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traditional kneaded erasers, but with a greater tack and in some circumstances, lifting strength. Poster putty does not erase so much as lighten by directly pulling particles of graphite, charcoal or pastel from a drawing. In this regard, poster putty does not smudge or damage work in the process. Repeatedly touching the putty to a drawing pulls ever more medium free, gradually lightening the work in a controlled fashion. Poster putty can be shaped into fine points or knife edges, making it ideal for detailed or small areas of work. It can be rolled across a surface to create visual textures. Poster putty loses its efficacy with use, becoming less tacky as the material grows polluted with debris and oils from the user's skin.
558:. Chalk writing leaves light-colored particles weakly adhering to a dark surface (e.g., white on black, or yellow on green); it can be rubbed off with a soft material, such as a rag. Erasers for chalkboards are made, with a block of plastic or wood, much larger than an eraser for pen or pencil, with a layer of felt on one side. The block is held in the hand and the felt rubbed against the writing, which it easily wipes off. Chalk dust is released, some of which sticks to the eraser until it is cleaned, usually by hitting it against a hard surface.
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in use. The removed graphite is carried away in the crumbles, leaving the eraser clean, but resulting in a lot of eraser residue. This residue must then be brushed away with care, as the eraser particles are coated with the graphite and can make new marks. Art gum erasers are traditionally tan or brown, but some are blue.
438:
in the mid-20th century, are softer, non-abrasive, and erase cleaner than standard rubber erasers. This is because the removed graphite does not remain on the eraser as much as rubber erasers, but is instead absorbed into the discarded vinyl scraps. Being softer and non-abrasive, they are less likely
358:, its barrel contains a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft vinyl). Many, but not all, wooden pencils are made with attached erasers. Novelty erasers made in shapes intended to be amusing are often made of hard vinyl, which tends to smear heavy markings when used as an eraser.
410:
although it may now be made from natural or synthetic rubber or vinyl compounds. It is very soft yet retains its shape and is not mechanically plastic, but crumbles as it is used. It is especially suited to cleaning large areas without damaging the paper. However, they are so soft as to be imprecise
483:
lighten lines or shading without completely erasing them. They gradually lose their efficacy and resilience as they become infused with particles picked up from erasing and from their environment. They are not suited to erase large areas because of their tendency to deform under vigorous erasing.
452:
In these types, a thermoplastic elastomer combines a styrene resin elastomer and an olefin resin. These erasers have better erasability for erasing pencil marks compared to conventional vinyl erasers. Elastomers can be formed into thin cylindrical or other shapes to be used as extendable erasers.
482:
outside the United States) have a plastic consistency and are common to most artists' standard toolkit. They can be pulled into a point for erasing small areas and tight detail erasing, molded into a textured surface and used as a reverse stamp to give texture, or used in a "blotting" manner to
533:
A fiberglass eraser, a bundle of very fine glass fibers, can be used for erasing and other tasks requiring abrasion. Typically the eraser is a pen-shaped device with a replaceable insert with glass fibers, which wear down in use. The fibers are very hard; in addition to removing pencil and pen
491:
Commonly sold in retail outlets with school supplies and home improvement products, this soft, malleable putty appears in many colors and under numerous brand names. Intended to adhere posters and prints to walls without damaging the underlying wall surface, poster putty works much the same as
524:
driven on the axis of a motor. The speed of rotation allowed less pressure to be used, which minimized paper damage. Originally standard pencil-eraser rubber was used, later replaced by higher-performance vinyl. Dremel went on to develop an entire line of hand-held rotary power tools.
372:
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due to their gentleness on paper with less smearing to surrounding areas. They often come in white and can be found in a variety of shapes. More recently, very low-cost erasers are manufactured from highly plasticized vinyl compounds and made in decorative shapes.
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embedded in a very hard and massive limestone. Because fiberglass erasers shed fiberglass dust when used, care must be taken during and after use to avoid accidental contamination with this abrasive dust in sensitive areas of the body, especially in the eyes.
294:
on April 15, 1770, in a footnote: "I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical
Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange." In 1770 the word
270:(1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount. So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger."
534:
markings, such erasers are used for cleaning traces on electronic circuit boards to facilitate soldering, removing rust, and many other applications. As an example of an unusual use, a fiberglass eraser was used for preparing a
289:
per half-inch cube. According to Nairne, he inadvertently picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was described by
191:). Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Erasers can come in various shapes and colors. Less expensive erasers are made from
576:
are intended only to erase the ink of the writing instrument they are made for; sometimes this is done by making the ink bond more strongly to the material of an eraser than the surface it was applied to.
387:
such as vegetable oil. They are relatively hard (in order to remain attached to the pencil) and frequently colored pink. They can also be permanently attached to the end of a pencil with a
471:
Two kneaded erasers. A new eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into it.
329:
for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. It was later invalidated because it was determined to be simply a composite of two devices rather than an entirely new product.
399:
The stylized word "Art gum" was first used in 1903 and trademarked in the United States in 1907. That type of eraser was originally made from oils such as
277:
is reported to have developed the first widely marketed rubber eraser, for an inventions competition. Until that time the material was known as
954:
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Before rubber erasers used today, tablets of wax were used to erase lead or charcoal marks from paper. Bits of rough stone such as
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was in general use for any object used for rubbing; the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.
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866:"A new Triassic pterosaur from Switzerland (Central Austroalpine, Grisons), Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov"
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were used to remove small errors from parchment or papyrus documents written in ink. Crustless bread was used; a
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ERASERS OR ELASTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR ERASING MARKS FROM AND CLEANING DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, PICTURES
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Various types of eraser, depending upon the board and the type of ink used, are used to erase a
996:
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854:
Rendering with Pen and Ink (The Thames & Hudson
Manuals), Robert W Gill. 1984, p191-193
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rubber, making it durable. Rubber erasers became common with the advent of vulcanization.
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747:. J. Dodsley; T. Cadell, successor to Mr. Millar; and Johnson and Payne. p. 84.
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Piedmont-Palladino, Susan (Summer 2005). "The
Invisible History of Erasing".
520:, United States. It used a replaceable cylinder of eraser material held by a
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673:"rubber Dictionary definition at Canadaspace.com English Online Dictionary"
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to damage canvas or paper. Engineers favor this type of eraser for work on
383:, this type contains mineral fillers and an abrasive such as pumice with a
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were introduced. The term is also used for things that remove marks from
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See the footnote on page xv at the end of the preface to the following:
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199:-based gum, but more expensive or specialized erasers are made from
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is a device shaped like a pencil, but instead of being filled with
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A Familiar
Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective.
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Originally made from natural rubber, but now usually from cheaper
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A Familiar
Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective
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285:. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three
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Pearlstein, E. J.; Cabelli, D.; King, A.; Indictor, N. (1982).
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At first, erasers were invented to erase mistakes made with a
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or blackboard dusters are used to erase chalk markings on a
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An electric eraser tool with replacement eraser heads
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434:or other "plastic" erasers, originally trademarked
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
959:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
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171:countries, including South Africa from which the
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934:The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance
740:
947:Eraser: How Products are Made, Volume 5 (1997)
706:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Teiyûkai. pp. 25–26.
27:Stationery item used for erasing marks on paper
568:Dedicated erasers that are supplied with some
734:
508:The electric eraser was invented in 1932 by
302:However, raw rubber was perishable. In 1839
780:"Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)"
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129:Learn how and when to remove this message
876:(1). Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel: 185–201.
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955:"Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper"
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332:Erasers may be free-standing blocks (
179:that is used for removing marks from
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761:, iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002,
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281:or by its Quechua name (via French)
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816:Reg. No. 60496 & No. 435240,
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237:Fragrant toy erasers for children
727:. London: J. John and J. Payne.
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721:Priestley, Joseph (1770).
677:dictionary.canadaspace.com
653:Cambridge University Press
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306:discovered the process of
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891:10.1007/s00015-008-1252-6
741:Joseph Priestley (1769).
430:High-quality plasticized
273:In 1770 English engineer
932:Petroski, Henry (1989).
649:dictionary.cambridge.org
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997:Goodyear Rubber History
625:Oxford University Press
218:; later, more abrasive
32:Eraser (disambiguation)
1019:Correction instruments
864:Stecher, Rico (2008).
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804:"How eraser is made"
757:R.B. Simpson (ed.),
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
919:U.S. Patent 3875105
882:2008SwJG..101..185S
395:Artist's gum eraser
317:On March 30, 1858,
173:material first used
1034:British inventions
1024:Writing implements
1002:2008-05-09 at the
552:chalkboard erasers
529:Fiberglass erasers
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441:technical drawings
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830:US patent 2676160
702:Teiyûkai (1926).
592:Chalkboard eraser
574:permanent markers
448:Elastomer erasers
408:sulfur dichloride
211:-like materials.
161:(also known as a
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292:Joseph Priestley
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169:Commonwealth
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61:Please help
56:verification
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385:plasticizer
375:Cap erasers
356:pencil lead
279:gum elastic
228:whiteboards
224:chalkboards
220:ink erasers
1013:Categories
989:2008-05-05
965:(1): 1–2.
905:16 January
786:2014-03-24
767:185957307X
658:2020-08-28
630:2020-08-28
603:References
587:Ink eraser
563:whiteboard
556:chalkboard
404:vulcanized
342:cap eraser
283:caoutchouc
177:stationery
89:newspapers
900:128980861
536:Pterosaur
518:Wisconsin
287:shillings
260:sandstone
185:parchment
1000:Archived
782:. Justia
645:"rubber"
617:"rubber"
581:See also
570:ballpens
478:(called
401:corn oil
167:in some
78:"Eraser"
979:3179714
878:Bibcode
687:6 April
426:erasers
389:ferrule
242:History
205:plastic
103:scholar
18:Erasers
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898:
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539:fossil
514:Racine
347:barrel
327:patent
297:rubber
264:pumice
254:eraser
252:pencil
216:pencil
189:vellum
164:rubber
159:eraser
105:
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975:JSTOR
896:S2CID
550:Felt
546:Other
522:chuck
436:Mylar
432:vinyl
424:Vinyl
406:with
362:Types
344:). A
334:block
207:, or
201:vinyl
181:paper
110:JSTOR
96:books
907:2015
844:: 2.
763:ISBN
689:2018
572:and
336:and
312:cure
226:and
82:news
967:doi
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381:SBR
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