744:
against dose of genome damaging agent. The top figure shows the survival curves for virus T4 multicomplexes and monocomplexes with increasing dose of UV light. Since survival is plotted on a log scale it is clear that survival of multicomplexes exceeds that of monocomplexes by very large factors (depending on dose). The UV inactivation curve for multicomplexes has an initial shoulder. Other virus T4 DNA damaging agents with shoulders in their multicomplex survival curves are X-rays and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The presence of a shoulder has been interpreted to mean that two recombinational processes are used. The first one repairs DNA with high efficiency (in the "shoulder"), but is saturated in its ability as damage increases; the second pathway functions at all levels of damage. Surviving T4 virus released from multicomplexes show no increase in
22:
698:
72:
755:(MMC). In this case the survival curve for multicomplexes has no initial shoulder, suggesting that only the second recombinational repair process described above is active. The efficiency of repair by this process is indicated by the observation that a dose of MMC that allows survival of only 1 in 1,000 monocomplexes allows survival of about 70% of multicomplexes. Similar multicomplex survival curves (without shoulders) were also obtained for the DNA damaging agents
587:
883:, rather than being a response to selection. The traditional wisdom among bacteriologists prior to 1943 was that bacteria had no chromosomes and no genes. The Luria–Delbrück experiment showed that bacteria, like other established model genetic organisms, have genes, and that these can spontaneously mutate to generate mutants that may then reproduce to form clonal lineages. That year, they also began working with
411:
1036:
514:(from entering a bacterium to its destruction) takes approximately 30 minutes (at 37 °C). Virulent bacteriophages multiply in their bacterial host immediately after entry. After the number of progeny phages reach a certain amount, they cause the host to lyse or break down, therefore they would be released and infect new host cells. The process of host lyses and release is called the
724:(reviewed by Bernstein in 1981). It turned out later that the repair of damaged virus by mutual help that Luria had discovered was only one special case of DNA repair. Cells of all types, not just, bacteria and their viruses, but all organisms studied, including humans, are now known to have complex biochemical processes for repairing DNA damages (see
578:, particularly between deletion mutations. These genetic experiments led to the finding of a unique linear order of mutational sites within the genes. This result provided strong evidence for the key idea that the gene has a linear structure equivalent to a length of DNA with many sites that can independently mutate.
743:
MR is usually represented by "survival curves" where survival of plaque forming ability of multiply infected cells (multicomplexes) is plotted against dose of genome damaging agent. For comparison, the survival of virus plaque forming ability of singly infected cells (monocomplexes) is also plotted
438:
The structure of the 6 megadalton T4 baseplate that comprises 127 polypeptide chains of 13 different proteins (gene products 5, 5.4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 25, 27, 48 and 53) has recently been described in atomic detail. An atomic model of the proximal region of the tail tube formed by gp54 and the
922:
for proteins. These experiments, carried out with mutants of the rIIB gene of phage T4, showed, that for a gene that encodes a protein, three sequential bases of the gene's DNA specify each successive amino acid of the protein. Thus the genetic code is a triplet code, where each triplet (called a
626:
of the phage to the bacterial cell. Adsorption is a value characteristic of phage-host pair and the adsorption of the phage on host cell surface is illustrated as a 2-stage process: reversible and irreversible. It involves the phages tail structure that begins when the phages tail fibers helps bind
688:
The final step in viral reproduction and multiplication is determined by the release of virions from the host cell. The release of the virions occurs after the breakage of the bacterial plasma membrane. Nonenveloped viruses lyse the host cell which is characterized by viral proteins attacking the
674:
Virus T4 genome is synthesized within the host cell using rolling circle replication. The time it takes for DNA replication in a living cell was measured as the rate of virus T4 DNA elongation in virus-infected E. coli. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749
518:. Lytic cycle is a cycle of viral reproduction that involves the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane. This cycle involves a virus that overtakes the host cell and its machinery to reproduce. Therefore, the virus must go through 5 stages in order to reproduce and infect the host cell:
679:
mechanisms. The T4 phage head is assembled empty around a scaffolding protein, which is later degraded. Consequently, the DNA needs to enter the prohead through a tiny pore, which is achieved by a hexamer of gp17 interacting with DNA first, which also serves as a motor and nuclease. The T4 DNA
450:
interact with each other in a characteristic sequence. Maintaining an appropriate balance in the amounts of each of these proteins produced during viral infection appears to be critical for normal phage T4 morphogenesis. Phage T4 encoded proteins that determine virion structure include major
434:
into the cell it is infecting after attachment. Myoviridae phages like T4 have complex contractile tail structures with a large number of proteins involved in the tail assembly and function. The tail fibres are also important in recognizing host cell surface receptors, so they determine if a
501:
In 1952, Hershey and Chase provided key evidence that the phage DNA, as distinct from protein, enters the host bacterial cell upon infection and is thus the genetic material of the phage. This finding suggested that DNA is, in general, the genetic material of different organisms.
451:
structural components, minor structural components and non-structural proteins that catalyze specific steps in the morphogenesis sequence. Phage T4 morphogenesis is divided into three independent pathways: the head, the tail and the long tail fibres as detailed by Yap and
Rossman.
43:
709:, while studying UV irradiated virus T4 in 1946, discovered MR and proposed that the observed reactivation of damaged virus occurs by a recombination mechanism.(see refs.) This preceded the confirmation of DNA as the genetic material in 1952 in related virus T2 by the
689:
peptidoglycan or membrane. The lysis of the bacteria occurs when the capsids inside the cell release the enzyme lysozyme which break down the cell wall. The released bacteriophages infect other cells, and the viral multiplication cycle is repeated within those cells.
1941:
Benzer S. "Adventures in the rII region" in Phage and the
Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York
926:
During 1962-1964 phage T4 researchers provided an opportunity to study the function of virtually all of the genes that are essential for growth of the phage under laboratory conditions. These studies were facilitated by the discovery of two classes of
960:
was elucidated. One noteworthy study used amber mutants defective in the gene encoding the major head protein of phage T4. This experiment provided strong evidence for the widely held, but prior to 1964 still unproven, "sequence hypothesis" that the
374:. Upon DNA replication, long multi-genome length concatemers are formed, perhaps by a rolling circle mechanism of replication. When packaged, the concatemer is cut at unspecific positions of the same length, leading to several genomes that represent
1633:
Snustad DP (August 1968). "Dominance interactions in
Escherichia coli cells mixedly infected with bacteriophage T4D wild-type and amber mutants and their possible implications as to type of gene-product function: catalytic vs. stoichiometric".
2767:
Edgar RS Conditional lethals: in Phage and the
Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York
3331:
Malys N, Chang DY, Baumann RG, Xie D, Black LW (2002). "A bipartite bacteriophage T4 SOC and HOC randomized peptide display library: detection and analysis of phage T4 terminase (gp17) and late sigma factor (gp55) interaction".
856:. Also, in 1932, the researcher J. Bronfenbrenner had studied and worked on the T2 phage, at which the T2 phage was isolated from the virus. This isolation was made from a fecal material rather than from sewerage. At any rate,
675:
nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during virus T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 10, a highly accurate DNA copying mechanism, with only 1 error in 300 copies. The virus also codes for unique
939:
Studies of these two classes of mutants led to considerable insight into numerous fundamental biologic problems. Thus understanding was gained on the functions and interactions of the proteins employed in the machinery of
923:
codon) specifies a particular amino acid. They also obtained evidence that the codons do not overlap with each other in the DNA sequence encoding a protein, and that such a sequence is read from a fixed starting point.
2834:
Epstein RH, Bolle A, Steinberg CM, Kellenberger E, Boy de la Tour E, Chevalley R, Edgar RS, Susman M, Denhardt GH, Lielausis A (1963). "Physiological
Studies of Conditional Lethal Mutants of Bacteriophage T4D".
701:
Survival curves for virus T4 with DNA damaged by UV (top) or MMC (bottom) after single virus T4 infecting host cells (monocomplexes) or two or more virus T4 simultaneously infecting host cells (multicomplexes).
680:
packaging motor has been found to load DNA into virus capsids at a rate up to 2000 base pairs per second. The power involved, if scaled up in size, would be equivalent to that of an average automobile engine.
1547:
Taylor NM, Prokhorov NS, Guerrero-Ferreira RC, Shneider MM, Browning C, Goldie KN, Stahlberg H, Leiman PG (May 2016). "Structure of the T4 baseplate and its function in triggering sheath contraction".
627:
the phage to the appropriate receptor of its host. This process is reversible. One or more of the components of the base plate mediates irreversible process of binding of the phage to a bacterium.
705:
Multiplicity reactivation (MR) is the process by which two or more virus genomes, each containing inactivating genome damage, can interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome.
662:(T4-like phage) mechanism of penetration and it has shown that the phage's tail does not penetrate inside the bacterial cell wall and penetration of this phage involves electrochemical
1126:
646:
takes place after the irreversible adsorption phase. Mechanisms involving penetration of the phages nucleic acid are specific for each phage. This penetration mechanism can involve
820:. It has been suggested that the efficient and accurate recombinational repair of DNA damages during MR may be analogous to the recombinational repair process that occurs during
863:
The specific time and place of T4 virus isolation remains unclear, though they were likely found in sewage or fecal material. T4 and similar viruses were described in a paper by
196:
3084:
Mosig, G., and F. Eiserling. 2006. T4 and related phages: structure and development, R. Calendar and S. T. Abedon (eds.), The
Bacteriophages. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
478:
cells with its long tail fibers (LTF). A recognition signal is sent through the LTFs to the baseplate. This unravels the short tail fibers (STF) that bind irreversibly to the
206:
221:
216:
211:
201:
191:
186:
898:
was an informal network of biologists centered on Max Delbrück that carried out basic research mainly on bacteriophage T4 and made numerous seminal contributions to
647:
559:
and ejects the newly built viruses into the environment, destroying the host cell. T4 has a burst size of approximately 100-150 viral particles per infected host.
2554:
Story RM, Bishop DK, Kleckner N, Steitz TA (1993). "Structural relationship of bacterial RecA proteins to recombination proteins from bacteriophage T4 and yeast".
2127:
McCarthy D, Minner C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C (1976). "DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant".
618:
all can serve as receptors for the phage to bind to. In order for the T-even phage to infect its host and begin its life cycle it must enter the first process of
3536:
Kutter E., Gachechiladze K., Poglazov A., Marusich E., Shneider M., Aronsson P., Napuli A., Porter D., Mesyanzhinov V. (1995). "Evolution of T4-related phages".
3625:
Malys N, Nivinskas R (2009). "Non-canonical RNA arrangement in T4-even phages: accommodated ribosome binding site at the gene 26-25 intercistronic junction".
3457:
439:
main tube protein gp19 have also been created. The tape measure protein gp29 is present in the baseplate-tail tube complexes, but it could not be modeled.
3504:
Monod C, Repoila F, Kutateladze M, Tétart F, Krisch HM (March 1997). "The genome of the pseudo T-even bacteriophages, a diverse group that resembles T4".
1325:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C (July 1973). "Circular and branched circular concatenates as possible intermediates in bacteriophage T4 DNA replication".
658:
layer, or all three of these factor can be vital for the penetration of the nucleic acid inside the bacterial cell. Studies have been done on the
3781:
482:
cell surface. The baseplate changes conformation and the tail sheath contracts, causing GP5 at the end of the tail tube to puncture the outer
494:
layer. The remaining part of the membrane is degraded and then DNA from the head of the virus can travel through the tail tube and enter the
1138:
860:
was involved in the discovery of the T even phages. His part was naming the bacteriophages into Type 1(T1), Type 2 (T2), Type 3 (T3), etc.
918:
and
Richard Watts-Tobin at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge to perform genetic experiments that demonstrated the basic nature of the
1769:"Roles of cell surface components of Escherichia coli K-12 in bacteriophage T4 infection: interaction of tail core with phospholipids"
3601:
Mathews, C. K., E. M. Kutter, G. Mosig, and P. B. Berget. 1983. Bacteriophage T4. American
Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
733:
1720:"Roles of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane protein OmpC of Escherichia coli K-12 in the receptor function for bacteriophage T4"
562:
Benzer (1955 – 1959) developed a system for studying the fine structure of the gene using bacteriophage T4 mutants defective in the
594:
Just like all other viruses, T-even phages do not randomly attach to the surface of their host; instead they "search" and bind to
2467:
HARM W (1958). "Multiplicity reactivation, marker rescue, and genetic recombination in phage T4 following x-ray inactivation".
2111:
2086:
1437:
1369:
888:
2351:"Genetic Recombinations Leading to Production of Active Bacteriophage from Ultraviolet Inactivated Bacteriophage Particles"
3074:
Karam, J., Petrov, V., Nolan, J., Chin, D., Shatley, C., Krisch, H., and
Letarov, A. The T4-like phages genome project.
2773:
2322:
LURIA SE, DULBECCO R (1948). "Lethal mutations, and inactivation of individual genetic determinants in bacteriophage".
2177:
1947:
3613:
3587:
3092:
2405:
2919:
Sarabhai AS, Stretton AO, Brenner S, Bolle A (January 1964). "Co-linearity of the gene with the polypeptide chain".
2400:
Salvador E. Luria. A Slot
Machine, A Broken Test Tube: An Autobiography. Harper & Row, New York: 1984. Pp. 228.
3598:
Surdis, T.J "et al" UC Santa Cruz, Nov 1978, "Bacteriophage attachment methods specific to T4", analysis, Overview.
2717:
CRICK FH, BARNETT L, BRENNER S, WATTS-TOBIN RJ (December 1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins".
3581:(The second T4 bible, go here, as well as Mosig and Eiserling, 2006, to begin to learn about the biology T4 phage)
3618:
Russell, R. L. 1967. Speciation Among the T-Even Bacteriophages. PhD thesis. California Institute of Technology.
3493:
2170:
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determining the protein. Thus, this study demonstrated the co-linearity of the gene with its encoded protein.
422:
wide and 200 nm long (most viruses range from 25 to 200 nm in length). The DNA genome is held in an
319:
Dating back to the 1940s and continuing today, T-even phages are considered the best studied model organisms.
3607:, 1994; see especially the introductory chapter by Doermann for a historical overview of the T4-like phages)
3594:(Chapter 3 provides overview of various T4-like phages as well as the isolation of then-new T4-like phages)
3075:
2195:
Bernstein C. "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in bacteriophage". Microbiol Rev. 1981 Mar;45(1):72-98. Review.
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903:
844:
in 1917. In the late 1930s, T. L. Rakieten proposed either a mixture of raw sewerage or a lysate from
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1094:
71:
3814:
1453:
Leiman PG, Arisaka F, van Raaij MJ, Kostyuchenko VA, Aksyuk AA, Kanamaru S, Rossmann MG (December 2010).
764:
716:
As remembered by Luria (1984, pg. 97) the discovery of reactivation of irradiated virus (referred to as "
21:
720:") immediately started a flurry of activity in the study of repair of radiation damage within the early
3772:
3667:"Hydroxymethylcytosine-containing and tryptophan-dependent bacteriophages isolated from city effluents"
3592:
Eddy, S. R. 1992. Introns in the T-Even Bacteriophages. PhD thesis. University of Colorado at Boulder.
571:
1385:
Malys N (January 2012). "Shine-Dalgarno sequence of bacteriophage T4: GAGG prevails in early genes".
962:
717:
751:
The bottom figure shows the survival curves for inactivation of virus T4 by the DNA damaging agent
371:
760:
1063:
841:
779:
768:
728:). DNA repair processes are also now recognized as playing critical roles in protecting against
395:
308:
304:
300:
236:
231:
226:
1160:
3786:
3734:
651:
1818:"How the phage T4 injection machinery works including energetics, forces, and dynamic pathway"
966:
949:
595:
575:
340:
729:
3111:
3100:"Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous component of the dark matter of the biosphere"
2928:
2726:
2563:
2276:
2031:
1972:
1829:
1556:
1223:
375:
66:
3710:
2872:"Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage T4D: Their isolation and Characterization"
8:
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880:
607:
398:
GAGG dominates in virus T4 early genes, whereas the sequence GGAG is a target for the T4
332:
54:
3115:
3050:
3025:
2932:
2730:
2597:
Bernstein C (1979). "Why are babies young? Meiosis may prevent aging of the germ line".
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2280:
2035:
1976:
1833:
1809:
1560:
1227:
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3561:
3485:
3436:
3366:"Phylogeny of the major head and tail genes of the wide-ranging T4-type bacteriophages"
3364:
Tétart F., Desplats C., Kutateladze M., Monod C., Ackermann H.-W., Krisch H.M. (2001).
3134:
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1817:
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1529:
1481:
1454:
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1255:
952:, and on how viruses are assembled from protein and nucleic acid components (molecular
899:
864:
663:
471:
339:. Coincident with their complexity, T-even viruses were found to have the unusual base
245:
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3311:
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3265:
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2531:
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1995:
1960:
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1943:
1909:
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1615:
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1486:
1433:
1402:
1365:
1342:
1338:
1304:
1247:
1239:
697:
3565:
3489:
2956:
2626:
1880:"Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage"
1533:
1414:
3678:
3654:
3634:
3545:
3513:
3469:
3431:
3423:
3385:
3377:
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3153:
3129:
3119:
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2983:
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2883:
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1990:
1980:
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1847:
1837:
1788:
1780:
1739:
1731:
1690:
1682:
1643:
1607:
1598:
Floor E (February 1970). "Interaction of morphogenetic genes of bacteriophage T4".
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1513:
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1394:
1334:
1294:
1286:
1259:
1231:
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635:
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structures, found on the surface of the host. These receptors vary with the phage;
271:
3381:
3256:
2987:
2522:
1784:
1735:
1290:
3427:
2802:
2672:
2435:
993:
941:
837:
659:
541:
529:
467:
320:
3023:
2887:
2848:
2265:"Reactivation of Irradiated Bacteriophage by Transfer of Self-Reproducing Units"
981:
857:
756:
3535:
2366:
2024:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1965:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1822:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1041:
1017:
1005:
989:
985:
915:
907:
884:
872:
706:
108:
25:
Bacteriophage T4 structure as per construction from individual PDBs and cryoEMs
3723:
3718:
3683:
3666:
3451:(Historical description of the isolation of the T4-like phages T2, T4, and T6)
3041:
3024:
Leiman P.G., Kanamaru S, Mesyanzhinov V.V., Arisaka F., Rossmann M.G. (2003).
1398:
3803:
3757:
3239:
Miller, E.S., Kutter E., Mosig G., Arisaka F., Kunisawa T., Ruger W. (2003).
2856:
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1021:
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which specifies a protein that has three-dimensional structural homology to
3692:
3646:
3517:
3445:
3399:
3353:
3320:
3274:
3231:
3193:
3143:
3059:
3005:
2972:"Anecdotal, historical and critical commentaries on genetics. Gisela Mosig"
2948:
2905:
2820:
2746:
2690:
2488:
2453:
2384:
2335:
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2249:
2063:
2004:
1913:
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1704:
1576:
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1308:
1273:
Miller ES, Kutter E, Mosig G, Arisaka F, Kunisawa T, Rüger W (March 2003).
1251:
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919:
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Several of the genes found to be necessary for MR in virus T4 proved to be
772:
643:
431:
399:
277:
132:
120:
3557:
3531:(Overview of various T4-like phages from the perspective of their genomes)
3525:
3481:
3473:
3363:
2610:
2583:
2289:
2200:
1985:
1802:
1753:
1655:
1619:
1525:
1517:
1346:
327:. Yet, T-even phages are in fact among the largest and highest complexity
3766:
2618:
2540:
2148:
1504:
Ackermann HW, Krisch HM (1997). "A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages".
977:
895:
721:
515:
511:
423:
3579:
1994. Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
3359:(T4 phage application in biotechnology for studying protein interaction)
3097:
3076:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070523215704/http://phage.bioc.tulane.edu/
1895:
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945:
932:
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infected with raw sewerage to the two researchers Milislav Demerec and
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813:
783:
752:
725:
676:
623:
522:
3603:(The first T4 bible; not all information here is duplicated in Karam
2738:
1816:
Maghsoodi A, Chatterjee A, Andricioaei I, Perkins NC (December 2019).
1686:
1235:
2940:
1815:
876:
787:
631:
619:
463:
419:
379:
363:
3728:
3284:
891:, "for work on the replication mechanism and genetics of viruses".)
748:, indicating that MR of UV irradiated virus is an accurate process.
299:, a name which also encompasses, among other strains (or isolates),
3751:
1073:
1058:
849:
745:
639:
611:
487:
367:
344:
292:
3154:
Chibani-Chennoufi S., Canchaya C., Bruttin A., Brussow H. (2004).
1452:
586:
2833:
935:. Another class of conditional lethal mutants is referred to as
821:
817:
791:
599:
3287:"Snapshot of the genome of the pseudo-T-even bacteriophage RB49"
3285:
Desplats C., Dez C., Tetart F., Eleaume H., Krisch H.M. (2002).
2126:
3405:(Indication of the prevalence of T4-type sequences in the wild)
535:
427:
383:
359:
58:
2716:
1000:. Other important scientists who worked with virus T4 include
887:, another phage experimenter. (The three would share the 1969
836:
Bacteriophages were first discovered by the English scientist
42:
3503:
2081:. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. p. 31.
809:
615:
556:
548:
443:
410:
336:
328:
324:
288:
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bacteria. It is a double-stranded DNA virus in the subfamily
83:
2970:
Nossal NG, Franklin JL, Kutter E, Drake JW (November 2004).
2918:
1035:
3660:(rare type of translational regulation characterized in T4)
3206:"The diversity and evolution of the T4-type bacteriophages"
970:
799:
447:
980:
winners worked with virus T4 or T4-like viruses including
3149:(Indication of prevalence and T4-like phages in the wild)
2969:
2553:
852:. These two researchers isolated T3, T4, T5, and T6 from
630:
Penetration is also a value characteristic of phage-host
356:
3280:(Review of phage T4, from the perspective of its genome)
3160:
phage JS98: implications for the evolution of T4 phages"
1272:
1212:"A New Pyrimidine Base from Bacteriophage Nucleic Acids"
910:, an early member of the phage group, collaborated with
490:
domain of GP5 is activated and degrades the periplasmic
3698:(T4-like phage isolation, including that of phage Ox2)
3412:"The murky origin of Snow White and her T-even dwarfs"
2787:"The genome of bacteriophage T4: an archeological dig"
2657:"The murky origin of Snow White and her T-even dwarfs"
323:
are usually required to be simple with as few as five
3571:(Comparison of the genomes of various T4-like phages)
3098:
Filee J. Tetart F., Suttle C.A., Krisch H.M. (2005).
1961:"Fine structure of a genetic region in bacteriophage"
1169:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1135:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3330:
3080:(The T4-like phage full genomic sequence depository)
1031:
418:
T4 is a relatively large virus, at approximately 90
3499:(Nearly complete list of then-known T4-like phages)
2837:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
2420:"The properties of x-ray inactivated bacteriophage"
2101:
1427:
1324:
446:, the morphogenetic proteins encoded by the phage
430:. The T4's tail is hollow so that it can pass its
3026:"Structure and morphogenesis of bacteriophage T4"
2214:"Structure and assembly of bacteriophage T4 head"
1766:
3801:
2827:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
555:After the life cycle is complete, the host cell
442:During assembly of the bacteriophage (phage) T4
402:RegB that initiates the early mRNA degradation.
3664:
3455:
1503:
1359:
1320:
1318:
1092:
3719:Animation of T4 Bacteriophage Infecting E.coli
3624:
3620:(Isolation of the RB series of T4-like phages)
3326:(Overview of the RB49 genome, a T4-like phage)
3203:
2869:
2106:(seventh ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 427.
1873:
1871:
1455:"Morphogenesis of the T4 tail and tail fibers"
2348:
2321:
2182:
879:for phage resistance arise in the absence of
581:
2963:
2912:
2863:
2778:
2710:
2648:
2460:
2411:
2396:
2394:
2342:
2315:
2256:
2205:
2079:Virology, Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis
2011:
1952:
1877:
1760:
1671:"Structure and function of bacteriophage T4"
1662:
1540:
1446:
1315:
692:
669:
435:bacterium is within the virus's host range.
3724:Animation of T4 Bacteriophage DNA packaging
3409:
2547:
2020:"On the topology of genetic fine structure"
1868:
1717:
1668:
1626:
1591:
1497:
1378:
1266:
405:
2590:
1279:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1209:
634:that involves the injection of the phages
41:
3682:
3435:
3389:
3310:
3264:
3221:
3183:
3133:
3123:
3049:
2995:
2895:
2810:
2680:
2596:
2530:
2507:"UV-induced mutation in bacteriophage T4"
2500:
2498:
2443:
2391:
2374:
2298:
2288:
2239:
2229:
2102:Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (2008).
2053:
2043:
1994:
1984:
1903:
1851:
1841:
1792:
1743:
1694:
1480:
1470:
1428:Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (2008).
1298:
1110:
931:. One class of such mutants is known as
782:for genes essential for recombination in
2211:
1926:
794:. This includes, for instance, T4 gene
696:
585:
409:
343:(HMC) in place of the nucleic acid base
20:
3458:"A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages"
1632:
350:
3802:
2654:
2504:
2495:
2417:
2076:
2017:
1958:
1711:
1095:"Structural Model of Bacteriophage T4"
525:and penetration (starting immediately)
287:. T4 is capable of undergoing only a
3733:
3732:
3199:(Characterization of a T4-like phage)
3156:"Comparative genomics of the T4-Like
2784:
2262:
1597:
1384:
889:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
570:genes. The techniques employed were
551:particles (starting after 12 minutes)
378:of the original. The T4 genome bears
3030:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2870:Edgar RS, Lielausis I (April 1964).
2466:
1767:Furukawa H, Mizushima S (May 1982).
1360:Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2006).
1353:
1210:Wyatt GR, Cohen SS (December 1952).
1119:
765:N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
590:Diagram of the DNA injection process
538:synthesis (starting after 5 minutes)
454:
906:in the mid-20th century. In 1961,
875:and Delbrück showed that bacterial
13:
3204:Desplats C, Krisch HM (May 2003).
3016:
2639:
2212:Rao VB, Black LW (December 2010).
654:molecules, enzymatic splitting of
648:electrochemical membrane potential
314:
295:. The species was formerly named
14:
3831:
3704:
1884:The Journal of General Physiology
1718:Yu F, Mizushima S (August 1982).
1432:(seventh ed.). McGraw-Hill.
965:of a protein is specified by the
763:plus near-UV irradiation (PUVA),
3639:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06840.x
3456:Ackermann HW, Krisch HM (1997).
3303:10.1128/JB.184.10.2789-2804.2002
3176:10.1128/JB.186.24.8276-8286.2004
2644:(seventh ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2163:The Molecular Basis of Mutation.
1878:HERSHEY AD, CHASE M (May 1952).
1364:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
1285:(1): 86–156, table of contents.
1034:
70:
2761:
2697:
2633:
2155:
2120:
2095:
2070:
1935:
1931:(eighth ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1920:
1362:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
505:
414:Structural overview of T2 phage
355:The T4 virus's double-stranded
2705:A History of Molecular Biology
1421:
1203:
1153:
1086:
389:
1:
3382:10.1128/JB.183.1.358-366.2001
3346:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00298-X
3257:10.1128/MMBR.67.1.86-156.2003
3223:10.1016/S0923-2508(03)00069-X
2523:10.1128/JVI.26.2.265-271.1978
2349:Luria SE, Dulbecco R (1949).
1785:10.1128/JB.150.2.916-924.1982
1736:10.1128/JB.151.2.718-722.1982
1291:10.1128/mmbr.67.1.86-156.2003
1079:
937:temperature-sensitive mutants
197:Enterobacteria phage Fs-alpha
3086:(Review of phage T4 biology)
2481:10.1016/0042-6822(58)90027-8
2436:10.1128/JB.63.4.473-485.1952
2269:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2141:10.1016/0022-2836(76)90346-6
1669:Yap ML, Rossmann MG (2014).
1648:10.1016/0042-6822(68)90285-7
1612:10.1016/0022-2836(70)90303-7
1600:Journal of Molecular Biology
1339:10.1016/0022-2836(73)90443-9
1327:Journal of Molecular Biology
956:). Furthermore, the role of
904:origins of molecular biology
574:tests and crosses to detect
7:
2988:10.1093/genetics/168.3.1097
2849:10.1101/SQB.1963.028.01.053
1027:
871:in November 1944. In 1943,
808:and the homologous protein
544:(starting after 10 minutes)
10:
3836:
3665:Kay D., Fildes P. (1962).
3428:10.1093/genetics/155.2.481
3104:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2803:10.1093/genetics/168.2.575
2673:10.1093/genetics/155.2.481
2165:Holden-Day, San Francisco
2018:Benzer S (November 1959).
1093:Padilla-Sanchez V (2021).
929:conditional lethal mutants
831:
683:
582:Adsorption and penetration
459:The T4 virus initiates an
3741:
3684:10.1099/00221287-27-1-143
3245:Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev
3241:"Bacteriophage T4 genome"
3042:10.1007/s00018-003-3072-1
2888:10.1093/genetics/49.4.649
1399:10.1007/s11033-011-0707-4
1387:Molecular Biology Reports
1275:"Bacteriophage T4 genome"
718:multiplicity reactivation
693:Multiplicity reactivation
670:Replication and packaging
606:, cell wall proteins and
335:is made up of around 300
331:, in which these phage's
251:
244:
207:Enterobacteria phage SKII
183:
178:
65:
49:
40:
33:
2785:Edgar B (October 2004).
2367:10.1093/genetics/34.2.93
1161:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1127:"ICTV 9th Report (2011)
958:chain terminating codons
769:methyl methane sulfonate
711:Hershey–Chase experiment
474:(LPS) on the surface of
406:Virus particle structure
222:Enterobacteria phage SV3
217:Enterobacteria phage SKX
212:Enterobacteria phage SKV
202:Enterobacteria phage PST
192:Enterobacteria phage F10
187:Enterobacteria phage C16
16:Species of bacteriophage
3743:Enterobacteria phage T4
3125:10.1073/pnas.0503404102
2655:Abedon ST (June 2000).
2642:Prescott's Microbiology
2576:10.1126/science.8456313
2231:10.1186/1743-422X-7-356
2045:10.1073/pnas.45.11.1607
1929:Prescott's Microbiology
1843:10.1073/pnas.1909298116
1773:Journal of Bacteriology
1724:Journal of Bacteriology
1472:10.1186/1743-422X-7-355
666:on the inner membrane.
396:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
309:Enterobacteria phage T6
305:Enterobacteria phage T4
301:Enterobacteria phage T2
254:Enterobacteria phage T4
237:Enterobacteria phage T6
232:Enterobacteria phage T4
227:Enterobacteria phage T2
3518:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0867
1959:Benzer S (June 1955).
1099:WikiJournal of Science
702:
591:
532:(starting immediately)
426:head, also known as a
415:
26:
3474:10.1007/s007050050246
2611:10.1353/pbm.1979.0041
2290:10.1073/pnas.33.9.253
1986:10.1073/pnas.41.6.344
1518:10.1007/s007050050246
1112:10.15347/WJS/2021.005
700:
589:
413:
376:circular permutations
366:long and encodes 289
341:hydroxymethylcytosine
24:
3410:Abedon S.T. (2000).
1506:Archives of Virology
1197:Escherichia virus T4
1163:Escherichia virus T4
867:, Max Delbrück, and
372:terminally redundant
370:. The T4 genome is
351:Genome and structure
297:T-even bacteriophage
293:lysogenic life cycle
263:Escherichia virus T4
171:Escherichia virus T4
67:Virus classification
51:Escherichia virus T4
35:Escherichia virus T4
3496:on 1 November 2001.
3116:2005PNAS..10212471F
2933:1964Natur.201...13S
2731:1961Natur.192.1227C
2599:Perspect. Biol. Med
2568:1993Sci...259.1892S
2281:1947PNAS...33..253L
2036:1959PNAS...45.1607B
1977:1955PNAS...41..344B
1927:Sherwood L (2011).
1896:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39
1834:2019PNAS..11625097M
1828:(50): 25097–25105.
1675:Future Microbiology
1569:10.1038/nature17971
1561:2016Natur.533..346T
1228:1952Natur.170.1072W
1222:(4338): 1072–1073.
1141:on 26 December 2018
967:nucleotide sequence
963:amino acid sequence
608:lipopolysaccharides
333:genetic information
3815:Tilings in biology
3550:10.1007/BF01728666
2505:Yarosh DB (1978).
2418:WATSON JD (1952).
2077:Norkin LC (2010).
900:microbial genetics
865:Thomas F. Anderson
703:
664:membrane potential
592:
472:lipopolysaccharide
416:
27:
3797:
3796:
3735:Taxon identifiers
3714:: T4-like viruses
3671:J. Gen. Microbiol
3297:(10): 2789–2804.
3036:(11): 2356–2370.
2739:10.1038/1921227a0
2725:(4809): 1227–32.
2263:Luria SE (1947).
2113:978-0-07-126727-4
2088:978-1-55581-453-3
1687:10.2217/fmb.14.91
1439:978-0-07-126727-4
1371:978-0-13-144329-7
1236:10.1038/1701072a0
642:. Penetration of
547:Formation of new
486:of the cell. The
455:Infection process
260:
259:
3827:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3773:Tequatrovirus T4
3762:
3761:
3760:
3730:
3729:
3696:
3686:
3658:
3633:(6): 1115–1127.
3569:
3544:(2–3): 285–297.
3529:
3497:
3492:. Archived from
3449:
3439:
3403:
3393:
3357:
3324:
3314:
3278:
3268:
3235:
3225:
3197:
3187:
3158:Escherichia coli
3147:
3137:
3127:
3071:
3053:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2941:10.1038/201013a0
2916:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2782:
2776:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2562:(5103): 1892–6.
2551:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2409:
2408:(USA and Canada)
2398:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2218:Virology Journal
2209:
2203:
2193:
2180:
2161:Drake JW (1970)
2159:
2153:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1555:(7603): 346–52.
1544:
1538:
1537:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1459:Virology Journal
1450:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1177:
1175:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1137:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1090:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1002:Michael Rossmann
869:Milislav Demerec
805:Escherichia coli
660:T2 bacteriophage
636:genetic material
512:lytic life cycle
466:by binding OmpC
461:Escherichia coli
289:lytic life cycle
272:Escherichia coli
265:is a species of
75:
74:
45:
31:
30:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3737:
3707:
3702:
3468:(12): 2329–45.
3170:(24): 8276–86.
3110:(35): 12471–6.
3019:
3017:Further reading
3014:
3013:
2982:(3): 1097–104.
2968:
2964:
2917:
2913:
2868:
2864:
2832:
2828:
2783:
2779:
2766:
2762:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2653:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2595:
2591:
2552:
2548:
2503:
2496:
2465:
2461:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2392:
2347:
2343:
2320:
2316:
2261:
2257:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2183:
2160:
2156:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2075:
2071:
2030:(11): 1607–20.
2016:
2012:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1876:
1869:
1814:
1810:
1765:
1761:
1716:
1712:
1681:(12): 1319–27.
1667:
1663:
1631:
1627:
1596:
1592:
1545:
1541:
1512:(12): 2329–45.
1502:
1498:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1358:
1354:
1323:
1316:
1271:
1267:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1040:
1033:
1030:
994:James D. Watson
942:DNA replication
842:Félix d'Hérelle
838:Frederick Twort
834:
695:
686:
672:
584:
572:complementation
542:DNA replication
530:gene expression
528:Arrest of host
508:
457:
408:
392:
353:
321:Model organisms
317:
315:Use in research
174:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3778:
3763:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3705:External links
3703:
3701:
3700:
3662:
3622:
3616:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3573:
3533:
3501:
3453:
3407:
3376:(1): 358–366.
3361:
3340:(2): 289–304.
3328:
3282:
3236:
3210:Res. Microbiol
3201:
3151:
3095:
3082:
3072:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2962:
2927:(4914): 13–7.
2911:
2862:
2826:
2777:
2774:978-0879698003
2760:
2709:
2696:
2647:
2632:
2589:
2546:
2494:
2459:
2410:
2390:
2341:
2314:
2255:
2204:
2181:
2178:978-0816224500
2154:
2119:
2112:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2010:
1951:
1948:978-0879698003
1934:
1919:
1867:
1808:
1759:
1710:
1661:
1625:
1606:(3): 293–306.
1590:
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1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1042:Viruses portal
1029:
1026:
1018:Richard Lenski
1006:Seymour Benzer
990:Alfred Hershey
986:Salvador Luria
916:Leslie Barnett
908:Sydney Brenner
885:Alfred Hershey
873:Salvador Luria
833:
830:
707:Salvador Luria
694:
691:
685:
682:
671:
668:
583:
580:
553:
552:
545:
539:
533:
526:
507:
504:
456:
453:
407:
404:
391:
388:
352:
349:
316:
313:
281:of the family
267:bacteriophages
258:
257:
249:
248:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
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161:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
134:Caudoviricetes
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
110:Heunggongvirae
106:
102:
101:
94:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
62:
47:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3808:
3807:
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3779:
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3694:
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3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:Mol Microbiol
3623:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:0-914826-56-5
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:1-55581-064-0
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:Karam, J. D.
3574:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3512:(2): 237–49.
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:(1): 86–156.
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3216:(4): 259–67.
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3093:0-19-514850-9
3090:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:(4): 649–62.
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:(2): 575–82.
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:(4): 539–44.
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:(2): 265–71.
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:(2): 337–61.
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:(4): 473–85.
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2406:0-06-015260-5
2403:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:(2): 93–125.
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:(9): 253–64.
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:(4): 963–81.
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:(6): 344–54.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:(2): 916–24.
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:(2): 718–22.
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:(4): 550–63.
1641:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:(3): 355–61.
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Bacteriophage
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Bruce Alberts
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Francis Crick
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
954:morphogenesis
951:
950:recombination
947:
943:
938:
934:
933:amber mutants
930:
924:
921:
917:
913:
912:Francis Crick
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
699:
690:
681:
678:
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:peptidoglycan
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:teichoic acid
601:
597:
588:
579:
577:
576:recombination
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
513:
503:
499:
497:
493:
492:peptidoglycan
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:proteins and
469:
465:
462:
452:
449:
445:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
412:
403:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:is about 169
361:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
284:Straboviridae
280:
279:
274:
273:
268:
264:
256:
255:
250:
247:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:Tequatrovirus
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:Straboviridae
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:Duplodnaviria
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
36:
32:
29:
23:
19:
3742:
3711:
3697:
3674:
3670:
3659:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3509:
3506:J. Mol. Biol
3505:
3498:
3494:the original
3465:
3461:
3450:
3422:(2): 481–6.
3419:
3415:
3404:
3373:
3370:J. Bacteriol
3369:
3358:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3294:
3291:J. Bacteriol
3290:
3279:
3248:
3244:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3167:
3164:J. Bacteriol
3163:
3157:
3148:
3107:
3103:
3085:
3079:
3033:
3029:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2763:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2667:(2): 481–6.
2664:
2660:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2514:
2510:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2427:
2424:J. Bacteriol
2423:
2413:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2162:
2157:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2104:Microbiology
2103:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1890:(1): 39–56.
1887:
1883:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1430:Microbiology
1429:
1423:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1361:
1355:
1330:
1326:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1189:Tevenvirinae
1188:
1184:
1181:Caudovirales
1180:
1179:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1162:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1134:
1128:
1121:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1051:
1014:Gisela Mosig
982:Max Delbrück
976:A number of
975:
925:
920:genetic code
893:
862:
858:Max Delbrück
853:
845:
840:in 1915 and
835:
816:and RadA in
803:
795:
777:
773:nitrous acid
750:
742:
715:
704:
687:
673:
644:nucleic acid
629:
593:
567:
563:
561:
554:
509:
506:Reproduction
500:
495:
479:
475:
460:
458:
441:
437:
432:nucleic acid
417:
400:endonuclease
393:
354:
318:
296:
291:and not the
282:
278:Tevenvirinae
276:
270:
269:that infect
262:
261:
253:
252:
170:
169:
157:
145:
133:
121:
109:
97:
90:
80:(unranked):
50:
34:
28:
18:
3767:Wikispecies
3538:Virus Genes
3462:Arch. Virol
2843:: 375–394.
1393:(1): 33–9.
1174:26 December
1145:26 December
978:Nobel Prize
896:phage group
784:prokaryotes
753:mitomycin C
738:infertility
722:phage group
638:inside the
598:, specific
557:bursts open
516:lytic cycle
424:icosahedral
390:Translation
386:sequences.
122:Uroviricota
3810:Myoviridae
3804:Categories
3334:J Mol Biol
2707:, pp 43-44
2640:Willey J.
2330:(6): 618.
2171:0816224501
2129:J Mol Biol
1185:Myoviridae
1129:Myoviridae
1080:References
1022:James Bull
826:eukaryotes
814:eukaryotes
788:eukaryotes
771:(MMS) and
726:DNA repair
677:DNA repair
624:adsorption
523:Adsorption
3712:Viralzone
3677:: 143–6.
2857:0091-7451
2703:Morange,
1244:1476-4687
881:selection
877:mutations
780:orthologs
640:bacterium
632:infection
620:infection
596:receptors
464:infection
380:eukaryote
165:Species:
105:Kingdom:
3820:T-phages
3787:11459726
3752:Wikidata
3693:14454648
3647:19708923
3566:20529415
3490:39369249
3446:10835374
3416:Genetics
3400:11114936
3354:12051907
3321:11976309
3275:12626685
3232:12798230
3194:15576776
3144:16116082
3060:14625682
3051:11138918
3006:15579671
2976:Genetics
2957:10179456
2949:14085558
2906:14156925
2876:Genetics
2821:15514035
2791:Genetics
2747:13882203
2691:10835374
2661:Genetics
2627:38550472
2511:J. Virol
2489:13544109
2469:Virology
2454:14938320
2385:17247312
2355:Genetics
2336:18100306
2324:Genetics
2309:16588748
2250:21129201
2064:16590553
2005:16589677
1914:12981234
1862:31767752
1705:25517898
1636:Virology
1577:27193680
1534:39369249
1491:21129200
1415:17854788
1407:21533668
1309:12626685
1252:13013321
1105:(1): 5.
1074:Virology
1064:T6 phage
1059:T2 phage
1028:See also
902:and the
850:Ugo Fano
767:(MNNG),
761:psoralen
746:mutation
612:flagella
488:lysozyme
484:membrane
368:proteins
345:cytosine
246:Synonyms
179:Strains
141:Family:
117:Phylum:
3758:Q913706
3655:8187771
3558:8828153
3526:9096222
3482:9672598
3437:1461100
3135:1194919
3112:Bibcode
3068:2228357
2997:1448779
2929:Bibcode
2897:1210603
2812:1448817
2755:4276146
2727:Bibcode
2682:1461100
2584:8456313
2564:Bibcode
2556:Science
2376:1209443
2300:1079044
2277:Bibcode
2241:3012670
2224:: 356.
2201:6261109
2032:Bibcode
1973:Bibcode
1905:2147348
1853:6911207
1830:Bibcode
1803:7040345
1754:7047495
1696:4275845
1656:4878023
1620:4907266
1585:4399265
1557:Bibcode
1526:9672598
1482:3004832
1465:: 355.
1347:4580243
1260:4277592
1224:Bibcode
1193:T4virus
969:of the
846:E. coli
832:History
822:meiosis
818:archaea
792:archaea
759:decay,
684:Release
600:protein
496:E. coli
480:E. coli
476:E. coli
153:Genus:
129:Class:
3691:
3653:
3645:
3612:
3605:et al.
3586:
3577:et al.
3564:
3556:
3524:
3488:
3480:
3444:
3434:
3398:
3388:
3352:
3319:
3312:135041
3309:
3273:
3266:150520
3263:
3230:
3192:
3185:532421
3182:
3142:
3132:
3091:
3066:
3058:
3048:
3004:
2994:
2955:
2947:
2921:Nature
2904:
2894:
2855:
2819:
2809:
2772:
2753:
2745:
2719:Nature
2689:
2679:
2625:
2619:573881
2617:
2582:
2541:660716
2539:
2532:354064
2529:
2487:
2452:
2445:169298
2442:
2404:
2383:
2373:
2334:
2307:
2297:
2248:
2238:
2199:
2176:
2169:
2149:789903
2147:
2110:
2085:
2062:
2055:222769
2052:
2003:
1996:528093
1993:
1946:
1912:
1902:
1860:
1850:
1801:
1794:216445
1791:
1752:
1745:220313
1742:
1703:
1693:
1654:
1618:
1583:
1575:
1549:Nature
1532:
1524:
1489:
1479:
1436:
1413:
1405:
1368:
1345:
1307:
1300:150520
1297:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1216:Nature
1054:system
1020:, and
996:, and
946:repair
854:E.coli
736:, and
734:cancer
614:, and
536:Enzyme
498:cell.
444:virion
428:capsid
384:intron
382:-like
360:genome
59:virion
3782:IRMNG
3651:S2CID
3562:S2CID
3486:S2CID
3391:94885
3064:S2CID
2953:S2CID
2751:S2CID
2623:S2CID
1581:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1411:S2CID
1256:S2CID
1195:>
1191:>
1187:>
1183:>
810:RAD51
802:from
730:aging
549:virus
468:porin
448:genes
337:genes
329:virus
325:genes
91:Realm
84:Virus
3689:PMID
3643:PMID
3610:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3554:PMID
3522:PMID
3478:PMID
3442:PMID
3396:PMID
3350:PMID
3317:PMID
3271:PMID
3228:PMID
3190:PMID
3140:PMID
3089:ISBN
3056:PMID
3002:PMID
2945:PMID
2902:PMID
2853:ISSN
2817:PMID
2770:ISBN
2743:PMID
2687:PMID
2615:PMID
2580:PMID
2537:PMID
2485:PMID
2450:PMID
2402:ISBN
2381:PMID
2332:PMID
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