17:
87:
109:
Each leased territory amounted to approximately 47 hectares (less than 0.2 square miles) and was designated for the unloading, storing and transshipping of goods, with residents confined to staff employed for these purposes together with their families and servants. The lease was for a renewable
129:
near the village of Gula, opposite
Ogidiba, and stretching back 700m from the water's edge. Although not signed until 1903, the lease was deemed to run for thirty years from 28 June 1900 and the leased area remained under the law then in force in the British
166:
before being abandoned. For this reason it is sometimes referred to as the
Arenberg enclave. Though not signed until 1903, the lease was deemed to have taken effect on 5 June 1900 and the enclave remained under the law then in force under the British
517:(classe de premiÚre), Delagrave, 1926 : « la France possÚde deux enclaves dans la Nigéria britannique, avec entrepÎts et appontements : Badjibo et la riviÚre Forcados, sur le bas Niger ».
158:
died. It consisted of a parcel of land in the shape of a parallelogram, with a waterfront of 400m and a depth of 200m, opposite the village of
Badjibo. It was next to Fort Arenberg, founded in 1895 by
106:
between the two countries, ending a period of tension and competition over territories in Africa, and based on the principle of freedom of navigation along the length of the Niger.
110:
period of thirty years in each case, and included conditions such as a requirement to enclose the area and to forbid retail trading. The annual rent was set at one franc per year.
582:
113:
The enclaves were mentioned in French textbooks in 1926 and described as unoccupied in 1929. The leases were not renewed at the end of the initial thirty-year period.
159:
63:
703:
94:
Lease terms were determined by agreements signed on 20 May 1903 giving effect to article 8 of the convention of 14 June 1898 by the French
Foreign Minister
67:
121:
The name 'Forcados' (meaning 'forked') was given to the area by the first
Portuguese slave traders to explore the Niger delta in the current
683:
59:
335:
427:"[2 albums et 389 phot. de la mission Lenfant sur le Niger en 1901-1902 : Dahomey, Nigeria, Niger. Don Lenfant en 1902]"
693:
673:
55:
185:
529:(ed). Les Ătats-nations face Ă l'intĂ©gration rĂ©gionale en Afrique de l'Ouest: le cas du Mali, Karthala Editions 2007 vol. 2 p.60
593:
163:
653:
389:
232:
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51:
698:
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168:
131:
539:
352:"Une lettre de Georges Toutée au géographe Gabriel Marcel sur l'exploration du cours du Niger (1894-1901)"
288:"Une lettre de Georges Toutée au géographe Gabriel Marcel sur l'exploration du cours du Niger (1894-1901)"
635:
631:
146:) was located at the confluence of the Niger with the much smaller Doko, about 36 km upstream from
211:
Lupton, Kenneth, âThe
Partitioning of Borgu in 1898 and the French Enclaves in Nigeria, 1900-1960â,
657:
95:
489:
351:
287:
572:
Michael J. Strauss, Territorial
Leasing in Diplomacy and International Law, Brill, 2015 p.246
452:
426:
155:
8:
200:
16:
647:
195:
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could more easily be supplied upstream along the Niger rather than via the traditional
329:
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125:. The leased area was trapezoid in shape, with the short side on the estuary of the
641:
526:
464:
401:
363:
299:
180:
103:
102:, British Ambassador to France. The agreement was reached in the context of the
47:
667:
324:
122:
54:. They were obtained by France after several expeditions along the Niger, by
540:"Evidence of Portuguese, Dutch, French and English Contact with Ijaw People"
367:
303:
142:
The
Badjibo enclave (not to be confused with the place of the same name in
71:
468:
405:
20:
Map of the French colonial empire, showing
Forcados and Badjibo in Nigeria
190:
35:
339:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 677.
86:
26:
638:, signées par Théophile Delcassé et Sir Edmund Monson le 20 mai 1903.
617:
Sir E. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, Routledge, 2012 p. 812
563:
Sir E. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, Routledge, 2012 p. 814
70:(1901â02, etc.). France wanted to determine whether its colonies in
634:(Badjibo - Fort Arenberg) et d'un autre sur la rive gauche de la
237:
39:
630:
Base
Choiseul : conventions de bail d'un terrain situé au
151:
43:
147:
143:
75:
328:
453:"La Mission Lenfant à Say et la navigabilité du Bas Niger"
390:"Principaux résultats géographiques de la mission Toutée"
90:
1907 German map showing Forcados (underlined) and Badjibo
654:
Principaux résultats géographiques de la mission Toutée
490:"Traité de législation coloniale. PremiÚre partie"
665:
704:States and territories disestablished in 1928
648:Le Niger voie ouverte Ă notre empire africain
213:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
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34:were two territories close to the river
323:
85:
15:
349:
285:
186:List of French possessions and colonies
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387:
356:Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer
292:Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer
642:DahomĂ© Niger Touareg âRĂ©cit de voyage
81:
13:
644:, by Colonel Georges Joseph Toutée
14:
715:
624:
650:by Captain EugĂšne Lenfant (1905)
694:1903 in international relations
684:FranceâUnited Kingdom relations
674:History of European colonialism
632:confluent du Doko avec le Niger
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575:
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388:Toutée, Georges Joseph (1897).
238:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
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52:Anglo-French Convention of 1898
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419:
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279:
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1:
583:"L'Afrique politique en 1900"
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169:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
132:Southern Nigeria Protectorate
451:Zimmermann, Maurice (1901).
7:
174:
116:
10:
720:
137:
66:(1895 and 1899-1900), and
590:scans.library.utoronto.ca
515:La France et ses colonies
350:Pageard, Robert (1990).
286:Pageard, Robert (1990).
150:and downstream from the
368:10.3406/outre.1990.2761
336:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
304:10.3406/outre.1990.2761
215:, 12.3â4 (1984), 77â94
162:and named in honour of
679:French colonial empire
513:M.Fallex et A.Mairey,
91:
21:
699:Enclaves and exclaves
658:Annales de GĂ©ographie
656:, Commandant Toutée,
469:10.3406/geo.1901.2210
457:Annales de GĂ©ographie
406:10.3406/geo.1897.5583
394:Annales de GĂ©ographie
160:Georges Joseph Toutée
89:
19:
689:Geopolitical rivalry
261:"The Niger Dispute"
201:Scramble for Africa
233:"NIGER CONVENTION"
196:French West Africa
164:Auguste d'Arenberg
96:Théophile Delcassé
92:
82:Terms of the lease
22:
544:ihuanedo.ning.com
100:Sir Edmund Monson
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636:riviĂšre Forcados
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592:. Archived from
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104:Entente cordiale
24:The enclaves of
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494:www.manioc.org
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362:(286): 75â78.
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327:, ed. (1911).
325:Chisholm, Hugh
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298:(286): 75â78.
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267:. 14 June 1898
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241:. 15 July 1898
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207:Bibliography
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72:French Sudan
42:, leased to
38:, in modern
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25:
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191:Niger River
62:(1898â99),
668:Categories
219:References
156:Mungo Park
50:under the
60:Granderye
175:See also
117:Forcados
58:(1894),
27:Forcados
138:Badjibo
78:route.
68:Lenfant
46:by the
40:Nigeria
32:Badjibo
603:2 June
549:2 June
499:2 June
474:2 June
436:2 June
411:2 June
373:2 June
309:2 June
271:2 June
245:1 June
152:Boussa
98:, and
64:Toutée
56:Hourst
44:France
597:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
148:Jebba
144:Gabon
76:Dakar
36:Niger
605:2017
551:2017
501:2017
476:2017
438:2017
413:2017
375:2017
311:2017
273:2017
247:2017
30:and
465:doi
402:doi
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300:doi
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