1005:, and more, play important roles in reducing environmental damage and protecting the environment through environmental laws and regulations. These agencies operate at varying levels from international, regional, national, state to local level keeping one agency working at one level. Various enforcement methods are employed by these agencies to warrant compliance with environmental laws and regulations. In some case's enforcement agencies use what is called "Command and Control" which are traditional regulatory approaches. In other cases, they may use economic incentive and hybrid-based approaches, which there are two. Moreover, it has increased the need for cooperation between different policing institutions. Environmental law enforcement agencies and police services do not operate in a vacuum; the legislative instruments that
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action from the
Justice Department for facilitating the sale and delivery of hundreds of thousands of items without authorization, in violation of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and the Clean Air Act (CAA). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) filed the complaint in federal court in Brooklyn, NY.
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enforcement regimes that dramatically increased the legal powers of environmental investigators. The inclusion of criminal sanctions, significant increases in fines coupled with possible imprisonment of corporate officers changed the face of environmental law enforcement. For example, between 1983 and 1990 the
984:
In many cases, particularly corporations found it more cost-effective to continue to pollute more than the law allowed and simply pay any associate fines if indeed the corporation was actually found and convicted of violating environmental laws or regulations. Kevin
Tomkins believes corporations had
674:
In 2024, Agreement between the United States and the Guam
Waterworks Authority requires infrastructure investment in the sewer system. The Settlement Will Handle Notoriety Overflows and Illegal Untreated Sewage Discharges Into Coastal Waters. Today, the Guam Waterworks Authority (GWA) and the United
650:
In 2024, A California Man Was
Arrested for Importing Hazardous Greenhouse Gases Into the United States. In defiance of laws meant to limit the use of greenhouse gases and prevent climate change, Michael Hart of San Diego was taken into custody on charges of smuggling greenhouse gasses into the U.S.
646:
In 2023, eBay is accused by the
Justice Department of violating environmental laws. The lawsuit states that eBay sold illegal equipment that override pollution controls on motorized vehicles, strictly forbidden products containing banned chemicals, and illegitimate pesticides. eBay Inc. faces legal
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implement govern their activities and responsibilities within society. However, ostensibly it is the legislative instruments implemented by governments that determine many of the strategies utilized by police services in protecting the environment. Generally these
International, Regional, National
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actions. Their chief sanction was fines, which many corporations took in stride as a cost of doing business. Environmental criminal law covers a narrower ground. Its core consists of the criminal provisions of eight federal statutes passed mainly in the 1970s and amended in the last two decades.
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and penalties. Initial environmental laws and regulations had little or no deterrent effect on corporations, individuals, or governments to comply with environmental laws. Indeed, a major source of failure of US environmental protection legislation was the civil character of federal enforcement
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and consequently suffered in the marketplace to competitors who disregarded environmental laws and regulations. As a result of weak environmental legislation and continued adverse public opinion regarding the management of the environment, many governments established various environmental
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a disincentive to comply with environmental laws or regulations as compliance generally raised their operational costs. This was interpreted as many corporations obeying the environmental laws, whether out of a sense of legal duty or public obligation, were disadvantaged and lost a
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protection over the past two decades has been remarkable. At the U.S. EPA, significant efforts have been made to address the special susceptibility of children, and our work continues to address emerging environmental concerns to ensure that children's environments are free of
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States reached a consent decree to enhance the condition of the GWA's sewer system. The project is expected to cost $ 400 million and address issues such as untreated sewage spills and other violations of the Clean Water Act. Another party to the deal is the Guam government.
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The EPA or a state acting on its own power may take civil administrative actions, which are non-judicial enforcement measures. There is no legal court procedure involved in these acts. An administrative action taken by the state or the EPA could take the following forms:
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Congress gave the EPA's criminal enforcement program broad law enforcement authority in 1988 after it was founded in 1982. Special agents, detectives, forensic scientists, technicians, attorneys, and support personnel are all employed by the program today.
1022:, and governments comply with the various environmental obligations embedded in national statutes and laws. There are also international legal instruments and treaties that also affect the way that sovereign states deal with environmental issues .
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Violations of Russia's environmental protection laws cost the country more than $ 187 million in 2018. Out of nearly 23.9 thousand environmental crimes registered in Russia in 2018, the overwhelming majority were related to; the illegal cutting of
553:, the road to an effective enforcement of Environmental Crime legislation has been anything but straightforward. A major role is played by the Environmental Crime Directive, a 2008 instrument aimed at protecting the environment through the use of
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examines the notions of crimes, offences and injurious behaviors against the environment and starts to examine the role that societies including corporations, governments and communities play in generating
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533:. According to the Case Selection Criteria announced in Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritization by ICC on 15 September 2016, the Office will give particular consideration to prosecuting
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1485:"Office of Public Affairs | United States Reaches Agreement with Guam Waterworks Authority Requiring Investment in Sewer System Infrastructure | United States Department of Justice"
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a
Superfund notice letter or notice of violation, or an order (with or without fines) instructing a person, company, or other entity to take action to clean up a site or comply.
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1931:
617:'s Office of Criminal Enforcement was founded in 1982, there has been a steady increase in prosecuted environmental crimes. This includes the prosecution of companies that have
2213:
2003:
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The following are some of the ways that the EPA's criminal enforcement program goes after corporate and individual defendants who have committed major environmental crimes:
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1180:
497:, in June 2016 the value of environmental crime is 26 per cent larger than previous estimates, at US$ 91â258 billion, compared to US$ 70â213 billion in 2014, outstripping
392:
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obey legislative or regulatory requirements, follow administrative directives, reimburse the EPA for
Superfund site cleanup expenses, or pledge to undertake the cleanup.
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is vital to any protection regimes that are designed to protect the environment. In the early days of environmental legislation, violations carried largely insignificant
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Michael Faure, 'The
Development of Environmental Criminal Law in the EU and its Member States' Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 26(2).
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446:, and non-profits. It is the fourth largest criminal activity in the world and it is increasing by five to seven percent every year. These crimes are liable for
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In 2000, California real estate developer Eric Diesel was sentenced to 6 months in jail and ordered to pay a $ 300,000 fine for grading an illegal road in the
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Directive 2008/99/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law, OJ L 328.
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Environmental Crime: The Criminal Justice System's Role in Protecting the Environment By Yingyi Situ, David Emmons Published by Sage Publications, 1999
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1460:"Office of Public Affairs | California Man Arrested for Smuggling Potent Greenhouse Gases into the United States | United States Department of Justice"
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In Nigeria, the establishment of environmental agencies began in 1988 after an incident of dumping of toxic materials in the country by international
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2189:
1291:
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1923:
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1078:. Environmental crime does not only affect the land, water, air, it affects the health of children as well. According to an article published in
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are empowered by Nigerian law to regulate the environment sector. This agency works with other organs of the government such as customs, police,
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secured $ 57,358,404.00 in criminal penalties and obtained sentences of imprisonment for 55% of defendants charged with environmental offences.
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1955:
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1435:"Office of Public Affairs | Justice Department Files Complaint Alleging Environmental Violations by eBay | United States Department of Justice"
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are widely utilized as refrigerants. The AIM Act forbids their importation unless the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grants permission.
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1939:
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Formal lawsuits are known as civil judicial actions. They are brought before the court against individuals or organizations that have not:
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Tomkins, Kevin. Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment . Current Issues in Criminal Justice; Volume 16, Issue 3; March 2005; 294â306
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557:. Even though some studies show that there has been a decline in non-compliance with environmental policy by Member States, after over a
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1979:
1971:
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The Environmental Crime Crisis: Threats to Sustainable Development From Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources
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710:
602:-especially railroads. Over $ 10 million a year are used to remove illegal dumping from polluting towns and the environment. A small
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850:
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Tanja A. Börzel and Aron Buzogany,'Compliance with EU Environmental Law. The Iceberg is Melting' Environmental Politics 28(2).
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to the United States through Singapore due to the lack of inspections and confidentiality of private businesses in Singapore.
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facilitates international police cooperation and assists its member countries in the effective enforcement of national and
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crimes that are committed by means of, or that result in, "inter alia, the destruction of the environment, the illegal
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625:. On a federal level, while the EPA oversees the investigations, the prosecutions are typically brought by the U.S.
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and how law enforcement agencies and the judiciary measure harm to the environment and attribute sanctions to the
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1595:"Two Decades of Enhancing Children's Environmental Health Protection at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"
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Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes and their Disposal
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White, R. 2003âEnvironmental Issues and the Criminological Imaginationâ, Theoretical Criminology, 7(4): 483â506.
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769:, amounting approximately to 13.8 thousand cases, and Illegal hunting, with over 1.9 thousand cases observed.
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of environmental crimes through the use of clearer definitions and sanctions other than the typical fines and
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977:-Professional legal assistance and recommendations to the Department of Justice, U.S. Attorneys, and the EPA
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968:-Equipped with the necessary proof to pursue environmental offenses, federal, state, and local prosecutors
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The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security
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As a trading hub, Singapore is susceptible to unnoticed contraband. Charles W. Schmidt explains how
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971:-Technical assessments and environmental forensic analyses for both civil and criminal enforcement
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European Commission Questions and Answers on the revised EU Directive on environmental crime
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2011:
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Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008)
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Environmental crime makes up almost a third of crimes committed by organizations such as;
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8:
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570:
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333:
194:
102:
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1664:. Nairobi, Kenya; Arendal, Norway: United Nations Environment Programme; GRID-Arendal.
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1995:
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could be purchased in China for US$ 40 and illegally sold in the US for US$ 600.
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2198:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Nigeria)
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wildlife products and prosecuted a number persons, including non-nationals.
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from Mexico and then retailing them for a profit. Charges pertaining to the
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
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and the associated trade in stolen timber in violation of national laws.
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for a new Directive with the aim of strengthening the enforcement and
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Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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and treaties. Interpol began fighting environmental crime in 1992.
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Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $ 300,000 fine over road's collapse
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Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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362:
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
204:
606:, CSXT Police Environment Crimes Unit, has been started to stop
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Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
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Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
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558:
2214:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
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National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
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National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
2004:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
336:. These illegal activities involve the environment, wildlife,
1292:"ICC widens remit to include environmental destruction cases"
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329:
1509:
Statista statistics- Environmental crimes by country-Russia
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Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46
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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
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Abandoned or little used areas are common dumping places in
544:
393:
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2182:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
2150:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
2142:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
1277:"UNEP-INTERPOL Report: Value of Environmental Crime up 26%"
653:
American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020 (AIM Act)
490:
2830:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
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is now starting to recognize the impact of humans on the
416:
in contravention to controls imposed by various regional
1862:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
1685:. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.
345:
2104:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
1948:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
1824:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
489:
are consequences of environmental crime. According to
364:, have recognized the following environmental crimes:
501:. More than half of this amount can be attributed to
2620:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1082:
in 2016, "The evolution and expansion of children's
2460:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1763:
1317:"POLICY PAPER ON CASE SELECTION AND PRIORITISATION"
2590:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
1398:Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense
2644:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
588:
2920:
2702:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2466:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
1832:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
1679:Nellemann, Christian; et al., eds. (2016).
1658:Nellemann, Christian; et al., eds. (2014).
1421:"Metroactive | San Jose | Mud Happens"
1290:Vidal, John; Bowcott, Owen (15 September 2016).
974:-Computerized evidence evaluation and retrieval
27:Illegal act which directly harms the environment
1025:
2712:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1956:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1878:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1393:
1391:
736:, etc., and has successfully seized illegally
694:where there was illegal dumping in the 1980s.
2722:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2372:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
1749:
1384:EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement
632:In a 2004 case study, a 30-pound cylinder of
306:
1932:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1729:Monitoring and Enforcement of Climate Policy
1713:Environmental Crime-Havocscope Black Markets
1289:
1222:Environmental Crime. A threat to our future.
1043:
517:In September 2016 it was announced that the
2578:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1894:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1886:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
1715:-Statistics and data on environmental crime
1388:
811:Learn how and when to remove these messages
728:incident). Presently, agencies such as the
414:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
2572:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1980:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
1972:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
1924:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1756:
1742:
1570:
1568:
899:. Please do not remove this message until
313:
299:
2330:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2299:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
1940:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
1678:
1657:
1620:
1610:
1592:
1542:
1540:
937:Learn how and when to remove this message
919:Learn how and when to remove this message
545:Environmental crime in the European Union
2293:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
895:Relevant discussion may be found on the
837:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
2727:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1565:
655:are being brought in this case for the
565:of the first Directive, as part of the
541:or the illegal dispossession of land".
481:and these illegal profits are soaring.
14:
2921:
2820:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2663:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
2560:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
2548:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
2222:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1719:Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
1546:
1537:
1191:Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
1186:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
1131:Environmental Crime Prevention Program
711:Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta
144:International environmental agreements
2908:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
2429:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
2206:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
1816:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
1737:
997:Many environmental agencies like the
512:
2637:Energy Independence and Security Act
2608:National Environmental Education Act
1593:Firestone, Michael (December 2016).
869:
817:
776:
164:Supranational environmental agencies
2880:Significant New Alternatives Policy
2732:U.S. Global Change Research Program
2042:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1988:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
1902:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
1724:Australian Institute of Criminology
1224:Environmental Investigation Agency
1014:instruments are designed to ensure
391:(ODS) in contravention to the 1987
24:
2657:America's Water Infrastructure Act
2647:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
2366:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
2126:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2064:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
2034:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1651:
1549:"Basic Information on Enforcement"
1136:Environmental Investigation Agency
1091:and support healthy development."
690:An example of Ecomafia was Naples
358:United Nations Environment Program
25:
2945:
2673:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
2435:National Environmental Policy Act
2413:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
2174:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
2134:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
1700:
1599:Environmental Health Perspectives
1080:Environmental Health Perspectives
792:This section has multiple issues.
539:exploitation of natural resources
2860:Presidential Climate Action Plan
2840:New Source Performance Standards
2707:Council on Environmental Quality
2596:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
1635:
874:
822:
781:
593:
456:international environmental laws
344:. International bodies such as,
45:
2496:Water Resources Development Act
2453:Coastal Zone Management Program
1765:United States environmental law
1586:
1577:
1513:
1502:
1477:
1452:
1427:
1413:
1402:
1377:
1366:
1357:
800:or discuss these issues on the
615:Environmental Protection Agency
62:Environmental impact assessment
2787:Environmental impact statement
2767:Corporate average fuel economy
2651:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
2072:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
1346:
1337:
1309:
1283:
1269:
1258:
1236:
1230:
1214:
1171:List of environmental lawsuits
772:
589:Environmental crime by country
277:Right to a healthy environment
13:
1:
1207:
699:Naples waste management issue
406:in contravention of the 1989
149:Environmental laws by country
18:Environmental law enforcement
2566:Toxic Substances Control Act
1102:Category:Environmental crime
1026:Types of Enforcement Actions
743:
519:International Criminal Court
467:International criminal gangs
7:
2825:National Climate Assessment
2772:Discharge Monitoring Report
2625:Food Quality Protection Act
2447:Coastal Zone Management Act
1547:US EPA, OECA (2013-05-03).
1094:
901:conditions to do so are met
499:illegal trade in small arms
10:
2950:
2602:Global Change Research Act
2252:United States v. Bestfoods
1709:- environmental crime page
1047:
849:Such statements should be
715:
708:
702:
696:
683:
389:ozone-depleting substances
2875:Section 608 Certification
2815:Maximum contaminant level
2752:Best available technology
2740:
2692:
2398:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
2378:Air Pollution Control Act
2342:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
2274:
2240:
2114:
2052:
2022:
1912:
1842:
1771:
1059:Environmental criminology
1050:Environmental criminology
1044:Environmental criminology
999:State Park Peace Officers
759:
705:Triangle of death (Italy)
661:Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
332:which directly harms the
282:War and environmental law
190:Climate change litigation
82:Environmental cleanup law
2903:Toxicity category rating
2898:Total maximum daily load
2835:National Priorities List
2717:Office of Surface Mining
2542:Federal Noxious Weed Act
2443:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
2417:Solid Waste Disposal Act
2158:Rapanos v. United States
992:US Department of Justice
679:
657:first time in US history
461:
376:in contravention to the
227:Environmental personhood
159:Environmental ministries
2865:Renewable Fuel Standard
2683:Inflation Reduction Act
2490:Safe Drinking Water Act
2478:Endangered Species Act
2423:Endangered Species Act
2305:Rivers and Harbors Act
1854:United States v. SCRAP
1800:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
1146:Environmental killings
610:dumping specifically.
370:Illegal wildlife trade
154:Environmental lawsuits
139:Environmental journals
2803:Executive Order 13990
2797:Executive Order 13432
2792:Environmental justice
2677:CHIPS and Science Act
2384:Fish and Wildlife Act
2260:Guam v. United States
1792:Sierra Club v. Morton
734:military intelligence
709:Further information:
703:Further information:
697:Further information:
627:Department of Justice
402:and illicit trade in
267:Public trust doctrine
232:Environmental justice
90:Natural resources law
54:Pollution control law
2886:State of the Climate
2554:MagnusonâStevens Act
2360:McSweeney-McNary Act
2012:West Virginia v. EPA
1964:Massachusetts v. EPA
1084:environmental health
851:clarified or removed
641:Santa Cruz Mountains
531:environmental crimes
529:and individuals for
418:fisheries management
77:Waste management law
2929:Environmental crime
2850:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
2782:Environmental crime
2777:Effluent guidelines
2538:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
2278:federal legislation
1784:Missouri v. Holland
1244:Environmental crime
1141:Environmental issue
1064:environmental harms
888:of this section is
571:European Commission
567:European Green Deal
326:Environmental crime
215:Environmental crime
195:Earth jurisprudence
131:Reference materials
103:Water resources law
33:Part of a series on
2670:Louisiana v. Biden
2584:CERCLA (Superfund)
2492:(1974, 1986, 1996)
1808:Hughes v. Oklahoma
1252:2006-03-15 at the
1196:Wildlife smuggling
1126:Environment Agency
1111:Construction waste
955:environmental laws
767:forest plantations
513:Prosecution by ICC
398:Pollution crimes:
374:endangered species
180:Administrative law
98:Species protection
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2845:New Source Review
2631:Energy Policy Act
2614:Oil Pollution Act
2484:Oil Pollution Act
2472:Noise Control Act
2402:Acid Rain Program
2390:Oil Pollution Act
2354:Oil Pollution Act
2348:ClarkeâMcNary Act
2270:
2269:
2230:Sackett v. EPA II
1692:978-82-690434-0-2
1671:978-82-7701-132-5
1605:(12): 1823âA236.
1533:978-0-7619-0036-8
1151:Environmental law
1054:Green criminology
1012:State legislative
1007:political systems
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72:Water quality law
39:Environmental law
16:(Redirected from
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2190:Sackett v. EPA I
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1156:Fossil fuel
1072:environment
1068:Criminology
1020:individuals
959:civil fines
951:enforcement
845:information
773:Enforcement
579:prosecution
563:publication
549:Within the
448:prosecution
334:environment
330:illegal act
2923:Categories
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1558:2024-03-25
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1470:2024-03-25
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1016:industries
886:neutrality
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495:Interpol
452:Interpol
380:(CITES);
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1622:5132627
1116:Ecocide
1089:hazards
716:Nigeria
600:America
475:plunder
400:Dumping
205:Ecocide
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2805:(2022)
2799:(2007)
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2255:(1998)
2242:CERCLA
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2209:(2016)
2201:(2013)
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