42:
958:
Often, this form of relief is in practical terms more valuable to a litigant; for example, a plaintiff whose neighbor will not return his only milk cow, which had wandered onto the neighbor's property, may want that particular cow back, not just its monetary value. However, in general, a litigant cannot obtain equitable relief unless there is "no adequate remedy at law"; that is, a court will not grant an injunction unless monetary damages are an insufficient remedy for the injury in question. Law courts can also enter certain types of immediately enforceable orders, called "
4234:
1166:
398:". During the 15th century, Chancery pleadings began to expressly invoke "conscience", to the point that English lawyers in the late 15th century thought of Chancery as a court of "conscience", not a court of "equity". However, the "reasoning of the medieval chancellors has not been preserved" as to what they actually meant by the word "conscience", and modern scholars can only indirectly guess at what the word probably meant. The publication of the treatise
4248:
1010:: "If the legislature means to enact an injustice, however palpable, the court of Chancery is not the body with whom a correcting power is lodged. That it shall not interpose in any case which does not come within a general description and admit of redress by a general and practicable rule." The US Supreme Court, however, has concluded that courts have wide discretion to fashion relief in cases of equity. The first major statement of this power came in
988:, cases that traditionally would have been handled by the law courts. The question of whether a case should be determined by a jury depends largely on the type of relief the plaintiff requests. If a plaintiff requests damages in the form of money or certain other forms of relief, such as the return of a specific item of property, the remedy is considered legal, and a jury is available as the fact-finder. On the other hand, if the plaintiff requests an
592:
250:
organized into a
Chancery Division and a Law Division. There is a difference of opinion in Commonwealth countries as to whether equity and common law have been fused or are merely administered by the same court, with the orthodox view that they have not (expressed as rejecting the "fusion fallacy") prevailing in Australia, while support for fusion has been expressed by the
926:
longer discretionary upon the courts or as the
English law has it, "Chancellor's foot" but instead are enforceable rights subject to the conditions under the 1963 Act being satisfied. Nonetheless, in the event of situations not covered under the 1963 Act, the courts in India continue to exercise their inherent powers in terms of Section 151 of the
534:'s response to Selden in an 1818 chancery case: "I cannot agree that the doctrines of this court are to be changed with every succeeding judge. Nothing would inflict on me greater pain, in quitting this place, than the recollection that I had done anything to justify the reproach that the equity of this court varies like the Chancellor's foot."
1028:
successful handling of certain law cases is difficult or impossible unless a temporary restraining order (TRO) or preliminary injunction is issued at the outset, to restrain someone from fleeing the jurisdiction taking the only property available to satisfy a judgment, for instance. Furthermore, certain statutes like the
565:
In order to avoid paying land taxes and other feudal dues, lawyers developed a primitive form of trust called 'the use' that enabled one person (who was not required to pay tax) to hold the legal title of the land for the use of another person. The effect of this trust was that the first person owned
429:
The early chancellors were influenced by their training in theology and canon law, but the law of equity they applied was not canon law, but a new kind of law purportedly driven by conscience. Whatever it meant in the medieval era, the word "conscience" clearly carried a subjective connotation (as it
349:
Because the writ system was limited to enumerated writs for enumerated rights and wrongs, it sometimes produced unjust results. Thus, even though the King's Bench might have jurisdiction over a case and might have the power to issue the perfect writ, the plaintiff might still not have a case if there
672:
is particularly well known for the strength of its Equity jurisprudence. However, it was only in 1972 with the introduction of reform to the
Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) that empowered both the Equity and Common Law Division of the Supreme Court of NSW to grant relief in either equity or common law.
521:
Equity is a roguish thing: for law we have a measure, know what to trust to; equity is according to the conscience of him that is
Chancellor, and as that is larger or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure we call a foot, a Chancellor's foot; what an
362:
argued that the delegation was initially driven by practical concerns and the moral justification came later. The moral justification went as follows: as Keeper of the King's
Conscience, the Chancellor "would act in particular cases to admit 'merciful exceptions' to the King's general laws to ensure
526:
After 1660, Chancery cases were regularly reported, several equitable doctrines developed, and equity started to evolve into a system of precedents like its common law cousin. Over time, equity jurisprudence would gradually become a "body of equitable law, as complex, doctrinal, and rule-haunted as
425:
A common criticism of
Chancery practice as it developed in the early medieval period was that it lacked fixed rules, varied greatly from Chancellor to Chancellor, and the Chancellor was exercising an unbounded discretion. The counterargument was that equity mitigated the rigour of the common law by
957:
In modern practice, perhaps the most important distinction between law and equity is the set of remedies each offers. The most common civil remedy a court of law can award is monetary damages. Equity, however, enters injunctions or decrees directing someone either to act or to forbear from acting.
445:
into
Chancery. This was a "wild exaggeration", but as a result, the Crown began to transition away from clergy and nonlawyers and instead appointed only lawyers trained in the common law tradition to the position of Lord Chancellor (although there were six more nonlawyer chancellors in the decades
925:
With this codification, the nature and tenure of the equitable reliefs available earlier have been modified to make them statutory rights and are also required to be pleaded specifically to be enforced. Further to the extent that these equitable reliefs have been codified into rights, they are no
1027:
In the United States, the federal courts and most state courts have merged law and equity into courts of general jurisdiction, such as county courts. However, the substantive distinction between law and equity has retained its old vitality. This difference is not a mere technicality, because the
353:
Litigants began to seek relief against unfair judgments of the common law courts by petitioning the King. Such petitions were initially processed by the King's
Council, which itself was quite overworked, and the Council began to delegate the hearing of such petitions to the Lord Chancellor. This
386:
influenced the development of the distinctly different but related
English concept of equity: "The equity administered by the early English chancellors ... confessedly borrowed from the aequitas and the judicial powers of the Roman magistrates." By the 15th century, the judicial power of
156:
Jurisdictions which have inherited the common law system differ in their treatment of equity. Over the course of the twentieth century some common law systems began to place less emphasis on the historical or institutional origin of substantive legal rules. In
England and Wales, Australia, New
152:
of the 1870s effected a procedural fusion of the two bodies of law, ending their institutional separation. The reforms did not fuse the actual bodies of law however. As an example, this lack of fusion meant it was still not possible to receive an equitable remedy for a purely common law wrong.
249:
of property. This split propagated to many of the colonies, including the United States. The states of Delaware, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee continue to have divided Courts of Law and Courts of Chancery. In New Jersey, the appellate courts are unified, but the trial courts are
371:
By the 14th century, it appears that Chancery was operating as a court, affording remedies for which the strict procedures of the common law worked injustice or provided no remedy to a deserving plaintiff. Chancellors often had theological and clerical training and were well versed in
498:(1615) where a judgment of Chief Justice Coke was allegedly obtained by fraud. Chancellor Ellesmere issued an injunction from the Chancery prohibiting the enforcement of the common law order. The two courts became locked in a stalemate, and the matter was eventually referred to the
367:
was right before God". This concern for the King's conscience was then extended to the conscience of the defendant in Chancery, in that the Chancellor would intervene to prevent "unconscionable" conduct on the part of the defendant, in order to protect the conscience of the King.
891:
and repealing the earlier "Specific Relief Act" of 1877. Under the 1963 Act, most equitable concepts were codified and made statutory rights, thereby ending the discretionary role of the courts to grant equitable reliefs. The rights codified under the 1963 Act were as under:
1016:, 75 U.S. 557 (1869). The Court concluded that "relief is not a matter of absolute right to either party; it is a matter resting in the discretion of the court, to be exercised upon a consideration of all the circumstances of each particular case."
537:
Equity's primacy over common law in England was later enshrined in the Judicature Acts of the 1870s, which also served to fuse the courts of equity and the common law (although emphatically not the systems themselves) into one unified court system.
303:, and whose jurisdiction over disputes between the King's subjects was based upon the King's writ. Initially, a writ was probably a vague order to do right by the plaintiff, and it was usually a writ of grace, issued at the pleasure of the King.
1476:
There is currently a divergence of opinion between the High Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of England on this point. In Australia, the continuing existence of the equitable jurisdiction to relieve against penalties has been confirmed:
1130:
After US courts merged law and equity, American law courts adopted many of the procedures of equity courts. The procedures in a court of equity were much more flexible than the courts at common law. In American practice, certain devices such as
421:
rather than the letter" of the law. What was new was the application of the word "equity" to "the extraordinary form of justice administered by the chancellor", as a convenient way to distinguish Chancery jurisprudence from the common law.
260:
The latter part of the twentieth century saw increased debate over the utility of treating equity as a separate body of law. These debates were labelled the "fusion wars". A particular flashpoint in this debate centred on the concept of
673:
In 1972 NSW also adopted one of the essential sections of the Judicature reforms, which emphasised that where there was a conflict between the common law and equity, equity would always prevail. Nevertheless, in 1975 three alumni of
61:, with the general purpose of providing legal remedies for cases wherein the common law is inflexible and cannot fairly resolve the disputed legal matter. Conceptually, equity was part of the historical origins of the system of
577:
The response of the lawyers to this Statute was to create the 'use upon a use'. The Statute recognized only the first use, and so land owners were again able to separate the legal and beneficial interests in their land.
573:
in 1535 (which became effective in 1536) in an attempt to outlaw this practice and recover lost revenue. The Act effectively made the beneficial owner of the land the legal owner and therefore liable for feudal dues.
1039:
Equity courts were widely distrusted in the northeastern United States following the American Revolution. A serious movement for merger of law and equity began in the states in the mid-19th century, when
2077:
As the title implies, this source is a 314-page treatment of the history of the concept of conscience in the Court of Chancery, to the extent that such history can be inferred from surviving sources.
338:(as a matter of right). Each of these writs was associated with particular circumstances and led to a particular kind of judgment. Procedure in the common law courts became tightly focused on the
1036:
equitable relief, which forces American courts to analyze in lengthy detail whether the relief demanded in particular cases brought under those statutes would have been available in equity.
465:
The development of a court of equity as a remedy for the rigid procedure of the common law courts meant it was inevitable that the two systems would come into conflict. Litigants would go '
2869:
473:
prohibiting the enforcement of a common law court order. The penalty for disobeying an equitable injunction and enforcing an unconscionable common law judgment was imprisonment.
306:
During the 12th and 13th centuries, writ procedure gradually evolved into something much more rigid. All writs to commence actions had to be purchased by litigants from the
2892:
522:
uncertain measure would this be? One Chancellor has a long foot, another a short foot, a third an indifferent foot: 'tis the same thing in a Chancellor's conscience.
1079:) have separate divisions for legal and equitable matters in a single court. Virginia had separate law and equity dockets (in the same court) until 2006. Besides
657:
re-affirm the continuing vitality of traditional equitable doctrines. In 2009 the High Court affirmed the importance of equity and dismissed the suggestion that
2548:
740:
argue that in many cases the inclusion of the label "legal" or "equitable" before a substantive rule is often unnecessary. Many English universities, such as
430:
still does today). Complaints about equity as an arbitrary exercise of conscience by nonlawyer Chancellors became quite frequent under the chancellorship of
2575:
982:
342:(the particular procedure authorized by a particular writ to enforce a particular substantive right), rather than what modern lawyers would now call the
1577: at – (Spigelman CJ), – (Mason P, dissenting), (Heydon JA), (2003) 56 NSWLR 298, 306 (Spigelman CJ), 325–9 (Mason P, dissenting), 391–2 (Heydon JA)
1127:
in 1978, bankruptcy courts are still officially considered "courts of equity" and exercise equitable powers under Section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code.
510:, upheld the use of the equitable injunction and concluded that in the event of any conflict between the common law and equity, equity would prevail.
949:
which confers wide powers on the Supreme Court to pass orders "as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause of matter pending before it".
2723:
2638:
447:
102:). Later, in civil law systems, equity was integrated in the legal rules, while in common law systems it became an independent body of law.
65:
of England, yet is a field of law separate from common law, because equity has its own unique rules and principles, and was administered by
691:. It remains one of the most highly regarded practitioner texts in Australia and England. The work is now in its 5th edition and edited by
1363:'Common law' here is used in its narrow sense, referring to that body of law principally developed in the superior courts of common law:
857:, but can deal with situations where the law is silent, or where there is an omission in statute. Such an omission is sometimes termed a
438:
3028:
2793:
Funk, Kellen (2015). "Equity without Chancery: The Fusion of Law and Equity in the Field Code of Civil Procedure, New York 1846–76".
4215:
764:
350:
was not a single form of action combining them. Lacking a legal remedy, the plaintiff's only option would be to petition the King.
30:
This article is about the area of law. For remedies offered by this area of law, such as injunctions and specific performance, see
4298:
3018:
1029:
41:
476:
The 1615 conflict between common law and equity came about because of a "clash of strong personalities" between Lord Chancellor
265:
and whether areas of law traditionally regarded as equitable could be rationalised as part of a single body of law known as the
499:
17:
2841:
404:
in the early 16th century marked the beginning of Chancery's transformation from a court of conscience to a court of equity.
3043:
2732: (2006). (Roberts CJ for a unanimous court) (reviewing the scope of equitable relief as authorized by the ERISA statute).
2705:
1906:
1624:
477:
132:
For much of its history, the English common law was principally developed and administered in the central royal courts: the
1329:
A Law Dictionary, containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern
454:
was appointed as Lord Chancellor in 2016, but this was after the position had been stripped of its judicial powers by the
2999:
2932:
2532:
1364:
481:
355:
288:
170:
133:
3641:
3199:
3098:
2336:
2274:
2224:
2180:
2138:
2098:
2063:
2029:
1995:
1940:
1867:
1764:
1739:
1714:
1649:
1541:
1461:
1436:
1399:
1305:
850:
635:
494:
that required the release of people imprisoned for contempt of chancery orders. This tension reached a climax in the
617:
3755:
3624:
1049:
775:
2 AC 694, 700), where the notion that the court's jurisdiction to grant relief was "unlimited and unfettered" (per
446:
after Wriothesley). The last person without training in the common law before 2016 to serve as Lord Chancellor was
879:
doctrine of equity had traditionally been followed even after it became independent in 1947. However, in 1963 the
322:
that the Chancellor could no longer create new writs without permission from the King and the King's Council (the
4210:
3557:
3458:
1853:
1368:
1120:
1116:
941:
in terms of Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Further, such inherent powers are vested in the
927:
700:
292:
166:
137:
3717:
3351:
2975:
2951:
2777:
2304:
1965:
1588:
687:
602:
455:
513:
Chancery continued to be the subject of extensive criticism, the most famous of which was 17th-century jurist
3070:
1124:
729:
531:
266:
162:
125:. In common law jurisdictions, the word "equity" "is not a synonym for 'general fairness' or 'natural justice
3877:
3356:
2322:
2210:
2166:
2124:
459:
278:
2464:
1552:
and equitable courts, procedure, rights, and remedies, etc., are frequently contrasted, and in this sense
566:
the land under the common law, but the second person had a right to use the land under the law of equity.
3872:
2449:
1000:, modification of contract, or some other non-monetary relief, the claim would usually be one in equity.
251:
1048:
of 1848. The federal courts did not abandon the old law/equity separation until the promulgation of the
390:
Early Chancery pleadings vaguely invoked some sort of higher justice, such as with the formula "for the
157:
Zealand, and Canada, equity remains a distinct body of law. Modern equity includes, among other things:
3847:
3346:
1199:
1156:
1060:
395:
307:
196:
3930:
153:
Judicial or academic reasoning which assumes the contrary has been described as a "fusion fallacy".
3725:
3707:
2248:
880:
551:
495:
442:
408:
407:
Before that point in time, the word "equity" was used in the common law to refer to a principle of
287:
of England in the 11th century, royal justice came to be administered in three central courts: the
189:
73:
4059:
2599:
4100:
3887:
3376:
3361:
2893:"Another Conflict in the Circuits Brewing Over Bankruptcy Court's Equitable Powers Under §105(a)"
1529:
888:
776:
745:
704:
654:
613:
204:
35:
1533:
1075:. However, merger in some states is less than complete; some other states (such as Illinois and
4155:
4140:
2549:"Nobile officium used to recognise English High Court orders due to statutory casus improvisus"
2525:
The Nobile Officium: The Extraordinary Equitable Jurisdiction of the Supreme Courts of Scotland
942:
931:
804:
653:
Equity remains a cornerstone of Australian private law. A string of cases in the 1980s saw the
400:
245:
to a party to do something, give something to someone, or stop doing something) and recognized
2822:
2769:
2762:
2326:
2214:
2170:
2128:
1857:
1812:
1389:
4288:
4259:
3852:
3530:
3341:
2495:
2088:
2053:
2019:
1985:
1896:
1614:
1574:
1068:
1041:
946:
812:
466:
315:
299:. The common law developed in these royal courts, which were created by the authority of the
129:", but refers to "a particular body of rules that originated in a special system of courts".
2264:
1930:
1792:
1327:
3980:
3326:
2479:
2433:
2417:
1482:
1241:
1064:
997:
993:
938:
741:
319:
853:
or the common law already specify the relevant remedy. Thus, the Court cannot set aside a
314:. After writs began to become more specific and creative (in terms of the relief sought),
8:
4293:
4135:
3275:
3192:
1385:
1381:
1072:
884:
3950:
3609:
3463:
3448:
3426:
3170:
3150:
3103:
3093:
2836:
2810:
2678:
2380:
1832:
1687:
1522:
1204:
792:
748:, continue to teach Equity as a standalone subject. Leading practitioner texts include
559:
507:
418:
296:
257:
For most purposes, the U.S. federal system and most states have merged the two courts.
234:
141:
3033:
3015:
609:
3935:
3857:
3695:
3438:
3433:
3386:
3311:
3305:
3145:
3063:
3039:
2995:
2971:
2947:
2928:
2818:
2814:
2773:
2701:
2614:
2528:
2332:
2300:
2270:
2220:
2176:
2134:
2094:
2059:
2025:
1991:
1961:
1936:
1902:
1863:
1760:
1735:
1710:
1645:
1620:
1537:
1457:
1432:
1395:
1301:
1266:
1226:
1194:
1012:
725:
674:
658:
354:
delegation is often justified by the fact that the Lord Chancellor was literally the
326:). Pursuant to this authorization, litigants could purchase certain enumerated writs
262:
226:
145:
118:
81:
58:
46:
1490:
1067:(which includes a disproportionate number of multi-state corporations) are decided;
546:
One area in which the Court of Chancery assumed a vital role was the enforcement of
3940:
3907:
3406:
3270:
3265:
3230:
2845:
2802:
2670:
2508:
2372:
1824:
1679:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1003:
937:
There is no such inherent powers with the criminal courts in India except with the
800:
434:(1515–1529), who "had no legal training, and delighted in putting down lawyers".
359:
230:
66:
31:
2985:
For a brief outline of the maxims, doctrines and remedies developed under equity:
2806:
1862:(2001 reprint of 5th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 180.
4189:
4162:
4150:
4130:
4064:
4042:
4022:
4017:
3997:
3862:
3842:
3837:
3740:
3700:
3411:
3336:
3260:
3245:
3165:
3022:
2399:
1508:
4. The body of law derived from law courts as opposed to those sitting in equity.
1261:
1209:
1179:
1007:
854:
818:
669:
570:
343:
311:
300:
284:
149:
1960:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 10–11.
973:
Another distinction is the unavailability of a jury in equity: the judge is the
4266:
4074:
3992:
3581:
3547:
3498:
3483:
3255:
3160:
3140:
3130:
1670:
Burrows, Andrew (1 March 2002), "We Do This At Common Law But That in Equity",
1293:
1236:
737:
682:
339:
114:
4282:
4120:
4079:
3965:
3945:
3917:
3867:
3832:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3745:
3685:
3525:
3515:
3473:
3396:
3391:
3321:
3280:
3204:
2700:. New Horizons in Law and Economics. Cheltenham, England: Elgar. p. 20.
1251:
1080:
974:
963:
841:
are silent, and prevent mistakes in procedure or practice that would lead to
728:. The main challenge to it has come from academic writers working within the
678:
661:
has explanatory power in relation to traditional equitable doctrines such as
503:
490:
431:
211:
554:
could not accommodate. This role gave rise to the basic distinction between
229:
had two complementary court systems: courts of "law" which could only award
221:, 10th ed., definition 4, differentiates "common law" (or just "law") from "
4252:
4002:
3970:
3925:
3663:
3658:
3629:
3542:
3520:
3488:
3421:
3401:
3295:
3235:
3225:
3177:
3113:
3056:
1794:
An Historical Sketch of the Equitable Jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery
1144:
1136:
1100:
830:
696:
692:
2661:"Events Subsequent to the Contract As a Defence to Specific Performance".
1683:
1548:
Second, with the development of equity and equitable rights and remedies,
1006:
explained in 1785 that there are three main limitations on the power of a
581:
4174:
4115:
4105:
3902:
3897:
3735:
3636:
3552:
3511:
3478:
3443:
3366:
3290:
3240:
3155:
1246:
1140:
733:
721:
662:
547:
514:
485:
391:
323:
246:
242:
233:
and recognized only the legal owner of property, and courts of "equity" (
200:
111:
2918:
For a history of equity in England, including the Statute of Uses 1535:
2835:
Sources that mention four states (e.g., Laycock 2002) generally include
4238:
4167:
4047:
3985:
3730:
3651:
3646:
3604:
3586:
3574:
3535:
3381:
3371:
3331:
3316:
3300:
3250:
3187:
3182:
2682:
2384:
2361:"'Cardozo's Foot': The Chancellor's Conscience and Constructive Trusts"
2360:
1836:
1691:
1189:
1170:
1112:
1088:
1076:
1045:
989:
978:
967:
918:
876:
838:
796:
555:
470:
364:
238:
122:
77:
62:
2839:, which abolished its separate chancery courts as of January 1, 2002.
27:
Set of legal principles supplementing but distinct from the Common Law
4145:
4110:
4052:
4027:
3892:
3789:
3777:
3762:
3750:
3678:
3596:
3569:
3453:
1256:
1084:
846:
842:
451:
377:
373:
176:
144:. Equity was the name given to the law which was administered in the
93:
85:
4233:
2674:
2376:
2090:
Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England
2055:
Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England
2021:
Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England
1987:
Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England
1828:
1165:
620:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
530:
One indicator of equity's evolution into a coherent body of law was
4194:
4179:
3882:
3767:
3564:
3108:
2961:
For a general treatise on Equity, including a historical analysis:
1184:
1104:
1096:
1056:
1021:
900:
808:
763:
Limits on the power of equity in English law were clarified by the
182:
98:
84:. The tradition of equity begins in antiquity with the writings of
2253:, I Ch Rep I, 21 ER 485 (Court of Chancery 1615).
773:
Scandinavian Trading Tanker Co. A.B. v Flota Petrolera Ecuatoriana
4084:
4032:
4012:
3960:
3772:
3690:
3506:
3468:
3416:
3038:
Hudson, Alastair, 5th edition, Routledge-Cavendish, London, 2007
1132:
1108:
1092:
834:
2970:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1709:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1431:. Trusts, Wills and Probate Library (5th ed.). LexisNexis.
272:
4184:
4037:
3782:
3673:
3668:
3614:
3285:
1115:
was also historically considered an equitable matter; although
966:), but they are less flexible and less easily obtained than an
117:, equity is the body of law which was developed in the English
105:
2639:"Judicial Revision of Frustrated Contracts: The United States"
2331:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 119.
2219:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117.
2175:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
2133:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114.
1668:
For an example of the pro-fusionist view, see Andrew Burrows,
1394:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 105.
462:
as the highest judge sitting in equity in England and Wales.)
4125:
4069:
3975:
3816:
3619:
3118:
2510:
Union Eagle Limited v. Golden Achievement Limited (Hong Kong)
872:
2476:
Cukurova Finance International Ltd v Alfa Telecom Turkey Ltd
2269:(9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6.
1935:(9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5.
1898:
The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law
1429:
Meagher, Gummow & Lehane's Equity: Doctrine and Remedies
1321:
1319:
1317:
1055:
Three states still have separate courts for law and equity:
488:. Chief Justice Coke began the practice of issuing writs of
4007:
3955:
3811:
3209:
3125:
2866:
Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Rule 3:1. See also
1901:(2002 reprint ed.). The Lawbook Exchange. p. 79.
1119:
is today a purely federal matter, reserved entirely to the
1044:
convinced New York State to adopt what became known as the
981:
in civil cases tried in federal court is guaranteed by the
959:
896:
Recovery of possession of immovable property (ss. 5–8)
2992:
Todd & Watt's Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts
2870:"The Merger of Common-Law and Equity Pleading in Virginia"
1087:, areas traditionally handled by chancery courts included
332:(as a matter of course) which later became known as writs
3079:
1479:
Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited
1314:
1024:
law regarding intent and enforcement. as well as equity.
2942:
Cockburn, Tina; Harris, Wendy; Shirley, Melinda (2005).
2513:
UKPC 5, delivered 3 February 1997, accessed 13 July 2023
1391:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
845:. The exercise of this power is limited by adherence to
57:
is the particular body of law, developed in the English
1640:
Degeling, Simone; Edelman, James, eds. (October 2005).
582:
Comparison of equity traditions in common law countries
3048:
1485:, 247 CLR 205. In England, this view was not adopted:
417:: the idea that written laws ought to be interpreted "
2941:
2923:
Cockburn, Tina; Shirley, Melinda (14 November 2011).
1848:
1846:
1427:
Heydon, J. D.; Leeming, M. J.; Turner, P. G. (2014).
1332:(second ed.). West Publishing Co. pp. 432–3
1154:
783:
A.C. 691, 726) was rejected as a "beguiling heresy".
795:
have never recognised a division between the normal
121:
and which is now administered concurrently with the
3016:
Christopher St. Germain's Doctor and Student (1518)
2297:
Sources of English Legal and Constitutional History
1797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
1426:
758:
Hayton & Underhill's Law of Trusts and Trustees
441:, a nonlawyer, was accused of trying to inject the
346:(the underlying substantive right to be enforced).
2761:
2637:
2576:"A Brief Excursion into the Scottish Legal System"
2574:
1843:
1589:"Fallacy or Furphy?: Fusion in a Judicature World"
1521:
1374:
2743:Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson
2317:
2315:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2119:
2117:
1979:
1977:
4280:
185:(including promissory and proprietary estoppel);
2922:
2724:Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc.
2541:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1639:
1513:
1487:Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi
1300:. Oxford University Press 2021. pp. 11ff.
2312:
2196:
2154:
2114:
2080:
2045:
2011:
1974:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1619:(3rd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.
448:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
3064:
2764:Modern American Remedies: Cases and materials
1496:
977:. In the American legal system, the right of
273:History of equity in common law jurisdictions
2891:Hawes, Lesley Anne (January–February 2013).
1773:
912:Cancellation of instruments (ss. 31–33)
695:, former Justice of the High Court, Justice
106:Equity in common law jurisdictions (general)
2965:
2631:
2629:
2256:
2093:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 44.
2058:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 17.
2024:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 15.
1990:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 13.
1955:
1915:
1883:
1606:
1298:The Function of Equity in International Law
858:
824:
816:
412:
381:
333:
327:
3071:
3057:
2698:Inflation and the Enforcement of Contracts
2606:
2299:, Sydney: Butterworths, pp. 223–224,
2295:Evans, Michael; Jack, R Ian, eds. (1984),
1806:
1804:
1664:
1662:
1380:
1354:(Peter Muckley tr, Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
426:looking to substance rather than to form.
3029:Delaware Court of Chancery: Official site
2994:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
2597:
2294:
1852:
1759:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1734:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
906:Rectification of instruments (s. 26)
636:Learn how and when to remove this message
450:, who served briefly from 1672 to 1673. (
4216:History of the American legal profession
3025:, the classic common law text on equity.
2626:
2328:An Introduction to English Legal History
2216:An Introduction to English Legal History
2172:An Introduction to English Legal History
2130:An Introduction to English Legal History
1757:The Principles of the Law of Restitution
1612:
380:. During this era, the Roman concept of
40:
2759:
2587:(2). University of Birmingham: 155–161.
2522:
2516:
1894:
1810:
1801:
1729:
1669:
1659:
1586:
1030:Employee Retirement Income Security Act
1020:was for many years the leading case in
909:Recession of contracts (ss. 27–30)
541:
72:Equity exists in domestic law, both in
14:
4281:
2966:Worthington, Sarah (12 October 2006).
2867:
2695:
2689:
2635:
2358:
2352:
2086:
2051:
2017:
1983:
1956:Worthington, Sarah (12 October 2006).
1519:
1456:(33rd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell.
1452:McGhee, John, ed. (13 December 2017).
1451:
720:Equity remains a distinct part of the
318:responded in 1258 by providing in the
3052:
2890:
2768:(3rd ed.). Aspen Press. p.
2572:
2321:
2209:
2165:
2123:
1790:
1754:
1704:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1325:
677:and judges of the NSW Supreme Court,
550:, a role that the rigid framework of
2989:
2844:. Arkansas Judiciary. Archived from
2792:
2461:Law Reform (Law and Equity) Act 1972
2359:Powell, H. Jefferson (Summer 1993).
2262:
1928:
1506:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334.
1292:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1147:originated in the courts of equity.
915:Declaratory decrees (ss. 34–35)
887:following the recommendation of the
715:
585:
469:' and often would seek an equitable
2946:. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths.
2598:Jefferson, Thomas (November 1785).
1859:A Concise History of the Common Law
1730:Burrows, Andrew (2 December 2010).
1528:(2nd, revised ed.). New York:
1504:Black's Law Dictionary – Common law
24:
1524:A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage
1415:
387:Chancery was clearly recognised.
25:
4310:
3200:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3009:
2874:University of Richmond Law Review
1895:Burdick, William Livesey (1938).
1279:
811:) has exercised an equitable and
710:
4247:
4246:
4232:
2636:Dawson, John P. (January 1984).
1854:Plucknett, Theodore Frank Thomas
1791:Kerly, Duncan Mackenzie (1890).
1755:Virgo, Graham (13 August 2015).
1705:Birks, Peter (13 January 2005).
1613:Friedman, Lawrence Meir (2005).
1164:
1050:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
952:
688:Equity: Doctrines & Remedies
590:
4211:History of the legal profession
2884:
2860:
2829:
2786:
2753:
2735:
2714:
2654:
2591:
2566:
2501:
2485:
2469:
2454:
2439:
2423:
2406:
2392:
2283:
2240:
1949:
1748:
1723:
1698:
1672:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1633:
1580:
1564:
1121:United States Bankruptcy Courts
1117:bankruptcy in the United States
945:in terms of Article 142 of the
829:enables the Court to provide a
701:New South Wales Court of Appeal
506:. Sir Francis, by authority of
356:Keeper of the King's Conscience
110:In jurisdictions following the
53:In the field of jurisprudence,
49:, in early 19th-century London.
4299:Legal doctrines and principles
2492:Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd
1571:Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd
1470:
1445:
1357:
1344:
1326:Black, Henry Campbell (1891).
1063:is where most cases involving
781:Shiloh Spinners Ltd v. Harding
456:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
192:and relief against forfeiture;
13:
1:
2913:
2807:10.1080/01440365.2015.1047560
2365:Law and Contemporary Problems
1125:United States Bankruptcy Code
1083:, which developed out of the
928:Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
480:and the Chief Justice of the
2990:Watt, Gary (29 March 2007).
2644:Boston University Law Review
799:and equity, and as such the
648:
460:Chancellor of the High Court
310:, the head of which was the
279:History of equity and trusts
7:
2602:. Letter to Phillip Mazzei.
1817:Political Science Quarterly
1350:MarĂa JosĂ© FalcĂłn y Tella,
1150:
786:
616:the claims made and adding
252:New Zealand Court of Appeal
10:
4315:
3878:International legal theory
3357:International slavery laws
3352:International human rights
3347:International criminal law
2087:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010).
2052:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010).
2018:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010).
1984:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010).
1811:Goodnow, Frank J. (1891).
1200:Delaware Court of Chancery
527:the common law ever was".
419:according to the intention
276:
29:
4226:
4203:
4093:
3931:Administration of justice
3916:
3825:
3716:
3595:
3497:
3218:
3086:
2760:Laycock, Douglas (2002).
2523:Thomson, Stephen (2015).
1616:A History of American Law
1587:Tilbury, Michael (2003).
1575:[2003] NSWCA 10
1520:Garner, Bryan A. (2001).
703:, and Dr Peter Turner of
685:and John Lehane produced
3708:Basic structure doctrine
3558:Natural and legal rights
3439:Public international law
2795:Journal of Legal History
2696:Renner, Shirley (1999).
2573:White, J. R. C. (1981).
2527:. Edinburgh: Avizandum.
1813:"The Writ of Certiorari"
1642:Equity in Commercial Law
1273:
1123:by the enactment of the
899:Specific performance of
866:
730:law of unjust enrichment
409:statutory interpretation
267:law of unjust enrichment
3888:Principle of typicality
3362:International trade law
3078:
2496:[2003] NSWCA 10
2403:(1818) 2 Swan 402, 414.
1530:Oxford University Press
1032:specifically authorize
930:, which applies to all
889:Law Commission of India
777:Lord Simon of Glaisdale
655:High Court of Australia
569:Henry VIII enacted the
2927:. Sydney: Lawbook Co.
2868:Bryson, W. H. (2006).
2480:[2013] UKPC 20
2446:Supreme Court Act 1970
1732:The Law of Restitution
1644:. Sydney: Lawbook Co.
1556:is distinguished from
1491:[2015] UKSC 67
986:in Suits at common law
943:Supreme Court of India
859:
825:
817:
524:
413:
401:The Doctor and Student
382:
334:
328:
219:Black's Law Dictionary
50:
34:. For other uses, see
18:Equity (legal concept)
3883:Principle of legality
3642:Delegated legislation
3342:Intellectual property
2581:Holdsworth Law Review
2434:[2009] HCA 44
2418:[1985] HCA 78
2249:Earl of Oxford's Case
1483:[2012] HCA 30
1065:Delaware corporations
1042:David Dudley Field II
962:" (such as a writ of
947:Constitution of India
813:inherent jurisdiction
519:
496:Earl of Oxford's case
467:jurisdiction shopping
293:Court of Common Pleas
289:Court of King's Bench
138:Court of Common Pleas
134:Court of King's Bench
44:
4101:Barristers' chambers
4043:Legal representation
3981:Justice of the peace
3327:Financial regulation
2925:Equity in a Nutshell
2669:(5): 411. May 1916.
1382:Farnsworth, E. Allan
1242:Politics (Aristotle)
998:specific performance
994:declaratory judgment
705:Cambridge University
542:Statute of Uses 1535
437:In 1546, Chancellor
320:Provisions of Oxford
161:the law relating to
4136:Election commission
3848:Expressive function
3377:Landlord–tenant law
3276:Consumer protection
2944:Equity & Trusts
2663:Columbia Law Review
2553:The Nobile Officium
2430:Bofinger v Kingsway
2263:Watt, Gary (2020).
1929:Watt, Gary (2020).
1684:10.1093/ojls/22.1.1
885:Parliament of India
881:Specific Relief Act
732:. Scholars such as
560:equitable interests
335:ex debito justitiae
237:) that could issue
171:constructive trusts
4094:Legal institutions
3961:Lawsuit/Litigation
3951:Dispute resolution
3756:Catholic canon law
3464:State of emergency
3427:Will and testament
3151:Law of obligations
3104:Constitutional law
3094:Administrative law
3021:2014-04-07 at the
2600:"To Philip Mazzei"
2414:Muschinski v Dodds
883:was passed by the
793:courts of Scotland
601:possibly contains
439:Thomas Wriothesley
235:courts of chancery
183:equitable estoppel
51:
45:Legal equity: The
4276:
4275:
3936:Constitutionalism
3858:Law and economics
3696:Act of parliament
3434:Product liability
3387:Legal archaeology
3312:Environmental law
3306:Entertainment law
3146:International law
3044:978-0-415-41847-8
3035:Equity and Trusts
2848:on August 4, 2011
2707:978-1-84064-062-5
2615:Willard v. Tayloe
2507:Lord Hoffman, in
2266:Trusts and Equity
1932:Trusts and Equity
1908:978-1-58477-253-8
1707:Unjust Enrichment
1626:978-0-7432-8258-1
1267:Unjust enrichment
1227:Inequity aversion
1195:Court of Chancery
1061:Court of Chancery
1018:Willard v. Tayloe
1013:Willard v. Tayloe
983:Seventh Amendment
726:England and Wales
716:England and Wales
675:Sydney Law School
659:unjust enrichment
646:
645:
638:
603:original research
263:unjust enrichment
239:injunctive relief
195:the doctrines of
146:Court of Chancery
119:Court of Chancery
115:common law system
82:international law
59:Court of Chancery
47:Court of Chancery
16:(Redirected from
4306:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4236:
4060:Question of fact
3941:Criminal justice
3271:Construction law
3266:Conflict of laws
3231:Agricultural law
3073:
3066:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3005:
2981:
2957:
2938:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2514:
2505:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2482: at para. 20
2473:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1596:UNSW Law Journal
1593:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1378:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1290:
1232:Maxims of equity
1221:Ex aequo et bono
1215:Equitable remedy
1169:
1168:
1160:
1004:Thomas Jefferson
921:(ss. 36–42)
862:
860:casus improvisus
828:
822:
801:Court of Session
641:
634:
630:
627:
621:
618:inline citations
594:
593:
586:
500:Attorney General
416:
385:
363:that the King's
360:Francis Palgrave
337:
331:
225:". Before 1873,
128:
80:systems, and in
67:courts of equity
32:equitable remedy
21:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4245:
4231:
4222:
4199:
4190:Political party
4163:Legal education
4151:Law enforcement
4131:Court of equity
4089:
4065:Question of law
4018:Practice of law
3998:Judicial review
3912:
3863:Legal formalism
3843:Comparative law
3838:Contract theory
3821:
3741:Legal pluralism
3712:
3701:Act of Congress
3625:Executive order
3591:
3493:
3412:Nationality law
3337:Immigration law
3261:Competition law
3214:
3082:
3077:
3023:Wayback Machine
3012:
3002:
2978:
2954:
2935:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2842:"Circuit Court"
2840:
2834:
2830:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2694:
2690:
2675:10.2307/1110409
2660:
2659:
2655:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2521:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2474:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2411:
2407:
2400:Gee v Pritchard
2397:
2393:
2377:10.2307/1192175
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2208:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2164:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1927:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1851:
1844:
1829:10.2307/2139490
1809:
1802:
1789:
1774:
1767:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1703:
1699:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1544:
1518:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1425:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1386:Sheppard, Steve
1379:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1294:Titi, Catharine
1291:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1262:Undue influence
1210:Equitable right
1205:Economic equity
1180:Court of equity
1175:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1008:court of equity
955:
903:(ss. 9–25)
869:
855:statutory power
826:nobile officium
819:nobile officium
815:and called the
789:
754:Lewin on Trusts
718:
713:
670:New South Wales
651:
642:
631:
625:
622:
607:
595:
591:
584:
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4289:Equity (law)
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3971:Legal remedy
3926:Adjudication
3826:Legal theory
3664:Ratification
3659:Promulgation
3630:Proclamation
3610:Codification
3543:Human rights
3531:Divine right
3521:Constitution
3489:Women in law
3407:Military law
3402:Marriage law
3397:Maritime law
3296:Election law
3236:Aviation law
3226:Abortion law
3178:Property law
3135:
3114:Criminal law
3034:
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2960:
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2924:
2917:
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2896:
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2846:the original
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2798:
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2755:
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2129:
2106:November 11,
2104:. Retrieved
2089:
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2071:November 11,
2069:. Retrieved
2054:
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2003:November 11,
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1369:Common Pleas
1365:King's Bench
1359:
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1328:
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1137:counterclaim
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4106:Bureaucracy
3903:Rule of man
3898:Rule of law
3873:Libertarian
3736:Chinese law
3637:Legislation
3587:Regulations
3575:Law reports
3553:Natural law
3449:Reparations
3444:Refugee law
3367:Jurimetrics
3308:(Media law)
3246:Banking law
3241:Amnesty law
3219:Disciplines
3156:Private law
2897:ABF Journal
2746:,
2728:,
2720:See, e.g.,
2621:75 U.S. 557
2619:,
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2389:At pp. 7-8.
2371:(3): 7–27.
2323:Baker, John
2289:J. Selden,
2211:Baker, John
2167:Baker, John
2125:Baker, John
1875:27 February
1678:(1): 1–16,
1247:Restitution
1141:cross-claim
1069:Mississippi
939:High Courts
934:in India.
919:Injunctions
851:legislation
849:, and when
805:civil court
734:Peter Birks
663:subrogation
515:John Selden
486:Edward Coke
392:love of God
358:, although
324:curia regis
243:court order
205:marshalling
201:subrogation
92:) and with
4294:Common law
4283:Categories
4168:Law school
4048:Prosecutor
3986:Magistrate
3773:Jewish law
3731:Common law
3652:Rulemaking
3647:Regulation
3597:Law making
3536:Divine law
3512:Legal code
3459:Sports law
3382:Law of war
3332:Health law
3317:Family law
3301:Energy law
3251:Bankruptcy
3188:Punishment
3183:Public law
2977:0199290504
2953:0409321346
2914:References
2779:0735524696
2748:534 US 204
2730:547 US 356
2344:August 26,
2306:0409493821
2291:Table Talk
2232:August 26,
2188:August 26,
2146:August 26,
1967:0199290504
1554:common law
1550:common law
1532:. p.
1190:Common law
1113:Bankruptcy
1077:New Jersey
1046:Field Code
990:injunction
979:jury trial
968:injunction
877:common law
839:common law
797:common law
610:improve it
532:Lord Eldon
471:injunction
365:conscience
316:Parliament
295:, and the
283:After the
210:equitable
140:, and the
123:common law
78:common law
63:common law
4146:Judiciary
4141:Executive
4116:The bench
4053:Solicitor
4028:Barrister
3908:Sociology
3893:Pseudolaw
3833:Anarchist
3790:Roman law
3778:Parsi law
3763:Hindu law
3751:Canon law
3726:Civil law
3679:Concordat
3570:Precedent
3479:Trust law
3454:Space law
3291:Drugs law
3161:Procedure
3099:Civil law
2815:142977209
2450:s 44
1257:Trust Law
1097:adoptions
1073:Tennessee
1052:in 1938.
901:contracts
847:precedent
843:injustice
746:Cambridge
649:Australia
614:verifying
478:Ellesmere
452:Liz Truss
443:civil law
378:canon law
374:Roman law
297:Exchequer
190:penalties
167:resulting
142:Exchequer
94:Roman law
90:epieikeia
86:Aristotle
74:civil law
4253:Category
4195:Tribunal
4180:Military
4023:Attorney
3993:Judgment
3853:Feminist
3768:Jain law
3565:Case law
3286:Cyberlaw
3193:Corporal
3171:Criminal
3141:Evidence
3131:Doctrine
3109:Contract
3019:Archived
2880:: 77–82.
2837:Arkansas
2650:(1): 32.
2465:s 5
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2169:(2019).
2127:(2019).
1856:(1956).
1384:(2010).
1296:(2021).
1185:Case law
1151:See also
1105:marriage
1059:, whose
1057:Delaware
1022:contract
809:Scotland
787:Scotland
552:land law
414:aequitas
383:aequitas
329:de cursu
308:Chancery
99:aequitas
4267:Outline
4204:History
4111:The bar
4085:Verdict
4033:Counsel
4013:Justice
3868:History
3691:Statute
3507:Charter
3469:Tax law
3417:Probate
2902:18 June
2852:July 3,
2823:2600201
2683:1110409
2385:1192175
1837:2139490
1692:3600632
1558:equity.
1388:(ed.).
1133:joinder
1109:divorce
1093:probate
837:or the
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227:England
212:set-off
163:express
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2968:Equity
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4260:Index
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4070:Trial
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3119:Crime
2811:S2CID
2679:JSTOR
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2381:JSTOR
1833:JSTOR
1688:JSTOR
1592:(PDF)
1573:
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1274:Notes
1089:wills
960:writs
873:India
867:India
556:legal
207:; and
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3210:Tort
3126:Deed
3040:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2904:2015
2854:2012
2819:SSRN
2774:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2560:2017
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2333:ISBN
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2060:ISBN
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2026:ISBN
2005:2023
1992:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1877:2021
1864:ISBN
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1711:ISBN
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1458:ISBN
1433:ISBN
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