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amphibians to produce estrogen even when they are not supposed to. The herbicide also causes changes in gene expression which can be passed down from parent to offspring and get in the way of thyroid homeostasis. For example, a study done on male
African clawed frogs show that exposure to atrazine led to smaller testicular size and lower testosterone levels. Another study done with the Northern leopard frog and Blanchard's cricket frog found that atrazine lowered their success with metamorphosis, the process of turning into an adult frog from the initial stage of a tadpole. This makes sense since metamorphosis is controlled by hormones from the thyroid gland which atrazine is known to negatively impact.
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much copper consumption can lead to diarrhea and nausea in humans and liver damage in fish. Additionally, too much lead can lead to defects in learning, behavior, metabolism, and growth in some vertebrates, including humans. Much of these heavy metals were found in the two fish species' liver, kidney, and gills, however, their concentrations were fortunately found to be below the threshold amount for human consumption made by the
Chinese Food Health Criterion. Overall, the study showed that the remediation efforts here did in fact reduce the amount of heavy metals built up in the fish.
1036:(resulting from enrichment with minerals and nutrients often due to runoff from the land that induces excessive growth of these algae). Many genera of cyanobacteria produce several toxins. Cyanotoxins can be dermatotoxic, neurotoxic, and hepatotoxic, though death related to their exposure is rare. Cyanotoxins and their non-toxic components can cause allergic reactions, but this is poorly understood. Despite their known toxicities, developing a specific biomarker of exposure has been difficult because of the complex mechanism of action these toxins possess.
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In this case, perhaps due to the properties of the water differing at different parts of the year, there were more heavy metals spotted in the two fish species in the summer compared to the winter. Overall, it is relatively understood that the amount of metals in the liver and kidney of a fish represents the amount that has been actively stored in their bodies whereas the amount of metals in the gills represents the amount that has been accumulated from the surrounding water. This is why the gills are thought to be better bioindicators of metal pollution.
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animals higher in the food chain tend to have higher concentration of the chemicals in their blood. PFAS has been found in almost all human blood samples tested, one study found 97% of
Americans has PFAS in their blood. PFAS chemicals have been linked to high cholesterol, altered kidney and thyroid function, ulcerative colitis, immunosuppression, decreased effectiveness of vaccines, low birth weight, reproductive issues, and cancers such as kidney, testicular and liver cancer. However, we are still uncovering the full health effects of these chemicals.
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881:. Water systems become polluted and marine life such as fish and shellfish accumulate DDT in their tissues. Furthermore, this effect is amplified when animals who consume the fish also consume the chemical, demonstrating biomagnification within the food web. The process of biomagnification has detrimental effects on various bird species because DDT and DDE accumulate in their tissues inducing egg-shell thinning. Rapid declines in bird populations have been seen in Europe and North America as a result.
995:, which was then shipped around the world and used at airports, military sites, and fire-fighting training centers. The chemicals are now used in many household products including nail polish, makeup, shampoos, soaps, toothpastes, menstrual products, clothes, contact lenses and toilet paper. The chemicals are also used in fracking, artificial grass, lubricants (mechanical, industrial and bicycle), food packaging, magazines, pesticides, refrigerants, and even surgically implanted medical devices.
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chronic lead poisoning. Those who experience acute poisoning have symptoms such as appetite, headache, hypertension, abdominal pain, renal dysfunction, fatigue, sleeplessness, arthritis, hallucinations and vertigo." Chronic exposure on the other hand, can cause more severe symptoms such as, "mental retardation, birth defects, psychosis, autism, allergies, dyslexia, weight loss, hyperactivity, paralysis, muscular weakness, brain damage, kidney damage and may even cause death."
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specifically, it showed higher ecological risks for
Daphnia compared to other marine organisms. The discovery of such high concentrations of pesticides could be due to the local farmers using more pesticides than the recommended amount. This could be due to agriculture being the country's biggest economical activity. With the country's rising population numbers, necessity for more food will only increase, thereby putting more pressure on farmers.
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nervous, behavioral systems including causing lower fertility rates, abnormal hormone levels, and lower fitness of offspring. Amphibians are thought to be especially in low decline because the release of agricultural pesticides is simultaneous with the secretion of pheromones during their season of reproduction. For instance, it has been demonstrated that greater quantities of pesticides correlates with greater number of defects in toads.
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Yet this research was not made public and the companies continued to make large profits off the harmful chemicals. In 2000 3M announced they will voluntarily halt production of PFOA and PFOS โ technically known as "long-chain" chemicals โ and will stop putting them in products by 2002. They replaced these chemicals with new "short-chain" PFAS formulations, but scientists have found these replacements to be possibly just as hazardous.
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fishing operations, soil waste, factory chimneys, smelting of ores, wastes from batter industries, fertilizers and pesticides and many more. Unlike, other metals such as copper, lead only plays a physiological aspect and no biological functions. In the US, "more than 100 to 200,000 tons of lead per year is being released from vehicle exhausts" and some can be brought in by plants, flow in water or fixation into the soil.
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393:(NEPA) was written. The main point that NEPA brings to light is that it "assures that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal actions that significantly affect the environment." This law was passed in 1970 and also founded the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The importance of CEQ was that it helped further push policy areas.
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evolutionary responses among populations of yellow perch. Along the gradient, genetic diversity over all loci was negatively correlated with liver cadmium contamination. Additionally, there was a negative correlation observed between copper contamination and genetic diversity. Some aquatic species have evolved heavy metal tolerances. In response to high heavy metal concentrations a
Dipteran species,
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has been causing values to rise above the recommended amount by the U.S. EPA and World Health
Organization. Aluminum is used commonly in industrially-made items like paints, paper, household appliances, packaging, processing of food and water, and for health care items like antiperspirants and vaccine production. Run-off from those industrial uses then bring the metal flowing into the environment.
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use." The EPA allows the following to be done: "1. Pre-manufacture testing of chemicals to determine health or environmental risk 2. Review of chemicals for significant risk prior to the start of commercial production 3. Restriction or prohibition on the production or disposal of certain chemicals 4. Import and export control of chemicals prior to their entering or leaving the USA."
442:(EPA) released its ban on PCBs on April 19, 1979. According to the EPA, "Although PCBs are no longer being produced in this country, we will now bring under control the vast majority of PCBs still in use," said EPA Administrator Douglas M. Castle. "This will help prevent further contamination of our air, water and food supplies from a toxic and very persistent man-made chemical."
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found in soil, groundwater, and surface water due to soil erosion, leaching, and surface runoff. The amount of time they stay in the environment depends on the soil type and climate conditions like temperature and moisture. Chloroacetanilide herbicides include acetochlor, alachlor, among others. They are all listed as B2, L2, and C classes of carcinogens by the U.S. EPA.
454:"Totally enclosed" uses (contained, and therefore exposure to PCBs is unlikely) will be allowed to continue for the life of the equipment." In terms of electrical equipment containing PCBs is allowed under specific controlled conditions. Out of the 750 million pounds of PCBs, electrical equipment represents 578 million pounds. Any new manufacture of PCB is prohibited.
645:, otherwise known as Mozambique tilapia. Aluminum also decreases locomotive abilities of fishes since aluminum is thought to negatively impact with their oxygen supply. Finally, the metal causes slow responses to arousal and other environmental stimuli, overall abnormal behavior, and changes with the neurotransmitters in their bodies such as adrenaline and dopamine.
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because PCBs have certain properties ( chemical stability, non-flammability) they have been used in a colossal amount of commercial and industrial practices. Some of those include, "Electrical, heat transfer and hydraulic equipment, plasticizers in paints, plastics and rubber products and pigments, dyes and carbonless copy paper" to name a few.
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shown these pesticides to negatively affect photosynthesis and growth in plants. These substances also get into the soil via runoff and cause decreases in soil fertility as well. Moreover, they have also been known to cause erratic swimming, respiratory stress, changes in behavior, and delayed metamorphosis in aquatic organisms.
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a biodiversity hotspot for all manner of organisms, not just humans. In the end, the highest levels of total airborne mercury were found to be in the gold shops downtown, further emphasizing the cost of gold-mining in such native communities and the need for better programs directed towards preventing its spread.
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that mercury turns into methylmercury (MeHg) and seeps into the environment. Plankton then get the metal into their system, and they are then eaten by other marine organisms. This cycle continues up the food web. This process is called biomagnification and "causes significant disturbance to aquatic lives."
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targets are: urban air pollution, toxic air emissions, stratospheric ozone, acid rain etc. Apart from targeting these specific areas, it also established a national operating that "permits program to make the law more workable, and strengthened enforcement to help ensure better compliance with the Act."
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that has been banned due to its adverse effects on both humans and wildlife. DDT's insecticidal properties were first discovered in 1939. Following this discovery, DDT was widely used by farmers in order to kill agricultural pests such as the potato beetle, codling moth and corn earworm. In 1962, the
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For example, studies have shown it to cause stunted growth and suppress or damage the immune and reproductive systems of aquatic life. It also is linked to cancer not only in fish, but also in mammals like humans. Additionally, atrazine is known to induce aromatase which causes the bodies of fish and
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They also determined that approximately 44% of the total sites around the river had a moderate level of pollution, further emphasizing that more intervention programs should be conducted to curb the seepage of mercury into the environment. This was a major concern especially since the Choco region is
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Though certain amount of these metals can actually have an important role in, for example, maintaining certain biochemical and physiological, "functions in living organisms when in very low concentrations, however they become noxious when they exceed certain threshold concentrations." Heavy metal are
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Another herbicide called atrazine is still commonly used throughout the world even with the
European Union banning its usage in 2005. Shockingly, its use was still prevalent in the U.S. in 2016 and in Australia for some time. Because it can dissolve in water, many concerns have been raised about its
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For example, the chloroacetanilide class of herbicides is used worldwide in the control of weeds and grasses for agriculture. They are mainly used for crops such as corn, rice, soybean, sunflower, cotton, among others and are able to stay in the environment for long periods of time. Thus they can be
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According to, ATSDR ranking, cadmium is the 7th most toxic heavy metal. Cadmium is interesting in that once it is exposed to humans (at work) or animals in their environment, it will accumulate inside the body throughout the life of the human/animal. Though cadmium was used as replacement for tin in
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g/g respectively. Residents in other areas of
Columbia have been found to have similar levels. These levels are greater than the recommended threshold values held by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In addition, they measured the concentration of mercury found in fish living nearby in
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Because of these worrying side effects, there was a study done in the
Pacific coast of Columbia to assess the levels of mercury in the environment and in the people living there from gold-mining. The researchers found that the median total mercury concentration in hair measured from people living in
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Humans tend to encounter arsenic by "natural means, industrial source, or from unintended sources." Water can become contaminated by arsenical pesticides or natural arsenical chemicals. There are some cases in which arsenic has been used in suicide attempts and can result in acute poisoning. Arsenic
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Generally, too much exposure to aluminum affects motor and cognitive skills. In mammals, the metal has been shown to affect gene expression, DNA repair, and DNA binding. One study showed how the effects of aluminum include neurodegeneration and nerve cell death in mice. Another study has shown it to
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Generally speaking, the specific rate of build-up of metals in fish depends on the metal, the fish species, the aquatic environment, the time of year, and fishes' organs. For example, metals are more commonly known to be found the most in carnivorous species with omnivorous species following behind.
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Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are ester derivatives of phosphorus. These substances are found in pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides and were generally thought to be safe because they degrade quickly in the natural environment assuming there is sunlight, air, and soil. However, studies have
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PFAS chemicals are now ubiquitous in the environment, recent research found PFAS chemicals in all rain water studied. DuPont and 3M had both done internal studies on the potential harmful effects of these chemicals, and had known for decades of their potential to cause cancers and low birth weight.
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Pesticides in general have been shown to negatively impact the reproductive and endocrine systems of various reptiles and amphibians, so much that it is cautiously thought to be one of the main factors behind the decline in their populations all over the world. These pesticides impair their immune,
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Mercury hurts marine life but can also be very hurtful towards humans' nervous system. Higher levels of mercury exposure can change many brain functions. It can "lead to shyness, tremors, memory problems, irritability, and changes in vision or hearing." Furthermore, breathing in mercury can lead to
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Mercury exists in three different forms and all three possess different levels of bioavailability and toxicity. The three forms include organic compounds, metallic elements and inorganic salts. As stated above, they are present in water resources such as oceans, rivers and lakes. Studies have shown
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Another extremely toxic metal, lead can and has been known to cause "extensive environmental contamination and health problems in many parts of the world." The physical appearance of lead is bright and silver colored metal. Some sources of lead pollution in the environment include Metal plating and
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Aluminum is the most common natural metal in the Earth's crust and is naturally cycled throughout the environment via processes like the weathering of rocks and volcano eruptions. Those natural processes release more aluminum into the freshwater environments than do humans, but anthropogenic impact
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was aided by the signing of the 1990 amendments. These amendments protected reducing acid, the ozone layer, improving air quality and toxic pollutants. The Clean Air Act was actually revised and with, support from
President George H.W Bush, it was signed in. The biggest major threats that this act
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the common carp living in Taihu Lake. These metals were actively being released from sources such as industrial waste stemming from agriculture and mining and then going into coastal ecosystems and becoming stored in the local fish, especially their organs. This was especially alarming because too
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TSCA, also known as the Toxic Substance Control Act, is a federal law that regulates industrial chemicals that have the potential to be harmful to humans and the environment. TSCA specifically targets "the manufacture, importation, storage, use, disposal, and degradation of chemicals in commercial
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Mercury, a shiny silver-white, can transform into a colorless and odorless gas when heated up. Mercury highly affects the marine environment and there have been many studies conducted on the effects on the water environment. The biggest sources of mercury pollution include "agriculture, municipal
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Though PCBs were banned, there are some exceptions where they are being used. The area in which it has been completely prohibited is "the manufacture, processing, distribution in commerce, and "non-enclosed" (open to the environment) uses of PCBs unless specifically authorized or exempted by EPA.
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Heavy metals can also alter the genetic makeup in aquatic organisms. In Canada, a study examined genetic diversity in wild yellow perch along various heavy metal concentration gradients in lakes polluted by mining operations. Researchers wanted to determine what effect metal contamination had on
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PCBs pertains to a group of human-produced "organic chemicals known as Chlorinated hydrocarbons" The chemical and physical properties of a PCS determine the quantity and location chlorine and unlike other chemicals, they have no form of identification. The range of toxicity is not consistent and
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PCBs has been tested on laboratory animals and have caused cancer and birth defects. PCB is suspected of having certain effects on liver and skin of humans. They are also suspected of causing cancer as well. EPA "estimates that 150 million pounds of PCBs are dispersed throughout the environment,
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absence/presence of these toxins in drinking water, it is very hard to actually monitor the amounts that are present in finished water. This is a result of the U.S not having state or federal programs in place that actually monitor the presence of this toxins in drinking water treatment plants.
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These chemicals have been given the nickname "forever chemicals" due to their extreme stability and resistance to natural degradation in the environment. They also bioaccumulate in humans and animals, with many of the PFAS chemicals having half-lives of several years. The also "biomagnify", so
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Humans come in contact with lead through mining, fossil fuel burning. In burning, lead and its compounds are exposed into air, soil, and water. Lead can have different effects on the body and effects the central nervous system. Someone who has come in contact with lead can have either acute or
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There were some cases in which people or companies that disposed of PCBs incorrectly. Up until now, there have been four cases in which EPA had to take legal actions against people/companies for their methods of disposal. The two cases involving the companies, were fined $ 28,600 for improper
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including air and water supplies; an additional 290 million pounds are located in landfills in this country." Again, even though they have been banned, there is still a large amount of PCBs are circulating within the environment and are possibly causing effects on the skin and liver of humans.
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Though DDT was banned in 1972, some of the pesticide (as well as other chemical) lingered in the environment. This lingering of toxic material led to the near extinction of peregrine falcon. There was high levels of DDT were found in many areas such as "eggs, fat and tissues of the bird." The
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from the Czech Republic, a keystone species. They found that the hepatopancreas, the body part that serves as both the liver and pancreas in these crustaceans, became damaged after being exposed. A build-up of lactate and ammonia also resulted, leading to liver failure, tissue hypoxia, lactic
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The occurrence of this toxin in drinking water depends on a couple of factors. One, is the drinking water's level in raw source water and secondly, it depends on the effectiveness of removing these toxins from water when drinking water is actually being produced. Due to being no data on the
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In a specific case study, organophosphate pesticides like chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fenitrothion, and quinalphos used in agriculture in the northwestern part of Bangladesh were found to have high or acute ecological risks on the surface water and soil for aquatic insects and crustaceans. More
1058:, a cyanobacteria that can produce cylindrospermopsin." Most cases (typically involving children) have required they be taken to a hospital. The results of hospitilation include: Vomiting, kidney damage (due to lose of water, protein and electrolytes) fever, bloody diarrhea, and headaches.
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Arsenic, one of the most important heavy metals, causes ecological problems and health issues in humans. It is "semimetallic property, is prominently toxic and carcinogenic, and is extensively available in the form of oxides or sulfides or as a salt of iron, sodium, calcium, copper,
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The 7th most abundant element, chromium, can occur naturally when one burns oil and coal and is released into the environment through sewage and fertilizers. Chromium usage can be seen in, "industries such as metallurgy, electroplating, production of paints and pigments, tanning,
371:
Although legislation implemented since the early 1970s had intended to minimize harmful effects of environmental toxicants upon all species, McCarty (2013) has warned that "longstanding limitations in the implementation of the simple conceptual model that is the basis of current
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because of their lack of biodegradability or capability to break down. Such build-up can lead to liver damage and cardiovascular diseases in people. It is also important to monitor fishes not just for public health, but also to assess the health of coastal ecosystems.
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Though data on the effects of these two toxins are limited, from what is available it suggests the toxins attack the liver and kidney. There was an hepatoenteritis-like outbreak in Palm Island, Australia (1979), due to the consumption of water that contained,
403:
Some initial impacts of NEPA pertain to the interpretation within Courts. Not only did Courts interpret NEPA to expand over direct environmental impacts from any projects, specifically federal, but also indirect actions from federal projects.
1011:" has been attempted in hot spots around the world, by placing the contaminated soil in landfill or heating at extremely high temperature. However, these are both very expensive, and new, cheaper remediation tools are desperately required.
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Lawsuits around the world have now sprung up against companies and governments who knew of the harm these chemicals could do and continued to use them. Regulation talks on these chemicals is now happening world-wide. Remediation of these
537:, of the midge family, Chironomidae, has evolved to become tolerant to cadmium toxicity in aquatic environments. Altered life histories, increased cadmium excretion, and sustained growth under cadmium exposure is evidence that shows that
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As stated by the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, in " the US, more than 500,000 workers get exposed to toxic cadmium each year." It is also stated that the highest exposure to cadmium can be seen in China and Japan.
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Ji K, Kim S, Kho Y, Paek D, Sakong J, Ha J, Kim S, Choi K (September 2012). "Serum concentrations of major perfluorinated compounds among the general population in Korea: Dietary sources and potential impact on thyroid hormones".
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while making refrigerants. The chemical was found to have unique and useful properties such as resistance to water, oil, and extreme temperatures. In 1945 DuPont patented this chemical, along with other PFAS chemicals like
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the Atrato River. Even though the concentration was determined to have a low risk factor for human health and consumption, the concentration (0.5 g/g) was above the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended threshold.
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The effects of cadmium on the kidney and bones is huge. It can cause bone mineralization which "is the process of laying down minerals on a matrix of the bone". This can happen through renal dysfunction or bone damage.
400:, Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA and the Safe). CEQ was essential in creating the foundation for most of the "current environmental legislation except for Superfund and asbestos control legislation."
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In humans, arsenic can cause cancer in the bladder, skin, lungs and liver. One of the major sources of arsenic exposure in humans is contaminated water, which is a problem in more than 30 countries in the world.
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962:, are a group of approximately 15 000 chemicals. The common structure of these chemicals involves a functional group and a long carbon tail that is fully or partially fluorinated. The first PFAS chemical,
787:." Chromium toxicity affects the "biological processes in various plants such as maize, wheat, barley, cauliflower, citrullus and in vegetables. Chromium toxicity causes chlorosis and necrosis in plants."
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Exposure to contaminants can change the tissues of marine life like fish too. For example, its accumulation has been shown to cause neurodegeneration in cerebral regions of the brains such as those of
529:) exposed to higher cadmium levels and grow at a slower rate than fish exposed to lower levels or none. Moreover, cadmium can potentially alter the productivity and mating behaviours of these fish.
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The most known or common types of heavy metals include zinc, arsenic, copper, lead, nickel, chromium, aluminum, and cadmium. All of these types cause certain risks on human and environment health.
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PCBs are organic pollutants that are still present in our environment today, despite being banned in many countries, including the United States and Canada. Due to the persistent nature of PCBs in
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Bickham JW, Sandhu S, Hebert PD, Chikhi L, Athwal R (July 2000). "Effects of chemical contaminants on genetic diversity in natural populations: implications for biomonitoring and ecotoxicology".
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when released into the environment. Fluoride has been known to negatively affect aquatic wildlife. Elevated levels of fluoride have been proven to impair the feeding efficiency and growth of the
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Bourret V, Couture P, Campbell PG, Bernatchez L (January 2008). "Evolutionary ecotoxicology of wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations chronically exposed to a polymetallic gradient".
907:. Despite the regulation of this pesticide in North America, it is still used in certain areas of the world. Traces of this chemical have been found in noticeable amounts in a tributary of the
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can affect an organism and its community by reducing its species diversity and abundance. Such changes in population dynamics affect the ecosystem by reducing its productivity and stability.
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Kotlarz N, McCord J, Collier D, Lea CS, Strynar M, Lindstrom AB, Wilkie AA, Islam JY, Matney K, Tarte P, Polera M, Burdette K, DeWitt J, May K, Smart RC, Knappe DR, Hoppin JA (July 2020).
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acidosis, muscle fatigue, and pain. There was also damage and even deterioration of the gills however they were able to heal after 2 weeks. Damage to gills was also found in the bivalve
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It is also one of the most abundant elements on earth and its specific inorganic forms are very dangerous to living creatures (animals, plants, and humans) and the environment.
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Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria. They grow in many types of water. Their rapid growth ("bloom") is related to high water temperature as well as
950:). Exposure to fluoride alters ion balance, total protein and lipid levels within these fish, which changes their body composition and disrupts various biochemical processes.
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For example, because humans consume fish, it is important to monitor fishes for such trace metals. It has been known for a long time that these trace metals get passed up the
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government . worked with conservation groups in helping them breed out of the contaminated area. Finally, in 1999 the birds were taken off the U.S endangered species list.
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harmful effects of the widespread and uncontrolled use of DDT were detailed by Rachel Carson in her book The Silent Spring. Such large quantities of DDT and its metabolite
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Hilborn ED, Fournie JW, Azevedo SM, Chernoff N, Falconer IR, Hooth MJ, Jensen K, MacPhail R, Stewart I, Rogers E, Shaw GR (2008). "Human Health Effects Workgroup Report".
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are a major source of environmental toxicity. These chemically synthesized agents have been known to persist in the environment long after their administration. The poor
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a huge part of environmental pollutions and their toxicity "is a problem of increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons."
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1399:"Federal environmental and occupational toxicology regulations and reporting requirements: a practical approach to what the medical toxicologist needs to know, part 1"
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Humans who consume animals or plants that are contaminated with DDT experience adverse health effects. Various studies have shown that DDT has damaging effects on the
609:, and it took approximately three years for these plans to regain their reproductive abilities. The study of radiation and its effects on the environment is known as
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Metals like cadmium, mercury, and lead have minimal roles in living organisms if any, so the accumulation of these, even if a little, can lead to health issues.
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Additionally, a case study in China looked at the concentrations of Cu (copper), Cr (chromium), Cd (cadmium), and Pb (lead) in the edible parts of the fishes
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potential to contaminate soil and water along the surface and ground. Various studies have been conducted to determine the impact of atrazine on wildlife.
674:"is a protoplastic poison since it affects primarily the sulphydryl group of cells causing malfunctioning of cell respiration, cell enzymes and mitosis."
2399:"Why is elevation of serum cholesterol associated with exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans? A workshop report on potential mechanisms"
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releases carbon dioxide and water as by-products into the environment. This process is typically limited in areas affected by environmental toxicants.
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WWI and pigment in paint industries back in the day, currently it is seen mostly in rechargeable batteries, tobacco smoke and some alloys production.
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disposal. It is unknown what fined was charged against the three people for "illegally dumping PCBs along 210 miles of roadway in North Carolina."
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Carmichael W (2008). "A world overview โ One-hundred-twenty-seven years of research on toxic cyanobacteria โ Where do we go from here?".
2704:"Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female reproductive outcomes: PFAS elimination, endocrine-mediated effects, and disease"
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have been shown to have significantly higher PCB levels than farmed salmon as the wild fish live in a heavily contaminated environment.
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at any life cycle stage, some of which are more sensitive than others. Toxicity can also vary with the organism's placement within its
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478:(diffuse sources) like the rubber from car tires that contain numerous chemicals and heavy metals that are spread in the environment.
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Andersen ME, Hagenbuch B, Apte U, Corton JC, Fletcher T, Lau C, Roth WL, Staels B, Vega GL, Clewell HJ, Longnecker MP (July 2021).
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dysfunction in sensory and mental capabilities in humans as well such as with the use of one's motor skills, cognition, and sight.
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2109:"Effects of agricultural pesticides on the reproductive system of aquatic wildlife species, with crocodilians as sentinel species"
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2549:"Exposure to per-fluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances leads to immunotoxicity: epidemiological and toxicological evidence"
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that can lead to the presence of toxicants in our food, water and air. These sources include organic and inorganic pollutants,
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1645:"Effects of cadmium at sub-lethal concentration on growth and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)"
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3007:"Environmental monitoring and risk assessment of organophosphate pesticides in aquatic ecosystems of north-west Bangladesh"
2598:"Antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines among workers with a wide range of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances"
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wastewater discharges, mining, incineration, and discharges of industrial wastewater" all relatively connected to water.
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be related to human diseases associated with the nervous system such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and autism.
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2342:"Measurement of Novel, Drinking Water-Associated PFAS in Blood from Adults and Children in Wilmington, North Carolina"
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Porter AK, Kleinschmidt SE, Andres KL, Reusch CN, Krisko RM, Taiwo OA, Olsen GW, Longnecker MP (November 2022).
2185:"A systemic assessment of the environmental impacts and remediation strategies for chloroacetanilide herbicides"
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is a subdiscipline of environmental toxicology concerned with studying the harmful effects of toxicants at the
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field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical
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2818:"Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)"
2010:"Mercury pollution by gold mining in a global biodiversity hotspot, the Choco biogeographic region, Colombia"
422:
96:
52:
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1501:"Dioxins and PCBs report shows drop in dietary exposure over last decade | European Food Safety Authority"
251:
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and biological agents, all of which can have harmful effects on living organisms. There can be so called
2251:"Biochemical and histological effects of sub-chronic exposure to atrazine in crayfish Cherax destructor"
438:(PCBs), there is the possibility that they are present in products made before the PCB ban in 1979. The
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3006:
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2009:
1926:"Effects of Aluminium Contamination on the Nervous System of Freshwater Aquatic Vertebrates: A Review"
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and 3M created a new type of fire-fighting foam using PFAS chemicals, "aqueous film-forming foam" or
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Shoaff J, Papandonatos GD, Calafat AM, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Ehrlich S, Kelsey KT, Braun JM (2018).
100:
92:
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Radiation is given off by matter as either rays or waves of pure energy or high-speed particles.
315:
147:
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Agrawal A, Gopal K (2013). "Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water and Their Public Health Consequences".
601:, or skin burns. Plants also face problems when exposed to large levels of radiation. After the
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471:
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is considered the mother of environmental toxicology, as she made it a distinct field within
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occurs when an organism stores toxicants in fatty tissues, which may eventually establish a
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4128:
3978:
3968:
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3555:
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2655:"Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances: Infant birth weight and early life growth"
2609:
2503:
2456:
2262:
2021:
1703:
20:
1588:"Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China"
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target herbal pests such as weeds and other unwanted plants that reduce crop production.
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2883:"The Devil they Knew: Chemical Documents Analysis of Industry Influence on PFAS Science"
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DDT is not easily biodegradable and thus the chemical accumulates in soil and sediment
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Furthermore, a study was done to study the effects of atrazine on freshwater crayfish
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CEQ created environmental programs including the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
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874:(DDE) that were released into the environment were toxic to both animals and humans.
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within a food web. Pesticides can be categorized according to the pests they target.
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McCarty LS (December 2013). "Are we in the dark ages of environmental toxicology?".
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3149:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 619. pp. 579โ606.
3075:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 619. pp. 105โ125.
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2943:"Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides: A review"
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593:. When humans and animals are exposed to high radiation levels, they can develop
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testing protocols" may lead to an impending environmental toxicology "dark age".
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3227:"Drinking Water Health Advisory for the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin"
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Tavalieri YE, Galoppo GH, Canesini G, Luque EH, Muรฑoz-de-Toro MM (2020-12-01).
2007:
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are used to eliminate agricultural pests that attack various fruits and crops.
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490:, many aquatic species contain high levels of this chemical. For example, wild
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Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs
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Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs
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Cousins IT, Johansson JH, Salter ME, Sha B, Scheringer M (16 August 2022).
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Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (June 2014).
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Categories of organisms commonly used for assessing environmental toxicity
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Sumon KA, Rashid H, Peeters ET, Bosma RH, Van den Brink PJ (2018-09-01).
1942:
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Harmful effects of such chemical and biological agents as toxicants from
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2133:
2008:
Palacios-Torres Y, Caballero-Gallardo K, Olivero-Verbel J (2018-02-01).
1642:
1397:
Schwartz MD, Dell'Aglio DM, Nickle R, Hornsby-Myers J (September 2014).
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of pollution, for instance the drains from a specific factory, but also
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Sidhu GK, Singh S, Kumar V, Dhanjal DS, Datta S, Singh J (2019-07-03).
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Person has been exposed to arsenic poisoning through contaminated water
578:
499:
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361:
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4302:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
2899:
2317:"50 years ago, DDT pushed peregrine falcons to the edge of extinction"
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Heydarnejad MS, Khosravian-Hemamai M, Nematollahi A (December 2013).
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use. Carson's book was based extensively on a series of reports by
3368:
Principles of Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Applications
1454:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 27 February 2015.
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2753:"PFAS and cancer, a scoping review of the epidemiologic evidence"
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As mentioned above, though the United States did ban the use of
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Regulations and enforcement actions on polychlorinated biphenyls
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3412:
1853:
980:
967:
594:
491:
379:
255:
Overview of the interdisciplinarity of environmental toxicology
2595:
1219:. Department of Biological Sciences - Simon Fraser University.
3144:
2652:
2106:
1856:"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals"
1231:"Welcome to the Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology"
987:
began mass producing Teflon in 1947. Then in the 1960's, the
912:
885:
574:
570:
569:, also known as electromagnetic radiation, include sunlight,
83:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2553:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
2396:
976:
959:
915:, suggesting the pesticide is still in use in this region.
2815:
1923:
1736:
1081:
319:
2947:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
2003:
2001:
1999:
1924:
Closset M, Cailliau K, Slaby S, Marin M (January 2022).
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1997:
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1981:
1979:
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in 1986, the nuclear radiation damaged the surrounding
2940:
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2546:
1798:"The Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Environment"
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1976:
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161:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4511:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
4296:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
3874:
3344:
3186:Van Der Merwe D (2014). "Freshwater cyanotoxins".
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1452:"Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Poullution"
1315:"Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act"
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541:exhibits genetically based heavy metal tolerance.
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2547:DeWitt JC, Blossom SJ, Schaider LA (March 2019).
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2100:
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1369:"1988 Article on NEPA: Past, Present, and Future"
1345:"1988 Article on NEPA: Past, Present, and Future"
1078:Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
4743:
4308:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
3366:Williams PL, James RC, Roberts SM (2000-03-31).
1919:
1548:
1039:
1027:
966:(PTFE), was accidentally synthesized in 1938 by
525:For instance, it has been shown that fish (i.e.
4356:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
3061:
2702:Rickard BP, Rizvi I, Fenton SE (January 2022).
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2659:Environmental Epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
2305:
2081:
1531:"Learn about Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)"
1525:
1523:
1521:
1373:1988-article-nepa-past-present-and-future.html
1349:1988-article-nepa-past-present-and-future.html
1134:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
958:Per and poly fluoroalkyl substances, known as
407:
4320:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
4270:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
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1481:epa-bans-pcb-manufacture-phases-out-uses.html
1309:
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901:United States Environmental Protection Agency
829:This is a 3D model of the herbicide atrazine.
806:of chemicals in various organisms along with
708:two communities, Quibdo and Paimado, was 1.26
325:Organisms can be exposed to various kinds of
81:The examples and perspective in this article
3111:
2881:Gaber N, Bero L, Woodruff TJ (1 June 2023).
2445:
2165:
1896:
1730:
1385:
380:Governing policies on environmental toxicity
310:, which covered the effects of uncontrolled
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
2490:Steenland K, Kugathasan S, Barr DB (2018).
2182:
1930:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1518:
1477:"EPA Bans PCB Manufacture; Phases Out Uses"
1245:"Lucille Farrier Stickel: Research Pioneer"
1141:Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry
1127:Journal of Environmental Science and Health
1120:Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology
318:on the ecological effects of the pesticide
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3964:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
3867:
3853:
3451:
3437:
3323:
3070:
2989:
2925:
2249:Stara A, Kouba A, Velisek J (2018-08-01).
2223:
1304:
3458:
3424:Brief history of environmental toxicology
2908:
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2849:
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2572:
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2314:
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1959:
1941:
1879:
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1422:
304:in 1962 with the publication of her book
239:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3387:Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment
3269:Introduction to Environmental Toxicology
3266:
3212:
824:
647:
462:There are many sources of environmental
258:
250:
4490:Immediately dangerous to life or health
1275:
1255:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
4744:
4677:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
3949:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
3307:Essentials of Environmental Toxicology
3304:
3288:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
3285:
3114:Biomonitoring of Water and Waste Water
2822:Environmental Science & Technology
2751:Steenland K, Winquist A (March 2021).
1278:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
983:. American multinational conglomerate
3848:
3432:
3385:Newman MC, Clements WH (2007-12-13).
3343:Cockerham LG, Shane BS (1993-10-20).
1233:. South Carolina: Clemson University.
4724:
4367:Working Environment Convention, 1977
3803:
2189:Journal of Water Process Engineering
2113:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
1048:
922:
416:
159:adding citations to reliable sources
130:
67:
26:
4536:Workers' right to access the toilet
3827:
903:(EPA) banned the use of DDT in the
13:
4607:International Chemical Safety Card
3240:
3196:10.1016/b978-0-12-404630-6.00031-2
2183:Mohanty SS, Jena HM (2019-10-01).
1586:Rajeshkumar S, Li X (2018-01-01).
616:
16:Multidisciplinary field of science
14:
4763:
4617:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
4275:International Labour Organization
3405:
3031:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.167
2346:Environmental Health Perspectives
2034:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.160
1106:Environmental Health Perspectives
953:
458:Sources of environmental toxicity
391:National Environmental Policy Act
42:This article has multiple issues.
4723:
4695:
4694:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3784:
3783:
3522:
3411:
3328:. Oxford University Press, USA.
872:dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
389:To protect the environment, the
384:
135:
72:
31:
3761:Human impact on the environment
3267:Landis WG, Yu MM (2003-12-29).
3179:
3138:
3105:
2874:
2809:
2744:
2695:
2646:
2589:
2540:
2483:
2439:
2390:
2333:
2255:Chemico-Biological Interactions
2056:
1790:
1777:Toxicology Education Foundation
1765:
1687:
1636:
1493:
1250:National Wildlife Refuge System
863:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
509:
440:Environmental Protection Agency
146:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
4572:Environment, health and safety
4227:Occupational health psychology
3876:Occupational safety and health
3669:Public transport encouragement
3347:Basic Environmental Toxicology
3252:. Cambridge University Press.
3248:Wright DA, Welbourn P (2002).
1361:
1269:
1237:
1223:
1209:
1068:American College of Toxicology
581:. Particle radiation includes
1:
4443:Personal protective equipment
4196:Workplace health surveillance
2967:10.1080/10643389.2019.1565554
2492:"PFOA and ulcerative colitis"
2064:"Bone Mineralization Process"
1751:10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00004-1
1716:10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.10.003
1403:Journal of Medical Toxicology
1197:
1040:Cyanotoxins in drinking water
1028:Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins
979:with the now household name,
790:
4485:Standard operating procedure
4418:Hierarchy of hazard controls
4171:Hierarchy of hazard controls
3324:Zakrzewski SF (2002-04-04).
3155:10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_26
3122:10.1007/978-81-322-0864-8_13
2777:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110690
2671:10.1097/EE9.0000000000000010
2622:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107537
2516:10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.007
2469:10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.007
1860:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
1604:10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.007
1061:
802:of pesticides can result in
607:plants' reproductive tissues
560:
7:
4622:NIOSH air filtration rating
4314:Health and Safety Executive
4222:Occupational health nursing
4186:Occupational exposure limit
4024:Hospital-acquired infection
3989:Exposure to human nail dust
3659:Natural resource management
3290:. Oxford University Press.
3271:(3rd ed.). CRC Press.
3081:10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_4
1290:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.005
1147:
1098:
773:
408:Toxic Substance Control Act
398:Toxic Substance Control Act
95:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4768:
4682:Workplace health promotion
4587:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
4361:Worker Protection Standard
4064:Noise-induced hearing loss
2315:Wilkinson A (2019-02-14).
2201:10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100860
867:organochlorine insecticide
783:, chemical production and
756:
690:
656:
170:"Environmental toxicology"
18:
4690:
4544:
4498:
4375:
4338:
4288:
4280:World Health Organization
4262:
4250:
4204:
4191:Occupational epidemiology
4176:Prevention through design
4127:
4034:Laboratory animal allergy
3959:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
3934:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
3882:
3779:
3753:
3717:
3641:
3571:Environmental engineering
3531:
3520:
3466:
2720:10.1016/j.tox.2021.153031
2602:Environment International
2565:10.1038/s41370-018-0097-y
2449:Environment International
2415:10.1016/j.tox.2021.152845
2275:10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.012
2125:10.1016/j.mce.2020.110918
1415:10.1007/s13181-014-0410-7
1015:Organophosphate chemicals
934:that is broken down into
785:pulp and paper production
436:polychlorinated biphenyls
4752:Environmental toxicology
4597:Hostile work environment
4577:Environmental toxicology
4470:Redundancy (engineering)
4084:Repetitive strain injury
3654:Environmental technology
3603:Environmental toxicology
3598:Environmental statistics
3593:Environmental humanities
3418:Environmental toxicology
3389:. Taylor & Francis.
3326:Environmental Toxicology
3309:. Taylor & Francis.
3250:Environmental Toxicology
3188:Biomarkers in Toxicology
1649:Irish Veterinary Journal
1202:
1113:Environmental Toxicology
548:the banded catfish, and
546:Pelteobagrus fluvidraco,
268:Environmental toxicology
4642:Quality of working life
4428:Administrative controls
3566:Environmental economics
3489:Environmental chemistry
3370:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
3305:Hughes W (1996-10-31).
2887:Annals of Global Health
2842:10.1021/acs.est.2c02765
1872:10.2478/intox-2014-0009
1662:10.1186/2046-0481-66-11
1217:"About the MET Program"
1193:(2013 documentary film)
1159:Environmental chemistry
964:polytetrafluoroethylene
677:
599:congenital disabilities
567:Rays or waves of energy
481:
345:of specific toxicants.
316:Lucille Farrier Stickel
4237:Occupational therapist
4217:Industrial engineering
4009:Glassblower's cataract
3974:Decompression sickness
3623:Sustainability science
2757:Environmental Research
2496:Environmental Research
857:
830:
742:
722:
653:
264:
256:
4707:Occupational diseases
4672:Workers' compensation
4232:Occupational medicine
4094:Silo-filler's disease
4059:Mule spinners' cancer
3588:Environmental studies
3460:Environmental science
1164:Environmental science
1088:Society of Toxicology
828:
743:
723:
651:
262:
254:
4433:Engineering controls
4408:Emergency evacuation
4212:Environmental health
3979:De Quervain syndrome
3969:Concussions in sport
3576:Environmental health
3561:Environmental design
3556:Ecological economics
3420:at Wikimedia Commons
3190:. pp. 539โ548.
3116:. pp. 135โ147.
1943:10.3390/ijms23010031
741:{\displaystyle \mu }
732:
721:{\displaystyle \mu }
712:
155:improve this article
101:create a new article
93:improve this article
21:Environmental toxins
4567:Effects of overtime
4450:Job safety analysis
4438:Hazard substitution
4403:Emergency procedure
4181:Exposure assessment
4166:Occupational stress
4159:Psychosocial hazard
4139:Occupational hazard
4004:Flock worker's lung
3745:Environment by year
3735:Research institutes
3649:Energy conservation
3474:Atmospheric science
3023:2018Chmsp.206...92S
2959:2019CREST..49.1135S
2834:2022EnST...5611172C
2828:(16): 11172โ11179.
2769:2021ER....19410690S
2614:2022EnInt.16907537P
2508:2018ER....165..317S
2461:2012EnInt..45...78J
2267:2018CBI...291...95S
2026:2018Chmsp.193..421P
1708:2008AqTox..86...76B
1190:Unacceptable Levels
894:reproductive system
535:Chironomus riparius
4602:Indoor air quality
4506:Diving regulations
4423:Hazard elimination
4242:Safety engineering
3821:Environment portal
3704:Water purification
3286:Crosby DG (1998).
1696:Aquatic Toxicology
1592:Toxicology Reports
1505:www.efsa.europa.eu
831:
738:
718:
654:
603:Chernobyl disaster
488:aquatic ecosystems
265:
257:
4739:
4738:
4652:Safety data sheet
4465:Operations manual
4346:Bangladesh Accord
4334:
4333:
4144:Biological hazard
3842:
3841:
3664:Pollution control
3416:Media related to
3396:978-0-8493-3357-6
3377:978-0-471-29321-7
3358:978-0-8493-8851-4
3335:978-0-19-514811-4
3316:978-1-56032-470-6
3297:978-0-19-511713-4
3278:978-1-56670-660-5
3259:978-0-521-58151-6
3232:. EPA. June 2015.
3205:978-0-12-404630-6
3164:978-0-387-75864-0
3131:978-81-322-0863-1
3090:978-0-387-75864-0
2953:(13): 1135โ1187.
2900:10.5334/aogh.4013
1739:Mutation Research
1049:Effects on humans
1009:forever chemicals
928:Sulfuryl fluoride
923:Sulfuryl fluoride
852:Diplodon expansus
847:Cherax destructor
781:wood preservation
476:non-point sources
417:The Clean Air Act
272:multidisciplinary
249:
248:
241:
231:
230:
223:
205:
129:
128:
121:
103:, as appropriate.
65:
4759:
4727:
4726:
4698:
4697:
4393:Contingency plan
4388:Code of practice
4260:
4259:
4054:Metal fume fever
3869:
3862:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3806:
3805:
3787:
3786:
3709:Waste management
3699:Urban metabolism
3694:Sewage treatment
3684:Renewable energy
3526:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3415:
3400:
3381:
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3142:
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3068:
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2487:
2481:
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2246:
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2180:
2163:
2162:
2136:
2104:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2005:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1945:
1921:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1851:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1769:
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1734:
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1691:
1685:
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1301:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1213:
808:biomagnification
800:biodegradability
747:
745:
744:
739:
727:
725:
724:
719:
550:Cyprinus carpio,
374:aquatic toxicity
343:biomagnification
280:living organisms
244:
237:
226:
219:
215:
212:
206:
204:
163:
139:
131:
124:
117:
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110:
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76:
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68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
4767:
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4762:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4686:
4667:Toxic workplace
4647:Risk management
4540:
4494:
4475:Risk assessment
4371:
4330:
4284:
4255:
4246:
4200:
4154:Physical hazard
4149:Chemical hazard
4130:
4123:
3888:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3843:
3838:
3775:
3749:
3713:
3637:
3628:Systems ecology
3527:
3518:
3479:Biogeochemistry
3462:
3457:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3378:
3359:
3336:
3317:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3243:
3241:Further reading
3238:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3206:
3184:
3180:
3165:
3143:
3139:
3132:
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2647:
2594:
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2545:
2541:
2488:
2484:
2444:
2440:
2395:
2391:
2358:10.1289/EHP6837
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2247:
2224:
2181:
2166:
2105:
2082:
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2071:
2062:
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2057:
2006:
1977:
1922:
1897:
1852:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1779:. 3 August 2016
1771:
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1342:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1257:. March 7, 2014
1243:
1242:
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1229:
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1224:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1150:
1101:
1064:
1051:
1042:
1030:
972:Roy J. Plunkett
956:
948:Cyprinus carpio
925:
860:
804:bioaccumulation
793:
776:
759:
733:
730:
729:
713:
710:
709:
693:
680:
659:
619:
617:Metals toxicity
563:
512:
484:
460:
432:
419:
410:
387:
382:
339:trophic cascade
335:Bioaccumulation
245:
234:
233:
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36:
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23:
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12:
11:
5:
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4755:
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4714:
4709:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Source control
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4632:Process safety
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Health physics
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:Safety culture
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Permit To Work
4457:
4455:Lockout-tagout
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
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4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4135:
4133:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4119:Writer's cramp
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Pneumoconiosis
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Lead poisoning
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Golfer's elbow
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Fiddler's neck
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Chronic stress
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Cardiovascular
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3771:Technogaianism
3768:
3766:Sustainability
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3532:Related fields
3529:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3407:
3406:External links
3404:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3382:
3376:
3363:
3357:
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3334:
3321:
3315:
3302:
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2743:
2694:
2645:
2588:
2559:(2): 148โ156.
2539:
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2438:
2389:
2332:
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2222:
2164:
2080:
2068:Bone and Spine
2055:
1975:
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1123:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1063:
1060:
1056:C. raciborskii
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1034:eutrophication
1029:
1026:
955:
954:PFAS chemicals
952:
924:
921:
890:nervous system
859:
856:
792:
789:
775:
772:
758:
755:
737:
717:
692:
689:
679:
676:
658:
655:
643:O. mossambicus
618:
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589:particles and
562:
559:
511:
508:
483:
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459:
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431:
428:
418:
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386:
383:
381:
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347:Biodegradation
247:
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229:
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143:
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134:
127:
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87:of the subject
85:worldwide view
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4764:
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4718:
4717:Organizations
4715:
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4708:
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4704:
4703:
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4530:United States
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4409:
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4404:
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4399:
4398:Diving safety
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4362:
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4263:International
4261:
4258:
4256:organizations
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4235:
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4152:
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4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
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4137:
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4134:
4132:
4129:Occupational
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Sports injury
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
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4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Low back pain
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Farmer's lung
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
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3887:
3884:Occupational
3881:
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3633:Urban ecology
3631:
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3379:
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3351:. CRC Press.
3349:
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2069:
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2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
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1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
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1462:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:(3): 319โ30.
1408:
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1400:
1393:
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1370:
1364:
1350:
1346:
1340:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
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1154:Ecotoxicology
1152:
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1128:
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1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
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1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
920:
916:
914:
910:
909:Yangtze River
906:
905:United States
902:
899:By 1972, the
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
864:
855:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
788:
786:
782:
771:
767:
763:
754:
750:
735:
728:g/g and 0.67
715:
705:
701:
697:
688:
684:
675:
671:
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665:
650:
646:
644:
639:
635:
631:
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588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
558:
554:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
530:
528:
527:rainbow trout
523:
520:
515:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
472:point sources
469:
465:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
427:
424:
423:Clean Air Act
414:
405:
401:
399:
394:
392:
385:U.S. policies
377:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
307:Silent Spring
303:
299:
298:Rachel Carson
295:
293:
289:
285:
284:Ecotoxicology
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
253:
243:
240:
225:
222:
214:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172: โ
171:
167:
166:Find sources:
160:
156:
150:
149:
144:This article
142:
138:
133:
132:
123:
120:
112:
109:November 2019
102:
98:
94:
88:
86:
79:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
25:
22:
4728:
4699:
4576:
4526:Right to sit
4516:Potty parity
4109:Tennis elbow
4104:Surfer's ear
4049:Mesothelioma
4019:Hearing loss
3831:
3819:
3807:
3788:
3689:Road ecology
3642:Applications
3618:Radioecology
3602:
3581:epidemiology
3514:Soil science
3509:Oceanography
3386:
3367:
3346:
3325:
3306:
3287:
3268:
3249:
3187:
3181:
3146:
3140:
3113:
3107:
3072:
3014:
3010:
2950:
2946:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2352:(7): 77005.
2349:
2345:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2321:Science News
2320:
2258:
2254:
2192:
2188:
2134:11336/139184
2116:
2112:
2072:. Retrieved
2070:. 2013-08-27
2067:
2058:
2017:
2013:
1933:
1929:
1866:(2): 60โ72.
1863:
1859:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1745:(1): 33โ51.
1742:
1738:
1732:
1702:(1): 76โ90.
1699:
1695:
1689:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1595:
1591:
1539:. Retrieved
1537:. 2015-08-19
1534:
1509:. Retrieved
1507:. 2012-07-18
1504:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1406:
1402:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1323:. Retrieved
1321:. 2013-02-22
1318:
1284:(3): 321โ4.
1281:
1277:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1225:
1211:
1188:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
957:
947:
926:
917:
898:
883:
876:
865:(DDT) is an
861:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
820:
812:Insecticides
794:
777:
768:
764:
760:
751:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
681:
672:
668:
663:
660:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:
611:radioecology
564:
555:
549:
545:
543:
538:
534:
531:
524:
516:
513:
510:Heavy metals
504:
495:
485:
461:
452:
448:
444:
433:
420:
411:
402:
395:
388:
370:
358:insecticides
351:
324:
305:
296:
267:
266:
235:
217:
208:
198:
191:
184:
177:
165:
153:Please help
148:verification
145:
115:
106:
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
24:
4562:Drug policy
4499:Legislation
4205:Professions
4029:Indium lung
3924:Brucellosis
3919:Berylliosis
3833:WikiProject
3679:Remediation
3494:Geosciences
3467:Main fields
3011:Chemosphere
2665:(2): e010.
2502:: 317โ321.
2020:: 421โ430.
2014:Chemosphere
1773:"Radiation"
1598:: 288โ295.
970:researcher
944:common carp
932:insecticide
896:of humans.
579:radio waves
539:C. riparius
496:Salmo salar
366:fertilizers
4662:Toxic tort
4612:Job strain
4582:Ergonomics
4557:Break room
4079:Radium jaw
4069:Phossy jaw
3944:Chalicosis
3914:Barotrauma
3904:Asbestosis
3796:scientists
3017:: 92โ100.
2763:: 110690.
2714:: 153031.
2708:Toxicology
2608:: 107537.
2409:: 152845.
2403:Toxicology
2326:2019-04-03
2261:: 95โ102.
2195:: 100860.
2119:: 110918.
2074:2019-03-10
1807:2021-02-04
1783:2021-02-04
1541:2019-03-10
1511:2016-02-04
1486:2019-03-10
1378:2019-03-07
1354:2019-03-03
1325:2019-03-03
1261:August 24,
1198:References
1184:Toxicology
816:Herbicides
796:Pesticides
791:Pesticides
500:Baltic Sea
468:pesticides
362:pesticides
354:pollutants
302:toxicology
288:population
211:April 2019
181:newspapers
47:improve it
19:See also:
4383:Checklist
4351:ISO 45001
4339:Standards
4089:Silicosis
3899:Acrodynia
3674:Recycling
3544:Chemistry
3504:Limnology
3499:Hydrology
3039:0045-6535
2983:104328221
2975:1064-3389
2893:(1): 37.
2868:251255217
2803:230108187
2455:: 78โ85.
2384:220701303
2283:0009-2797
2217:197558985
2209:2214-7144
2159:220268749
2143:0303-7207
2042:0045-6535
1952:1422-0067
1936:(1): 31.
1802:Sciencing
1655:(1): 11.
1612:2214-7500
1169:Manganese
1062:Societies
736:μ
716:μ
561:Radiation
498:) in the
327:toxicants
312:pesticide
292:ecosystem
97:talk page
53:talk page
4746:Category
4712:Journals
4701:Category
4627:Overwork
4545:See also
4298:(Canada)
4289:National
4252:Agencies
4114:Tinnitus
3984:Erethism
3891:injuries
3886:diseases
3790:Category
3754:See also
3740:Glossary
3730:Journals
3173:18461784
3099:18461766
3055:13658836
3047:29734095
2919:37273487
2910:10237242
2860:35916421
2795:33385391
2738:34774661
2689:30272047
2640:36183490
2583:30482935
2534:29777922
2477:22580293
2433:34246716
2376:32697103
2299:49270000
2291:29908168
2151:32619582
2050:29154117
1970:35008450
1890:26109881
1759:10838208
1724:18031837
1681:23782857
1630:29511642
1433:25023223
1298:24055990
1174:Paraquat
1148:See also
1099:Journals
936:fluoride
774:Chromium
629:Aluminum
591:neutrons
519:food web
464:toxicity
341:and the
331:food web
294:levels.
91:You may
4730:Commons
4310:(Spain)
4304:(Italy)
4131:hygiene
3929:Burnout
3809:Commons
3725:Degrees
3613:Physics
3608:Geodesy
3539:Biology
3484:Ecology
3019:Bibcode
2955:Bibcode
2851:9387091
2830:Bibcode
2786:7946751
2765:Bibcode
2729:8743032
2680:6157747
2631:9489981
2610:Bibcode
2574:6380927
2525:6358414
2504:Bibcode
2457:Bibcode
2424:9048712
2367:7375159
2263:Bibcode
2022:Bibcode
1961:8744726
1881:4427717
1704:Bibcode
1672:3735419
1621:5835493
1424:4141923
1179:Toluene
989:US navy
940:sulfate
757:Cadmium
691:Mercury
657:Arsenic
195:scholar
4413:Hazard
4376:Safety
3909:Asthma
3393:
3374:
3355:
3332:
3313:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3202:
3171:
3161:
3128:
3097:
3087:
3053:
3045:
3037:
2981:
2973:
2917:
2907:
2866:
2858:
2848:
2801:
2793:
2783:
2736:
2726:
2687:
2677:
2638:
2628:
2581:
2571:
2532:
2522:
2475:
2431:
2421:
2382:
2374:
2364:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2215:
2207:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2048:
2040:
1968:
1958:
1950:
1888:
1878:
1757:
1722:
1679:
1669:
1628:
1618:
1610:
1535:US EPA
1431:
1421:
1319:US EPA
1296:
981:Teflon
968:DuPont
930:is an
879:runoff
595:cancer
577:, and
571:X-rays
492:salmon
364:, and
276:agents
197:
190:
183:
176:
168:
4552:Break
3718:Lists
3549:green
3230:(PDF)
3051:S2CID
2979:S2CID
2864:S2CID
2799:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2295:S2CID
2213:S2CID
2155:S2CID
1203:Notes
1082:SETAC
913:China
886:liver
664:etc."
583:alpha
575:radar
270:is a
202:JSTOR
188:books
99:, or
4363:(US)
4327:(US)
4316:(UK)
4254:and
3889:and
3391:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3169:PMID
3159:ISBN
3126:ISBN
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