-04
1519:2017-08-04
1416:The Lancet
1351:2017-08-04
1321:(4): 281.
1224:2010-11-02
1102:2008-02-01
1047:References
736:frock coat
550:is a 1944
359:Researches
277:Ether Dome
2295:Worcester
2231:Brookline
2200:Wakefield
2155:Lexington
2140:Cambridge
2135:Arlington
1998:Worcester
1978:Nantucket
1973:Middlesex
1968:Hampshire
1938:Berkshire
1369:. 124:75.
774:In 1823,
603:Ether Day
405:Ether Day
214:Architect
2367:Category
2290:Uxbridge
2267:southern
2262:northern
2195:Stoneham
2185:Sherborn
2088:Lawrence
2002:northern
1988:Plymouth
1958:Franklin
1829:Archived
1761:Archived
1609:Archived
1585:17457138
1455:26742335
1299:21549472
1015:See also
894:Skeleton
880:caduceus
648:Features
617:Painter
581:book by
247:66000366
151:Location
2332:Bridges
2300:eastern
2205:Waltham
2180:Reading
2170:Medford
2145:Concord
2098:Methuen
2083:Ipswich
2073:Andover
2057:Taunton
2031:Harwich
1993:Suffolk
1983:Norfolk
1963:Hampden
1943:Bristol
1495:2070217
924:Gallery
305:Georgia
2347:Boston
2257:Boston
2241:Quincy
2236:Milton
2210:Weston
2175:Newton
2160:Lowell
1876:Topics
1727:Print.
1583:
1492:
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1297:
1189:
866:Louvre
850:orator
497:Legacy
420:Morton
289:Boston
2103:Salem
1953:Essex
1948:Dukes
1782:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
605:, or
577:is a
460:ether
297:ether
206:Built
2093:Lynn
1581:PMID
1451:PMID
1295:PMID
1187:ISBN
1160:2015
1130:2015
579:1940
386:and
275:The
209:1821
198:Area
1571:doi
1567:106
1490:PMC
1482:doi
1474:BMJ
1424:doi
1420:151
1323:doi
1319:331
1287:doi
825:MGH
786:in
640:at
287:in
283:at
242:No.
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